自考英语国家概况汇总版
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Chapter 1Land and People
一、本章知识点
1.重点：① Different names for Britain and its parts
2.难点、考点：① Britain‘s official name
② British Commonwealth
三、课本内容
（一）Different names for Britain and its parts Strictly speaking, the British Isles, Great Britain and England are all geographical names.
1. The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small islands.（see map of UK）The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands.
2. ★The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain, the United Kingdom or simply U.K.
（UK）capital: London
The Republic of Ireland爱尔兰共和国has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.
3. There are three political pisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales. England is the largest, most populous and richest, so people tend to use ―England‖ and ―English‖ when they mean ―Britain‖ and ―British‖.
4. The British Empire大英帝国:one fourth of the world‘s people and one fourth of the world‘s land area.
5. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931. ★The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.
（二）Others
Geographical Features
1. The United Kingdom is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel lies between Britain and France. （p.4）
Taiwan Strait：台湾海峡
2. ―Chunnel‖: channel + tunnel, opened to traffic in 1994. （p.5）
Smog: smoke +fog Mortel: motor +hotel Kidult: kid +adult
3. The highest mountain in Britain: Ben Nevis, 1,343m in Scotland. （p.6）
The longest river: the Severn River （338 km）
The second largest and most important river: the Thames River（336 km）（p.7）
4. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. （p.11）
5. The English are Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁撒克逊人, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts凯尔特人. （p.12）
四、总结①Britain‘s official name ② British Commonwealth
Chapter 2The Origins of a Nation （5000 BC – AD 1066）
一、本章知识点
1.重点：① Arrival and settlement of the Celts② Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons③The Viking and Danish invasions④King Alfred and his contributions⑤The Norman Conquest and its consequences
2.难点、考点：①the Anglo-Saxons:
Heptarchy七王国; foundation of the English
state② King Alfred③ Norman Conquest
三、课本内容
（一）Arrival and settlement of the Celts
（p.17）
1. began to arrive about 700 BC
2. originally have come from eastern
and central Europe, now France, Belgium
and southern Germany
3. three main waves——1st. Gaels盖尔
人, about 600 BC; 2nd. Brythons布列吞人,
400 BC, （Britain）; 3rd. Belgae比利其人,
150 BC, （Belgium）.Gaelic：盖尔语
4. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of
Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh,
and their languages are the basis of both
Welsh and Gaelic.
5. Religion: Druidism: The Celts‘
religion was Druidism. The Druids
worshipped and performed their rites in
woods by the light of the moon.
6. Roman Britain （55 BC – AD 410）
p.18: British recorded history begins with
the Roman invasion. For nearly 400years
Britain was under the Roman occupation.
The Roman capital was London
（Londinium）.
（二）Basis of modern English race: the
Anglo-Saxons （p.20-23）
1. mid-5th century, three Teutonic tribes:
Jutes朱特人（from southern Denmark）,
Saxons, and Angles（both from northern
Germany）; Angles were to give their name
to the English people.
2. ★Heptarchy七王国——seven
principal kingdoms set up by the
Anglo-Saxons: Kent, Essex, Sussex,
Wessex, East Anglia, Marcia and
Northumbria. （英国版的战国七雄）
Monarchy：君主制The Anglo-Saxon tribes
部落were constantly at war with one
another, each trying to get the upper hand,
so that the kingdoms were often broken up
and often pieced together again.
3. In 829, Egbert伯特became an
overlord of all the English.
4. Teutonic日耳曼人的religion: Tiu—war,
Woden—heaven, Thor—Storms,
Freya—Peace
5. St. Augustine奥古斯丁——the first
Archbishop of Canterbury.坎特伯雷大教主
6. ★Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of
the English state: pide the country into
shires（郡）, later counties; the narrow-strip,
three-field farming system（三田轮作）;
manorial庄园system; Witan（议会）
（council or meeting of the wisemen, 贤人
会议）, the basis of the Privy Council枢密院
which still exists today.
（三）The Viking and Danish invasions
（p.23-24）
1. from the end of 8th century, Norwegian
Vikings and Danes from Denmark 挪威海
盗和丹麦人
2. The Danes gained the ―Danelaw‖（丹麦
法区）, the north and east of England.
3. The Witan chose Canute, the Danish
Leader, as king in 1016. Canute made
England part of a Scandinavian empire.
（四）King Alfred and his contributions
1. King of Wessex （871-899）（抗击北欧
海盗入侵的国家英雄）
2. ★his contributions: ―the father of the
British navy‖; reorganized the fyrd英国民兵
（the Saxon army）; translated into English
Bede‘s Ecclesiastical History of the English
People; established schools and formulated
a legal system.
3. ―Alfred the Great‖
（五）The Norman Conquest and its
consequences （p.24-25）
1. King Edward, known as ―the Confessor‖,
was far more Norman than Saxon心向着诺
曼第人(法国),而不是撒克逊人(英国).
2. 4 men laid claim to the English
throne: the King of Norway, the Duke of
Normandy, Tostig and Harold （two
brothers of Edward‘s Queen）; 4人对英国
有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国
王王后的两个兄弟
3. Oct. 14, 1066, Hastings,
Anglo-Saxon England perished with
Harold‘s death.因为Harold的死亡,英国被诺
曼人打败
4. William was crowned King of
England on Christmas Day.
5. William the Conqueror: the
best-known event in English history;the
feudal system was completely established.
法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成
为英语历史最著明的事件,并且完本建立了
封建制度.
四、总结:历史上定居和入侵英国的不
同民族：Celts, （Romans）Anglo-Saxons,
Viking/Dales, and Normans
Chapter 3 the shaping of the
nation1066-1381
本章知识点
1重点: 1 England‘s feudalism under the
rule of William the Conqueror; 2 Contents
and the significance of the Great Charter; 3
Origins of the English Parliament; 4 The
Hundred Years‘ War with France and its
consequences; 5 Consequences of the
Black Death;
2 难点\考点: English feudalism: Domesday
book <土地清帐册>; Great Charter;
English Parliament;
3课本内容
i. England‘s feudalism under the rule of
William the Conqueror
1. Under William, the feudal system in
England was completely established.
According to this system, the King owned
the land personally. William gave his
barons男爵large estates in England in
return for a promise of military service and
a proportion of the land‘s produce.
The barons parceled out分配land to the
lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in
return for goods and services. At the bottom
of the feudal scale were the villains of serfs,
unfree peasants who were little better than
slaves.
★Class structure 等级结构: the king ;
barons-tenants-in-chief; lesser nobles,
knights, and freemen; villains\serfs
(补充: baron‘s oath of allegiance 誓词
for the king: ―we who are as good as you
swear to you, who are no better than we, to
accept you as our king and sovereign lord
provided you observe all our statutes and
laws; if not, no.‖国王与贵族在封建法规所规
定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐.)
2. Replace the Witan with the Grand
Council (大会议)
William replaced the Witan, the council
of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand
Council of his new tenants-in-chief, on
which they were required to serve when
summoned.
3. ★Domesday Book: record of lands,
tenants, and their possessions, for taxes.
Not unlike the Book of Doom. (末日审判书)
In order to have a reliable record of all his
lands, his tenants and their possessions
and to discover how much they could be
called upon to pay by way of taxes, William
sent his clerks to compile a property record
known as Domesday Book because it
seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day.
注: William took a deep interest in the development of the church in England. His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. But he took care to maintain his own independence.
4. Henry Ⅱ, founder of the Plantagenet dynasty (金雀花王朝), ruled for 35 years. Henry, founder of the Angevin Dynasty, usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty, became king and went on to rule for 35 years. In Henry Ⅱ‘s reign a common law, which over-rode local law and private law, was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor which had previously varied not only from shire to shire but even from one community to another.
The common law is the unwritten law common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only sections of it, and is ―case-made‖, i.e., based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom.
In Henry‘s day the jury system-whose origins can be traced to primitive trials in which witnesses were called forward to swear to the innocence of the accused-was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trials by battle.
ii. contents and the significance of the Great charter
1. Crusades (十字军东征) . The result was confrontation between king John and his barons in 1215.
2. Magna Carta, 1215
The barons‘ charter, or Magna Carta as it came to be known, was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of 1215 at a conference at Runnymede, an island in the Thames four miles down stream from Windsor.
3. contents-63 clauses: No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges, and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country.
Although Magna Carta has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king.
4. significance: regarded as the foundation of English liberties; the spirit- the limitation of the powers of the king
iii. origins of the English Parliament
1. king John and his son Henry III defied
Magna Carta. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, rebelled.
King john defied Magna Carta.
The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III‘ s brother-in-law, rebelled.
2. provisions of Oxford ----Grand Council of
24 members, half to be nominated by the
barons themselves; a permanent body of advisors, without whose authority the king could not act.
A civil war broke out between the king‘s
supporters, mostly foreign mercenaries, and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort. 1264 the king was defeated by De Montfort
and taken prisoner.
3.★the earliest Parliament ---- in 1265, 2
knights from each county, 2 burgesses
(citizens) from each town.
The Great Council developed later into the
lords and the Commons known as
parliament.
3. Met only by royal invitation. Its role was
to offer advice.
At this point parliament only met by royal
invitation. Its role was to offer advice, not to
make decisions.
4. under Edward I, Wales was conquered.
The statute of Wales in 1284; Prince of
Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne
under Edward I, Henry III‘ s son, Wales was
conquered (1277-1284) and came under
the English Crown. The statute of Wales in
1284 placed the country under English law
end Edward I presented his new-born son
to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a
title held by the heir to the throne ever
since.
iv. the hundred years‘ war with France and
its consequences
1. the intermittent war, 1337-1453; the
name is given to the intermittent war
between France and England that lasted
form 1337 to 1453.
2. the causes: partly territorial and partly
economic
3. Edward III declared war. When Edward
III (1327-1377) claimed the French Crown
by right of his mother Isabella, daughter of
Philip IV. In 1337 Edward declared a war
that was to last for a hundred years.
There were three outstanding stages of the
war.
4. England was successful at first, but was
defeated at last. Joan of Arc(圣女贞德)
After his death in 1422, the French,
encouraged by Joan of Arc, their national
heroine, drove the English out of France.
5. By 1453, only Calais
By 1453 Calais was the only part of France
that was still in the hands of the English.
6. a blessing for both countries: good for
the development of separate English and
French national identity.
The expulsion of the English from France is
regarded as a blessing for both countries;
had they remained, the superior size and
wealth of France would certainly have
hindered the development of a separate
English national identity, while French
national identity was hindered so long as a
foreign power occupied so much French
territory.
V. consequences of the Black Death
1. deadly bubonic plague(淋巴腺鼠疫), an
epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.
Black Death was the modern name given to
the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic
disease spread by rat fleas. It spread
through Europe in the 14th century,
particularly in 1347-1350.
2. It killed between one half and one third of
the population, reduced England‘s
population from 4 million to 2 million by the
end of 14th century.
3. Consequences: much land was left
untended, and there was a terrible shortage
of labor. The government tried to keep
down wages.
The economic of the Black Death were
far-reaching. As a result of the plague,
much land was left untended and there was
a terrible shortage of labor.
It intervened for the first time to establish
rules to keep down wages.
IV. 总结: William the Conqueror and
feudalism; the limitation of the kings‘ power:
Great Charter and Parliament; the Hundred
Years‘ war; Black Death
Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age
(1455-1688)
I. 本章知识点
1. 重点: the nature and consequences of
the wars of the roses; Henry VIII and the
English reformation; Elizabeth I and
Parliament; Elizabeth‘ s religious reform
and her foreign police; Distinctive features
of the English renaissance; The Civil Wars
and their consequences; The
commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell; The
restoration and the Glorious Revolution;
2. 难点\考点: the English reformation;
Elizabeth I ; English renaissance; The
restoration; The Glorious revolution;
III. 课本内容
一the nature and consequences of the
wars of the roses
1.the nature : a revival of baronial activity;
the wars of the roses was fought between
tow branches of the Plantagenet family, the
House of Lancaster (symbolized by the red
rose) and the House of York (the white
rose ) between 1455 and 1485.
This time the instability was caused by the
two branches of the Plantagenet family, the
House of Lancaster and the House of York
between 1455 and 1485.
2.the name was coined by 19th century
novelist Sir Walter Scott.
The name wars of the roses was ,in
fact ,coined by the great 19th century
novelist sir Walter Scott, but it has become
the accepted way of referring to these
battles between the great house of
Lancaster ,symbolized by the red rose ,and
that of York, symbolized by the white.
2. the interests of the majority of the
common people were not deeply engaged.
3. the last battle was fought between
Richard III and Henry Tudor in 1485. Henry
Tudor, after his victory ,married Elizabeth of
York ,thus uniting the houses of Lancaster
and York and putting the country under the
rule of the Tudors.
On August 22, 1485 at Bosworth Field in
Leicestershire the last battle of the wars of
the roses was fought between Richard III
and another claimant to the throne, Henry
Tudor, part-welsh grandson of Owen Tudor
and descendant of John of Gaunt, Duke of
Lancaster.
Soon after his victory, Henry Tudor married
Elizabeth of York ,thus uniting the houses of
Lancaster and York and putting the country
under the rule of the Tudors.
4. Consequences: feudalism received its
death blow; the nobility was much
weakened and discredited; the king‘s power
now became supreme.
Although the wars of the roses were waged
intermittently for thirty years, ordinary
people were little affected and went about
their business as usual. From these wars
feudalism received its death blow. The
great medieval nobility was much
weakened and discredited.The king‘s
power now became supreme.
5. parliament in England was already a
fairly important body which had to be
consulted.
Parliament in England was already a fairly
important body which had to be consulted,
if only to get grants of pounds agreed upon.
二Henry VIII and the English reformation
1. 6wives, porced 2and executed 2
Henry VIII, son of Henry VII, is usually
remembered as the English king who had six wives one after anther. He porced twice and executed two of his wives for supposed adultery. Yet in spite of this rather frivolous image he is regarded as a great king.
Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church.
2.three causes for the religious reform: a desire for change (Martin Luther); privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; Henry needed money.
3. purpose: to get rid of the English church‘s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent church of England.
4. two laws: the act of succession of 1534 and the act of supremacy of 1535
The power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of word before.
Expect some movement away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology. 5. real religious change came in his son Edward‘s time. People call this ―the reformation‖ ---the switch to protestant theology.
6. Mary Tudor, ―bloody Mary‖: to reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. And many people were persecuted for their protestant religious views. She also lost the French port of Calais.
7. Elizabeth I, a protestant queen
The reign of Elizabeth I, a protestant Queen , was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been protestant ever since.
三Elizabeth I and Parliament
1. Reigned for 45 years; remained single. Elizabeth‘s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.
2. able to work with the parliament which was mainly protestant
Generally speaking, Elizabeth was able to work with parliament. This was because the puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the queen although they demanded further religious reform.
3. avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court.(在皇宫中厉行节约)
besides , Elizabeth avoided troubling parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at court.
4. but often turbulent.(动荡不安)
Elizabeth treated 5 questions as personal and private. These were her religion ,her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.
