商务英语词汇教程(学生)

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商务英语与公共英语的关系

商务英语是专门用途英语(English for Special Purpose)大家族的一员，它与公共英语(General English)既相联系，又相区别，两者的关系可比作“毛”与“皮”的关系。我们中国有这样一句成语，对它们的关系做出了概括，即“皮之不存，毛将焉附。”大学一、二年级学习公共英语为进一步学习商务英语打好公共英语的基础。毕竟商务英语与公共英语在基本词汇和基本句型的使用上有相同的“共性”，如果忽视了两者之间的这一联系，基础没打好就急于开始商务英语的学习，单单在语言方面的困难就足以令我们因为举步维艰而蒙生退意了。

但是商务英语作为在外商务活动中所使用的英语，在词汇、句式、行文结构这三个层次上都表现出有别于公共英语的个性，譬如，我们要读懂西方报刊国际商务文章，就必须掌握一定的有关经济贸易的专业英语词汇，如涉及到有关描述经济贸易发展情况、趋势、国际贸易收支、贸易摩擦、跨国公司、商品市场等方面的一些专业英语词汇。

英语商务文章的句式及句子之间的连接也有其特点，如在对商务发展趋势进行比较时经常借助于多种语法手段，从而有机地把枯燥的数字和信息揉合在一起。为使句子之间的意思更好地连贯起来，常常使用连接词，介词和副词，如表明对比和情况变化关系的词有but，however，whereas，either or和neither nor等；表示情况内在联系的连接词和短语介词有and，as well as 和in the case of 等。

就文体而言，英语商务文章大体可分为四类：公共经济贸易消息报告；经济贸易情况简报；经济、贸易和商品市场调研报告；经济贸易评论。每一体裁又有不同的结构，如经济贸易评论文章主要由以下几个部分组成：简单叙述被评论观点或事情的背景；提出自己的观点和看法；阐述评论观点或事情的意义。经济、贸易和商品市场调研报告公共包括：对前一阶段情况作简单回顾；由统计材料或典型事例阐述对目前情况的看法；对下一阶段的形势发展提出预测；最后有时还提出应采取的对策或建议。

另外，英语商务文章的选材的专业性要求我们必须具备一定的专业知识。如果我们对各主题所涉及的知识比较缺乏，必然会觉得文章难读难懂，因此，我们也必须想方设法克服背景知识方面的障碍，如能在进入本门课程学习前，先期学习国际贸易、国际金融等课程，则对于这门课的学习也是大有裨益的。

课程导入

商务英语中有一些使用十分频繁的词汇很容易被误译，原因是商务英语中相同的单词在不同情况下具有不同的含义。

例一：floating

1. It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.

2. Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where

。。

the insured has to supply an overseas importer under an exclusive sales agreement or

maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad.

译文：

1. 在这种情况下，世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维

持本币的汇价了。

2. 统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的办法，特别适合

于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物，如：当被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表，设立分支机构时用之。

注解：

floating 在上述两个句中的意思完全不一样，floating exchange rate 意为“浮动汇率”，即可自由浮动，完全受市场力量决定的汇率制度。而 floating policy 则指用以承保多批次货运的一种持续性长期保险凭证，常译为“统保单”。

例二：confirm

1. We'd like to inform you that our counter sample will be sent to you by DHL by the end

of this week and please confirm it ASAP so that we can start our mass production.

2. Payment will be made by 100% confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit available by

sight draft。

译文：

1. 很高兴通知您，我们的回样将于本周末用特快专递给您，请尽快确认，以便我们开

始大批生产。

2. 付款方式为100% 即期，保兑，不可撤消信用证。

注解：

confirmed 一词在这两句话的意思也不一样。在第一个句子中，confirm 的意思是“确认”。在第二个句子中，confirmed L/C 应翻译为“保兑信用证”，即指一家银行所开的由另一家银行保证兑付的一种银行信用证。

例三：negotiable

1. Part time barman required. Hours and salary negotiable.

2. This Bill of Lading is issued in a negotiable form, so it shall constitute title to the goods

and the holder, by endorsement of this B/L.

