8 The period of English Bourgeois Revolution

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The English Bourgeois Revolution

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The Weakening of the Tieinterests in common—harmony—cooperation

Monarchystrove to consolidate its position

Bourgeoisieceased to depend upon the protection of the Monarchy

Queen Elizabeth James I, Charles I

Parliament

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Chapter 1: The English Revolution and the Restorationdynasty (1485-1603) 都铎王朝 Monarchy and bourgeoisie The House of Stuart (1603-1649) 斯图亚特王朝 (1660-1714) Parliament declared monopolies were illegal Charles 1st dissolved it in 1629 Civil War: 1642-1649 Charles 1st was killed Tudor

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Bourgeois

dictatorship (1649-1660) Cromwell Restoration (1660-1688) Charles 2nd and James 2nd Glorious Revolution (1688) William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, Charles 1st’s daughter Mary’s son, Mary’s husband (Mary is the daughter of James 2nd) Mary (1688-1694) William (1694-1702) Annie (1702-1714)

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James 1 (1603-1625) Charles 1 (1625-1649)Charles (1st, die)

French Princess: Mary James 2 (youngest) (1685-1688)

Charles 2 (1660-1685) Mary

6 illegal children William from Holland (1694-1702)

Mary James Anne (1688-1694) (17021714)

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Representatives: John John

Miltonthe Puritan poets

Bunyan

John Some John

Donne prose-writersDryden

the Metaphysical poets

the Cavalier poets

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Chapter 2: John Milton Born

in 1608, Cambridge P101 “How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, Stole on his wing my three-and-twentieth year! My hasting days fly on with full career, But my late spring no bud or blossom shew’th. 时间啊，这窃取青春的巧贼， 竟这样迅速地用翅膀运走了我的二十三岁. 我的逝水年华匆匆地过去 但我的暮春却不曾开花结蕾.

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Milton’s Works of His Early DaysPoems written in Cambridge and at Horton: 1. On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity 《基督诞生晨颂》, first important work 2. L’Allegro [ 'leigr u] 《快乐的人》 twin lyrical poems Penseroso《幽思的人》 姐妹篇abbacdeec 3. Comus ['k um s] 《科玛斯》a mask 假面剧, in blank verse 4. Lycidas 《利西达斯》, expressing the pathos (哀 颂)of his friend Edward King’s (爱德华· 金) premature (过早的) death

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Marriage life1st wife: 1642 less than a month after the wedding, the bride went back and never returned. (16/34) “a woman as an intellectual companion and comrade, rather than as merely a housekeeper and child bearer.” (P103) 2nd wife: 1656, then died in childbirth (28/48) “On His Deceased Wife” , a sonnet 3rd wife: 1663 (deprived of property, came out from prison just now) be married to Elizabeth (25/55)

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Political lifeReformation in England《论英国改革》 “Areopagitica” [,æri p ’d itik ] 《论出版自由》a declaration of people’s freedom of the press (P103) 1651 “Defence of the English People” (Latin) “Second Defence of the English People”

Literary achievements: Paradise Lost (1665) Paradise Regained (1671) Samson Agonistes ['æg nist] (1671) Of

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On His Deceased Wife 我仿佛看见了去世不久圣徒般的妻, 回到了我身边,像阿尔蒂斯的坟墓 被尤比特伟大的儿子(上帝之子)从死亡中救

出, 苍白而虚弱,交给了她的丈夫,使他欢喜, …… 她一身素服,纯洁得和她心灵一样, 脸上罩着面纱,但我仿佛看见 (1652 blind) 爱、温柔、善良在她身上发光

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Paradise Lost (P107) Epic

in 12 books, blank verse; Old Testament: creation, Satan, Adam and Eve; It is about Satan’s rebellion against God and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.

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Theme and Characterization:1. The theme of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority. 2. Although defeated, Satan sought for revenge. Revolutionary spirit. 3. “Fall of man”, the epic shows the conflict between man’s disobedience and paradise, between Adam’s spiritual duty for God and human’s love.

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What

do the main characters resemble? a. God: selfish despot, cruel, unjust b. Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the__________________, craving (longing) powers of man for ____________. knowledge c. God’s angels are foolish, resembling the court of an absolute monarch. d. Satan is a rebel against tyranny and Satan and his followers resemble a republican Parliament ____________________.

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The Image of SatanWho is the most striking character in the poem? 1. Satan is the real hero of the poem. 2. He is firmer than the rest of the angels. Appreciating the selected readings on P109; 3. Satan remains superior in nobility and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy; 4. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.

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Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》in the form of Greek tragedies, 《旧约全书》 中的《士师 from the “Book of Judges”, 记》 in the “Old Testament”Samson is Milton himself, fighting for the freedom of his country.

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bright sunshine O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon,

Samson Agonistes

incurably, hopelessly Irrecoverably dark, total eclipse loss Without all hope of day! the Word of God light 福音 O first created beam, and thou great Word, Let there light, and light was over all;

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Samson Agonisteshaving lost失去 (宗)天命 Why am I thus bereaved thy prime decree? primary原有的

The sun to me is dark leaves And silent as the moon When she deserts the night, Hid in her vacant interlunar cave. of no moon light empty

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Samson Agonistes

…but, O yet more miserable! Myself my sepulchre, a moving grave, tomb tomb坟墓

advantage, honor Buried, yet not exempt, free from免除 By privilege of death and burial, From worst of other evils, pains, and wrongs; suffered a lot from

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