unit2 连词

连词 连 词 【常考点】

1．掌握并列连词and，but，or，so等在并列句中的用法；

2．掌握常用的从属连词when，after，before，as soon as，because，if等在复合句中的用法。 一、连词的定义

连词是一种虚词，它不能单独作句子成分，而用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子的作用，也没有词形变化。 二、连词的分类

主要分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。 并列连词

and 和，并且 both…and 和， 既…也… but 但是，而 either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么… for因为 从属连词

When 当…时，after 在…之后，before 在…之前，as soon as 一…就，because 因为，if 如果 三、常见连词的用法

（一）．并列连词用法示例与解析： “ and”

1. He got up and left the room.他起床离开了房间

2. He went to Kunming and I went to Harbin last year.他去年去了昆明我去了哈尔滨。 特别用法：句型 “祈使句， and …”= If you…, you will…

3. Work hard, and you will do well in the exam.努力学习你就能考好。 “or” 或者，否则

1. Tom or I am right. (or连接两个名词或代词做主语时谓语动词依照后面的词而定。)要么是汤姆要么是我对了。 2. Would you like coffee or tea?你想喜欢喝茶还是咖啡？ 特别用法: 句型 “祈使句， or…”= If you don’t …, you will… 3. Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.快点，否则你将要错过汽车。 “but”

1. She is sixty, but she still looks young.她六十，但是看上去还很年轻。 2. She is tired but happy.她很累但很幸福。

3. I came here not for myself but for my son.我来这不是为我自己而是为我的儿子。 4. Mary likes piano but Tom doesn’t (like可以省略).玛丽喜欢钢琴然而汤姆不喜欢。 “for”

1. I went to sleep soon, for I was very tired.我马上要去睡觉了，因为我很累。 2. The sun has risen，for the birds are singing.太阳升起来了，因为鸟儿在歌唱。

比较：表示原因，译为“因为”， 表示说明、解释。与because不同，用于解释某事的原因、动机，强调因果关系。用于回答why引导的问句。 “both …and …”

1. Both you and I are Chinese.我和你都是中国人

连词的定义 连词的分类 常见连词的用法 时间状语连词 地点状语连词 原因状语连词 条件状语连词 结果状语连词 2. I like both sports and music.我喜欢运动也喜欢音乐。 特别用法: both…and…的否定句表示部分否定。

3. He can’t play both tennis and volleyball. 它并不是既会打网球又会打排球。 either…or…, neither…nor…

1. Either you or she is wrong. 2. Can you speak either French or English? 3. Neither the teacher nor the students like this song. 4. Neither the students nor the teacher likes this song

特别提示: 用either…or…, neither…nor…连接两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词依照后面的词而定。 比较: both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor…的相互关系： 肯定句: 1. I like both A and B.

否定句: 2. I don’t like both A and B.= I like either A or B. 否定句: 3. I don’t like either A or B.= I like neither A nor B. “Not only…but also…”

1. Not only you but also your father is coming. 2. Not only your father but also you are coming.

(连接两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词依照后面的词而定。) 3. She learns not only English but also Japanese. Yet 可是，却，然而

I don't know him, yet I can get his help. 我不认识他,但我会得到他的帮助。 My room is small yet cozy. 我的房间很小,但很舒适。 Has he finished the work yet? 那工作他做完了没有? 现在完成时里用yet. While

1. 当...的时候,和...同时

She listened closely while he read the letter. 他读信时,她听得很仔细。

I'll take care of your children while you are away. 你不在时我会照顾你的孩子的。 We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。 2.而,然而

I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶,而她喜欢喝咖啡。 3. 虽然,尽管

While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape. 虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色,但我不喜欢它的形状。 基础过关

1．Which is bigger, the sun _________ the moon?

A. or B. and C. but D. so 【解析】选择疑问句用or。答案：A 2. Hurry up, __________ we will miss the train.

A. but B. and C. or D. so 【解析】句型 “祈使句, or…”= If you don’t …, you will… 答案：C and …”= If you…, you will…

3. He hurt her _________ badly _______ she had to see a doctor. A. too, that B. so , that C. either, or D. too, to

解析：so…that如此……以至于……常可与too…to …互换 但是too, that 是肯定不能搭配的。 Either, or 或者…或者的意思。句意 他伤太严重了以至于她不得不去看医生。 答案：B

4. Look out! The traffic is moving fast. It's ________ dangerous ________ cross the street. A. very, to B. so, to C. much, to D. too, to

解析：too…to太……以至于不能…… 可与so…that 互换。小心，车速太快了，过街太危险了。 答案为D

5. \ \

A. After B. Where C. When D. Because 解析：用why提问，回答原因用because。 6.\

“ __________ you told me you would . What's happening?\ A. But B. So C. And D. Or

【解析】句意：“我明天不能去聚会了。”“但是你告诉我你会去的。发生了什么？”表示转折用but。答案：A 7. --\ --\

A. What B. that C. how D. if 解析：句意：你听见我说什么了吗？故用what引导宾语从句。答案：A 能力提高

1.John plays football ____, if not better than, David.

A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as

解析：该题意为John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和…一样好为as well as。故该题正确答案为B。 2.She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

A. when B. where C. which D. while【解析] 句意为：她认为我在讨论她的女儿，然而实际上我在说我的女儿。 该处意为“然而”，只有while有此意思，故选D。答案：D

3．Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise

解析：你想喝杯咖啡还是我们直接谈生意？ 该处意为“或者”，正确答案为C。答案：C

4. When I got the news that the ship would sink, I was _________ frightened ________ my legs couldn't move forward. A. so, that B. very, that

C. too, that D. too, to 【解析】当我听到船将要下沉，我是如此的害怕以至于我的腿不能向前挪动。 so…that如此以至于。Too… to 后面加动原。答案：A

5. Beijing has ________ many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours. A. so B. such C. too D. much

【解析】so many that。So…that…;such…that 都表示如此以至于，但有many, much修饰名词时一定用so 答案：A （二）从属连词

从属连词包括状语从句连词，宾语从句连词。表语从句连词，主语从句连词。

1.状语从句连词。引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：when，while，as，after，before，since，until，as soon as等。例如： I have studied English since I was eight years old. 我从八岁就开始学习英语。 He didn’t know it until you told him．直到你告诉他，他才知道这件事。 I will call you as soon as I arrive at Shanghai. 我一到上海就给你打电话。 2．引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because，as，since，for等。例如： Jim didn’t go to school yesterday because he was ill．吉姆昨天没上学，因为他病了。 Since we’ ve no money，we can’t buy a new car．因为我们没钱，没法买新车。 3．引导地点状语从句的从属连词有：where，wherever等。 Put it where you found it．把它放在原来的地方。