译文：

1. 招聘兼职酒店保安，工作时间和薪水面议。

。。

2. 所签发的提单可为转让的，故只要在提单上背书, 便确定了货物和持票人的所有

权。

注解：

在第一句话中，negotiable 的意思是“可商议的”，在第二句话中的意思则是“可转让的”，“可转让提单”经过背书后即可将所有权转让给他人，值得注意的是，negotiating bank 则是议付银行，即购买或贴现汇票的银行。

例四：discount

1. You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis.

2. If a seller extends credit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptance. The seller

can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft. The bank is said to discount the draft.

译文：

1. 如果你方定期给我方下定单，你方便可得到 5% 的折扣。

2. 如卖方开出的是远期汇票，以此向买方提供信用，此时就做了一笔商业汇票承兑业

务，卖方可以请银行买下商业承兑汇票，银行用这个办法对出口商融资，也就是说，银行对该汇票贴现了。

注解：

discount 在这两句话中的意思一个是折扣，另一个是贴现。折扣是指商品在原价的基础上按百分比降价，贴现则是指未到期的票据向银行融资，银行扣取自买进日至到期日的利息，并收取一定的手续费后，将余下的票面金额付给持票人。

例五：endorse

1. Our products have been endorsed by the National Quality Inspection Association.

2. Draft must be accompanied by full set original on board marine Bill of Lading made out

to order, endorsed in blank, marked freight prepaid.

译文：

1. 我们的产品为全国质量检查协会的推荐产品。

2. 汇票必须附有全套印有“货物收讫”字样的正本海运提单，凭指示、空白背书，并写

明“运费已付”。

注解：

在第一个句子中，“推荐”是指用过某种产品后感到满意，并通过媒体介绍给公众。而第二句中的“空白背书明是指背书人(endorser) 只在票据背面签上自己的名字，而不注明特定的被背书人 (endorsee)。

。。

例六：average

1. If a particular cargo is partially damaged，the damage is called particular average.

2. It's obvious that the products are below the average quality.

译文：

1. 如果某批货是部分受损，我们称之为“单独海损”。

2. 很明显，这批产品的品质是中下水平。

注解：

在第一个句子中，particular average 的意思是“单独海损”，是指在保险业中由于海上事故所导致的部分损失， 因此average 一词的意思是损失或损坏，而第二句中的 average 为“平均”之意。

例七：tender

1. Under CIF, it is the seller's obligation to tender the relative documents to the buyer to

enable him to obtain delivery of the goods.

2. He became as exhilarated as if his tender for building a mansion had been accepted. 译文：

1. 在 CIF 价格术语项下，卖方的责任是向买方递交有关单证，使其能在货物到达后

提取货物。

2. 他欣喜若狂，好像他承办大厦建筑的投标被接受了。

注解：

商务英语中的重要条款用词非常正规，在第一句话中，tender 是用作动词，相当于 give。而在第二句中，tender 是用作名词，意思是“投标”。

在一些由中文翻译的英语样本、合同、广告和其他文件材料中常见一些翻译错误，现仅举几个出现频率较高的例子，试作分析。

1. 由港澳国际投资公司投资的海口电站工程因其建设速度和质量得到高度评价。 原译文：The Haikou Power Station Project invested by the Hongkong-Macau International Investment Co, Ltd. was highly appraised for its construction speed and quality.

注：投资某项工程应为invest in a project，在被动语态中不能漏去前臵词in。应译为：

The Haikou Power Station Project invested in (在某些情况下可用financed or funded）by the Hongkong-Macau International Investment Co., Ltd. was highly appraised for its construction speed and quality.

。。

2. 上海SFECO拥有5个控股子公司。

原译文：Shanghai SFECO Group has 5 share-holding companies.

注：share-holding company指控制或持有某公司股权的股东公司。上述译文意思是5个公司持有Shanghai SFECO Group的股份，换句话说，这5个公司是“老子”公司，因此显然不符合中文原意。

应译为：

Shanghai SFECO Group is a holding company of 5 subsidiary companies. 或Shanghai SFECO Group holds shares of 5 subsidiary companies.

3.中国民生银行有限公司

原译文：China Minsheng Banking Corporation, Ltd.

注：corporation本身即为有限公司，相当于limited company，英译中无需再加“Ltd”。应译为：

China Minsheng Banking Corporation

4.项目中标之后，我们将立即开始前期准备工作。

原译文：After the bid is awarded, we shall immediately start our advance-phase preparation. 注：项目中标应为accept a bid or award the contract。显然上述译文把两种表达法相混淆了。应译为：

After the bid is accepted (or the contract is awarded), we shall immediately start our

advance-phase preparation.

