2015年研究生考试英语一试题（word版）

2015年研究生考试英语一试题（word版） 2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(课程)一试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.

Though not biologically related, friends are as \sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study publishedfrom the University of California and Yale University in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .

The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5.

While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, \not even 7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.\

The team 9 developed a \friend based on their genes.

The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10, as the team suggests, it draws us 11similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 \kinship\of being friends with 14 !

One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor. The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18to befriend those of similar et 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a

population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects. 1.[A] what 2.[A] defended 3.[A] for 4.[A] separated 5.[A] tests 6.[A] insignificant 7.[A] visit 8.[A] surpass 9.[A] again 10.[A] Meanwhile 11.[A] about 12.[A] limit 13.[A]according to 14.[A] chances 15.[A] faster 16.[A] forecast 17.[A] unpredictable 18.[A] tendency 19.[A] political 20.[A] see [B] why [B] concluded [B] with [B] sought [B] objects [B] unexpected [B] miss [B] influence [B] also [B] Furthermore [B] to [B] observe [B] ratherthan [B] responses [B] slower [B] remember [B] contributory [B] decision [B] religious [B] show [C] how [C] withdrawn [C] by [C] compared [C] samples [C] unreliable [C] know [C] favor [C] instead [C] Likewise [C] from [C] confuse [C] regardlessof [C] benefits [C] later [C] express [C] controllable [C] arrangement [C] ethnic [C] prove [D] when [D] advised [D] on [D] connected [D] examples [D] incredi ble [D] seek [D] resemble [D] thus [D] Perhaps [D] like [D] drive [D] alongwith [D] missions [D] earlier [D] understand [D] disruptive [D] endeavor [D] economic [D] tell Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text1

King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited” kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, withtheir magnificent uniforms andmajestic lifestyles?

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above” mere”politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity. Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses(or

helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.

21.According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain [A] used to enjoy high public support [B] was unpopular among European royals [C] eased his relationship with his rivals [D] ended his reign in embarrassment

22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly [A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status [B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality [C] to give voters more public figures to look up to [D] due to their everlasting political embodiment

23.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4? [A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth [B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies [C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families [D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges

24. The British royals ”have most of fear” because Charles [A] takes a tough line on political issues [B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised [C] takes republicans as his potential allies

[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role

25.Which of the following is the best title of the text? [A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined [B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne [C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs [D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats.

Text2

JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court is only just coming to grips with that question. On Tuesday,it will consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,

particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices are tempted, the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.

(D) a rigid moral code.

40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph? (A) The quality of writings is of primary importance. (B) Common humanity is central to news reporting. (C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper. (D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations. Part B

How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41)_____________________________________You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.

The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues; (42)_________________________________

Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ‘true’ meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43)_________________________________________ Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)____________________________ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods. Place and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important in the social discussion of beliefs and values.

How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) _________________________________________Such dimensions of reading suggest — as other introduced later in the book will also do — that we bring an implicit（often unacknowledged）agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced and more

worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.

A. Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a give course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.

B. Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

C. If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the ash emption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

D. In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones author intended.

E. You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity — inferences that from the basis of personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible. F. In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts. G. Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or pattering we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

Part C Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 pionts)

Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide if emigration- one of the great folk wanderings of history- swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.

(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces- the immigration of European people with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempt to transplant their habits and traditions to new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon once another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, has a character that was distinctly American.

(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now

th

the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15-and- th

16 century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.

To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “ The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber??

Section III Writing

Part A

51.Directions：

You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.

You should state reasons for you recommendation. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address.(10 points) Part B

52．Directions：

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should

(1) Describe the picture briefly, (2) Interpret its intended meaning, and (3) Give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 point)

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