Don’t forget me wherever you go . 无论你去哪里都不要忘了我。

4．引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if，unless，in case，as long as等。例如： If it doesn’t rain tomorrow，we will go to the zoo．如果明天不下雨，我们就去动物园。 Even if you fail again，you shouldn’t lose heart．即使再次失败你也不应该灰心。

It is hard for you to stay healthy unless you take regular exercise.除非你经常性的锻炼保持健康将对你很难。 5．引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that，in order that等。例如：

Speak clearly so that they may understand you．你要讲得清楚，他们才能听得懂。

In order that every student might understand it, the teacher explained that passage again and again. 为了使每个学生都明白, 老师反复讲解那一段。

6．引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：though，although， even though等。例如： Although he was tired，he went on working．尽管他累了，但他仍继续工作。 Though he is rich, his life is not happy. 他虽然很有钱,但生活并不幸福。 He will come on time even though it rains. 即使下雨,他还是会准时来的。 7．引导方式状语从句的从属连词有：as，as if，as though等。例如： It looks as if it is going to rain．看起来要下雨了。 When in Rome，do as the Roman do．入乡随俗。

He treats his elder sister as though she were a stranger. 他待他姐姐如陌生人。 8．引导比较状语从句的从属连词有：as...as...，not so...as...，than等。例如： I study harder than he does．我学习比他刻苦。

Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.你的袋子比我的贵一倍

9．引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so...that...， such...that...等。例如： The bus is so full that I can’t turn around．公共汽车上人太多以至我无法转身。 It was such a hot day that they went swimming．由于天气太热，所以他们游泳去了。 二、宾语从句的连词

引导宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的从属连词有： that，if，whether，what，when，why，where，how等。例如： I don’t know whether he will come or not．我不知道他是否会来。 注意：

①if有两个意思，当“是否”讲，引导宾语从句，引导由一 般疑问句转变而来的宾语从句；作“如果，假如”讲时，引导 条件状语从句，此时若主句为将来时或祈使句时，从句用一 般现在时。即我们平时常说的“主将从现”。例如： We will go to the Great Wall if it doesn’t rain tomorrow．如果明天不下雨，我们就去长城玩。

(本句为if引导的条件状语从句，故主句用一般将来时，从句用了一般现在时。if在句中作“如果”讲。) I don’t know if he will come tomorrow． 我不知道他明天会不会来。 (本句为if引导的宾语从句，在句中作“是否”讲。) 基础过关

1. ____Tom ____ Mary speaks good Chinese，so they can communicate with these Chinese students very well． A．Neither；nor B．Not only；but also C．Both；and D．Either；or

【解析】答案为D。本题考查的是表示并列关系的并列连词。题干提到“所以他们能够很好地和这些中国学生交流”，说明汤姆和玛丽都能说好汉语，neither…nor…意为“既不……也不……”，not only…but also…意为“不仅……而且”，both…and...意为“……和……(两者)都”，either…or…意为“或者……或者……”。又因为用either…or...结构时，句子谓语动词的使用要遵循就近一致的原则，故选择D。 2. Little Helen is very young，____she knows a lot of things． A．but B．as soon as C．so D．Since

【解析】答案为A。本题考查的是连词。根据句意“Helen很小，但是知道很多事”可知要用转折关系的连词but，故选择A。 3. —Listen! It is still noisy in the head teacher’s office．

—Go and see ____ they have finished correcting the Papers yet． A．though B．whether C．unless D．while

[解析】答案为B。本题考查的是连词在宾语从句中的运用。根据句意“去看看他们是否已经改完试卷”可以推断出用whether表达“是否”的意思，故选择B。

4. ____they may not succeed，they will try their best． A．Though B．When C．Because D．Unless

【解析】答案为A。本题考查的是由though引导的让步状语从句。根据句意“尽管他们也许不会成功，但是他们还会尽最大努力。”可知选择A。 5. My uncle has taught in this school ____ he was twenty years old．

A．since B．for C．until D．after

【解析】答案为A。本题考查的是连词在时间状语从句中的运用。根据句意“我叔叔自从20岁就在这所学校教书。”判断选择since，表示“从……起”，故选择A。 能力提高

1.I'm going to look for another job______the company offers me more money. A. after B. unless

C. when D. for答案: 句意为除非公司给我更多工资，否则我就要找其它工作。 除非 unless 答案 2.——Do you speak English?

——Yes, I speak_____ a little English_____some French. A. neither, not B. both, or

C. either, or D. not only, but also答案：你说英语吗？ 是的，我不但能说些英语还能说些法语。 答案为Ｄ 3.______ the maths problem is difficult, I'll try very hard to work it out. A. Though B. When C. Before D. After

答案：Ａ（选择Ｂ的同学要注意语境，不能说当题目难的时候，我将努力，而是说尽管题目难，但我将努力解决。） 4.——Oh，it's raining heavily.

——Please don't leave ________ it stops. A. when B. after

C. since D. until答案: 噢，下了很大的雨。 请雨停了再走。直到才，not…until 答案为D 5. He knows _________ English ________ French. But he’s very good at Japanese. A. either; or B. both; and C. neither; nor D. either; nor

答案：由于but的转折意思，前面应该是不擅长或者不会。排除A，B ；D本身就不是一个正确的搭配，所以答案Ｃ

非谓语动词语法专项

补语 do 主语 被动特例

宾语 to do 与doing的区别

非谓语动词不定式 to do 动名词 定语 状语 一.非谓语动词的定义：

动词不作谓语用，不定式、分词与动名词。to加原形不定式，词组可做名词、副词、形容词。现在分词和过去分词，相当于副词和形容词。原形加上“ing”，动词具有名词性。 1.动词不定式构成： 一般形式 否定形式 to do not to do what to do 特殊疑问句式 how to do it Why to do it When to do it 表语 补语 难点 分词

2.动词不定式的句法功能 功能 主语 例句 To speak English is not easy for us. It is not easy for us to speak English. It takes me thirty minutes to walk to school every day. 表语 My work is to clean the room every day. To clean the room every day is my work. 功能 宾语 例句 What sports does he like to play? He likes to play basketball. 补语 She asked me not to speak Chinese in an English class. 定语 Have you got anything to eat. 说明 只能作某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。 在make, let , see, hear, watch等动词后，不定式省略to。 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。 状语 I am sorry to trouble you. I went to the library to study English . 注意：

1. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系，要在不定式之后加适当的介词。 I need a room to live in . 2. 不定式作下列动词的宾语。