5.欢迎您参观我们交易会

原译文：Welcome you to visit our fair!

注：译文中welcome是动词，因此此句是祈使句形式，省略的主语为第二人称你（你们），而不是中文所含的我（我们）之意。应译为：

We welcome you to visit our trade fair!

更简洁而地道的译法是：Welcome to our trade fair!

。。

商务英语词汇教程

landed terms

Sample Sentences

1. Obviously，landed price is higher than FOB price.

2. Landed price is an export price in which the exporter pays all the charges to the port of destination and also pays the landing charges but not any dock dues or onward carriage charges to the importer’s factory or warehouse.

fill one’s order

Sample Sentences

1. We are sorry that we cannot fill your order for TFLD watches.

2. We should like to fill your order，but the fact is that we have received more orders than we had expected，with the result that our large reserve stock has been sold out. mortgage

Sample Sentences

1. When granting mortgage loan to individuals, banks should closely evaluate any assets being put up as collateral.

2. He planned to keep the house for 12 years and to let the mortgage get paid down faster. by sample

Sample Sentences

1. Quality as per Buyer’s Sample.

2. Quality to be strictly as per sample submitted by the Seller on February 15，2008. on the usual trade terms

Sample Sentences

1. Please offer us your best prices on the usual trade terms.

2. The agreement stipulates that our products are to be sold on the usual trade terms. go Dutch

Sample Sentences

1. Once a fortnight she and a group of friends would go Dutch at one of their three favorite restaurants.

2. The office outing is always a Dutch treat.

。。

case study／case analysis

Sample Sentences

1. We provide consulting services to clients, usually through case analysis.

2. The cases used for study at the business schools are no longer only those from the Western

businesses；some from the Chinese businesses themselves.

covert deal

Sample Sentences

To prevent covert deals，the construction unit and the water supply project headquarters signed a lifelong responsibility contract on quality and safety.

ounce

IOU

white knight

general wholesale

Sample Sentences

General Wholesale covers all your needs in one stop.

semi-finished product／intermediate goods

break even

minimum earnings

Sample Sentences

1. What are the minimum earnings before paying taxes?

2. According to the contract，Party B’s minimum earnings are $200.000.

bonded area / tariff-free zone或bonded area。

Sample Sentences

By and large，Hong Kong businessmen have set up shops in tariff-free zones.

cover

Sample Sentences

1. Do you handle open cover? What I mean is if the insured party wished to make a long-term

arrangement with the insurance company，say，for a year.

2. Insurance of the goods shall be covered by us on 110％of the CIF value，and any extra

premium for additional insurance，if required，shall be borne by the Buyers.

strong-room

。。

underwriter

Sample Sentences

1. The underwriter has calculated the risk.

2. We talked about it with our underwriter，and we would like to get a policy for total loss only

(TLO).

caution money／earnest money／cash deposit

Sample Sentences

1. Members of the association must deposit caution money before being allowed to use the

association’s facilities.

2. Earnest money is money given to the seller as a first payment by the buyer to show that he

agrees to the contract of sale and intends to honor it.

shelf life／pull date

Sample Sentences

1. The product has a shelf life of one week under normal temperature.

2. The pull date of these packets of milk is end of this month.

3. The quality of this product is promised to be guaranteed for a year.

report forms

Sample Sentences

1. Report forms are required to be submitted monthly.

2. Although the final report forms are generated automatically, manual check is still needed.

declare sth at customs

Sample Sentences

1. Have you got anything to declare?

2. Customs declaration for imports and exports is a necessity in a country’s control of its foreign

trade.

quotation

Sample Sentences

1. We are enclosing our Quotation No.3571 for your consideration，and hope to receive your

trial order in the near future.

2. The rates quoted above are net，and the delivery of goods will be made at your office as

desired at our expense.

offer

。。

Sample Sentences

1. Thank you for your recent fax telling us that there is a good demand for our Panda televisions

in your market. We are pleased to offer them as follows.

2. We acknowledge with thanks receipt of your letter of January 19.In reply，we are pleased to

make the following offer，subject to our final confirmation.

nosedive

Sample Sentences

1. Coffee prices nosedived yesterday.

2. The stock prices of China went into a nosedive at the beginning of 2008.

upstart sudden huge profits skyrocket backup

1. She made a backup copy of all the files on her computer.

2. We won’t be able to do it unless we have a technical backup.

endorsement

Sample Sentences

If a blank endorsement is made, the holder of the bill has the right to take delivery of the goods.

backer／endorser

Sample Sentences

He is the backer of this bill.

