2018年河北师范大学美术与设计学院905专业综合之语言

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2018年河北师范大学美术与设计学院905专业综合[专业学位]之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟

题（一） .................................................................................................................................. 2 2018年河北师范大学美术与设计学院905专业综合[专业学位]之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟

题（二） ................................................................................................................................ 10 2018年河北师范大学美术与设计学院905专业综合[专业学位]之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟

题（三） ................................................................................................................................ 18 2018年河北师范大学美术与设计学院905专业综合[专业学位]之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟

题（四） ................................................................................................................................ 30 2018年河北师范大学美术与设计学院905专业综合[专业学位]之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟

题（五） (41)

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五套模拟题（一）

说明：根据本校该考试科目历年考研命题规律，结合出题侧重点和难度，精心整理编写。考研强化检测使用。共五套强化模拟题，均含有详细答案解析，考研强化复习必备精品资料。

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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Foregrounding

【答案】 This term is meant for what is unusual , attractive , unconventional , salient. In literature , foregrounding is often achieved through unconventional expressions which attract the readers9 attention. The main manifestations of foregrounding are deviation and parallelism.

2． Concatenation

【答案】 What makes a word separate from other words is that all the letters are lined up together with no intervening spaces. That is , in a word , all letters are concatenated. Sometimes new words can be made by concatenating two existing words —for example , “airline” is a concatenation of the words “air” and “line” into a new word.

3． Transformational-Generative grammar

【答案】 Transformational-generative grammar is proposed by Noam Chomsky. He postulated a syntactic base of language （called deep structure ） , which consists of a series of phrase-structure rewrite rules , i.e., a series of （possibly universal ） rules that generates the underlying phrase-structure of a sentence. The end result of a transformational-generative grammar is a surface structure that is identical to an actual sentence of a language , after the mediating of a series of rules （called transformations ） that act upon the deep structures.

4． Register

【答案】 It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people , usually sharing the same occupation （e.g. doctors , lawyers ） or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distinctive words , by using words or phrases in a particular way , and sometimes by special grammatical constructions （e.g. legal language ）.

5． Applied linguistics

【答案】 It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example , there are studies on multilingualism , language acquisition , first and second language teaching and learning.

6． Innateness hypothesis

【答案】 The “Innateness Hypothesis” of child language acquisition was proposed by Noam Chomsky , who states that language are somewhat innate and that children are bom with what he calls a

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第 3 页，共 50 页 language acquisition device , which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.

7． Lexical relations

【答案】 There are several types of lexical relations concerning the sense of the words. Those are synonymy , antonymy , hyponymy , polysemy , homonymy , and so on. （a ） Synonymy refers to the sameness relation ; “autum”, and “full ” are synonyms , for example , （b ） Antonymy refers to the oppositeness relation ; for example , “buy” and “se ll ” are antonyms , （c ） Hyponymy refers to the inclusiveness relation ; for example , “apple” is a hyponym of “fruit”, （d ） Polysemy means one word that has more than one related meaning ，and “bank”，as an example , is a polysemous word. （e ） Homonymy refers to the relation of two different words which are identical either in sound , or spelling , or both , such as “bow” （bau ） and “bow” （b ?u ）.

8． Allomorph

【答案】 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms , and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance , the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context , as in “cats” /s/, in “bags” /z/，in “matches” /iz/.

9． Phonetics

【答案】

Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced , transmitted , and perceived. It can be pided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics , acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.

10．phoneme

【答案】

Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study , and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. For example , in English ,is described as a phoneme.

二、Short-answer-questions

11．How to analyze dramatic language?

【答案】（1） Turn quantity and length

How much a character talks can be indicative either of their relative importance in the play , or of how important they appear to think they are. Generally speaking , central characters have longer and more speeches than minor characters.

（2）Exchange sequence : The patterns of exchange of a dramatic dialogue which are considered appropriate by speakers of English. For example , the two-part exchanges such as greeting-greeting , question-answer.

（3）Production errors : Deliberately used forms such as hesitation to convey something about the character

（4）The cooperative principle : this principle is proposed by Grice. He asserted people used to make sense of their conversation by enabling them to distinguish between sentence meaning and utterance meaning. He also suggested that people actually break these maxims quite often when they

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第 4 页，共 50 页 talk.

（5）Status marked through language : Many of the properties of language discussed can be used to signal the relative status and changes in status , of characters. Particularly , language can be used to signal to what extent the relationship between an addresser and addressee is based on a social power difference , and to what extent it is based on solidarity.

（6）Register : It is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use. An example of a linguistic register is legal discourse , we recognize a legal document when we see one , but lawyers are the only people who are trained to produce them using appropriate linguistic choices.

（7）Speech and silence : Concerning female characters in plays , there is evidence that men tend to talk more than women in mixed sex conversations.

12．Write the international phonetic alphabet for the following words.

（1） hypothesis （2） academician （3）verbatim （4） technique

（5） capacity （6） standardize （7）guarantee （8） paradigm

（9） primarily （10） rhetoric （11）procedure （12） originate

【答案】（1）

（2） （3） （4）

（5）

（6） （7） （8） （9） （10） （11

） （12）

13．What is behaviourism?

【答案】 Behaviourism is a principle of scientific method , based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. Behaviourism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus -response reinforcement”，and the adult’s use of language is also a process of “stimulus -response”.

14．Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem linguistics?

【答案】 Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas , signs must be part of a system of signs , called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form （signifier ） and an idea （signified ） , and it is the central fact of language.

By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language , Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign , on the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.

15．What is a syntactic category?

【答案】 A syntactic category is a set of words and/or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics. The classification is based on similar structure and sameness of distribution （the structural relationships between these elements and other items in a larger grammatical structure ） , and not on meaning. There are major and minor syntactic categories : major categories include all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP , VP , and PP , and word-level syntactic

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