四个希望两答应，（hope, wish, want, would like, agree, promise） 三个要求莫拒绝，( ask, require，demand， refuse) 设法学会做决定，（manage，try, learn, decide） 不要假装在选择。pretend choose 基础过关

1.Granny often tells us water in our daily life. A．save B. saving C. to save D. saves 【解析】tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事

2. -We can use QQ to chat with each other on the Internet. -Really? Will you please show me it. A． how to use

B. what to use

4.The boy promised_____late for school again. A． to not be C．not being

B. not to be D. being not

告诉命令要开始, ( tell, order, start, begin) 提供鼓励莫迟疑。(offer, encourage) 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。 说明 作主语用的不定式，常常用it 作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面 多数情况下， 不定式作表语，可转换为作主语。 【解析】四个希望两答应。promise 后都接to do 作宾语。 肯定形式是：promise to do 否定形式是：promise not to do

5. It took Li Ming an hour_____his bike yesterday. A. to repair C. repaired

B. repairing

D. repair

B． how can I use D. what can I use 【解析】句中指怎么用，而从句又要用陈述语气，故选A 3. His parents often encourage him hard. A. work B. working C. to work

D. works

【解析】花费句型 it takes sb. some time to do sth. 常考句型，it is adj. for / of sb. to do sth.

两个句型都是动词不定式作主语。

【解析】encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 He always encourages me to try my best. 他总是鼓励我要竭尽全力。 能力提高

1.He made some toys____his little son.

A．please B. to please C. pleasing D. pleased 【解析】 有的学生会看到 make 而选择 A。

要看后面please his little son 是使他的小儿子开心。因此是表示目的。动词不定式做目的状语的用法。

2.Who do you think you’d like____with you, a boy or a girl?

A．to let to go B. letting to go C. to let go D. let go

【解析】句意：你想让谁跟你一起去，一个男孩还是女孩。 would like to do sth. let sb. do sth. 都是固定搭配。

3.I can’t help_____housework at home because I am busy with my homework.

A.doing B. to do C. done D. with doing

【解析】同学看到can’t help doing禁不住做某事，选择了A. 但根据句意：我在家不能帮忙做家务，因为我忙于做家庭作业。 help (to) do sth.

4. He is too old the box. A.to carry B. carrying

C. carry

D. carries

5. Tom often makes his little sister , but yesterday he was made____by his sister.

A．cry, to cry B. to cry , cry C.cry, cry

D. to cry, to cry

【解析】 make sb. do sth. 是省略to 的不定式的固定用法。 被动语态的时候to 要加回来。He was made to cry by his sister.一感，二听，三让， 四看的被动，let 通常不用于被动语态。

【解析】\? to? 太而不能\与so? that?如此以至于可以互换。这两个句型是中考常考句型。 不定式作宾语补足语

tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, warn ,encourage 后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。 1.Before going to the History museum, our teacher told us the public rules. A．obey B. to obey C. obeying

D. obeyed

【解析】tell sb. to do sth. 固定表达，答案为B

2. We have two rooms , but I can’t decide . A. to live , to choose which one B. lived, choose which one C. to live in , which one to choose D. live, which one.

【解析】第一空是动词不定式做定语，不及物动词后的宾语不能省略。第二空是动词不定式的特殊疑问形式是特殊疑问词+to do 结构。所以应该选择C。句意是： 我有两个房间可以住，但是我还没有决定选择哪一个。 3. The teacher told the students any food into the computer room. A．not to bring B. not bring C. don’t bring D. bring not

【解析】tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事 。 否定结构是tell sb. not to do sth. 不定式的否定结构， not to do sth. 不分家。 所以选择A。 4. At least 300 million people are using QQ by Ma Huateng to chat on line. A. create B. creates C. creating D. created

【解析】 QQ 和create 之间是被动关系。所以用过去分词表示过去和完成。至少3亿人正在使用QQ，他是由马化腾创建的网上聊天工具。答案是D。

省略动词不定式符号to的用法总结 口诀是：一感二听三让四观看五词组。 一感：feel

二听：hear、listen to 三让：let、have、make

四看：observe、see、watch、notice

五词组，why not, had better, would rather, look at , would/could you please 基础过关

1. Nancy is really a hard-working student. We often see her books in the classroom. A． read B. reading C. to read [解析] see sb. do sth.和see sb. doing sth.两个表达都可以。在具体的场景中 see sb. doing sth. 表示看到某人正在做某事的瞬间。而题意说的是经常看到某人做某事，所以选 A.

2. ---You’d better too much time playing computer games. A. don’t spend

B. not to spend

C. to not spend

D. not spend

[解析] had better do sth. 最好做某事，固定搭配。否定形式是 had better not do sth. 因此应该选择D.

3. --- How do you feel when you watch the national flag go up? --- It makes me very proud. A． felt [解析]

make sb. do sth. 让某人做某事，硬要某人做某事； make sth. adj. 使某物处在什么状态。

B. to feel

C. feeling

D. feel

make sth. done 让某事被做。 3. My mother made me ______ the piano when I was very young. Now, I

4. Why don’t you your teacher for help when you can’t finish begin to understand her. it by yourself.

A. ask ; write, B. to ask, writing C. ask, writing D. asking; write

【解析】why not do sth.= why don’t you do sth. 为什么不做某事呢？ 完成实践值得忙，后面都加doing。 所以选择C 能力提高

1.You’d better _______ the book to others. A．don’t lend B. not to lend C. didn’t lend D. not lend

【解析】had better do sth. had better not do sth. 最好做某事，最好不要做某事，的固定搭配。 所以答案D。 2. She is now in great trouble. Let’s _____ her. A．help B. to help C. helping D. helped

【解析】 一感feel，二听 hear, listen to，三让（make, let, have) 四看 see, watch, notice, observe，五词组 why not, had better, would rather, would you please, look at 后面跟动词原形, 所以选择A. 动名词 动名词，功能多，可做主，可做宾；

可做表，可做定；

主动形式ing，被动形式being done， 可带主，可加宾，主为宾格所有格， 句首为主谓为单，前面加not是否定

功能 主语 例句 Eating too much is bad for your health. 说明 谓语动词用单数 多数情况下， 动名词作表语，可表语 His hobby is collecting stamps. 转换为做主语。 动词的宾宾 语 语 介词的宾语 定语 动名词的常见用法

1.表示在室内完成的动作行为，常用 “ do + some/any/the + v-ing 结构.这类词组有: do some cooking /cleaning/ reading/ speaking/ sewing/ shopping/washing做饭/ 扫除/ 读书/ 说话/做针线活/ 买东西/ 洗衣服. 2.表示在室外完成的动作行为, 通常用 “go + v.-ing”结构。 常见的词组有： go fishing/ swimming/skating/climbing/walking/dancing/shopping去钓鱼/ 游泳/ 滑冰/爬山/散步/ 跳舞/购物.