1. Has the bill been signed by the endorser?

capital

Sample Sentences

The company was started with a capital of US$10，000.

small business

Sample Sentences

1. Ours is a very small business，and we just don’t have enough cash to carry on.

2. This is just a small business，and we can’t make much money.

rate of exchange

。。

Sample Sentences

1. The rate of exchange between American dollars and Euro dollars show the fall of the value of

the US dollars.

2. The exchange rate today is 300 Japanese yen to the pound.

tax haven

Sample Sentences

1. The Bahamas，Monaco and Singapore are tax havens.

2. A tax haven is a place where certain taxes are levied at a low rate or not at all. The tax havens

phenomenon started as taxes arise.

seven-eleven／7-Eleven a lemon

Sample Sentences

1. Not until several days later did he find that the car he bought was a lemon.

2. To reduce loss and increase overall profits, the CEO told his product managers to get rid of all

the dogs.

acquisition／merger／takeover

Sample Sentences

The directors of both companies met to discuss the terms of the merger.

imports／imported goods small profits but quick returns

Sample Sentences

1. Due to increasingly fierce competition，many household appliance companies have adopted

the strategy of “small profit margins，big sales”.

2. The business strategy for our company is small profits but quick returns.

real estate ice-free port

Sample Sentences

1. Xiamen Port is one of the top ten ports in China. It is a huge，deepwater，ice-free port that never silts up.

2. Dalian Port is a world-known deep and ice-free harbor, having shipping relations with over

160 countries and regions.

keep one’s head above water

。。

1. The company had great difficulty keeping its head above water during the economic crisis.

2. We are in the black. We should be able to keep our head above water from now on.

dirty bill of lading

Sample Sentences

1. Dirty B/L is one into which the ship-owners have put a clause stating that the conditions of

the goods or packing when received were unsatisfactory.

2. Foul B／L is B／L with adverse remarks by the carrier that the goods received for shipping

look wet，damaged，or otherwise in doubtful condition，etc.

force majeure

Sample Sentences

1. Force Majeure：The Sellers shall not be held responsible, if they，owing to Force Majeure

cause or causes, fail to make delivery within the time stipulated in the Contract or cannot deliver the goods. However，in such cases, the Sellers shall inform the Buyers immediately by cable and, if it is requested by the Buyers，shall also deliver to the Buyers by registered post，a certificate attesting the existence of such a cause or causes.

2. The insurance policy covers your house against all types of damage，excluding those caused

by acts of God.

Comparisons are odious

Sample Sentences

It’s often said in the business world that comparisons are odious.

Bretton Woods system deep pocket

Sample Sentences

By bringing a partner with deep pockets，the company was in a position to offer more attractive deal that could be completed by year-end.

make sb redundant

Sample Sentences

1. Our branch is badly overstaffed. We have now decided to make eight clerks redundant.

2. Owing to bad business，over 500 workers of the company come under the axe.

lottery ticket carry out management painstaking

。。

1. Though having kept it going by painstaking effort through over 20 years，the enterprise went

bankrupt last year.

2. Now business is dull，so small shops like ours have to take great pains to keep them going.

catering

Sample Sentences

shipping space

Sample Sentences

1. We could book shipping space on S.S. “Manhattan Maru” before 5 May. This is the only

vessel sailing direct for Tianjin within these two months；otherwise，we have to wait for another two months，as the next sailing for Tianjin will be on 5 July.

2. It’s necessary to book a cabin seat or berth five days，in advance.

price difference

Sample Sentences

1. Regional price differences will be taken into account at the time of setting prices.

2. Seasonal variations in price are very big.

find

Sample Sentences

1. Please find ten samples enclosed herewith.

2. Enclosed please find our latest catalogue.

double spotting

Sample Sentences

If double spotting did occur，it was usually done with two 30-second commercials.

call money

Sample Sentences

Last month the bank advanced very large sums of call money to the money market.

rob Peter to pay Paul product mix

1. An adjustment in product mix will be the focus of the next round of restructuring.

2. We have worked hard to get the right marketing mix for the launch of the new range.

awareness of the product

。。

Sample Sentences

1. The advertising campaign has been planned to raise the awareness of the product amongst the

public.