四Elizabeth‘s religious reform and her foreign policy
1. a compromise of views: broke Mary‘s ties with Rome and restored her father‘s independent church of England , keeping to catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control; ―outward conformity to the established religion ,but opinion should be left free‖. Her rdligious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as puritans and to ardent Catholics.
2. played off France and Spain against each other, and prevented England from getting involved in European conflict.
For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in and major European conflict.
3. the destruction of Spanish Armanda, in
1588 showed England‘s superiority as a
naval power, and enabled England to
become a great trading and colonizing
country.
五distinctive features of the English
renaissance
1. renaissance ---the revival of classical
literature and artistic styles in European
history; the transitional period between the
middle ages and modern times , 1350-1650;
it saw the challenge of the supremacy of
the roman catholic church by the
reformation, the rise of Humanism, the
growth of large nation-states, the
far-ranging voyages of exploration, and a
new emphasis on the importance of the
inpidual.
2. in England, beginning with the accession
of the house of Tudor in 1485.
In England, the renaissance was usually
thought of as beginning with the accession
of the house of Tudor to the throne in 1485.
3. 5 characteristics: English culture was
revitalized mainly by contemporary
Europeans; insular country; native literature
(14th century poet Chaucer) ;English
renaissance literature is primarily artistic;
coincided with the reformation.
4. the English renaissance was largely
literary –Elizabethan drama
5. William Shakespeare莎士比亚is the
greatest writer in the English language.
注: (Gunpowder Plot of 1605—Guy Fawkes
Day; 1620, Pilgrim Fathers, Mayflower,
New Plymouth in America
Charles I, ―the Divine Right of Kings‖(君权
神授)
Puritanism清教; simple dress, high moral
standards and very egalitarian平等
attitude.
1628, petition of Right (<民权请愿书>), the
2nd Magna Carta.
六the civil wars and their consequences
1. first civil war (1642-1646): Charles
gained the support of the north and west of
the country and Wales, and the universities
of Oxford and Cambridge; the parliament
from southeast England and London. Many
nobles and gentry gathered around the
king , while the parliamentary army was
made up of yeoman farmers, middle-class
townspeople, and artisans. The king‘s men
were called Cavaliers (骑士派), and the
supporters of parliament were called
Roundheads (圆颅派) because of their
short haircuts.
2. Oliver Cromwell, ―Ironsides ― cavalry (铁
骑军), new Model Army.
Prince Rupert, the king‘s young nephew,
lost to Oliver Cromwell‘s ―ironsides‖ cavalry
regiment at Marston Moor.
Oliver Cromwell became lieutenant general
of the new model army.
3. second civil war, 1648
Charles was tried by a high court of justice,
found guilty of having levied war against his
kingdom and the parliament, condemned to
death, and executed on a scaffold outside
the windows of the Banqueting House at
Whitehall on January 30, 1649.
4. Charles was executed (beheaded) on a
scaffold outside the Whitehall (白厅,昔日皇
宫)on Jan 30, 1649.
5. also called the puritan revolution
the English civil war is also called the puritan
revolution ,because the king‘s opponents
were mainly puritan, and his supporters
chiefly Episcopalian and catholic.
6. as a conflict between the parliament and
the king , but also as a conflict between the
economic interests of the urban middle
classes and the traditional economic
interests of the crown.
7. it not only overthrew feudal system in
England , but also shook the foundation of
the feudal rule in Europe.
8. as the beginning of modern world history.
七the commonwealth under Oliver
Cromwell
1. Oliver Cromwell and the rump (残余国会)
declared England a commonwealth.
Meanwhile, Oliver Cromwell and the rump
–members of the long parliament who had
voted for Charles‘s execution declared
England a commonwealth.
2. crushed without mercy a rebellion in
Ireland; suppression of the levelers (平均
派)
One of Cromwell‘s first acts was to crush
without mercy a rebellion in Ireland, killing
all the inhabitants of the towns of Drogheda
and Wexford. Another was the suppression
of the levelers.
3.1653 lord protector of the commonwealth
of England.
He became Lord protector of the
commonwealth of England.
4. direct military rule –tyrant; tough control
of the nation‘s morals
八the restoration and the Glorious
revolution
1. the restoration : the parliament asked the
late king‘s son to return from his long exile
in France as king Charles II(1660-1685).
2. Clarendon code: severe laws against the
puritans, now known as nonconformists.(不
信奉英国国教者)
3. against Catholics: the test act 1673 <资
格审查法> excluded all Catholics from
public office of any kind; the disabling act <
无资格法> forbade any Catholics to sit in
either house of parliament .
4. John Bunyan-Pilgrim‘s Progress; john
Milton-paradise lost
5. the glorious revolution : the English
politicians rejected James II, a catholic, and
appealed to a protestant king , William of
Orange , James‘s Dutch nephew and the
husband of Mary, James‘s daughter. The
takeover was relatively smooth, with no
bloodshed.
6. Bill of rights 1689, a compromise:
excluding any roman catholic from the
succession; confirmed the principle of
parliamentary supremacy; guarantee free
speech within both houses.
7. the age of constitutional Monarchy- a
monarchy with powers limited by parliament
8. 1707 , under queen Anne, the act of
Union( <联合法>) united England and
Scotland ; the name of great Britain came
into being.
Chapter 5 the rise and fall of the British
Empire (1688-1990)
本章前言
1重点:Whigs and Tories ; agricultural
changes in the 18th century; the English
industrial revolution and its impact on the
development of Britain ; the chartist
movement and its consequences; the
building of the British empire; Britain and
the first world war; Britain and the second
world war; Postwar Britain; Thatcherism
2. 难点\考点:1) Whigs and Tories 2) the
enclosure act 3) industrial revolution 4)
chartist movement 5)colonial expansion
6) effect of the two wars on Britain 7)
Thatcherism
课本内容
一Whigs and Tories
1. These two party names originated with
the Glorious revolution
2. Whigs ---Whigs was a derogatory name for cattle drivers , opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for nonconformists; earl of Shaftsbury- first leader; care for the interests of merchants and bankers; later, with dissident Tories, became the liberal party.
3. Tories –Irish word meaning thugs, supported hereditary monarchy , reluctant to remove kings; traditionalists who want to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the church of England; the Tories were the forerunners of the conservative party, which still bears the nickname today.
4. Radicals: there was another brand of opinion, but with much smaller support in the parliament . They were greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham, Utilitarianism功利主义—the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
5. They advocated laissez faire,自由主义a radical idea of free trade; because they believed that the import and export duties interfered with the natural flow of trade.
二Agricultural changes in the late 18th century
1. Agricultural changes in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were indeed so great that they merit the term revolution. Traditional farming: the open field village, a system that dated back to the 5th century. There were of course drawbacks: 1) it wasted land because of fallow fields and land for paths; 2) it was wasteful of labor and time; 3) livestock farming was difficult and diseases spread quickly on commons.
4) The open field system was a barrier to experiments.
2. in the mid-18 century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside for food.
3.the enclosure acts(<圈地法>):during the late 18th and early 19th centuries the open field system ended when the enclosure acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to pide into enclosed fields.
4. a system of crop rotation(轮播耕作)
5. artificial fertilizer ,and new agricultural machinery: such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull.
6. George III and even George III were so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nickname ―farmer George.‖
7. good results: farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed ,and diet became more varied;
8. bad results :a disaster for the tenants, enclosure leading to mass immigration, est. to the New World; a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.
三the industrial revolution (1780~1830) The English industrial revolution and its impact on the development of Britain
1. the industrial revolution –refers to t he mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
2. reasons: the limited monarchy which resulted from the glorious revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over government policy; probably laissez faire and protestant work ethic helped.
3. changes occurred earliest and quickest
in textiles , especially cotton and silk and in
other trades like hardware, pottery and
chemicals. The real revolution in textiles
was in 1770. when power-driven machinery
was introduced. Cotton had been slow to
develop because cotton was imported from
west Indies and America.
4. John Kay‘s flying shuttle (飞梭) speeded
dup hand weaving, creating demand for
faster yarn spinning. Then spinning was
revolutionized by James Hardgrave‘s
spinning jenny. (詹尼纺纱机)
Edmund Cartwright‘s power loom(动力织
机)
1. steam engine :the first steam engine was
devised by Thomas Newcomer; the
Scottish inventor James Watt modified and
improved the design of steam engine.
2. the most important element in speeding
industrialization: breakthrough by Abraham
Darby, smelting iron with coke.
Perhaps the most important element in
speeding industrialization was the
breakthrough which came when Abraham
Darby succeeded in smelting iron with coke
instead of charcoal in 1709.
3. improved transportation (road, canal
construction) ran parallel with production.
4. the ―workshop of the world‖ by 1830
As a result of the industrial revolution,
Britain was by 1830 the ―workshop of the
world‖; no other country was yet ready to
compete with her in industrial production.
5. the industrial revolution created the
industrial working class, the proletariat, and
it later led to trade unionism.
6. ―Luddites‖-supposedly led by Ned Ludd,
attempted to destroy the hated machines,
but were severely punished by the
government.
7. The two events which most alarmed the
British ruling classes in the closing decades
of the 18th century: the American war of
independence, ―no tax without
representation‖ ; and the French revolution.
四the chartist movement (1836-1848)
The chartist movement and its
consequences
1. political change in England did not come
through revolution but through gradual
reform.
2. reasons for parliament reform:
1) powers were monopolized by the
aristocrats;
2) representation of town and country, and
north and south was unfair;
3) there were also various so-called rotten
or pocket boroughs.
3. the reform act of 1832- ―greater charter
of 1832
4. in 1836 a group of skilled workers and
small shopkeepers formed the London
working men‘s as sociation 伦敦工人协会. It
aimed ―to seek by every legal means to
place all classes of society in possession of
equal political and social rights‖. Its leader
was William Lovett.
5. they drew up a charter of political
demands (a people‘s charter) in 1838. it
had six points:
1) the vote for all adult males, 2) voting by
secret ballot, 3) equal electoral districts, 4)
abolition of property qualifications for
members of parliament, 5) payment of
members of parliament, and 6) annual
parliaments , with a general election every
June.
6. the chartists could be roughly pided
into two groups:the moral force chartists
and physical force chartists.
7. Chartism failed because of its weak and
pided leadership, and its lack of
coordination with trade-unionism.The
working class was still immature, without
the leadership of a political party armed
with correct revolutionary theory.
8. the chartist movement was , however,
the first nationwide working class
movement and drew attention to serious
problems.
9. Lenin said that Chartism wa s ―the first
broad, really mass, politically formed,
proletarian revolutionary movement.‖
五the building of the British Empire
1. English colonial expansion began with
the colonization of Newfoundland(纽芬兰)
in 1583.
2. in the late 18th century Britain acquired
vast, unpopulated territories: Canada,
Australia, and new Zealand.
3. Canada: after the seven years ?war
(1756-1763) between Britain and France,
Canada was ceded to Britain by the1763
treaty of Paris. The British north America
act of 1867 established Canada as a
dominion (自治领).
4. Australia: captain James Cook
discovered botany bay and claimed the
east coast region for Britain, naming it new
south Wales. In 1901 the six self-governing
colonies were united in one dominion –the
independent commonwealth of Australia.
5. new Zealand: was settled by Maoris in
about the 14th century , first sighted by the
Dutch seaman Abel Tasman in 1642 , and
named for the Netherlands province of
Zealand. In the 1770s Captain James Cook
visited New Zealand and claimed it for
England.
Britain drew up the treaty of Waitangi with
the Maori chiefs, and made the country a
separate colony. Completely independent in
1931.
6.the conquest of India:
The establishment of the British east
India company in 1600- a case of economic
penetration; by 1819, the British conquest
was almost complete. Queen Victoria
became empress of India in 1877.
7.the scramble for Africa: won the Boer
war (1899-1902); the union of south Africa.
After the British victory-the union of south
Africa.
8. china, by the treaty of Nan king1842,
china ceded Hong Kong to Britain and
opened five ports.
9. by 1900 Britain had built up a big empire,
on which the sun never set. It included 25%
of the world‘s population and area.
六Britain and the first world war
1. the war was fought from 1914 to 1918
primarily between the two European power
blocs: the central powers (Germany and
Austria- Hungary), the allies (Britain,
France and Russia).
2. the spark was struck at Sarajevo萨拉热
窝on June 28, 1914, when the Austrian
crown prince Franz Ferdinand was
assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.
Brought Britain into World War I on august
4, 1914
3. the treaty of Versailles凡尔赛条约;
establishment of the league of nations国际
联盟
4. During World War I Britain lost over a
million people, most of them under the age
of 25. The war also caused serious
disruption of the economy.严重的经济破坏
Out of the war settlement came the
establishment of the League of Nations.
七Britain and the second world war
The 1920s were the roaring twenties. Women with cropped hair and short dresses drank cocktails and danced to the new music, jazz, which had crossed the ocean from America.
In 1936 Edward VIII succeeded his father George V but abdicated, after a reign of 10 months, in order to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-porced American.
1. by the Munich agreement慕尼黑公约( Sept. 1938) was given the Sudetenland; the German troops invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. chamberlain, who found that his policy of appeasement缓和of German aggression(绥靖政策) was no longer tenable, was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3.
2. Winston Churchill邱吉尔, 1940
His first lord of the Admiralty took over as prime minister in 1940.
3. The blitz闪电战radically changed the face of London for the first time since the great fire nearly 3 centuries earlier.
4. Britain suffered far fewer military casualties in the Second World War that in the first. Some 250,000 were killed, with a further 110,000 dead from empire and commonwealth forces. Britain, having devoted her entire strength to the war, was left gravely impoverished. She lost one- quarter of her national wealth and entered upon a period of economic and financial difficulties.
八postwar Britain
At the general election of 1945 Winston Churchill was heavily defeated. The people wanted to put the war behind them and as Churchill had symbolized the war effort that meant he too was now past history.
1. The electorate (voters) returned a Labor government: the foundations of the welfare state were laid during these years, providing free medical care for everyone and financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed. The bank of England, coal mines, railways and steelworks were nationalized.
2. One of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastened the end of Britain‘s empire.
3. In 1951 the conservatives under Winston Churchill were returned to power.
4. When George VI died in 1952, Princess Elizabeth was crowned queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey.
5. By 1960s, one of the world‘s leading industrial and nuclear powers.
6. The 1960s were the swinging sixties摇摆的六十年代, the permissive age.
7. the Beatles披斗士, form Liverpool
8. In 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community.
9. IRA (爱尔兰共和军) bombing
九Thatcherism
1. The election of 1979returned the conservative party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain.
2. For many the 1980s was a decade of increased prosperity. Mrs. Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and privatization. Her polices are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies (the supply of money in Britain) to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 十总结: 1. Whigs and Tories(各自的政治
主张和政治利益); 2. Agricultural changes
and industrial revolution; 3. The chartist
movement; 4. The British Empire; 5. The
first and second world war; 6. Postwar
Britain; 7. Thatcherism
Chapter 7 government and
administration
第六单元是关于经济的, 从考纲来看,并不是
重要部分,因为一方面,经济是经常变化的,另
一方面, 经济对英国来说并不是其强项,所以
这部分不是考试范围.