3.在enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss, be worth, have fun, have trouble/problem(in), spend, feel like, be used to等。 及 practice 等动词的后面， 不能接不定式，而是接v.-ing 形式.

我们可以按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词：

完成实践值得忙（ finish, practice, be worth, be busy）

I like playing basketball very much. Stamps are used for sending letters. She is in the reading room. We should improve our teaching methods. 表示一般的习惯或抽象的行为或经常的动作。 只表示它所修饰的词的用途，所属关系等，用在所修饰的词之前 A．play

B. to play

C. playing D. plays

【解析】 三个让，let, have, make sb. do sth. 所以答案为A。 4. ---What about playing football this afternoon, Sam?

--- I would rather at home than football. It is too hot outside. A．stay, playing C. to stay, to play

B. stay, play D. to stay, playing

【解析】would rather do sth. than do sth.宁可?也不? prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁可?也不? prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 也表示宁可也不。三种表达方式所接的非谓语形式不同。可以互相转化。本题答案为B

5. When I passed the window, I saw some boys TV.

A．Watched B. watch C. watching D. watches 【解析】 see sb. do sth, 和see sb. doing sth. 两个表达从语法上都对，那么我们就要看语境。当我走过窗户的时候，我看到有些男孩正在看电视。所以选择C

继续习惯别放弃 ( keep on, be used to, give up)

考虑建议不禁想 ( consider, suggest, can’t help, feel like) 喜欢思念要介意 ( enjoy, miss, mind) 基础过关

1、 ---When shall we take a walk? --- After I finish the dishes. A. wash, B. washing C. washed D. to wash.

【解析】我们什么时候散步，等我洗完盘子。 Finish doing是固定搭配。我们的口诀是完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy) 2. ---Have you ever seen the TV play My ugly Mother?

--- Yes, it’s well worth___. It’s______ moving that I’ve seen it twice. A. seeing, too, B. to see, enough C. seeing, so D. to see, such

[解析] 完成实践值得忙 。be worth doing sth. 值得做某事。 so + adj, adv+ that

Such + n. + that 如此? 以至于?

3.Peter is busy at school, but he never forgets exercise every day. A. working; doing

B. working, to do

C. at wok, doing D. to work, doing

[解析] 忙于做某事，be busy doing sth. 固定用法。forget to do 忘记去做某事。Forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事。Peter 忙于学习，但是他从没忘记每天去做运动。

4. He saw a little boy on the truck when he got off the car. A.played B. to play C. playing D. is playing 方法规律

有些动词或词组后接动名词或动词不定式均可，但意义稍有差别 stop to do 停下来做某事（重点在于：开始做某事； 停下来去做另一件事） stop doing

停止做某事 （当前事）

remember to do 记住要做某事 （还没做） remember doing 记得曾经做过某事 （已经做了） forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（未发生） forget doing sth.

忘记做过某事（已发生）

try to do sth. 努力做某事 try doing sth. 试着做某事 go on to do sth. 开始做一件新事 go on doing sth. 继续不停地做某事 allow doing sth. 允许做某事 allow to do sth. 允许某人做某事

regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事regret to do sth. 后悔去做某事 【记忆口诀】

想要忘记,后悔forget， regret 却又不得不记起remember 。 想要停下stop 来却又偏偏继续go on 。 不允许allow自己沉沦要努力try忘记你

[ 解析] 一感，二听，四看可跟doing. How /what about doing sth. feel like doing sth, give up doing sth. 这些词和词组后面跟doing.

See sb. do sth. 是看到了动作的全过程。See sb. doing sth. 只看到了一个片断。When he got off the car. 是一个时间点，所以看到的是片断 。 答案为C .

5.--- we make it half past seven? ---What about it a little earlier. A.Shall, making B. Shall, to make C. Will, making

D. will ; to make

【解析】what about doing sth. 做?事怎么样。选择A 能力提高

1、 good care of the vegetables can make them grow better. A. Taking B. take C. Took D. takes 【解析】动名词和动词不定式可以作主语。动词原形不能做主语。很多学生在做题的时候会犯这种错误。动名词和动词不定式作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数。 所以选择A。

2、“we can’t go out in this weather.” said Bob. out of the window.

A. looking B. to look C. looked D. Having looked 【解析】 动名词可以做伴随状语。因此选择A。

基础提高

1.-- Don’t forget my parents when you are in Beijing. --- OK!, I won’t. A．to see

B. sees

C. seeing

【解析】forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事。所以选择A 2. Mr. Brown asked us to stop , and we stopped him at once.

A．talking, to listen B. to talk , to listen C. talking, listening D. to talk ; listen

【解析】布朗先生要求我们停止说话，我们停下来开始听他说话。Stop doing sth. 停止做某事. Stop to do sth. 重点在于开始做新的事情。 3. ---Mary dances best in our school.

--- I agree. Ｉwill never forget her dance for the first time. A．seeing B. to see C. see D. seen

【解析】 forget doing 表示忘掉做过的事。 句意是：Mary 在我们学校跳舞最好。同意，我将永远也忘不了第一次看她跳舞的场景。答案为A

4. --- Dad ，why should I stop _____ computer games? --- For your health. My boy, I am afraid you . A.to play , must B. playing, have to A．to play, can

D. playing , may

3. Jane said she sending e-mails letters. A．preferred ; to writing B. preferred; to write C. prefers, writing

D. prefers, to writing.

【解析】 stop doing sth. 停止做某事。Stop to do sth. 重点是开始做某事。Have to 表示不得不。所以选择B。 能力提高

1. --- The light in the classroom is still on. --- Oh, I forgot . A．turning it off C. to turn it off

B. turn it off

【解析】 prefer doing to doing . 与其?宁可?的固定搭配。 句子中包含宾语从句，主句是过去时，从句应是相应的过去时。因此选择A

4. ---Do you remember me ?

--- Yes, I remembered you at the gate of the university on the first day .