2. You need to launch an advertising campaign to raise the awareness of the product if you want

to forge a world brand.

industrial chain

Sample Sentences

Different companies in different nations will have their own advantages，which decide their positions in the world industrial chain.

adulteration

1. The adulteration of foodstuffs is illegal.

2. They have adulterated wine with water.

watered-down stocks

Sample Sentences

Watered-down stocks are stocks that can be bought by insiders at a cost lower than their face value.

long ton／short ton／metric ton

Sample Sentences

If you can reduce your price of urea to 1200 US dollars per metric ton, we may be able to place an order of 150 –180 metric tons.

best-seller

Sample Sentences

1. Our new product sells very well.

2. This book is the best-seller of this year.

excessive consumption

Sample Sentences

1. The media undoubtedly played their part in the creation of excessive consumption.

2. Excessive consumption affects the rise of prices to a great degree.

XXL／double extra large speculate in shares [炒作] hype

。。

bank bill／bank paper strike a bargain

Sample Sentences

1. They have to negotiate about the payment terms before concluding a transaction.

2. We struck a bargain with the buyer by allowing 2％discount on a purchase of not less than

one great gross of individual items

system of basic cost of living allowances for urban residents accept hold the line

Sample Sentences

Businesses are holding the line on hiring and spending plans because of uncertainty about the economy.

export (tax) rebate。

Sample Sentences

1. Export rebates have helped many enterprises survive the financial crisis.

2. Tourist may have a tax rebate up to 20％of the invoice value of the commodities.

bargain price

1. These computers and other household appliances will be sold at bargain prices.

2. These substandard items can be sold only at reduced prices.

items for disposal original goods

Sample Sentences

1. Land and water are original goods.

2. What the developing countries export to developed countries are mostly original goods.

nest egg

Sample Sentences

1. I am trying to build a nest egg so that I can buy a house some day.

2. For millions of Americans，retirement planning is all about accumulating a “nest egg" of

savings and investments to generate enough income to pay for a comfortable standard of living after they stop working.

pyramid selling

。。

subprime lending crisis

Sample Sentences

1. The subprime-lending crisis is worse than you think，and could crush financial and real estate

markets for years.

2. The financial crises caused by the subprime-lending crisis of the US are getting worse and

worse，and have begun to affect the other parts of the world.

faulty goods／defective goods／substandard products

Sample Sentences

1. New legislation will give the consumers the right to have faulty goods repaired or replaced

within five days.

2. These defective goods will be sold at half of the price for quality goods.

ad valorem tax／ad valorem duty great hundred／long hundred bulk pack／economy size popular goods of dependable quality

Sample Sentences

1. Popular goods of dependable quality bearings oversupply.

2. Fair average quality at the time and place of loading shall be assessed upon the basis of

London Corn Trade Association’s official FAQ standard.

Big Sale dump bin

Sample Sentences

1. Customers turned over the articles in the dump bin，looking for bargains.

2. Goods in this dump bin are all sold at reduced prices.

amount in both words and figures

Sample Sentences

Amount in both words and figures should be given on the invoice.

superstore／supermarket Joe Public／John Q. Public

Sample Sentences

1. We have to make it the way John Q. Public wants it.

。。

2. I want to find out what John Q Public thinks of our new product.

staple／large amount dozen doggy bag guarantee discount

Sample Sentences

1. The store discounted all clothing for the sale.

2. We give a 20％discount for cash payment.

tie-in sale

Tie-in sale is a very important way of selling overstocks.

pp／per procurationem

Sample Sentences

1. The contract was signed pp J.John and Sons Ltd.

2. The letter was signed J.John and Sons Ltd.，pp.

act as a purchasing agent / buy on one’s behalf man of business

Sample Sentences

1. He appointed his solicitor man of business.

2. As for compensation，please contact my man of business.

annual leave back order

Sample Sentences

1. The company has more than 1000 back orders for the new model.

2. These back orders are rush work，so extra work is needed.

credit note

Sample Sentences

1. A credit note is a monetary instrument issued by a seller that allows a buyer to purchase an

item or service from that seller on a future date.