本章前言
1.重点1) The British constitution;2)
Constitutional monarchy in Britain;3) The
British parliament and its functions;4) The
British government
2.难点及考点:1) British constitution 2)
Constitutional monarchy; the monarch;3)
The functions of parliament4) The prime
minister; the cabinet
课本内容
一、The British Constitution
1.There is no written constitution in the
United Kingdom, unlike the constitutions of
most other countries, the British constitution
is not set out in any single document. It is
made up of statute law（成文法），common
law （习惯法）and conventions（惯例）.
2.Conventions are rules and practices
which are not legally enforceable but which
are regarded as indispensable to the
working of government.
3.The Judiciary determines common
law and interprets statutes.
二、Constitutional Monarchy in
Britain
1.The United Kingdom is a
constitutional monarchy: the head of State
is a king or a queen. In practice, the
Sovereign reigns, but does not rule （统而
不治）: the United Kingdom is governed, in
the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her
Majesty‘s Government---a body of Ministers
who are the leading members of whichever
political party the electorate has voted into
offices, and who are responsible to
Parliament.
2. The monarchy is the oldest
institution of government, the 9th century.
The continuity of the monarchy has been
broken only once when, between 1649 and
1660, a republic was established.
3.The present Sovereign is Queen
Elizabeth II, came to the throne on
February 6, 1952; and was crowned in
1953.
Her title in the United Kingdom is:
―Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland and of Her Other Realms
and Territories, Queen, Head of the
Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith‖.
4. Although the seat of the monarchy is
in Britain, the Queen is also head of state of
a number of Commonwealth states such as
Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In
each such state the Queen is represented
by a Governor-General（总督）, appointed
by her on the advice of the ministers of the
country concerned and completely
independent of the British Government.
5.Succession is founded on the
hereditary principle. Sons of the Sovereign
have precedence over daughters in
succeeding to the throne.
6.The eldest son of Queen Elizabeth
II---Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, is the
heir to the throne.
7.The Queen is the symbol of the
whole nation. In law, she is head of the
executive（行政）, an integral part of the
legislature（立法）, head of the judiciary, the
commander-in-chief of all the armed forces
of the Crown and the ―supreme governor‖ of
the established Church of England. The
Queen also formally appoints many
important office holders, including the
Prime Minister.
8.The Sovereign‘s birthday is officially
celebrated in June by Trooping the Color on
Horse Guards Parade.（皇家骑兵卫队阅兵
式）
9.The expenditure arising from the
public duties of the Queen is met by the
Civil List （王室费）—an annual grant to
meet the expenditure arising from the
public duties of the Queen.
10.The Queen‘s private expenditure as
Sovereign is met from the Privy Purse （王
室内库）, which is financed mainly from the
revenue of the Duchy of Lancaster.
三、Parliament
1.The United Kingdom is a unitary（中
央集权的）, not a federal state.
2.The Parliament consists of the
Sovereign, the House of Lords and the
House of Commons.
3.The main functions of Parliament
are：1）to pass laws（通过立法）; 2）to
provide, by voting for taxation, the means of
carrying on the work of government（投票批
准税收，为政府工作提供资金）; 3）to
examine government policy and
administration, including proposals for
expenditure（检查政府政策和行政管理，包
括拨款提议）; 4）to debate the major issues.
（辩论重大议题）
4.The Parliament has a maximum
duration of 5 years.
5.The House of Lords:
The House of Lords is made up of the
Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.（神
职贵族和世俗贵族）The Lords Spiritual
（26）are the Archbishops of Canterbury
and York and 24 senior bishops of the
Church of England. Its main function: to
bring the wide experience of its members
into the process of lawmaking. In other
words, the non-elected House is to act as a
chamber of revision, complementing but not
rivaling the elected House. It is presided
over by the Lord Chancellor （议长）.
6.The House of Commons：
The House of Commons is elected by
universal adult suffrage（成年人的普选）
and consists of 651 Members of Parliament.
It is in the House of Commons that the
ultimate authority for law-making resides.
（下议院拥有最终立法权。）Each member
represents an area or constituency, so 651
constituencies.
7.For the last 150 years a
predominantly two-party system: the
Conservative Party and the Labor Party
since 1945.
四、The British government
1.The party which wins sufficient seats
at a General Election to command a
majority of supporters in the House of
Commons usually forms the Government.
By tradition, the leader of the majority party
is appointed Prime Minister by the
Sovereign. The leading members of the
party are chosen by the Prime Minister to fill
ministerial posts, the Cabinet.
2.The party which wins the second
largest number of seats at a General
Election becomes the official Opposition,
with its own leader and ―shadow cabinet‖.
3.The Prime Minister: the leader of the
majority party. The Prime Minister is
appointed by the Queen. He is also, by tradition, First Lord of the Treasury （第一财政大臣）and Minister for the Civil Service （内务部部长）. The Prime Minister‘s official residence is No. 10 Downing Street in London. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, and is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of the general business of the Government.（首相主持内阁，负责分配大臣们的职能，在定期会见女王时向女王报告政府事务。）
4.the Cabinet: Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers （about 20）compose the Cabinet. They meet under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policies on major issues.
5.The Privy Council（枢密院）: Its membership, about 400, includes all Cabinet ministers, the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishop of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.（它的主要成员包括内阁阁员，下议院院长，坎特伯雷和约克郡的大主教及英国、英联邦的高级政治家等。）Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamations.（今天它的主要作用是礼节性的，如建议君主批准政府的法令，发表皇家宣言。）
6.There are 2 main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales: counties and the small district.
总结:the British constitution; constitutional monarchy; the British parliament and its functions; the British government
chapter 9 social affairs
第八单元这部分不是考试范围,所以就省略不讲了.
I. 本章重点
1. 重点:religion in British society; festivals and public holidays in Britain
2. 难点及考点two established churches ;three Christian festivals; band holidays; boxing day
II. 课本内容
① Religion in British Society
1.Right to religious freedom
Every person in Britain has the right to religious freedom without interference from the community or the State.
2.There are two established churches in Britain—churches legally recognized as official churches of the state: Church of England and the （Presbyterian）Church of Scotland.（英国有两大国教，英格兰国教，苏格兰教会（长老教））
3.Church of England: uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of the Church, and as ―Defender of the faith‖, must promise on his or her accession to uphold it.（英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。因为君主作为―国教的捍卫者‖必须是此教会的一员，他在登基时必须承诺维持国教。）The Church is also linked with the State through the House of Lords.（国教还通过上议院与政府联系）It has two provinces: Canterbury and York.
4.Church of Scotland: Presbyterian（长老会）, government by ministers and elders.
5.Unestablished Churches include the Anglican Churches （英国圣公会）.
In the British Isles there are three unestablished Anglican churches.
The Free Churches （自由教会）and The Roman Catholic Church.
The Free Churches are some of the Protestant churches in Britain.
The Methodist Church（卫理会）, the
largest of the Free Churches
② Festivals and public holidays in
Britain
1.Christian Festivals include Christmas,
Easter, and Whit Sunday（圣灵降临节）.
2.Christmas Day: December 25th,
celebrates the birth of Christ, and is the
greatest of Christian festivals. Two
important things: the custom of giving gifts
and the habit of spending it with the family.
Christmas tree; Father Christmas/Santa
Claus; traditional Christmas dinner: turkey,
pudding.
3.Easter is the chief Christmas
festival, which celebrates the Resurrection
（复活）of Christ, on the first Sunday after
the first full moon that coincides with, or
comes after, the spring equinox （春分）.
During Eastern season, Good Friday
commemorates the crucifixion of Christ,
and Easter Sunday the resurrection. Easter
is traditionally associated with the eating of
Easter eggs.
4.Whit Sunday （圣灵降临节）is major
festival in the Christian church that falls on
the seventh Sunday after Easter. Whit
Sunday celebrates the coming of the Holy
Spirit to Christ‘s apostles（门徒）seven
weeks after his death. The day is named
after the white robes formerly worn by
converts to the church admitted at this time.
5.New Ye ar‘s Day: part of Scottish
―Hogmanay‖, which is more important than
Christmas to Scots.
6.Guy Fawkes Day: The origin of Guy
Fawkes Day lies in the Gun Powder Plot of
1605.
7.April Fools‘Day
8.The twenty-first birthday: a great
event, marks the beginning of full manhood
or womanhood, having ―reached his
majority‖.
9.The birthday of the British Monarch:
a National Day in Britain, the 2nd Thursday
of June.
10.The only really important patriotic
festival—Remembrance Sunday
（Armistice Day）.
11.Bank holidays: Official public
holidays are also called ―bank holidays‖.
The term ―Bank Holiday‖ goes back to the
Bank Holidays act of 1871, which owes its
name to the fact that banks are closed on
the days specified.
12.Boxing Day （节礼日）: On Dec.26,
it was formerly the custom to give
―Christmas boxes‖, or gifts of money, to
servants and tradesmen on this day; now
give an annual Christmas gift to regular
callers such as dustmen and paperboys.
IV.总结religion; festivals and public
holidays;
chapter 10 cultural affairs
I. 本章知识点
1. 重点:the education system in Britain; the
college system and the tutorial system;
quality papers and popular papers; the BBC
and its programs; sports in Britain; major
forms of arts in Britain
2. 难点考点:education system; GM schools;
public school; Oxbridge; open university;
BBC
II. 课本内容
① The education system in Britain
（pp.155-158）
9b9cba34b90d6c85ec3ac696cation is compulsory for all
between the ages of 5 （4 in Northern
Ireland）and 16.There are some 90
universities, including the Open University.
2.The Secretary of State for Education
（教育国务大臣）has overall responsibility
for school and postschool education in
England. The government education
departments formulate education policies
and are also responsible for the supply and
training of teachers.
3.LEAs—Local education authorities
4.GM schools—self-governing
grant-maintained schools （由拨款维持的自
治学校）; There is no LEA involvement.
These technology colleges teach the
National Curriculum, but with an emphasis
on mathematics, technology and science.
Some 15% secondary schools are GM
self-governing schools.
5.Primary education: nearly 53 per
cent of three-and four-year-olds in Britain
attend nursery schools →Compulsory
education begins at five in Great Britain and
four in Northern Ireland, when children go
to infant schools （5-year-olds）→at seven
many go on to junior schools （7-year-olds）.
Some children attend fee-paying
independent schools.
6.Secondary education: About 90 per
cent of the state secondary school
population in Great Britain attend
comprehensive schools; These take pupils
without reference to ability or aptitude and
provide a wide-ranging secondary
education for all or most of the children in a
district. Most other children attend grammar
schools or secondary modern schools;
independent schools or ―public schools‖
7.Public schools: independent schools
about 550 which are often referred to as
―public schools‖, many are long-established
and have gained a reputation for their high
academic standards, as well as their
exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys‘
schools include such well-known schools
as Eton, Harrow, Westminster and
Winchester. Most of the members of the
British Establishment were educated at a
public school.
② The college system and the tutorial
system （pp.158-160）
1.There are some 90 universities,
including the Open University.
2.The British universities are governed
by royal charters or by Act of Parliament
and enjoy academic freedom.
3.Oxbridge—The universities of Oxford
and Cambridge（popularly know as
Oxbridge）date from the 12th and 13th c.
4.Degree titles: Bachelor of Arts（BA）
or Bachelor of Science（BSc）and for a
second degree Master of Arts（MA）,Master
of Science（MSc）, and Doctor of Philosophy
（PhD）.
MBA: Master of Business
Administration工商管理硕士
5.The Open University: a
non-residential university based in the new
town of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. It
is so named because it is open to all to
become students. Founded in 1969and
began its first courses in 1970.The
University offers degree and other courses
for adult students of all ages in Britain and
the other member countries of the
European Union. It uses a combination of
specially produced printed texts,
correspondence tuition, television and radio
broadcasts and audio/video cassettes.
③ Quality papers and popular papers
(p.161)
1.The national newspapers can be
pided into two groups: national dailies and
national Sundays.
2.They are also popularly pided into 3 groups: quality, popular and mid-market papers on the basis of differences in style and content.
3.Quality newspapers—directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters.
4.Popular newspapers—appeal to people wanting news of more entertaining character, presented more concisely.
5.The national newspapers can be pided into two groups: national dailies and national Sundays.
6.They are also popularly pided into 3 groups: quality, popular and mid-market papers on the basis of differences in style and content.
8.―Middle-market‖ newspaper s cover the mid-market.
9.Quality papers are normally broadsheet（large-sheet）in format and mid-market and popular papers tabloid （small-sheet）.
10.The Economist is an independent conservative publication covering a wide range of topics.
④ The BBC and its programs
（p.163-164）
1.BBC—British Broadcasting Corporation
2.5 networks: 1, BBC Radio 1—pop music; 2, BBC Radio 2—middle of the road music; 3, BBC Radio 3—classical music; 4, BBC Radio 4—news; 5, BBC Radio 5 Live—news and sport.
3.The BBC World Service broadcasts international news world wide, using English and 38 other languages.
4.Television viewing is by far Britain‘s most popular leisure pastime.
5.People spend an average of over three and a half hours a day watching television, including video playbacks.
6.There are 4 national TV channels: BBC1, BBC2, ITV （Independent Television）and Channel 4（C4）.
5.The state-run BBC is financed from the sale of television licenses（电视许可证）and therefore does not rely on commercials for funding.
Reuters was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter.
⑤ Sports in Britain （p.166-170）
1.Football: ―soccer‖, the most popular sport in England; has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century. Manchester United, Tottenham Hotspurs and Arsenal, although just about every town and city has its own team.
2.Rugby: invented at Rugby School in Warwichshire in the early 19th century.
3.Cricket（板球）: the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century.
4.Tennis: Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in the late 19th century; Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis ―Grand Slam‖ tournaments.
5.Horse racing is a major British industry and takes two forms—flat racing, and National Hunt （steeplechasing and hurdle racing）.
6.For example, the London Marathon
7.The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century.
8.Snooker is thought to have been invented by Sir Neville Chamberlain in India in 1875.
⑥ Major forms of arts in Britain （p.170-177）
1.London is one of the leading world
centers for the arts.
2.Museums and art galleries: the
British Museum; the Natural History
Museum…
3.Music: a new pop culture in the
1960s—the Liverpool, or Merseyside,
―beat‖, the Beatles: wrote their own words
and music; wrote of love, death, old age,
poverty and daily life; a close personal
relationship with their audience
4.Drama: the Royal Shakespeare
Company （RSC）and the National
Theatre; London has over 100 theatres,
most in the West End.
5.The Royal Opera and the English
national Opera
6.the most famous art festival—the
Edinburgh International Festival of Music
and Drama.
7.including the great‖ Copyright
libraries‖（The British Library, Bodleian
Library at Oxford, are entitled to receive a
free copy of every book published in the
United Kingdom.
IV.总结: the education system, college
system; quality papers and popular papers;
BBC; sports; major forms of arts
chapter 11 Irelan d’s geography and
history
I. 本章知识点
1. 重点:①Ireland‘s geographical
features②climate in Ireland ③ethnic
composition of Ireland ④languages in
Ireland ⑤Irish Catholicism ⑥conflict
between the English and the Irish ⑦the
issue of northern Ireland
2. 难点考点geographical features;
climate; ethnic composition; languages;
Catholicism; the issue of northern Ireland;
II. 课本内容
① Ireland‘s geographical features
The British Isles are made up of two
large islands and hundreds of small ones.