A. to see B. seen C. seeing D. saw

【 解析】remember doing sth. 记得做过某事。 Remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事。答案为C

D. turning off it

【解析】 句意： 教室的灯还开着。噢，我忘了关灯了。 应该表示忘记去做某事。forget to do sth. forget doing sth. 表示做过了自己却忘了。结果应该是灯关了。 答案为C

2. Mother made the baby and laughed. A．stopped crying C. stop crying

B. to stop to cry

D. stop to cry

【解析】 make sb. do sth. 固定搭配。 stop crying表示停止哭泣。Stop to cry 表示开始哭。 所以答案应该是C 。

动词的种类与时态

动 词

(五) hold住：动词时态 概念 时态： 时：时间 态：状态

动词时态：动词在不同时间点上的状态。 中文无时态差异： 十年前，我们是好朋友； 现在，我们也是好朋友； 将来，我们还是好朋友。

英文有时态差异：

We are still good friends now; We will be good friends in the future. 分类:(八字方针)

过过 ————过去———现在———将来 had done have done do be going to do （时间段）

did (时间点) does will do

be to do 1.一般现在时

口诀：一般现在时，动词一般用原形。

行为动词 系动词 动 词的种类 助动词 情态动词 一般现在 现在进行 动词的时态 一般将来 现在完成 过去将来 过去完成 一般过去 过去进行 We were good friends 10 years ago;

表述事实讲真理，习惯动作常发生。 动词词尾加-s(es)，只表单数三人称。 若变一般疑问句，得看句型是哪种。 系表结构和there be，be放句首可完成； 若遇实义动词句，do或does莫忘用。 1.It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。

2.Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。

3.I will go with you to the hospital when I have time tomorrow. 4..The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。 #一般现在时的标志词

always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays #词形变化

当主语是第三人称单数，he，she，it 人名： Mary , Tom, Tony, Mike

谁的谁： my father，your mother, his sister, our teacher 可数名词单数： a horse, this book, the moon, the earth 不可数名词：water, paper, time, money

非谓语：to do , doing 等，时态是一般现在时时，动词应用第三人称单数形式。

动词第三人称单数构成如下： ? 一般动词 词尾加-s like—likes write-writes work-works ?

以ch，sh，s，o，x结尾,词尾加-es,

teach—teaches do—does wash—washes ?

以y结尾:辅音字母+y，变y为i，加-es,

study—studies carry—carries try—tries ?

元音字母+y，直接加-s,

play—plays stay—stays say—says ?

have—has be –is

现在+将来： 主将从现

If it doesn’t rain, we will go swimming tomorrow. When he arrives, he will let you know. 客观真理：一般现在时 The sun rises in the east

and sets in the west.太阳东升西落。 --I don’t suppose the police know who did it. --Well, a man has been arrested and now. A. has been questioned B. is being questioned C. is questioning

D. has questioned答案：B --Have you handed in your papers? --Yes, we have. I guess they now. A. have corrected B. are corrected

C. are being corrected D. are correcting 答案：C

2. 现在进行时

2.现在进行时

口诀：look, listen是标志，现在进行正发生。 有时now在句中现，\时态成。 若问be用何形式，须看主语数、人称。 He/She is,I am , We,you,they 后are紧跟。 V-ing形式更好记，三种构成要分清。 一般问句be提前，be后not否定成！ 不能用进行时的动词：

注意：并不是所有动词都有进行时，一些动词一般在句中不能用现在进行时态，而应用一般现在时。这些动词往往是等表示情感状态、知觉认识、愿望或短暂性的动词。例如：see（明白）,know, want, like, hear, have(有), think, hope, hate等。 现在进行时的标志词： now, this week, at this moment, look, listen，these days, this month。 一、现在进行时的概念：

表示此时此刻正在进行的动作或事情。 We are having English class now. 我们正在上英语课。

Look, the man is running after his dog. 看，那个人正在追他的狗。

Listen，our English teacher is telling a joke. 听，我们的英语老师正在讲笑话。 二、现在进行时的构成是: 主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式 第一人称单数 I+am+doing+sth. I am listening to music. 我正在听音乐。

第一人称复数 We+are+doing +sth. We are having an English party. 我们正在办一个英语晚会。

第二人称单(复)数 You+are+doing+sth. You are leaving for Shanghai. 你们要去上海了。

第三人称单数 He（She，it）+is+doing+sth. She is watching an touching movie. 她正在看一部感人的电影。 He is doing his homework. 他正在做家庭作业。

第三人称复数 They+are+doing +sth. They are playing football on the playground.

他们正在操场上踢足球。

肯定句:主语+be（is/am/are）+现在分词 You are playing the piano. He is doing exercise.

否定句：主语+be（is/am/are）+not+现在分词 We are not watching TV.

一般疑问句:be（is/am/are）+主语+现在分词 Are you doing your homework?

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+相应be动词+主语+现在分词+sth? When are you leaving for Shanghai? 6.注意根据上下文的暗示，句子的谓语动词可能应用现在进行时。 — Where is Mr. Wang? 王先生在哪儿？ — Oh, he is reading a newspaper in the office. 噢，他正在办公室看报。

（问句询问王先生在哪儿，应说明他现在在哪儿，故答句应说明他现在正在做的事，用现在进行时。） —Is that boy Jack?那个男孩是杰克吗？

— No,Jack is doing his homework in the classroom. 不是，杰克正在教室做作业呢。

（答句中说明的杰克做作业的情况应发生在现在，应用现在进行时。） What are you eating for lunch? 三、现在进行时的用法：

1.现在：当句中出现的表示时间的词是now, at the moment (此刻、现在)等时，表示句子要说明的是现在正在发生的事，动词应用现在进行时。Linda's brother is watching TV in his bedroom now. 琳达的哥哥现在正在他的卧室里看电视。

We're far from home. What are our parents doing at the moment? 我们现在远离家，我们的父母此刻在干什么呢？

2. 当前：当句中出现的时间状语是these days, this week, this month等时，如果句子所要表达的意义是在这一阶段正在发生的事，则动词应用现在进行时。

These days we are helping the farmers work on the farm. 这些天我们在农场帮农民们干活。

3. 将来：现在进行时还有另外一种含义，即它们能表达即将发生的事情，相当于一般将来时。能够用来表示将来状况的动词有：arrive, come, do, get, go, have, leave, meet, play, return, see, spend, start, stay, wear, work等。 We are leaving on Friday。 我们星期五出发。

Are you going anywhere tomorrow？ 你明天准备去哪儿？

A foreign guest is giving a lecture this afternoon。 今天下午一个外国客人将给我们作报告。

4. 情感：.当其与always，forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用时表示重复的动作，而这种动作可能使人不满，厌倦或满意。例如： ①She is perpetually interfering in my affairs. 她老是干预我的事。 （不满）

②The students are making progress constantly. 学生们在不断进步。 （满意）

5.在句中出现了Look, Listen, Can't you see? 等暗示词时，说明后面谓语动词的动作正在发生，该动词应用现在进行时。 Look! Maria and Tom are dancing under the tree. 看！玛丽亚和汤姆正在树下跳舞。

Many children are swimming in the river. Can't you see? 许多小孩在河里游泳，你难道看不见吗？

现在进行时的用法： 词形变化：

(1)直接在谓语动词后加ing.

