曼哈顿语法笔记

Chapter 3: 主谓一致

注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合

Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.

Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.

主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合

Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读) 没有必要的句子成分尽量少读 介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分 善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数

The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart.

And和additive phases

（注意mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus都是单数的形式） Media是medium的复数形式。

Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数）

集体名词

People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture. 用单数

Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy.

不定代词

SANAM： some, any, none, all, more/most 这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数

Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.

Not one of my friends is here this weekend.

Every and each

Every dog has paws.

Every dog and cat has paws.

Each of these shirts is pretty.

They each are great tennis players.

The number of 和 a number of的用法要注意

注意there be句型的单复数

There are a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.

注意：

Pong is a classic game from which have descended many current computer pastimes.（这里用了倒装）

相当于那个预言的题目，多多注意

Chapter 4：平行准则

Wrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and I pay low taxes.

Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where I pay low taxes.

使用where能够减少歧义。

注意在最后一个列举项目的前面要加上and

Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.

注意从句子真正的逻辑意义来找到实际上意义并列的结构，不要单单依靠词组的形式。

注意另一种更为subtle的平行结构：系动词 The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love. (F) The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love. ?

注意意思还必须对应

Upon being nominated this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.(F)

The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country. R

Chapter 5：Pronouns

看到代词的时候，要注意找到他的前置词，然后检查其意义和单复数是否make sense。

注意：The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it.

Park 在句子中做的是形容词，因此不能够用来做it 的前置词。 正确：The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.

注意：作形容词的名词一定不能够用来做代词的前置词

永远保证pronouns make sense

错误：Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.

正确：Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.

注意单复数一致。

The deadly five：it its they them their

That, this, these, and those

正确用法： New ‘nano-paper’ incorporate fibers that give these materials strength. 注意这四个指示代词不能单独充当主语或者宾语成分

注意用it来指代前者的时候必须做到it就完全是前面的事物

The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to be. The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her.

Wrong: her company is outperforming those of her competitors.

Right: her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.

注意：在同一个句子中，所有的相同代词都必须指代同一个事物。

Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.

(原因在于supernovas 和they属于两个主从句的主语，虽然they可能存在其他前置词，但是为保持平行性，they 是合理的代词用法啊)

Chapter 6：Modifier

注意一些形容词以及其衍生的副词在句子中的意义：

Corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, resent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed and usual.

名词性修饰成分

修饰成分的位置需要紧紧依靠在一起，不能相隔一个明显的句子成分 要注意名词性修饰成分在主句中存在

动词性修饰成分不需要紧紧依靠在一起

两个很长的就是成分不能紧紧相连，应该分别放在被修饰成分的两侧

Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse， influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

Right: both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse， influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

注意所有格的陷阱

Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Bill’s score on the exam was poor. Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.

关键是要看修饰成分在逻辑上修饰哪个词语，不要轻易做出结构上的判断。

带有关系代词的名词性修饰成分 That不能用来修饰人

Whose能够用来修饰人和物 Who和whom要严格区分

The security guard whom we met was nice.

修饰一个概念上的地方不能够用where，只能够用in which 例如arrangement，phenomenon等

限定性和非限定性定语从句

主要区别一个是that，一个是，which的结构 一个重要的区别是

This+名词的形式一般都是非限定性结构，因此不能够用that （一般不会只考这个区别）

动词修饰成分

注意这些动词的修饰成分要有一个合理的主语 例如：the weight was lifted by concentrating. (cuo)

Which vs doing

Which不能够指代前面整个句子

Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, which has led to a rise in property values.

Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

Chapter 7, Verb Tense, Mood, and voice

进行时态：不能用进行时表示将来或者一般的规律 关于时态最重要的是通过时态反应作者的真实意思

注意在专有名词之后是一般不接限定性定语从句的。

完成时

动作或者动作的效果从过去持续到现在

一般重要有一些重要的时间提示词：since， in the past five minutes, in the last ten years

The child has drawn a square in the sand.(画的动作没有了，但是画依然还在) She will pay you when you have taken out the garbage.

过去完成时（过去的过去）

The film had started by the time we arrived at the theater.

不是意味着所有过去的过去的情况都需要用过去完成时

1. 明确知道两个连续动作的顺序一般不用，词汇标志为and和but 2. Antonio Drove to the store, and Cristian bought some ice cream. 3. 有after和before这类词可以不使用

4. Laura locked the deadbolt before she left for work.

有时候不一定需要两个连续的动作才能够使用过去完成时。主要是为了表示动作的持续性效果对现在的影响。

例如：By 1945, the United States had been at war for several years。

The band U2 was just one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980’s, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.

虚拟语气主要有两种：假设不可能发生的情况和请求 前一种情况的标志词： If, as if, as though

例如： To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it were harmless.