The two large islands are Great Britain
and Ireland. Ireland is also called the
Emerald Isle.
1.the Emerald Isle: because of its rich
green countryside.
2.Ireland is pided into two political
units. Northern Ireland, which is part of the
United Kingdom; the Republic of Ireland
（Eire）, which is an independent country.
3.The Republic of Ireland covers an
area of 70,282sq.It is bounded on the
northeast by Northern Ireland, on the east
and southeast by the Irish Sea and St.
George‘s Channel and on the north and
west by the Atlantic Ocean.
4.The capital is Dublin
5.Ireland has been compared to a
basin in which a limestone plateau is
rimmed by coastal highlands. The highest
peaks are Car-rantuohill（1,041m）.
6.Variety is the main feature of the
lowlands.
7.The largest river in Ireland is the
Shannon River. It provides electric power
for much of the Republic.
8.The Irish coast,with its striking
cliffs,is among the most impressive in
Europe.
9.Bogs remain the most significant
feature of Irish landscape.
② Climate in Ireland
1.―mild, moist and changeable:‖
Extreme cold, long frosts, heavy snows in
winter and scorching days in summer are
uncommon.
2.Ireland has excessive
rainfall.Overall,Ireland suffers from
excessive rather than deficient rainfall.
③ Ethnic composition of Ireland
1.The basic ethnic stock is Celtic, with
an admixture of Norse （挪威人），French,
Norman and English. Historically, Ireland
has been free of ethnic conflicts because of
its racial homogeneity （同种）
2.Ireland has four unusual
demographic features: 1）a low birthrate
compounded by a century of emigration; 2）
a late marriage age; 3）an excess of males
in the population; 4）a high proportion of
bachelors and spinsters of all ages.
Together they have reduced Ireland‘s
population by one-half during the past 100
years.
3.Ireland is unique among European
countries for its century-long population
decline. 1845, the Great Famine, marks the
end of one era and the beginning of another
in the social history of Ireland. Some 6
million people are estimated to have left
Ireland in the century following the Great
Famine.
④ Languages in Ireland
1.two official languages in Ireland:
Irish （or Gaelic）and English.
2.Irish is the favored language of the
Irish nationalists who wish to preserve the
cultural apartness from Britain.
⑤ Irish Catholicism
1.one of the most Catholic countries
of Europe. Catholicism is an integral and
pervasive influence on national life and
culture.
2.Today 93% of the Irish population
are Roman Catholics.
3.In 1537 the English king was
declared the head of the Church of Ireland,
replacing the Pope.
4.There followed centuries of religious
as well as political persecution, which
helped to strengthen and deepen Ireland‘s
Catholic spirit.
5.Irish Catholicism extends far beyond
the borders of Ireland as a result of the
large 19th-century emigration. About half of
the Catholic bishops in the United States
are of Irish origin.
4.The Anglican Church（英国圣公会）
of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic
denomination.
5.The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 432
was perhaps the most important event in
Irish history and transformed the island into
a centre of learning and Christian culture.
6.The golden age of Irish culture lasted
from the 5th century to the 8th century.
⑥ Conflict between the English and the
Irish
1.Towards the end of the 8th century
the Viking invasions began. The Danes
destroyed the monasteries and laid waste
the land. But they also intermarried with the
Gaels, adopted Irish customs and
established the main coastal settlements.
2.In 1170 the Anglo-Saxons invaded
Ireland. They gradually gained control of
the island. Conflict between the English and
the Irish went on for almost 800 years.
3.Henry VIII—the first king to bring all
Ireland under English control. Rebellions in
Elizabeth‘s reign and later were put down
without mercy.
3.Irish support for James II led to the
battle of the Boyne（1690）, which was
followed by the new Penal Laws （刑法）,
depriving Catholics and Dissenters（不信国
教的新教教徒）of all legal rights.
4.By the end of the 18th century many
of the English settlers began to identify themselves with the Gaels and joined them in demanding greater self-government. The Act of Union of 1800 gave Ireland direct participation in the British Parliament. Catholic emancipation was finally achieved in 1829.
5.Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century and climaxed in the Easter Uprising of 1916 in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed.
6.Irish Republican Army （IRA）
7.War broke out between the Irish Republican Army （IRA）and the British government（1919-1921）.In 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty, establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the
Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.
8.In 1937, under a new constitution, the Governor-General was replaced by an elected president and the name of the country was officially changed to Ireland. In 1948 Ireland voted itself out of the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic.
⑦ The issue of Northern Ireland
1.In 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty, establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.
2.Irish Republican Army （IRA）: However, the Irish Republican Army continuing to demand that the Republic of Ireland should be united with the six counties that form Northern Ireland.
3.Since independence Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment.
IIII. 总结:① geographical features; climate ②ethnic composition; languages③Catholicism ④ historic relations with England and the issue of northern Ireland Part Three The United States of America Chapter 13Geography
2. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers.
2.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China. The U.S. is a federal republic with many states.
3.The Mississippi has been called ―father of waters‖ or ―old man river‖.
4.The most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world
5.Traditionally from the east to west the United States can be pided into seven geographical regions. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic states, the Midwest ,the South, the Great Plains，Rockies and Intermountain region or the American West, the Pacific Coast and the New states.
6.New England is made up of six states of the North –East.
mountainous or hilly, and the soil is generally thin and rocky
New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.
7.New England is also well-known for its position in education. Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale, Harvard, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）are located here. Chapter 14Population, Race and Ethnic Groups I.本章知识点
1.重点：
① Characteristics of American population:
immigration & mobility ② Black People
and the Civil Rights Movement
2.难点、考点：① Immigration②
population movement③ important acts
in black American history
III.课本内容
① Characteristics of American
population
（1）Introduction:
1.The United States of America, with a
population of 255.5 million in July 1992, is
the third most populous country in the world
after China and India.
2.Immigration accounts for a major source
of population growth. Almost 20 million
people or 7.8% of the total population were
immigrants in 1992. The US had a more or
less open-door policy to immigrants from
independence until 1960s. Ellis Island of
New York was an important immigration
reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn
of the century. Between 80% and 90% of
immigrants to the US now is from Asian and
Hispanic countries.
3.Great changes took place in the recent
decades in the population of different
regions in the United States. Such
population movements reflected the shift
from traditional manufacturing industries in
the Northeast and Midwest to
high-technology industries, whose growth
has been most notable in the sunbelt states
of the South and Mountain regions. Arizona,
Nevada, and Florida have been the fastest
growing states in population for the last 20
years.
frost-belt：霜冻地带rust-belt：生锈
地带
4.The biggest city is New York,
followed by Los Angeles, Chicago, San
Francisco, and Philadelphia.
5.Baby boom （1946-1964）: high birth
rate
（2）Immigration——the first
characteristics
1.The first immigrants in American
history came from England and
Netherlands, some running away from
religious and political persecution, some
coming as adventurers from the Old World
（Europe）to seek a better life, some as
indentured servants who had to work for a
fixed term for their masters to repay the
cross-Atlantic fare and debts.
2.The 1st of these immigration waves
began in the mid 1810s and reached the
highest point in 1845. English oppression
and the Potato Famines of 1845-1849
drove 1.5 million Irishmen from their
homeland to the United States in the
decade of 1845-1854. The 2nd wave
covered the period between 1860 and 1890.
The 3rd, also the largest, was from 1890 to
1914, from Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia,
Greece, Rumania and Turkey .
（3）Population mobility——the
second characteristics
1.Mobility is considered to be one of
the characteristics of American people, who
are always on the move. One in five
Americans moves every year seeking new
job opportunities, a better climate or some
other goals.
2.Four great population movements:
1st——end of civil war to 1880, from east
coast to west; 2nd——1890-1920, from rural
areas to cities, urbanization;
3rd——1920-1960, black people from the
south to other areas; 4th——from 1960s to
now, from Northeast and Central North to
the West and the South （the sunbelt
areas）.
3.Another trend which takes place more or
less at the same time with the 4th population
movement is the outflow of city residents
from the core cities to the suburbs.
② Black Americans
1.The largest of the racial and ethnic
minorities in the US is the blacks who
number about 12.1% of the total population.
The 1st blacks were brought to North
America as slaves in 1619. Their life of
slaves was no better than that of cattle.
2.Two novels giving a vivid description
of the miserable life of the black slaves:
Uncle Tom‘s Cabin, and Roots.
3.The slave system was formally
ended by Lincoln‘s Emancipation
Proclamation in 1863, and the Thirteenth
Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.
（All kinds of discrimination still existed）
But even after the abolition of slavery,
open or covert, organized or inpidual
discrimination was practiced against black
Americans.
4.Run-away was one form of
resistance in the earlier period. In 1954, the
Supreme Court, in the case of Brown
versus Board of Education, ruled that
―separate educational facilities are
inherently unequal, ‖——the process of
desegregation, or the end of separate
public facilities.
5.Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s:
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 added
protections for the right to vote, to use
public facilities and to enjoy the same
education as white people. It also contained
provisions guaranteeing equal employment
opportunities. The Voting Rights Act of
1965 was meant to guarantee the blacks
and others the right to vote.
6.The current situation of black
Americans presents a mixed picture.
Others:
1.The Spanish-speaking population of
the United States is a large, perse and
rapidly growing one.
Three major Hispanics groups:
Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and
Cuban-Americans.
9b9cba34b90d6c85ec3ac696n Americans: the fastest-growing
racial and ethnic group
Three Asian traditions that best explain
their success: education, hard work, family.
Most Chinese immigration to the US
took place between 1850 and 1880, and
most of them settled chiefly in California.
Chinese Exclusion Act: passed in1882
and canceled in 1943.
3.After the civil war, government
reservations, land specially set aside for the
Indians, were established. Today, about
half of the two million Native Indians live on
the 278 reservations scattered around the
United States on some 55 million acres of
land. One fourth of the Indian families live
below the poverty level. The alcoholism and
suicide rates are far above the national
averages. The average life expectancy is
around 50 years-about 20 years below that
for the country as a whole.
4.The mainstream Americans were
called WASPs （White Anglo-Saxon
Protestants）.
IV.总结①Immigration②
Population movement③ Important acts
in black American history
Chapter 15American History (1600 -
1900)
I.本章知识点
1.重点：① The ―discovery‖ of the New World② Causes of the colonization of the New World; ③ the original 13 colonies;④the American War of Independence and its consequences;⑤Establishment of a federal form of government;⑥Consequences of territorial expansion and the Westward Movement;⑦The American Civil War and its impact on the development of the US;⑧rapid growth of capitalism after the Civil War
2.难点、考点：① pilgrims and puritans; early colonies;②War of Independence; Declaration of Independence;③ratification of the Constitution;④ territorial expansion; Manifest Destiny;⑤ Civil War and Lincoln
III.课本内容
①The ―discovery‖ of the New World （p.236）
1.The first Americans: Indians. Some scientists think that they crossed from Asia on the land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska. This probably happened about 30,000-40,000 years ago.
2.Christopher Columbus: an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen; thought he had reached Asia
3.Amerigo Vespucci—the land was named America after him.
②Causes of the colonization of the New World （p.237）
1.Mainly two causes: in search of opportunity （for a better life）and religious freedom
2.The Pilgrims: escaping religious persecution, from England to Holland, and then to America; in 1620, Mayflower, the Plymouth colony; artisans and peasants.
3.The Puritans—wealthy and well-educated gentlemen, who wanted to purify the Church of England, and saw the New World as a refuge; from 1630 to 1643, the Massachusetts Bay colony.
4.Characteristics of the Puritans: religious intolerance; respect for achievement; and respect for learning.
5.A number of features which would play a role in forming the American character: representative form of government, rule of law, respect of inpidual rights, religious tolerance, and a strong spirit of inpidual enterprise.
③ the original 13 colonies （p.236）
1.The first English colony in the Americas—Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.
2.Between 1607 and 1733, 13 British colonies along the east coast of North America: Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
④ the American War of Independence and its consequences
1.The Stamp Tax, more taxes from the colonies
2.―no taxation without representation‖: without their （Americans‘）representatives taking part in decision-making, they had no obligation to pay taxes.
3.1773, ―the Boston Tea Party‖（波士顿倾茶事件）
4.1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, to refuse to buy British goods.
5.April 19, 1775, the first shot in Lexington; the war began. （Paul Revere）
6.The Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia; Continental Army and Navy
under the command of George Washington.
7.The Declaration of
Independence—drafted by Thomas
Jefferson; July 4, 1776.
8.The theory in the Declaration came
from the British philosopher John Locke.
9.Saratoga—a great turning point of
the war, leading to an alliance between the
US and France.
10.Yorktown—1781, British general
George Cornwallis surrendered.
11.Sept. 1783, the Treaty of Paris
12.Significance: 1）, in a just war, a
weak nation can defeat a strong one; 2）, a
historic event: the American people gained
independence, giving capitalism a chance
for freer development; 3）, great
international influence: the colonies in
Spanish America rose up one after another.
⑤Establishment of a federal form of
government
1.The Articles of Confederation （《邦
联条例》）, unusual in many ways: no king,
a republic; a central government in form of
a Congress, emphasis on state power; a
written constitution
2.Its weaknesses: no executive branch,
Congress was too large a body to function
as government; Congress had no power to
raise tax.
3.The Constitutional Convention, 1787,
all states except Rhode Island;
contradictions between the bigger states
and the smaller states, between the
industrial-commercial interests and landed
interests.
4.The ―Great Compromise‖: giving
each state an equal vote in the Senate but
making representation in the House reflect
the size of each state‘s population.
5.The struggle for ratification/adoption:
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
6.Federalists—those who took the lead
in urging ratification
7.Anti-Federalists—those who
opposed the Constitution
8.The Federalist Papers—the best
explanation of the constitution; 85 letters
written by Alexander Hamilton, James
Madison and John Jay in the name of
Publius.
9.It was not until the federalists agreed
to the Bill of Rights that ratification was
assured. First ratified by Delaware in 1787.
10.The Bill of Rights—first introduced
by James Madison, ratified in 1791; the first
ten amendments to the constitution. The
foundation of the American constitutional
system was completed.
11.George Washington, the first
president, took the oath of office in New
York which housed the government, which
moved to Philadelphia in 1790.
⑥Consequences of territorial
expansion and the Westward Movement
1.During the Indian wars, forced
England to give up the Old Northwest, and
forced Spain to open the Mississippi River.
2.The Louisiana Territory: from
Napoleon for only 15 million dollars; the US
territory almost doubled.
3.Florida: Andrew Jackson, forced
Spain to cede Florida and the Gulf coast.
4.Texas: 1845
5.California and New Mexico: the War
with Mexico, 1846-1848; for 15 million
dollars.
6.The Gadsden Purchase, 1853, for 10
million dollars.
7.―Manifest Destiny‖—by a Democratic
politician John L. O‘Sullivan; its implications
are three-fold: 1）, the inevitability of the
founding of the United States of America;
2）, the legitimacy of the expansion of
American territory; 3）, the spread of
American democracy being the task of
American people who were chosen to do
the Lord‘s work.