例如：going, starting, working,looking. (2)去掉词尾不发音的e，再加ing. 例如 leaving,making,coming,writing.

注意：如果单词结尾的e发音，则不能去掉，也直接加ing. 例如：see -seeing/agree - agreeing .

另外，有少数动词比较特殊，请用心记住：

例如：lie - lying/die - dying/tie - tying/picnic - picnicking. (3) 对于重读闭音节词，双写末尾字母再加ing. 例如：sitting, beginning, getting,putting.

这一条规律，必须要弄清什么是“重读闭音节”。下面再举 一些双写的例子：

run – running stop - stopping cut – cutting control - controlling (4) 以ie 结尾的把ie 变y 加ing. Lie-lying die—dying tie- tying 3.一般过去时 一般过去时 口诀：

简单过去不难记 故事发生在过去 动词使用过去式 他的变化有规律 否定句很简单 did not 放动前 Be的否定更不难 was were后not连 如要变成疑问句 did 放在句子前。 疑问否定随你变 动词过去要还原 I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。 Did she often come to help us in those days? Yes, she did. (肯定回答） No, she didn’t.（否定回答）。 Where did you buy your watch? 你在哪里买的你的手表？ When were you born? 你哪年出生的？

过去：did(一般过去时) 标志：(时间点) yesterday, last year, in 1999, 10 years ago---

标志：(时间段)

since 1999, for ages, 10 years before, in/over the last 10 years, so far ---迄今

Eg:

The company a rise in salary for ages but nothing has happened yet. A. has been promising B. dad promised C. promised

D. promises答案：A

In the last few years thousands of films all over the world. A. have produced B. have been produced C. are producing

D. are being producing答案：B did 和 have done的区别 did: 一句话

have done: 两句话+因果关系 eg:

I lost my keys.

I have lost my keys, so I couldn’t open the door. Eg:

一般过去的用法：

1.过去：带有确定的过去时间状语时，要用过去时。如：yesterday（昨天）、two days ago…（两天前…… ）、

last year…（去年…）、the other day（前几天）、once upon a time（很久以前）、 just now（刚才）、in the old days（过去的日子里）、before liberation（解放前…）、 When I was 8 years old（当我八岁时…）、at+一个时间点

Did you have a party the other day？ 前几天，你们开了晚会了吗？

Long long ago , there lived a king who loved drawing. 很久很久以前，有一个喜欢画画的国王。

2. 过去经常：一般过去时表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。 句式：主语+过去动词+宾语+其他

I’m sure you will do better in the test Because you so hard this year. A. studied B. had studied C. will study

D. have been studying 答案： D 标志：did

过去的过去：had done(过去完成时) 过去的过去是以过去为前提， 所以, had done出现的前提是did. Eg:

When I got to the bus station,the bus had left already . Eg:

Mr Andy told me that four fifths of the house . A. have been sold out B. had been sold out C. were sold out D. was sold out答案：B

The crazy fans patiently for two hours, and they would wait till YaoMing, the basketball star, arrived. A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait答案：B At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement . A. has been reached B. had been reached C. has reached

D. had reached 答案：B

He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子，抽烟抽得可凶了。 I liked collecting stamps when I was in high school. 我上高中时收集邮票。

Lincoln liked to ask questions when he was a child. 林肯小的时候喜欢问问题。

3.过去将来：在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作

He promised to buy me a dress when he went abroad next week． 他发誓给我买件礼服,他下周出国的时候。 I would go to buy something for my sister if I had time. 我有空了就出去给妹妹买个生日礼物。

4.用“used to+do”或“would+do”表示过去经常或反 复发生的动作

He always used to go to school at 7：30． He would get up early，go to the fields to work． 一般过去的标志词：

1. yesterday (morning,afternoon,evening) 2. the day before yesterday 3. last night

(week,Sunday,weekend,month,winter,year,century 世纪） 4. Ago

5.this morning/afternoon/evening 6.when引导的状语从句（过去时） 7.just now

8.the other day -- a few days ago. 9. at the age of 10 (过去年龄段） 10. in the old days 词形规则变化：

1.一般动词,词尾加-ed,work—worked wait—waited 2.以e结尾,词尾加-d,like—liked live-lived 3.以y结尾,辅音字母+y结尾，去y变i加-ed study—studied carry—carried try—tried 元音字母+y结尾，直接加-ed stay—stayed play—played

4. 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读 闭音节词

双写这个辅音字母再加-ed stop—stopped plan—planned drop—dropped 注意：

prefer的过去式和过去分词要先双写末尾辅音字母r，再加-ed，即：

二、动词的种类 (一)行为动词

prefer—preferred。

travel的过去式和过去分词有两种形式，英国英语双写l再加-ed，美国英语直接加-ed。

例如：travel—travelled或travel—traveled。 一般过去时动词特殊变化:

中间去e尾加 t， 结尾字母 d变t meet learn keep sleep send spend 遇见i后改为a 骑 开 写 升 i变 o

Begin，drink，ring，sing，swim，ride drive write rise 想买带来和打仗 都需要ought 来换上 Think, buy bring fight

教书抓住切莫忘 要把aught记心上。 Teach, catch

改ow\\aw 为ew 最时尚 放 让 读 不变样 know grow, throw, blow 词形不规则变化： 类型 ABB 例词 bring，buy，fight，think，catch，teach，build，lend，send，spend，lose，smell， ABA ABC become，come，run．．． be，do，go，wear，lie，see，begin，drink，ring，sing，swim，drive， AAA hit，hurt，let，spit，read，cost，rid， put，cut．．． 表示动作或状态的动词，能单独作谓语。行为动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词。两者区别加下： 动词 及物vt 不及物．vi． 注意：

1．不及物动词不能直接名词作宾语，如果要接名词，要在动词和名词之间加介词。例如：

The children go to school every day．

2．有一些动词既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词。通过看它们后面是否直接名词作宾语来区别。例如：

He studies very hard．他学习非常努力。 不及物动词(后没有接名词) He studies English very hard．他非常努力地学习英语。 (二)连系动词(常简称为系动词)