记住五种if，then结构的句子

1. If Sophie eats pizza, then she becomes ill.(确定的语气)

2. If Sophie eats pizza, then she may become ill. (包含一部分不确定)

3. If Sophie eats pizza tomorrow, then she will become ill. (确定的语气，将来)

4. If Sophie ate pizza tomorrow, then she would become ill. （不可能的情形，将来） 5. If Sophie had eaten pizza yesterday, then she would have become ill. (没有发生的情形)

Would 和 should永远不会进入到if的从句结构里面。千万要注意！！！！！！

请求式的虚拟语气 只能够用从句表示：

Demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest 只能用不定式

Advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want

两种形式都可以：

Ask， beg， intend, order, prefer, urge, require

语态

在被动语态中，注意用through或者because of表示行为的方式，而不要用by。 被动语态和主动语态可以同时出现在同一平行结构之中。

Chapter 8 比较 特殊的平行结构

注意比较的双方在结构上和逻辑上相对称

Like是一个介词，必须紧紧跟着名字，代词以及名词短语

As既能够做介词又能够做连词 As Her brother did, Ava aced the test.

保证比较双方逻辑上的平行

错误：Frank’s build， Like his brother, is board and muscular. Right: Frank’s build, like that of his brother, is board and muscular.

注意保持结构上面的一致

Wrong： I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds. I like running through forests more than walking through crowds.

Gmat允许多余的helping words 出现

Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.

注意最高级的使用

Chapter 9 Aim

With the aim of doing something

不能够用： with the aim to do something

注意allow 只有allow to，和allow for两种形式 不能够用allow that

Anxiety about, anxiety that

Appear

Imperfections appear as tiny cracks He appears confused.

The dinosaurs appear to have been relatively smart. It appears that the dinosaurs were smart. 注意不能够有如下情形： He appear as confused.

As as

We have as many apples as need to be cooked. （注意后半部分的比较的主语省略的是apples） We have 10 apples, about as many as we picked yesterday

错误的表达方法：

We have 10 apples，about equivalent to what we picked yesterday(注意equel不能够用在可数名词)

We have three times as many apple

Apply

错误：be subject to the applicability of As

Just as we did last year, we will win this year. (in the same way)

比较中的一个错误例子

We have 10 apples, about equivalent to what we picked yesterday.

Attribute to

She asked that he go to the store.

(ask可以用在that引导的虚拟语气中)

Aware

Aware of the danger, he fled.

Aware that anger was near, he fled. Ban

They passed a ban prohibiting us from carrying bottles. Wrong：they passed a ban that we cannot carry bottles.

Based on

The verdict was based on the evidence.

The jury reached a verdict based on the evidence.

Wrong: Based on the evidence, the jury reached a verdict.

注意because of的一个错误用法

Plants grow because of the sun shining. Plants grow as a result of the sun shining.

Begin with, begin as

Border的介词搭配

正确：within the borders of a country 错误：In the borders of a country Inside the borders of a country

Although 应该跟着的是一个句子（绝大部分情况）

I have one chance in a thousand of winning tonight.

They claim that they can win. They claim to be able to win.

Comparably不能够用to a comparable extent

Compared to 和 Compared with 在Gmat中没有区别

Conceive of……as…….

Connection between……..and…… 不要用connection of…….and……

Confident 的一个错误表达方法

We have confidence in the market to recover.

Consider sth sth

例如： consider her a friend， consider her intelligent Consider sth as sth的用法绝对错误

Contend只能够用从句

They contend that they can decipher the code.

Continue to do sth

(continue doing sth 很少用)

错误：the danger will continue its growth

The danger will continue growth

The danger will continue its growth(不能够用continue sth)

In contrast with/to 后面必须接名词

In contrast to thezoo charging admission, the park does not.

注意一种错误用法：

You could possibly do anything you want.

Create sth to do (不能够用for doing sth)

Credit with

Hugo credits sally with good taste. Sally is credited with good taste.

Credit for, credit as, credit to be都属于错误用法

In danger of doing sth

注意不能用have a danger of/to

Dated at …….old

Declare sth sth

例如： I declared the election a fraud. 不能够用Declare as

Decline

The price of oil declined. The oil declined in price. My friend’s reputation declined.

但是不能够用my friend declined in reputation.

Demand 只能够用从句。

Be designed to do sth

Be determined by(不能够用through, from , because of, as a result of)

The idea developed into a project.

be disinclined to do sth

不能够用：has a disinclination to do

Distinguish between……. And……

Distinguish sth from sth属于suspect的情形

Doubt作动词的时候最好后面要接whether

反之，do not doubt 后面要接that，而不能够用whether

Due to

The deficit is due to overspending. 错误选项

Due to politicians spending money, we have a deficit

Due to the fact that politicians spend money, we have a deficit Elect

She elected to withdraw her money early.

不能够用elect doing sth

Ensure

Right: he ensures that deadlines are met.( or will be met) Wrong: he ensures that deadlines should be met.

Equipped to do (不要用for doing)

Estimate sth to be Even

I am even richer than a prince

I earn as much money as even the wealthiest king. Every

For every dollar saved, three dollars are wasted.

Except for a final skirmish, the war was over.

Suspect: besides a final skirmish, the war was over.

With the exception of a final skirmish, the war was over. Excepting a final skirmish, the war was over.

Expend on

We expend on energy on neighborhood development. Fault

The criminals are at fault for breaking the law.

Forbid sb to do sth

The goal is to do sth( 不能用 the goal is doing sth)

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