⑦The American Civil War and its
impact on the development of the US
1.American slavery existed before the
War of Independence; mainly in the south.
2.The Compromise of 1850: allowed
California to be accepted as a free state,
New Mexico and Utah to be organized as
territories without legislation either for or
against slavery and a more efficient
machinery to be set up for returning
runaway slaves.
3.Abolitionists: a determined group of
antislavery reformers; Garrison and
Frederick Douglass
4.Harriet Beecher Stowe‘ Uncle Tom‘s
Cabin
5.The Confederate States of America
in the south vs. the Union
6.Emancipation Proclamation: to win
support for the Union at home and abroad
by making the war a just war against
slavery.
7.Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the
turning point of the Civil War; Ulysses S.
Grant
8.Lincoln‘s Gettysburg speech: ―that
government of the people, by the people,
for the people, shall not perish from the
earth.‖
9.Robert E. Lee surrendered, on April
9,1865
10.April 14, Lincoln was shot dead by
John Wilkes Booth.
11.The Thirteenth Amendment banned
slavery, 1865.
⑧rapid growth of capitalism after the
Civil War
1.Reasons for rapid growth: （1）a stable
political environment; （2）enough labor
supply （free blacks and immigrants）; （3）
science and invention; （4）high taxes on
foreign imports; （5）rich in natural
resources.
2.Thomas Edison became a hero, with over
1,000 patents.
3.Both production and capital became
increasingly concentrated; giant
corporations, large trusts; monopoly—a
strong trend.
Big business was dominated by
outstanding inpiduals such as John
D.Rocke-feller J. P. Morgan and du Pont.
IV. 总结:①The ―discovery‖ and
colonization of the New World; ②War of
Independence and the establishment of a
federal form of government;③territorial
expansion;④Civil War and rapid growth
of capitalism after the War
Chapter 16American History (II) (1900
- 1945)
I.本章知识点
1.重点：①economic growth in the early 20th
century②Progressivism and some of the
reform efforts③role of the US in WWI
④characteristics of the 1920s⑤effects of
the Great Depression on American society
⑥Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal
⑦America in WWII
2.难点、考点：①characteristics of economic
growth; ②muckrakers and Progressivism;
③WWI④Red Scare; ⑤New Deal;
⑥WWII
III.课本内容
① economic growth in the early 20th century （p.251-252）
1.1913, steel ranking 1st in the world; 1900, coal ranking 1st.
2.A number of features: growth of industrial and financial mergers, incorporation; a mushroom growth of cities, or urbanization; rapid development of new technology.
3.United States Steel Corporation, 2/3 of the steel market
4.Rockefeller‘s Standard Oil Company
5.J.P. Morgan, half of the country‘s railroad
6.There appeared a professional managerial class
7.Henry Ford, the Model T, to become
a nation on wheels.
8.1903, the Wright Brothers flew an aeroplane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina; the beginning of the appearance of the aeroplane.
②Progressivism and some of the reform efforts
1.The Muckrakers—a group of
reform-minded journalists, made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.
2.The Progressive Movement—a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions; not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals; a number of perse efforts at political, social and economic reforms.
3.Demands in social, political and economic areas
In the social area, the demands were improved living conditions for the poor in the cities, the banning of child lavour, work hour limit for women workers, and industrial accident insurance.
In the political area, there were demands for reforming the city and state governments, and ending corruption which was evident in the Gilded Age.
In the economic area, there was an attempt to regulate big business to prevent price-fixing and control of the market.
4.Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, changes from the 19th century tradition of laissez faire, that is, the government should merely preserve order and protect property, leaving the control over the economy to the business people.
5.Roosevelt‘s contributions: forest reserves, the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona; the active use of Sherman Antitrust Act; the Hepburn Act of 1906 to regulate railroad prices.
6.Wilson‘s program of New Freedom: reduction of tariffs; Federal Reserve Act; regulation of trusts; the 19th amendment of voting right for women.
③ role of the US in WWI
1.On August 4, 1914, President Wilson issued an official statement proclaiming American neutrality; ―must be neutral in fact as well as in name,‖ ―in thought as well as in action.‖
2.A policy of pro-Ally partiality
3.Declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917; reasons
4.The Paris Peace Conference: a conference of pision of colonies of Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as much as possible from the defeated nations.
5.The Big Four—the US, Britain, France, and Italy
6.Fourteen Points, by President Wilson
7.The emergence of the Versailles
Treaty System in Europe and the
Washington Treaty System in Asia.
④ characteristics of the 1920s
1.A period of material success and
spiritual frustration or confusion and
purposelessness.
2.Changed from a debtor nation to a
creditor; in 1928, one out of every six
owned an automobile; the government
gave direct or indirect help to industry and
business and showed little interest in
regulation or control.
（补充：President Coolidge: ―America‘s
business is business.‖）
3.。A highly aggressive and intolerant
nationalism, not allowing views, opinions, or
beliefs different from the main trend of
views or beliefs.
Three examples:
4.Red Scare in 1919 and 1920: the
October Revolution in 1917 and the spread
of Communist ideas → fears about the
danger of Communism; two waves of mass
arrests by the Justice Department, over
4,000 suspected Communists and radicals
5.The death sentence of Sacco and
Vanzetti
6.The revival and growth of KKK （Ku
Klux Klan）: first organized after the Civil
War; in 1924, claimed a membership of four
to five million.
⑤effects of the Great Depression on
American society
1.The black Thursday—the first blow to
the stock market, on October 24, 1929; the
stock market crash was the beginning of a
long economic depression.
2.Effects: GNP shrank, unemployment
went up, and banks failed; rural Americans
were no better off, losing their land and
other properties because of foreclosures;
misery and personal sufferings were
widespread, ―tramps‖.
3.In 1932 WWI veterans came to
Washington D.C. to demand full payment of
bonuses; army was called out, General
McArthur.
⑥Franklin Roosevelt and the New
Deal
1.Roosevelt promised a new deal to
get America out of the depression; not an
idealist, not a dreamer, a great
communicator—―fireside chats‖
2.Inaugural speech: ―the only thing we
have to fear is fear itself.‖
3.The New Deal: in the first 100 days,
with the purpose of preventing the further
worsening of the economic situation and
helping the needy people. The aim was to
―save American democracy.‖
9b9cba34b90d6c85ec3ac696ernment regulation and control of
banking, credit and currency systems;
establishment of the social security
systems; recovery of industry and
agriculture; raise the role of labor;
improvement of the situation of minorities
and members of certain religious groups.
⑦ America in WWII
1.Isolationist policy to keep the US out
of war; three neutrality acts
2.The bombing of Pearl Harbor
changed the whole situation. The nation
was formally in war with the Axis powers,
that is, Germany, Italy and Japan.
3.Wartime objectives （or two guiding
principles）: the total destruction of the Axis
powers and the establishment of a world
order after unconditional victory in accord
with American ideals and interests.
4.Wartime American diplomacy largely
was American diplomacy towards Britain
and the Soviet Union.
5.The most important issue in
Anglo-American diplomacy after Pearl
Harbor—the formulation of grand strategy;
a strategy of Europe first.
American policy towards the Soviet
Union was centered on there
considerations （1）to keep the Soviet
Union in the war so that the United States
win the war with the least sacrifice; （2）to
get the Soviet Union into the war against
Japan; （3）to influence Soviet foreign
policy so that there would be some kind of
cooperation after the war but at the same
time to be very watchful about Soviet
expansive intention.
6.The US, Soviet and British leaders
met 3 times: Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam.
7.Teheran: November 1943, decided a
large-scale attack on the south of France;
8.Yalta: February 1945, approved a
repision of postwar sphere of influence
and decided on the setting-up of a world
organization: the United Nations;
9.Potsdam: July and August 1945
IV 总结:①economic growth in the
early 20th century②Progressivism③
role of the US in WWI④interwar years:
1920s; Great Depression; New Deal⑤
America in WWII
Chapter 17 American History (III)
America in post-W.W.II Era(1945 - 1980s)
I.本章知识点
1.重点：① origins of the Cold War② the
Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan③
effects of McCarthyism on American
society④ the postwar boom in the US⑤ the
US and the Vietnam War⑥ US-China
relations （1949-1972）⑦ counterculture in
the US⑧ the New Right and their Program
2.难点、考点：① containment ②
Truman Doctrine; Marshall Plan;③
McCarthyism;④ Vietnam War;⑤
US-China relations;⑥ counterculture;
⑦ New Right
III.课本内容
①origins of the Cold War
1. Disagreement and conflict between
the US and the Soviet Union; separate
concepts of postwar world order
2. The Soviet Union: the theory of no
long-term peaceful coexistence
3. Containment policy—George
Kennan, a high-ranking official in the
American embassy to Moscow, February
1946, a long telegram to the State
Department; it became the official policy
towards the Soviet Union until 1989.
②the Truman Doctrine and the
Marshall Plan
1. In February, Britain, would end
financial support of Greece and Turkey,
which might fall into the hands of the Soviet
Union. America decided to provide aid.
2. The Truman Doctrine: President
Truman's speech, March 12, 1949: the US
government would support any country
which said it was fighting against
Communism.
3. Economic situation in Western
Europe was worsening; a severe cold and
snowstorm hit Europe; Western Europe
might turn communist.
4. The Marshall Plan: in order to
protect Western Europe from possible
Soviet expansion, the United States
decided to offer Western European
countries economic aid; announced by
Secretary of State George Marshall, on
June 5, 1947; from 1947 to 1952, 13 billion
USD.
③effects of McCarthyism on American society
1. Anti-Communism on the home front
2. McCarthyism—full-scale
anti-Communist hysteria in the US, by Senator Joseph R. McCarthy.
3. started his campaign by saying in 1950 that he had the names of over 200 Communists in the State Department; turned against General Marshall and Eisenhower.
4. His―big lie‖tactic worked. It frightened
a large number of ordinary Americans and people began to feel that it would be safer to conform than to disagree with the majority.
④the postwar boom in the US
1. A twenty-five-year economic boom since 1945
2. Cornerstones: the automobile, housing and defense industries.
3. Baby boom, both a cause and an effect of prosperity.
4. Defense Department was established in 1949.
We faced eyeball to eyeball. In the end, the other guy blinked.
⑤the US and the Vietnam War
1. The policy of containment of Communism led the US into the war in Vietnam, the longest war it fought
(1950-1975).
2. After 1954 Geneva Conference, the US replaced France and became the main force in providing aid for South Vietnam.
3. Americanized—the war was fought with American money, weapon, and soldiers.
When the Korean War broke out, Truman decided to send military aid to Vietnam to support the French in their fight with the Vietminh. This was the beginning
of American involvement in Vietnam.
So gradually, the war
was ‖Americanized‖, tha t is, the war was fought with American money, weapon, and soldiers. By 1969, 543,400 American troops were fighting in South Vietnam.
4. Anti-war movement
President Johnson, who decided to Americanize the war on a large scale, began to face criticism from both inside and outside the government. The Anti-war Movement swept the United States.
5. Vietnamization—building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force, by Richard Nixon.
6. Cease-fire agreement, 1973
The United States and North Vietnam signed a cease-fire agreement on January 27, 1973. On April 29, 1975, the National Liberation Front forces took Saigon and soon the two parts of Vietnam became a unified country.
7. Impact: the US was weakened; American society was pided; serious disagreement within the ruling circle, the War Power Act limiting the President‘s power, the Act limited the President's power in sending troops abroad and required the President to consult Congress before any such decision; the image of the US was discredited.
⑥US-China relations （1949-1972）
1. The 7th Fleet in the Taiwan Straits and the status of Taiwan undecided, the Taiwan problem—the key problem in US-China relations.
2. Two Taiwan Strait crises, 1954, 1958
3. 1972, President Nixon visited China,
the Shanghai Communique, to get China's
help for its withdrawal from South Vietnam
and to work with China against Soviet
expansion.
4. In January 1979, the establishment
of diplomatic relations, President Carter.
5. 3 conditions: withdraw its troops
from Taiwan and the Taiwan Straits; end
diplomatic relations with Taiwan; cancel the
Mutual Defence Treaty. （撤军、断交、废
约）
6. The Taiwan Relations Act: violates
the spirit of the agreement for the
establishment of diplomatic relations.
⑦counterculture in the US
1. Counterculture—a movement of
revolt against the moral values, the
aesthetic standards, the personal behavior
and the social relations of conventional
society.
Kennedy‘s call for a New Frontier had
inspired many to work to wipe out poverty
and end segregation and voting rights
abuses.
Johnson also started a War on Poverty.
The Court upheld the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Students for a Democratic Society
（SDS）
2. Revolutionaries like Mao Zedong
and Fidel Castro became models.
Mao suit
Revolutionaries like Mao Zedong and
Fidel Castro became models for some of
them，while millions of college youths
experimented with marijuana and
hallucinogenic drugs（drugs that can
produce imagined things）.
3. Music, esp. rock music—the chief
vehicle for the counterculture attack on the
status quo; Bob Dylan, the Beatles.
Bob Dylan promised the revolutionary
answers of ―Blowin‘ in the wind,‖ while the
Beatles sang to ―Give Peace a Chance‖.
Following the adoption of the 19th
Amendment in 1920, the women‘s rights
movement had faded. But in the 1960s
feminism was reborn. In the Feminine
Mystique （1963）, Betty Friedan wrote that
the American home had become a
―comfortable concentration camp‖.
Friedan‘s book ins pired the founding in
1966 of the National Organization for
Women （NOW）.
⑧the New Right and their Program
1. As a result of ―stagflation‖, the
Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal,
many Americans felt humiliated and want to
strike back.
2. New Right Conservatism, in the late
1970s and early 1980s
From the mid-seventies onwards, the
United States suffered from ―stagflation‖,
that is, the occurrence of stagnation （no or
little growth in economy）and inflation at
the same time.
Besides, as a result of the Vietnam
War and the Watergate scandal, American
prestige became much lower abroad, and
in the face of Soviet aggressive expansion
the United States seemed impotent. This
made many Americans feel humiliated and
want to strike back.
All this brought about in the late 1970s
and early 1980s a rise in New Right
conservatism.
3. 2 groups: the firm believers of
Protestant religious teachings, concerned
with social and moral issues; the
intellectuals, more concerned with political
and foreign policy issues.
4. Program: demanded equal time in
school for the teaching of man created by
God as opposed to the teaching of
evolution; opposed abortion and affirmative
action; demanded tax cuts and cuts in
social security spending; the rebuilding of
American military strength.
5. affirmative action （肯定性行动）
—preferential treatment for minorities and
women in education and employment.
It was this trend of conservatism that
brought Ronald Reagan into the White
House.
IV.总结① Cold War
policy—containment ② foreign front:
the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
③ home front: McCarthyism④ the
postwar boom⑤ problems home and
abroad: Vietnam War and counterculture
⑥ foreign policy adjustment: US-China
relations （1949-1972）⑦ New Right
Star War
NMD：National Missile Defense
TMD：Theater Missile Defense
Chapter 18The Economy
I.本章知识点
1.重点：① Factors that contribute to the
fast growth of the economy②
Characteristics of the US economy③
The importance of foreign trade④
Problems facing the US economy
2.难点、考点：① Characteristics of the
US economy
III.课本内容
①Factors that contribute to the fast
growth of the economy
The United States has less than 6% of
the world‘s population. Yet it produces
about 25% of the total world output.