连系动词不能独立作谓语，要和表语一起构成谓语。英语中连系动词分为以下6种： 1.状态系动词：be

2.感官系动词 ：还有look(看起来)，feel(感到)，smell(闻起)，sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来)

3.变化系动词：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 4.表像系动词： seem(似乎)，appear 显得，似乎 5.持续系动词： keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand

6.终止系动词： prove, turn out, 表达\证实\，\变成\之意 Jack and Jim are friends．杰克和吉姆是朋友。 They are very happy．他们很高兴。

The flowers look beautiful．这些花看上去很漂亮。 The milk smells fresh． 那些牛奶闻起来很新鲜。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。

用法 后接宾语 意思完整，不接宾语 例句 We love our country．我们爱祖国。 He is standing there．他正站在那儿。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 (三)助动词

助动词本身无意义，不能单独作谓语，和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态和语气等动词形式。疑问句和否定句也要靠助动词来帮助构成。常用的助动词有：do／does,／did，be(am，is，are，was，were)，have／has，will，would，shall，should等。They will go for a picnic this Sunday．这周日他们将去野餐。(一般将来时)

Have you finished your homework? 你们完成作业了吗?(现在完成时)

The car is made in Shanghai． 车是上海制造的。(一般现在时的被动语态)

I don’t understand the text．我不明白这篇文章。(一般现在时的否定句) (四)情态动词

情态动词表示说话的语气或情态，有一定词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。 He can swim．他会游泳。

Must we go now? 我们现在必须走吗? 二、情态动词的特征

? 情动人称和数无变化,

? 能力(be able to )必须(have to )排除它; ? 单独使用不合法，后接动原才成家。 ?

否定，疑问，简明答；

三、情态动词的种类 1. 只用作情态动词的有：

must, can / could, may / might, ought to, be able to 2. 既可作情态动词又可作实义动词的有： need, dare，have /had to, used to 3. 既可作情态动词又为助动词的有： shall / should / will / would 【口诀】Can 能够，Could 过去； May 和 Might两准许； Must have to 两必须； Should 表应该 Need 需不需； used to 是过去， will would 两愿意， be able （to） 有能力，dare to 有勇气 ought to 表应该 had better 最好去 四、情态动词的基本用法 （一）Can/could

1) 表示能力。“能、能够、会” He could play the piano at the age of 6. 他在六岁时就会弹钢琴了。 A computer can't think for itself. 计算机不会独立思考。

2）表示客观的可能性 Anybody can make mistakes. 任何人都会犯错误。

Driving on the snowy roads can be very dangerous. 在积雪的路上开车可能会有危险。 This lecture room can hold 1000 people . 这个报告厅可以容纳1000人。 3） 表示“允许”“请求” Can I use your bike? 我可以用你的自行车吗? You can go with them if you like． 如果你愿意，你可以和他们一起去。

You can share our lunches if you don’t bring yours. 如果你没有带午餐，可以和我们一起吃。 He sponges all his lunches. 他中餐总是白吃别人的。 4）表示推测，怀疑 等态度

He can’t be in the classroom．He has gone to the library． 他不可能在教室。他去图书馆没回来。 —Who’s that under the tree? Is it Jenny? —It can‘t be Jenny．She’s ill in hospital today． -在树下的那人是谁啊，是詹尼吗？ -不可能是詹尼，她今天还在医院呢！ （二）may / might

1)表示“允许”，用于肯定句 may和might没有时间之分，只是might比may更加委婉，更没有把握。

May / Might I trouble you to pass me the book? 能不能麻烦你把那本书递给我？

--- May I listen to music while doing homework? --- No, you mustn’t. 做作业时我能听音乐吗？ 不，不行。

2.)表示“请求、许可”，用于疑问句 May I smoke here? 我可以在这吸烟吗?

May I have a talk with you , Mr. Smith? 史密斯先生，我能和你谈谈吗？

may表请求，用于主语为第一人称的一般疑问句时，其否定回答用mustn’t，意为“不可以，不许，禁止”。例如： —May I go now? 我现在可以走了吗? —No，you mustn’t．不可以。

3.)表示推测或客观可能性，意为“可能，也许”，用于肯定句 The police may know the way 警察可能认识那条路。

You’d better take an umbrella．It may rain．

你最好带上伞，可能要下雨。 （三）must 的用法

1）表示“必须”“一定要”，指说话人的主观语气，强调说话人的主观意志。

You must cut down on smoking. 你必须少抽点烟。

--- Must I come back before ten? --- Yes, you must. 我必须十点前回来吗？ 是的，你必须回来。 2）表示“禁止”，用于否定句 Cars mustn't be parked here． 此处严禁停车。

以must开头的一般疑问句的否定回答常用needn’t或 don’t have to，而不用mustn’t。

例如：—Must I finish the work today? 我今天必须完成这项工作吗? —No, you needn’t． 不必。

3）表示推论，用在肯定句中表示有把握的推测，意为“一定、准是”。在疑问句或否定句中，用can和can’t.

You must be kidding. I know you know nothing about it. 你一定在开玩笑，我知道你对此一无所知。 ( It can’t be Mum. She is at work now.) 那肯定不是妈妈，她现在正在上班。 （四）need的用法

1）表示“需要”或“必须”，作为情态动词时一般用于否定句或疑问句

You needn't come to school so early． 你不必那么早到校。

You needn’t return this book today, you can keep it until this Sunday.

你不必现在还这本书，你可以借到这周日。

用need作情态动词提问时，肯定回答用must，否定回答 用needn’t。 —Need she go at once? 她马上就得走吗? —Yes，she must．(No，she needn't．) 是的，她必须马上走。(不，她不必马上走。)

2）need也常作实义动词，有人称和多种时态变化，如果后边接动词要用其带to的动词不定式，用助动词do的适当形式来否定或提起疑问。

例如： —Does he need to wash his hands? 他要不要洗手?

—Yes，he does．／No，he doesn’t． 是的，他得洗。／不，他不必洗。 You don’t need to tell us the truth．

你不必告诉我们事实。

3）need作为实义动词时，通常用法是： 人+need + to do 物+need +doing(表被动)=物+need to be done 例如：

We need to tell him the truth． 我们需要告诉他真相。 The flowers need watering． 这些花需要浇水。 （五）will，would的用法

1）表示意愿或意志、决心。will指现在, would指过去。 I will finish my lesson even if I have to stay up all night. 即使我整夜不睡觉我也一定要把功课做完。 He said he would do anything for her. 他说他愿意为她做任何事。

2）用于第二人称表示请求、建议等，would比will语气委婉、客气。Will you come this way? 请这边走好吗？

Would you please open the window? 请你打开窗户好吗？

3）表示习惯性动作或特性。will表现在, would表过去，带有主观性。This old man is strange. He will sit for hours without doing anything. 这位老人真奇怪，他常坐着几个小时都不说话。

4.) 用作助动词，用于一般将来时，译作“将要”。可用于各种人称。如 Bob will leave school next month. Would you like to do...?