2. We can’t give you your money back, but we can issue you a credit note.

。。

off-season bottom out

Sample Sentences

Owing to the Financial Crisis of the USA，the fall of the price for stocks has not bottomed out.

arrival notice mature

Sample Sentences

1. They say by the time our cheques mature they will have devalued due to inflation.

2. The bill of exchange matures on 31st of May.

down-market cheap money

Sample Sentences

You can borrow cheap money from overseas. A Swiss company claims to offer large foreign currency loans at rates of interest much cheaper than the going rate in Australia.

base price

Sample Sentences

Order forms are available at the ASB office，and the newly designed jackets have a base price of $120.

land bank

Sample Sentences

Land banking is the practice of purchasing land with the intent to hold on to it until such a time as it is highly profitable to sell it on to others for substantially more than was initially paid.

black economy tertiary industry

Sample Sentences

1. The government is counting on the service sector to create tens of thousands of jobs this year.

2. Tourism has developed into a kind of the tertiary industry.

e-commerce

Sample Sentences

Promoting the development of electronic commerce is one of the key factors in the effort to make the European Union the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world.

。。

recalcitrant／household who refuses to move and bargains for unreasonably high

compensation when the land is requisitioned for a construction project

top price／ceiling price order／place an order(for sth) order for goods／order form

Sample Sentences

1. I’d like to change my order.

2. Enclosed please find our order form.

cash with order

Sample Sentences

1. Customers may be asked to pay cash with order or cash against pro-forma invoice with their

first order.

2. Please do not ask for credit as terms are strictly cash with order.

lead time earnest money

Sample Sentences

You must pay a deposit to the hotel if you want them to keep a room free for you.

have sth made to order board of directors movables hawk／peddle jerry-built project all foreign-owned firm

Sample Sentences

“Three Forms of Ventures’’ are Sino-foreign joint ventures，co-operative enterprises and wholly-foreign-funded enterprises.

short-weight in short supply domino effect Jack-of-all-trades multimodal transport／forwarding

。。

second-hand house second-hand goods child reductions rake it in dispatch goods／deliver goods

Sample Sentences

Goods must be examined before they are dispatched.

bank holiday minimum wage artificial person／legal person body corporate anti-dumping red tape

Sample Sentences

Do you know how much red tape you have to go through if you want to establish a business?

bricks and mortar hire-purchase (retail)outlet service paramount accessory paid

Sample Sentences

1. This draft has been stamped with “Paid”.

2. CASH PAID

sideline weight loss

Sample Sentences

1. Weight loss needs to be taken into account when dealing in grains.

2. We suffer from weight loss in buying and selling soybeans.

high grade／top grade

。。

high-end product

Sample Sentences

A survey noted a trend of moderate price drops in major consumer goods，including electrical appliances and auto-mobiles，saying this would push consumers to look for higher-end products.

flagship big-ticket items advanced technology／cutting-edge technology

Sample Sentences

These advanced technologies have a big profitability potential.

dear money

1. Many small firms are feeling the impact of dear money and are being forced out of business.

2. In the money market，the money is just dear money when interest rates are high and loans

from banks are difficult to obtain.

big bucks self-employed entrepreneur meet halfway

Sample Sentences

1. We wish you to reconsider your price and give a new bid，so that there can be a possibility for

us to meet halfway.

2. How about meeting each other halfway with the price gap?

industrial injury salary man industrial action workaholic metric ton fair trading

Sample Sentences

1. The company is committed to a policy of fair trading.

2. Dumping has violated the criterion for fair trading of WTO.

public-interest advertisement／public-service ad supply falls short of demand

。。

Sample Sentences

1. It is a sellers’ market now and many commodities are in short supply，so prices are high.

2. Now supply of many products exceeds demand on the Chinese market，so they have to be

sold in foreign country.

shopping bag／carrier bag

Sample Sentences

1. Now，shopping bags made of cloth are becoming more and more popular.

2. Since the Act began to be implemented to limit the use of plastic bags in China，shopping

bags are no longer free of charge at the supermarkets and shops.

joint-stock company／public limited company hire and fire key industry test the waters

Sample Sentences

We need to test the waters and find out what the public want.

Customer Care Is Our Top Priority

Sample Sentences

One of our important concepts for business and service is that customer care is our top priority.

odd government merchant／government commerce go window-shopping clean L/C VIP card economies of scale

Sample Sentences

1. Companies that sell world-wide have benefited from economies of scale.

2. Economies of scale may be utilized by any size firm expanding its scale of operation.

bridging loan／bridge loan

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