This fast growth has been attributable
to many factors.
1. The geographical location
First, the geographical location of the
United States provides very gook
conditions for the country to grow and
become strong.
2. Rich in mineral resources and fertile
farm soil, moderate climate
Second, the United States has been
blessed by being a land rich in mineral
resources and fertile farm soil, together with
a moderate climate.
3. Enough people to provide the labor
Third, America has been fortunate in
having enough people to provide the labor
necessary for a constantly expanding
economy.
4. The quality of available labor
A fourth factor is the quality of available
labor.
②characteristics of the US economy
1. a free-market economy with a
dominant private sector
2. privately owned and operated
businesses, 85% of the total output
The privately owned and operated
businesses, including farms, produce about
85% of the total output of goods and
services.
Traditionally, leaders of the U.S.
government have been reluctant to become
involved in the private sector,
In the postwar years government
involvement was again emphasized when
the United States adopted the Keynesian
theory in running the economy.
In the early 1980s, under the Reagan
Administration, the traditional Keynesian
approach was replaced by new monetarist
policies.
3. The American economy is characterized by a high degree of monopoly.
The American economy is characterized by a high degree of monopoly. Many of the nation's basic industries are represented by only a few major corporations. For example, in the automobile industry there are three giants. They are General Motors, Ford and Chrysler.
4. conglomerates—big companies that own several smaller businesses whose products and services are usually very different.
In recent years many corporations have chosen to become conglomerates.
③the importance of foreign trade
1. US exports are about 15% of the world‘s total, and imports about 13% of all world imports.
The United States supplies a larger share of the imports of all other countries than does any other nation in the world.
Currently U.S. exports are about 15% of the world‘s total.
The United States imports about 13% of all world imports.
2. the principal imports are machinery, tran sportations equipment…
3. Canada is the largest single source of goods imported by the US; outside of North American, Europe is the largest source of import with about 30%. Asia provides about 18% of American imports, with smaller percentages from Latin America, Africa, and Australia in that order.
④problems facing the US economy
1. It has not been able to solve the problem of poverty in the country.
However, for years it has not been able to solve the problem of poverty in the country.
The estimated number of people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which makers up about 14% of the total population.
2. unemployment, inflation, financial deficit, and trade deficit
Unemployment, inflation, financial deficit, and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.
IV.总结:①Factors that contribute to the fast growth of the economy
②Characteristics of the US economy
③The importance of foreign trade
④Problems facing the US economy Chapter 19Political Institutions
I.本章知识点
1.重点：① A workable form of government under the Constitution②Separation of powers with checks and balances under the Constitution ③Safeguards for inpidual liberty under the Constitution ④ Powers of the American President⑤ Powers of the House of Representatives⑥ Powers of the Senate⑦ The judicial system⑧The two-party system and the characteristics of the two major parties
2.难点、考点：① The Constitutional system: federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and the Bill of Rights ② The executive: the President③ The legislative: the two houses of the Congress ④ The judicial⑤ Two-party system
III.课本内容
①a workable form of government under the Constitution （pp.299-300）
1. Constitution: the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land.
2. the oldest written constitution in the world;
drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in
1789.
The American Constitution is the oldest
written constitution in the world. It was
drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in
1789.
3. the federal system: the Constitution set
up a federal system of government which
has two layers of rule—central or federal
government, state and local governments.
The Constitution set up a federal system of
government which has two layers of rule.
There is central or federal government for
the nation which alone has the power to
answer questions that affect the nation as a
whole. There are also state and local
governments.
②separation of powers with checks
and balances under the Constitution
（p.300）
1. to make sure that the new
government would not misuse its powers.
2. safeguard—separation of powers:
the government is pided into three
branches, the legislative, the executive and
the judicial; each has part of the powers but
not all the power.
3. checks and balances: each branch
of government can check, or block, the
actions of the other branches; the three
branches are thus in balance.
4. see example
③safeguards for inpidual liberty under
the Constitution
1. the Bill of Rights—the term used for
the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.
2. It guarantees: freedom of religion,
freedom of speech, freedom of the press,
freedom of assembly and petition, freedom
from unreasonable searches, right to jury
trial, right to due process of law and other
legal rights.
④powers of the American President
1. head of the executive branch; White
House; first citizen and first lady
2. the Constitution requires:
natural-born American citizen at least 35
years of age.
3. ―winner-take-all‖（赢者通吃）system:
the presidential candidate with the highest
number of votes in each state wins all the
electoral votes of that state; except Maine
4. Electoral College （选举人团）: the
electors of 50 states and the District of
Columbia comprise what is known as the
Electoral College; the number of
presidential electors is equal to the number
of Senators and Representatives each
state has in Congress, a total of 538
persons.
5. begins on January 20 （the 20th
Amendment in 1933）; inauguration
ceremony, on the steps of the US Capitol
where Congress meets; can be elected
only twice.
6. presidential powers—―take care that
laws be faithfully executed‖, and also
important powers in legislative and judicial
matters.
7. legislative powers: write bills and
send them on to Congress; veto
8. executive powers: the highest
duty—the execution or carrying out of the
law; can issue rules, called executive
orders （having the binding force of law
upon federal agencies有法律约束力）;
Commander-in-chief
9. powers in foreign affairs: appoints
ambassadors, ministers and consuls （they
must be confirmed by the Senate）; State
Department and Secretary of State
10. Judicial powers: give reprieves（缓
刑）and pardons in federal criminal cases;
appoint federal judges and Supreme Court
justices （have to be approved by a majority
vote of the Senate）
11. 13 departments
⑤powers of the House of
Representatives
1. membership is based on population;
435
Congress composed of two chambers.
The Senate, the smaller of the two, is
composed of two members from each state
as provided by the Constitution.
The Constitution requires that U.S.
Senators must be at least 30 years of age,
House of Representatives must be at
least 25.
Today, the House is composed of 435
members, roughly one for each 480,000
persons in the United States.
The senatorial term is six years, and
every two years one-third of the Senate
stands for re-election.
Since members of the House serve
two-year terms, the life of a Congress is
considered to be two years.
2. introduce legislation on any subject
3. revenue bills must first come from
the House
Each house of the Congress has the
power to introduce legislation on any
subject, except revenue bills which must
first come from the House of
Representatives.
4. in the case of accusation of federal
officials of wrongdoings , the House has the
sole right to bring charges of improper
behavior which can lead to a trial.
⑥powers of the Senate
1. introduce legislation
2. authority to confirm presidential
appointments and ratify all treaties by a
two-thirds vote
The Senate also has certain powers
especially kept to that body, including the
authority to confirm presidential
appointments of high officials of the federal
government as well as ratify all treaties by a
two-thirds vote.
3. the sole power to try such cases,
and to find officials guilty or not guilty.
（officers of the Congress: President of
the Senate—Vice President/President for
the time being; Speaker of the House）
The Constitution provides that the Vice
President shall be President of the Senate.
He has no vote, except in case of a tie. The
Senate chooses a President for the time
being to preside when the Vice President is
absent.
The House of Representatives
chooses its own presiding officer.
⑦the judicial system
1. the present structure: the Supreme
Court, 11 courts of appeals, 91 district
courts, and three courts of special
jurisdiction
According to the Constitution, the
judicial power of the United States shall be
vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial
system has evolved into the present
structure: the Supreme Court, 11 courts of
appeals, 91 district courts, and three courts
of special jurisdiction.
U.S. judges are appointed by the
President and confirmed by the Senate.
2. the Supreme Court is the highest
court of the US and is the only organ which
has the power to interpret the Constitution;
a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices （9）.
Judicial interpretation：司法解释
⑧the two-party system and the characteristics of the two major parties
1. the Democrats and the Republicans; the Democratic Party and the Republican Party
2. 4 periods: the Federalists vs. the Anti-Federalists; the Democratic Party vs. the Whig Party; the Republican Party vs. the Democratic Party （1860s-1920s）; the Republican Party vs. the Democratic Party （1930s-1980s）
There have been four periods in the history of political parties in America. The first period of the party system arose in the last years of the 18th century when the debate over the ratification of the Constitution gave rise to the beginnings of the first two major parties or camps-the Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists represented north-eastern commercial, banking and trade interests, and advocated a strong central government while the Anti-Federalists stood for the interests of farmers, laborers and people with little property and wanted limited federal government power and more state power.
After the 1828 election of Andew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican Party split. As the struggle over slavery intensified, the majority of the Whig Party, part of the democrats, and other antislavery elements founded in 1854 the Republican Party on the common platform of opposition to the extension of slavery to the new states.
The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.
The fourth period began with Franklin D. Roosevelt's coming into power and lasted till the 1980s. In this period, the Democratic Party was dominant.
3. not very different today; both believe in inpidualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production.
The two major parties are really not very different today. But this does not mean there is no difference between them.
In spite of these differences, the two parties both believe in inpidualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of means of production.
4. on economic issues, the Democrats traditionally favor government intervention while the Republicans stress the role of the market more.
5. on social issues, the Democrats support a strong social security system while the Republicans oppose large governmental social security programs.
So a party's main function is to help its candidates win elections.
IV.总结: ①the Constitutional system;②power of the three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial;③two-party system
Chapter 20Education
I.本章知识点
1.重点：①characteristics of American education;②elementary and secondary education in the US;③different types of colleges and universities;④the admission system in US universities;⑤ the role of the community college;⑥continuing education;⑦ education reform in the 1980s and 1990s
2.难点、考点：①characteristics of
American education;②―basics‖ and new
basics;③types of colleges and
universities;④the admission system;⑤
community college;⑥education reform in
the 1980s and 1990s
Ⅱ.课本内容
①characteristics of American
education
1. Formal education in the U.S consists
of elementary, secondary and higher
education. Elementary and secondary
education, which forms public education, is
free and compulsory.
2. Diversity is considered to be an
outstanding characteristic of American
education. This can be seen not only in the
type, size and control of the institutions, but
educational policies and practices.
3. Under the Tenth Amendment to the
U.S Constitution, education was included
among the responsibilities which were
―reserved to the states or the people.‖
Education is a function of the state, not the
federal government.
4. There is not a national system of
education in the United States. It is the
state that establishes policies for the
education within its boundary
5. There is also a remarkable
sameness.
②elementary and secondary education
in the US
1. Elementary and secondary
education in the U.S covers 12 years for
ages 6 through 18.
2. There is not a single pattern of state
administration of public education, but it is
common that each states delegates its
power to an elected state board of
education, which is responsible for
establishing policies.
3. The typical organizational pattern for
elementary and secondary schools is that
of graded schools. Usually, the elementary
school covers grades 1-8 and the high
school 9-12.
4. Elementary schools tend to be small
while high schools are usually large.
5. Mastery of the ―basics‖: reading,
writing, and arithmetic or mathematics.
6. High schools are made up of
comprehensive, academic, vocational and
technical schools with somewhat different
tasks.
③different types of colleges and
universities
1. Higher education in the U.S began
with the founding of Harvard College in
1636.
2.types: research universities, doctoral
universities, master's comprehensive
colleges and universities, liberal arts
colleges offering BA degrees（授予文学学
士学位的文科院校）and junior colleges and
specialized institutions
The research universities offer a full
range of programs leading to a BA degree
and are committed to postgraduate
education through the doctorate. They give
high priority to research and award doctoral
degrees.
Doctoral universities also offer a full
range of programs leading to a BA degree
and are committed to postgraduate
education through the doctorate. But they
award fewer doctoral degrees than the
research universities.
Master's （comprehensive）colleges
and universities offer a full range of
programs leading to BA degree and are
committed to postgraduate education
through the master's degree.
Liberal arts colleges are primarily
undergraduate colleges with major
emphasis on BA degree programs.
Junior colleges include community,
junior and technical colleges.
Specialized institutions include
theological seminaries, Bible colleges and
institutions offering degrees in religion…
3. The system of higher education in
the U.S has three principal functions:
teaching, research and public service.
4. Best research universities—Harvard,
Yale, Princeton, Columbia and MIT
（Massachusetts Institute of Technology）
in the east, as well as Stanford and
Berkeley on the west coast.
④the admission system in US
universities
1. Admission to an institution is
determined by each college or university. It
is selective and competitive, especially in
private institutions.
2. The general standards for admission
include successful completion of high
school, grade point average （GPA）and
class rank, courses studies in areas of
English, mathematics and science, and
results from standardized tests such as the
Scholastic Aptitude Test （SAT）and
American College Testing Program's
examination （ACTP）.
3. open admissions are also being
practiced in some public institutions,
involving almost no restriction, and
admitting any high school graduate. Nearly
all the nation's public community colleges
practice some form of open admissions.
⑤the role of the community college
1. Another aspect of American higher
education that has drawn the world's
attention is the community college and the
role it plays.
2. two-year colleges; grant associate
degrees （准学士学位）
3. The community college calls for
education to serve the good of both the
inpidual and society. It embodies Thomas
Jefferson's belief that an education should
be practical as well as liberal. It provides
general and liberal education, career and
vocational education and adult and
continuing education.
4. It provides five main functions: 1）it
prepares students for transferring to a B.A.
program at a four-year institution （专升本）;
2）vocational training; 3）remedial
instruction （补习教育）; 4）recreational,
cultural activities for adults; 5）it absorbs
students in a four-year program who are not
qualified into a lower-status vocational
program （开设四年制课程，招收那些不适
应低等职业课程的学生）.
Among the reasons for the rapid
growth of the community college are their
open admission policies, cheap tuition and
fees, wide geographic distribution,
convenient locations, flexible curriculum
structures, and availability of financial aid
through government loans and grants and
private scholarships.
5. The guiding principle of community
college is higher education for everyone
and the philosophy that equality must mean
equal opportunity for self-realization and for
the recognition of inpidual differences.
6. The community college as an
institution is one of the most important
innovations in the history of American
higher education. The community college has played an important role in making higher education more accessible （更加普及）and in meeting the needs of educated adults, employees of local business, professionals requiring certification as well as community organizations.
⑥continuing education
1. About one in four American adults participate in an organized learning group each year.
2.The Community colleges, and other colleges and universities offer what is now called ―continuing education‖ programs or ―lifelong education‖ programs of associate degrees, graduate studies （研究生课程）or professional development （职业发展课程）.
⑦education reform in the 1980s and 1990s
1. I n 1983, a report entitled ―A Nation At Risk‖ was issued which cited high rates of adult illiteracy, declining SAT （Scholastic Aptitude Test）scores, and low scores on international comparison of knowledge by American students as examples of the decline of educational standards.
2. The ―new basics‖—four years of English, three years of mathematics, science and social studies, and a half year of computer science.
3. By the mid-1980s, a wave of education reform swept the country. These reforms had two focuses:1）the raising of the standards of teaching and learning; 2）the restructuring of the schools.