是中考要求掌握的重点句型之一，应熟练掌握。例如： —Would you like to go to the cinema with me? 你愿意和我一起去看电影吗? —Yes，I’d love to． 是的，我愿意。

--- I’d love to, but I have to look after my younger sister. 我愿意去，但是我必须照看妹妹。 （六）should

1）表示义务、职责等，往往表达说话者的观点。 I think today’s children should learn to respect their elders. 我认为现在的孩子应当好好学习尊敬长辈。 2）表示说话人惊奇、愤怒、失望等特殊情感。 It’s surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack. 真是奇怪，玛丽竟然爱上像杰克这样的人。

3）表示很大的可能性，译作“可能”“应该”“照理说应该”。 It’s already 10. She promised to come by 10. She should be here at any moment. 已经10点了，她答应10点前来的。

她随时都可能到。

五、常用情态动词的用法比较 1. must与have to

must多表示说话人主观意志，have to多强调客观条件。 You must go to bed early every night. 你每晚必须早点睡觉。

I have to go now. My friend is waiting for me downstairs. 现在我得走了，朋友在楼下等我。

2.can与be able to

can表示“能力”时，与be able to相当，许多场合可以互相替换。但当叙述过去经过一番努力才能完成的事情，只能用was (were) able to He could (= was able to) swim when he was six years old. 他六岁时就会游泳了。（叙述一般的能力）

Even though I had my leg hurt, I _____ finish the whole distance. A. could B. had to C. might D. was able to

be able to可用于多种时态。

Will you be able to camera the lecture tomorrow? 你明天能把讲座录下来吗？

I’m sorry I haven’t been able to answer your letter in time. 真对不起我没能及时给你回信。

3. would与used to

would和used to都可以表示“过去常常…”，但would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向，与现在无关；used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，强调现在已不存在。 He would come to see us on Sundays.

过去星期天他常常来看我们。（现在情况如何不明确） Our company used to do business with theirs.

我们公司过去和他们公司常有业务往来。（现在已经没有了）

4. should与ought to的比较

(1) 除表示“万一”“竟然”等只能用should外，表示“应该，应当”“可能”等，两者可互换，只是ought to的语气稍重。如： You ought to/should work harder than that. 你应当更努力地工作 She ought to/should finish it by next week. 下星期她可能完成了。 You ought to/should have told him about it earlier. 你本应该早点把这件事告诉他的。

You oughtn’t to/shouldn’t have wasted time like that. 你本不该像那样浪费时间的。

(2) should 强调主观看法，而 ought to 强调客观要求。如：

We ought to go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.

我们按理应当在明天去看看住院的母亲的，但我主认为我们不会去。

(3) 注意ought to的否定式与疑问式。如： You ought not to do it. 你不应该做此事。 —Ought he to start now? 他现在该动身了吗？ —Yes, he ought (to) . 是的，该动身了。 They ought to go now, oughtn’t they? 他们现在该走了，对吗？

冠词

不定冠 冠词 定冠词 零冠词 理解冠词的基本用法。 名词是秃子，常要戴帽子，

可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a， an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠，复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。 （1）冠词的分类

冠词分为不定冠词\，an\、定冠词\和零冠词\三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。

口诀： a与an两种体，不重数量相当“一” 可数名词首次提，有时还可表“每一” a tiger an hour a university an apple an old friend a friend a student an English teacher

不定冠词有\和an\两种形式。\用在以辅音音素开头的词前，而不是辅音字母前；\用在以元音音素开头的词前，而不是元音字母前 2.不定冠词的用法

1.a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一 类人或事物。 Tom is a hard-working student． 汤姆是一个勤奋的学生。 Kate is an English teacher． 凯特是一个英语老师。

2.指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。 A steel worker makes steel． 钢铁工人炼铁。

Pass me an apple，please． 请递给我一个苹果。

3.泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。 A student wants to see you． 有个学生想见你。

A girl is waiting for you outside． 有个女孩正在外面等你。

4.表示“每一”的意 思，相当于every。 Take the medicine three times a day． 这种药每天吃三次。

They go to see their grandparents once a week． 他们每周去看一次他们的祖父母。 用在一些固定搭配里：

have a walk散步 have a rest休息

have a look看一看 in a hurry匆匆忙忙

make a face做鬼脸 do somebody a favour帮某人忙 a number of许多 have a good time玩得愉快 have a cold感冒 have a headache头痛 定冠词的用法口诀： 特指双熟悉，上文已提及； 世上独无二，序数最高级； 家人代乐器，形分类人一。 1.特指某(些)人或某 (些)事物

The book on the desk is an English dictionary． Beijing is the capital of China．

2.指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。 Open the door，please． Jack is in the library． 3.上文提到过的人或 事物。 Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike．The bike cost him 200 yuan． 4. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。 The sun is bigger than the moon． 用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。 Shanghai is the biggest city in China． January is the first month of the year．

5.用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。 The nurse is kind to the sick． We should take good care of the old．

6.用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某 某夫妇” The Browns have been in China for over two years． 用在一些固定搭配 里面。 in the morning／afternoon上／下午

in the sun在阳光下 in the same way同样 in the daytime白天 in the end最终

on the other hand另一方面 on the contrary相反 零冠词的用法口诀：

下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前； 专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭； 复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前； 颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。

1.名词前已有作定语用的this，that，my，your，whose，some，any，no，each，every等代词时，不用冠词。 That is my cup． I have some questions． Go down this street．

2. 某些专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。 China，Canada，Japanese，glass，water，love...

3. 三餐的名称前，球类活动，学科和节目名词前，常不用 冠词。 I have lunch at home．

He often plays football after class． We have English and mathevery day．

4.复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词。 They are workers． We are students．

5.节日、季节、星期、月份前。

Christmas, Children’s Day, spring , Monday, March. 6.表示颜色（如：It's red / yellow.）、语种

（如：speak English/Japanese）和国家的非全称名词 （如：We live in China. They come from America.）。

7. 称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。 I don’t feel well today，Mother．

Bush Was made president of the U．S．A． 8.在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词。 by air 坐飞机 at night 在晚上 at home

在家 go to bed

上床睡觉

go to school 去学校 on foot

步行

from morning till night 从早到晚

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