4. At the beginning of 1990s, people found that the reform efforts of the 1980s had little impact.
5. On April 18, 1991, President Bush issued his plan ―A merican 2000: An Education Strategy‖ which set six goals.
Ⅲ.总结: ①characteristics of American education; ②―basics‖ and new basics;
③types of colleges and universities
④the admission system; ⑤community college;⑥education reform in the 1980s and 1990s
Chapter 21Literature, Architecture and Music
I.本章知识点
1.重点：① Major American writers and their works;② Harlem Renaissance and black writing in American literature
2.难点、考点：① Major American writers Ⅱ.课本内容
①Major American writers and their works
1.Benjamin Franklin: the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today; Poor Richard’s Almanac（《穷理察的历书》）—an annual collection of proverbs, ―Lost time is never found again‖ and ―God helps those who help themselves‖; his uncompleted Autobiography—the first real American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.
The real American literature began after the American War of Independence and Washington Irving was the first American writer who gained international fame.
2.the ―Knickerbockers era‖ （―纽约人时代‖）of the American literature—the period from 1810 to 1840; New York City was the center of American writing;
―Knickerbockers‖.
3.Washington Irving: the first American writer who gained international fame; His most famous book The Sketch Book《见闻录》: two of the best-loved stories from American literature: Rip Van Winkle（参考
译文：《瑞普·凡·温可尔》）and The Legend
of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传奇》. The plots of
both stories are based on old German folk
tales but Irving fills them with the ―local
color‖ of New York‘s H udson River Valley.
4.The Transcendentalist （先验超验主
义）movement: in 1830s and 1840s, a
movement among American young
intellectuals, emphasizing man's
potentiality for goodness, creativity, and
self-development.
5.Ralph Waldo Emerson：his famous
book Nature《论自然》in 1836, which is the
clearest statement of Transcendentalist
ideas；In 1837, Emerson gave a speech at
Harvard University: The American Scholar
《美国学者》，which was considered the
intellectual Declaration of independence. In
his speech, he attacked the influence of
tradition and the past, and called for a new
burst of American creativity; other famous
books—Self-reliance（《自助》,
Representative Men （《代表人物》）, English
Traits （《英国人的性格》）and Poems（《诗
集》）.
6.Nathaniel Hawthorne：one of those
who attacked transcendentalism because it
glorified absolute inpidualism with no
regard for social impact. In The Scarlet
Letter《红字》,Hawthorne considers the
effect on an inpidual's character of guilty
conscience, of hypocrisy, and of hatred （一
个人内心的愧疚、虚伪和憎恨对其性格造成
的影响）.
A—adulterate
7.Mark Twain: real name was Samuel
Langhorne Clemens; brought up on the
Mississippi River; in1865, his short story
The Celebrated Jumping Frog《有名的跳蛙》.
His boyhood experience on the Mississippi
River furnished him with ample materials
for writing. Mark Twain's famous works are
The Adventure of Tom Sawyer《汤姆·索亚
历险记》and The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》, A
Tramp Abroad《浪迹海外》, Life on the
Mississippi《密西西比河上的生活》, The
Gilded Age《镀金年代》, and Innocents
Abroad《无知者的出国游记》.
8.There is great difference between
Whitman and Dickinson, but both of them
praised, in their own ways, an emerging
America.
9.Walt Whitman: masterpiece Leaves
of Grass《草叶集》, in which he praised the
ideas of equality and democracy and
celebrated the dignity, the self-reliant spirit
and the joy of the common man; Song of
Myself《自我之歌》; Whitman was the first to
explore fully the possibilities of free verse
（自由诗体）. He invented a completely new
and completely American form of poetic
expression.
10.Emily Dickinson: lived a quiet, very
private life in a big old house; able to create
a very personal and pure kind of poetry （十
分个人化和纯粹的诗歌）; two themes:
Death and search for faith.
She wrote nearly 1,800 poems and
only seven of them were published during
her lifetime.
11.During the last decades of the 19th
century and the first decade of the 20th
century, some American writers reported
truthfully and objectively the life in the
slums. They called themselves naturalists
（极端写实的自然主义作家）and Dreiser
was their representative.
12.Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie《嘉
莉妹妹》is Theodore Dreiser's first novel;
also famous for his Trilogy of Desire 《欲望
三部曲》（The Financier《金融家》, The
Titan《巨人》, and The Stoic《斯多葛派》）,
and An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》，
which is considered to be his best.
Titanic
13.T.S Eliot: his poetry is both
traditional and modern; many quotations
from other writers to recall the cultural
glories of the past; his masterpiece The
Waste Land《荒原》（1922年）reveals the
spiritual crisis of the Post War Europe, and
is considered the manifesto of the Lost
Generation （迷惘的一代）, and the most
important poem of the 20th century. He won
the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946.
14.The Lost Generation: young
intellectuals who became disappointed and
bitter after World War I.
15.Ernest Hemingway was one of the
most important American writers in the 20th
century, and was the spokesman for the
Lost Generation. Hemingway was awarded
the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954. His
first important novel was The Sun Also
Rises《太阳照样升起》, which describes
young people in the post-war era. A
Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》and For
Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》are two
novels about the First and the Second
World War. In his Old Man and the Sea《老
人与海》, which is considered by many
critics as his representative work,
Hemingwa y praises the old fisherman‘s
attitude towards defeat and failure and
thinks that to face defeat courageously and
not to take defeat lying down is an
admirable quality of man. Hemingway is
also famous for his simple style and
carefully structuring of his fiction （风格简
短、结构严谨）. He uses very short and
simple sentences and only rarely does he
use adjectives.
②Harlem Renaissance and black
writing in American literature
1.Harlem Renaissance.: In the 1920s,
black literature developed into an upsurge
which has come to be known as the Harlem
Renaissance. Harlem（纽约的黑人住宅区）
is the Northeastern part of New York City
where black writers from the south came
and wrote freely what they wanted to say
without having to suffer any oppression by
the white. They managed to build a battle
literature which reflects the feeling, the
experience, the history and the ambition of
the black people. Langston Hughes and
Richard Wright were the major figures of
those Black writers.
9b9cba34b90d6c85ec3ac696ngston Hughes: regarded as Black
America's poet laureate and was one of the
first writers to depict urban blacks
realistically. In his masterpiece ―The Weary
Blues‖ （《困倦的黑人民歌》）and in other
books of poetry, he explains the everyday
life in Harlem.
3.Richard Wright: masterpiece Native
Son《土生子》, which was the first book by
a Black author about Black life; second
powerful book, Black Boy《黑孩子》, was an
autobiography relating the bitter experience
of his youth.
Music
1.Jazz, Rock and Roll and Western
and country music are the main types of
popular music.
2.Jazz is considered the United States‘
unique contribution to music. Jazz began in
the early 20th century as a music of black
Americans. Jazz represents a blending of
musical elements from Africa and from
Europe
Ⅲ.总结①Major American writers and their works②Harlem Renaissance and black writing in American literature
Chapter 22Holidays and Festivals
I.本章知识点
1.重点：①New Year's Day celebration in the US②Practices of Valentine's Day③Easter in the US ④Independence Day⑤Halloween
⑥Thanksgiving Day⑦Christmas
2.难点、考点：①New Year's Day
②Easter in the US③Thanksgiving Day ④Christmas
Ⅱ.课本内容
①New Year's Day celebration in the US
1.Most people like to hold big parties at private homes or go to restaurants or clubs. New Year's Day is thought of as good time to make New Year's decisions. Grown-ups and children often promise to get rid of their bad habits and make up their minds to lead better lives in the new year.
2.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Times Square in New York City.
3.Mummers Parade （化妆游行）in Philadelphia: one of the most popular New Year's Day activities.
4.the Rose Tournament （玫瑰竞赛）in California.
Martin Luther King's day
―I have a dream‖; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964.
②practices of Valentine's Day
1.a day for lovers, and one of the loveliest holidays in the United States.
2.origins: One English story tells that the birds select their mates on February 14th welcoming spring. Another story says that a Roman Emperor ordered the killing of a Roman priest Valentinus on February 14, 269 A.D because Valentinus secretly married many young couples against the king's order.
3.send card decorated with hearts and flowers to express love; the joke of sending ―Guess Who?‖
Universities also hold a Sweethearts‘ Ball for the young students to celebrate the Valentine's Day.
③Easter in the US
1.the second of the two most important religious holidays for Christians, celebrating the rising （resurrection）of Jesus Christ from his tomb, where he had lain for three days following his death.
2.Of all the symbols, the egg and the hare, which are considered to represent fertility and new life, are those most frequently associated with Easter.
3.gather on hilltops, parks, churches, and open spaces to salute another Easter dawn.
Egg rolling，the original Easter tradition by the colonists, is held on Easter Monday morning every year on the White House Lawn.
The Easter Parade is very popular in the United States. The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New York City.
④Independence Day
1.America's most important patriotic holiday, the birthday of the nation.
2.On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress passed and adopted the Declaration of Independence, which cut the tie with Britain and established a new nation.
3.The army marks the occasion by firing a thirteen –gun salute（礼炮）every year.
4.Philadelphia—the birthplace of the
nation, the Independence Hall and the
Liberty Bell.
⑤Halloween
1.All Hallows‘ Eve; a night-time
children's holiday. It is a time for frightening
costumes, masks, parties, games and
tricks—all for fun. Children with curious
masks go from house to house to frighten
friends or neighbors and threaten them with
―Trick or treat‖.
Halloween customs today follow many
ancient traditions that devils and spirits
were believed to fly on All Hallows‘ Eve and
bonfire were lit to warn off these spirits.
2.The 1965 Nobel Peace Prize was
awarded to American children because
they asked for pennies for UNICEF （United
Nations International Children‘ Emergency
Fund联合国儿童基金会）to help children in
other countries.
⑥Thanksgiving Day
1.Thanksgiving Day is a typical
American holiday.
2.Theme: peace and plenty, health and
happiness.
3.It is historical, national and religious
holiday that began with the Pilgrims. In
September 1620, some Puritans began to
sail to the New World on the ship called
Mayflower.
The first Thanksgiving Day was
celebrated by the English settlers in
Plymouth, Massachusetts on December 13,
1621.
4.After that, Thanksgiving Days were
celebrated irregularly. The first National
Thanksgiving Day was set on November 26,
1789 by George Washington in his
inauguration. In 1864, President Lincoln
appointed the last Thursday of November
to be the day. And the Congress declared
the fourth Thursday in November to be a
national day in 1941.
Today the Americans usually hold a
big family dinner to celebrate the holiday,
which often lasts four days.
⑦Christmas
1.Christmas Day, which celebrates the
birth of Jesus Christ, is the biggest and the
best-loved holiday in the United States. It is
a time of warmth and love, hospitality and
good will.
2.The Christmas season lasts from
right after Thanksgiving Day to New Year's
Day on January 1st.
Ⅲ.总结
①New Year's Day celebration in the
US②practices of Valentine's Day
③Easter in the US④Independence Day
⑤Halloween⑥Thanksgiving Day
⑦Christmas
Chapter 23Geography and History
I.本章知识点
1.重点：①Canada's geographical
features②Geographical regions and
their characteristics③The European
discovery of Canada④The rivalry
between the British and the French
⑤Self-government and the founding of the
Confederation⑥Canada in WWI and
WWII
2.难点、考点：①geographical
features and regions②European
discovery③rivalry between the British
and the French④Self-government and
the founding of the Confederation
Ⅱ.课本内容
①Canada's geographical features
1.the world's second largest country
after Russia; a land area of about 10 million
square kilometers; about two fifths of the
North American continent.
2.Most of Canada is north of the 49th
parallel; US-Canadian boundary not
fortified for over 100 years.
3.With such a vast territory Canada
has a population of only a little over 29
million. Most of Canada is thinly populated;
nearly 89% of the land has no permanent
population.
4.Nearly 80% of Canadians live in
large cities near the border with the United
States. 60% of the population is
concentrated between Quebec City and the
western end of Lake Ontario.
5.Toronto, Canada's largest city, over
3.4 million.
6.Montreal, the second largest city,
over 2.9 million.
7.Vancouver, the third largest city, over
1.3 million.
8.There are four main centers of
population in Canada:
1）the farming , mining, and fishing
towns of the Atlantic Coast;
2）the large manufacturing cities of
southern Quebec and Ontario;
3）the wheat, cattle and oil cities of the
plains area;
4）the Pacific coast of British Columbia.
Most of the territory north of 55degree
north latitude is settled mainly by fur
trappers, fishers, and miners.
9.Canadian Mounted Police （骑警）:
the symbol of law and order in these
isolated regions of Canada.
10.The highest peak: Mount Logan
（6,050 m）in the Yukon Territory
11.Two principal river systems: the
Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence.
12.The Mackenzie: the second largest
river system of North America.
13.Climate: varied; unfavorable
②Geographical regions and their
characteristics
1.Canada is made up of ten provinces
and two territories.
2.From east to west they can be
pided into six geographical regions:
Atlantic provinces, St. Lawrence-Great
Lakes provinces, the Canadian Shield （地
盾区）, Prairie provinces, British Colombia,
Northern provinces and territories.
3.Atlantic provinces include New
Brunswick（新不伦瑞克）, Nova Scotia（新
斯科舍）, Prince Edward Island（爱德华王
子岛）and Newfoundland. The short
growing season and thin, rocky soil have
made farming difficult. Newfoundland—one
of the world‘s great fishing grounds. The
tourist trade is an important part of this
region‘s economy. The rich green
mountains and valleys make these
provinces some of the most beautiful in
Canada.
4.St. Lawrence-Great Lakes provinces
include the St. Lawrence Lowlands and the
southern part of Quebec and Ontario. This
is the most highly developed part of
Canada; the most densely populated and
industrialized part of Canada. Quebec—a
strong French culture; Montreal, the second
largest city of Canada, is located here; the
city of Quebec, the cultural capital of the
province. Southeastern Ontario is the chief
manufacturing district of Canada. Ottawa,
the capital of Canada, is in the province of
Ontario.
5.the Canadian Shield: covering
almost half of Canada.
6.The Prairie Provinces lie west of Ontario; the Canadian section of the Great Plains of North America. It is ideal for growing wheat. The area also contains important deposits of oil, gas, coal etc. Winnipeg （温尼伯）is the chief city of the wheat region—the Chicago of Canada.
7.British Columbia lies on the Pacific coast of Canada. Vancouver（温哥华）is this region's largest city and the third largest city in Canada
8.Northern provinces and territories: bare, thinly settled, 4/5 of the country, Yukon Territory and North-west Territories.
③The European discovery of Canada
1.The name ―Canada‖ is believed to have come from the native people, the Indians, who used the word ―kanata‖ to describe a settlement.
2.can be traced back to the end of the 15th century; two men: John Cabot（约翰·卡波特）, Italian, and Jacques Cartier（雅克·卡蒂埃）, French.
3.John Cabot: discovered and claimed Newfoundland（纽芬兰）and the east coast of Canada in the name of King Henry VII of England in 1497, five years after Columbus discovered America. He thought he had reached northeast China.
4.Jacques Cartier: in 1535 sailed up the St. Lawrence River. While he failed to find the passage to Asia he was seeking, he opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and later colonizers.
④The rivalry between the British and the French
1.The English and French became rivals in the gradual conquest of those parts of North America.
2.Four years later in 1608, Samuel de Champlain（萨缪尔·德·尚普兰）, the French explorer established his ―habitation‖ in what is now Quebec City, to lay the roots of French Canada.
3.In 1610, Henry Hudson, the English explorer, gave his name to the huge bay in the center of Canada and later in 1670 the English Hudson Bay Company was established.
4.Through the 17th century the French settled the banks of the St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia, while the English established larger and better settlement in the New England colonies and Virginia. Because of the valuable fisheries and fur trade, a conflict developed between the English and French.
5.the Seven Years‘ war: 1756-1763, the French were forced to give up every inch of the land in North America and the whole of Canada came under the British rule.
6.The Quebec Act of 1774: Sir Guy Carleton （卡莱顿爵士）, the British Parliament granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians; English criminal law and French civil law.
7.The first British settlers in Canada were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the War of American Independence; Loyalists—to lay the base of English-speaking Canada.
⑤Self-government and the founding of the Confederation
1.By an Act of 1791, Upper Canada （British）and Lower Canada （French）were created; a conflict in 1837;
2.So with the Act of Union in 1840, the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again, and given internal
self-government in 1848.
3.As a result three colonies, already
controlling their local affairs, In 1867,
Canada （Quebec and Ontario）, New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined in a
―Confederation‖, a federal union and was
made a dominion in 1867 by the British
North America Act （《英属北美法案》）.
4.In 1869 under the first prime minister
Sir John Macdonald（麦克唐纳德）, Canada
bought from the Hudson's Bay Company
the vast middle west from which the
province of Manitoba（1870）, and later the
other prairie provinces and northern
territories were formed. In 1871, British
Columbia entered the federation and in
1873 so did the Prince Edward Island.
5.Conservative Party under Macdonald
and the Liberal Party under Wilfrid Laurier,
French Canadian.
6.1931, a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations: the Statute of
Westminster—the British dominions were
formally declared to be partner nations with
Britain, bound by their loyalty to a common
Crown.
7.Newfoundland, Canada's tenth
province in 1949.
⑥Canada in WWI and WWII
1.WWI: Canada entered World War I
and won the right to sign the Peace Treaty
of 1919 in its own name and to take a seat
as a member of the League of Nations（国
际联盟）. Since then Canada has found its
place among the nations of the world.
2.WWII: Canada fought as an ally of
Britain; nearly one million served.
Others
1.The separatist issue in Quebec
（p.394）
2.Bilingualism and Multiculturalism
（p.403-404）
Ⅲ.总结①Canada's geography: features
and geographical regions②History:
European discovery, and British-French
rivalry③Self-government and the
founding of the Confederation
④Canada in WWI and WWII
Chapter 27Land and People
I.本章知识点
1.重点：①Australia's geographical
features②Australia's geographical
structure③Factors that affect
Australia's climate④Composition of
Australia's population⑤Australia's built
environment （人工环境）
⑥Political pisions in Australia
2.难点、考点：①Australia's geography
and climate②Australia's population
③Australia's built environment
④Political pisions in Australia
Ⅱ.课本内容
①Australia's geographical features
1.Australia is in the southern hemisphere.
In other words it lies south of the equator.
To the European it is at the other end of the
world. That is why Australia is popularly
known in the West as ―the Land Down
Under‖.
2.the world's sixth largest country after
Russia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Brazil.
3.Australia is the only continent that
contains one country. It is surrounded by
the Tasman Sea（塔斯曼海）and the Pacific
Ocean to the east, by the Indian Ocean to
the west, by the Coral Sea, the Arafura Sea
（阿拉弗拉海）and Timor Sea帝汶海）to
the north, and the Southern Indian Ocean
and the Great Australian Bight（海湾）to the
south.
4.It is the flattest and lowest of the continent;
the only continent where people can get to
the top of the highest mountain by car. The
average height is 330 m.
5. Mount Kosciusko（科修斯科山）: the
highest point, 2,255 m.
②Australia's geographical structure
1.The geographical structure of Australia is
fairly simple. It is generally pided into
three topographical regions—the Great
Western Plateau（西部高原区）, the Eastern
Highlands（东部山地）and the great lowland
belt known as the Central Eastern
Lowlands（中东部低地）.
2.the Outback （远内地）—the interior and
the center of the Western Plateau and its
northern plains.
3.the Red Center （红色中心）—an area
with red-brown and tan soils in the heart of
the country.
4.the Great Western Plateau: almost 2/3 of
the continent; very dry
5.The Eastern Highlands: better known as
the Great Dividing Range. The Australian
Alps, the highest plateau in Australia, and
the Snowy Mountains lie in the southern
part. Mount Kosciusko, the highest peak in
Australia, is also located there. The Great
Dividing Range is Australia's main
watershed. The Great Barrier Reef （大堡
礁）—2,000 km line of coral islands and
reefs; the Murray—Australia's longest river
and the major part of the boundary between
New South Wales and Victoria.
6.the Central Eastern Lowlands: Lake
Eyre—Australia's largest lake, a part-time
lake, 12 m below sea level. This lowland
area has the country's richest farmland and
best grazing land.
③Factors that affect Australia's climate
1.They live on the cool, wet, forested
south-east coastland.2/3 of the continent is
hot and dry.
2.a hot continent: 39% of Australia lies in
the tropics and the rest of the continent also
has a warm climate.
3.a dry continent: more than half of
Australia receives less than 350 mm of
rainfall each year. We refer to areas
receiving less than 350 mm as dryland. So
large areas of the continent are covered by
drylands.
4.Drought is a fact of life in Australia.
factors: 1）, most of Australia lies between
20゜and 35゜south, a hot, dry area of the
world; 2）, few mountains; 3）, dry, sunny,
high pressure air masses; 4）, distance from
the ocean.
5.The climate has a great effect on
vegetation: the hot dry conditions that are
found over most of the continent are
suitable for small plants such as grasses
and shrubs rather than forests.
④Composition of Australia's population
1.Todya（1996）population is about 18
million; There are now about 250,000
Aboriginal and Torres Strait（托雷斯海峡）
Islanders people, about 1.5% of Australia's
population.
2.The overwhelming majority are
immigrants from over 30 countries; In
recent years Australian governments have
encouraged people with different ethnic
backgrounds to deep their own cultures.
This policy is called multiculturalism.
3.Although Australians are the descendants
of many nations, Great Britain has had the
greatest influence because Australia was
settled as a British colony. The Australian population is still mainly of British descent. The head of the Australian government—the Queen of England. The increasing influence of other countries—the United States and Japan.
While the influence of Britain is still considerable, the increasing influence of other countries is obvious. The United States of America is one such country and Japan is another. Australia is becoming a multicultural society, at least in major cities.
4.Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world; 80% of Australians live in the suburbs of coastal cities and towns.
5.Why Australia has always been a continent with few people? The main reason is an environmental one. The hot, dry environment of most of the continent contains little water and food, so it could support only small numbers of people.
6.population distribution: 80% of Australians live in the cooler, wetter south and east.
⑤Australia's built environment
1.two types of environment—the natural and the built. The built environment refers to those parts of the environment built by people or changed by people.
2.urban sprawl: Australian cities are large if we look at the area of land they occupy. The term ―urban sprawl‖ is used to describe a city that has grown over a large area of land. Urban sprawl occurs because most Australians prefer to live as small family units in their own homes on their own blocks of land.
3.five cities with a population over 1 million: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide on the eastern coast, and Perth on the western coast.
4.About 17% of Australia is used to grow crops. About 60% of the land is used for sheep and cattle grazing on large properties. Australia has ranked first in the world export of wool.
5.Aircraft and radio are used to help these people in the outback. School of the Air （空中学校）: children in the outback learn their lessons through a radio educational system called School of the Air.
6.flying doctors（会飞的医生）: people can also use radio to call doctors who will come by plane.
9b9cba34b90d6c85ec3ac696rge Aboriginal Reserves in central and northern Australia, Arnhem Land （阿奈姆保留地）
⑥Political pisions in Australia
1.Australia is politically pided into six states and two territories.
2.The Australian political pision borders are drawn mainly along straight lines of latitude and longitude instead of along natural features; and each has an independent access to the sea.
3.New South Wales: located in the southeast of Australia. As the first colony established by Britain in 1788 it is the oldest of the Australian states—called the premier state （第一州）; it is the fourth in size but it has the largest population. It leads the country in industry, shipping and agriculture. Sydney, its capital, is the largest city in Australia with a population of 3.6 million.
4.Victoria: is in the southeastern corner of the mainland Australia; the smallest mainland state; produces about a quarter of Australia's rural output. Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, is Australia's second largest city, and also regarded as the cultural and sports center of Australia. The
garden state.
5.Queensland: the second largest and
youngest state; the capital is Brisbane（布
里斯班）. Queensland is also called the
sunshine state; Darwin （in the Northern
Territory）—the sunniest in Australia. Two of
Australia's major tourist playgrounds —the
Gold Coast and the Great Barrier Reef.
6.South Australia: the third largest state in
Australia. Half of the world's opals （蛋白
石）are found there. Adelaide（阿德莱德）,
its capital, is internationally known for its
arts festival.
7.Western Australia: the biggest Australian
state, accounting for one third of the total
area of the country. Western Australia is
also known as the state of excitement. Its
capital is Perth（柏斯）.
8.Tasmania is the smallest of the Australian
states, an island lying south of the
southeastern corner of the Australian
mainland; often called the holiday isle. The
Tasmanian Wildness is on the World
Heritage List. Hobart （霍巴特）is the
capital of Tasmania.
9.The Northern Territory（北领地）: nearly a
fifth of the continent. The capital of the
territory is Darwin. Cattle-raising is the main
industry in this region. The southern area of
the Northern Territory is the famous Red
Center of Australia; Uluru （Ayers Rock）
–probably Australia's best-known national
park.
10.Australian Capital Territory （ACT）:
Shortly after the Australian colonies joined
together to form a federation in 1901, it was
decided that the new nation should have a
new state of government. So the Australian
Capital Territory was mapped out of the
state of New South Wales to be the site of
the national capital. ―Canburry‖ is an
Aboriginal word for ―meeting place‖and
from it came the name of the capital,
Canberra, called the garden city.
Ⅲ.总结①Australia's geography and
climate;②Australia's population;
Australia‘s built environment;④Political
pisions in Australia
Chapter 33The Making of New Zealand
I.本章知识点
1.重点：①New Zealand's geography;
②Characteristics of New Zealand's climate;
③Native plants and animals; Historical
background of New Zealand; ⑤the Treaty of
Waitangi 1840 （《怀唐依条约》））
⑥Characteristics of Maori culture
（Maoritanga）
2.难点、考点：①geography and climate;
②kiwi; ③historical background and the
Treaty of Waitangi; ④Maoritanga
II.课本内容
①New Zealand's geography
1.New Zealand is in the Southern
Pacific Ocean, halfway between the
equator and the South Pole. About 1500
kilometers to the northwest, across the
Tasman Sea, is Australia. Its capital is
Wellington, 40°S. The latitude of China's
capital, Beijing, is 40°N.
2.The size of the country is similar to
Britain or Japan. It has two main lands:
North Island and South Island.
3.just west of the International Date
Line, the first country to get the new day.
4.hilly—―a land uplifted high‖; There
are mountains all over New Zealand.
5.South Island: Mt Cook, the highest
peak, in the center of the mountain range
called the Southern Alps.
6.North Island: the central plateau, a
volcanic and geothermal area （火山地热
区），is dominated by 3 volcanic mountains.
（北岛中部的高原地带巍然耸立着3座火
山）; occasional eruptions of steam and ash.
9b9cba34b90d6c85ec3ac696ke Taopo （陶波湖）—the largest
lake in New Zealand, formed by an
enormous volcanic eruption.
8.Clutha （克卢萨河）—the largest river
（in South Island）
9.A fault line（地壳断层线）, where two
parts of the earth's crust meet, runs the
length of the country. Earthquakes and
volcanoes—the most serious potential
natural disasters.
②Characteristics of New Zealand's
climate
1.The climate of New Zealand is
generally temperate, but because the
country runs northsouth, the climate is
varied.
2.In the far north it is subtropical（亚热
带气候）and in some mountainous areas of
South Island it is almost subarctic（亚极地
气候）.
3.Changeable weather, often windy.
4.The highest rainfall on the west coast
③Native plants and animals
1.― the bush‖—forest as New
Zealanders call it.
2.New Zealand evergreen giants
include the kauri （贝壳杉）, over 35 m tall
3.the ―cabbage tree‖ （圆头树）—giant
lily
4.New Z ealand has 250 species of
birds including the kiwi（几维鸟）: a
nocturnal （awake at night）bird that
cannot fly. The kiwi is a national symbol
and New Zealanders refer to themselves as
Kiwis.
5.lizard-like tuatara （斑点楔齿晰）: the
best-known reptile, described as a ―living
fossil‖.
④Historical background of New
Zealand
1.It is difficult to say who was the first
person to discover New Zealand. There are
two histories: the Maori history and the
European history.
2.The European history begins in the
17th century. The first European to visit New
Zealand was a Dutchman, Abel Tasman（阿
贝尔·塔斯曼）. The Dutch government was
not interested in the discovery. Tasman
named the country Statenland, which was
later changed to Nieuw Zeeland. Zeeland
had been the name of an area in Holland.
3.The first Englishman to visit New
Zealand was Captain James Cook of the
British Royal Navy; his ship, Endeavor （奋
进号）.
⑤the Treaty of Waitangi 1840
1.In 1840 the first official governor,
William Hobson （霍布森）, was sent to
negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840
Hobson, representing Queen Victoria, and
some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of
Waitangi. Modern New Zealand was
founded.
2.The Treaty was an agreement
between the chiefs of the Maori people and
the British Crown on behalf of the whalers,
sealers, traders and missionaries who had
been settling in New Zealand since the
early 1800s.
3.The Treaty has three articles: 1）,the
Maori people gave the Queen of England
the right to make laws for the country; 2）,the second article promised the Maori full exclusive possession over their lands, forests, fisheries and other treasured possessions. 3）,Maoris were granted all the rights and privileges of British subjects.
4.The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day（怀唐依日）, and is a national holiday.
After 1840
The British did not always respect the spirit of the Treaty and many problems arose from this. The first British settlers came in 1840 through the New Zealand Company, an association established in England by Edward Sibbon Wakefield and others.
⑥Characteristics of Maori culture （Maoritanga）
1.Maoritanga is Maoriculture, the Maori way of life and view of the world.
2.Maori views of the world, of nature, of education, of spirituality and death, are becoming more and more part of the New Zealand way of life.
Maoris believe their ancestors, and all living things in the world, were descended from the gods. In the beginning the father, Ranginui the sky, and the mother Papa-tua-nuku the earth, were locked together in a close embrace. The gods were stifled in this tight embrace of their parents and they tried to separate their parents. Tane was the creator of the bush, the trees and all the creatures living there. Aotearoa, which had been fished up out of the Pacific by Maui, was discovered by the great explorer Kupe. Everyday life before 1840
Their basic food plant—kumara （sweet potato）.
Food was cooked in a hangi, a pit in the ground filled with hot stones.
3.The marae, the meeting house and the land around it, is the focus of Maori community life.
Ⅲ.总结①geography and climate②kiwi ③historical background and the Treaty of Waitangi④Maoritanga
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