2010年职称英语考试（理工类） 阅读理解与完形填空 新增文章

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2010年职称英语考试（理工类）阅读理解新增文章-书中第3篇

第3篇 Citizen Scientists

Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring - all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help. Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest - birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. - and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.

A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Pheonology4 Network. \the timing of events in nature.

One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project - which is open to everyone - record their observations on the Project BudBurst website. \what's in their neighborhood,\with the project. \how plants and eommunities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.\词汇：

Frog n. 蛙 Ecologist n.生态学家 Phenology n.物候学 Bud v.发芽，萌芽；n.芽，花蕾

Neighbor(u)rhood n.近邻；邻近地区 Database n.数据库

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Professional adj.专业的，职业的；n.职业选手，专业人员 注释：

1. life cycle：生命周期，即生物发展过程的系列变化。

2. hyper-local beat: beat 在此做名词用，意思是：某类新闻报道，如，a business beat； 商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。Hyper-local beat 即 hyper-local news，指 的是被传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在美 国由此而诞生了 hyper-local news website，专门对主流媒体所没有覆盖的地区所发生 的事件进行报道，其形式多以网民，即短文中所提及的 citizen journalists，上传所 在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。这是网络时代产生的又一新生事物。

3. data 是复数形式，但常用做单数，所以这里的代词是 it。另参见 最后 一段―As we collect this data, ...‖。这里的 data 也用作单数。

4. phenology：物候学或生物气候学，是气候学和生态学的边缘学科，主要研究气候环境 对生物的影响。

5. communities：生态学词汇：生物群落，记载比较相似的环境条件下在特定自然区域或 环境中生活和互相影响的一群植物和动物。 练习：

1. Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them A) to provide their personal life cycles. B) to observe the life cycle of plants. C) to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D) to teach children knowledge about climate change.

2. What are citizen scientists asked to do?

A) To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists. B) To send their research observations to a professional database. C) To increase their knowledge about climate change. D) To keep a record of their research observations.

3. In \\

A) a citizen journalist. B) a citizen scientist. C) a scientist. D) a citizen.

4. What is NOT true of Project BudBurst?

A) Only experts can participate in it. B) Everybody can participate in it.

C) It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants. D) It has its own website.

5. What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?

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A) To study when plants will have their first buds. B) To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.

C) To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.

D) To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes. 答案与题解：

1. C第一段和第二段的第一句告诉我们，要在世界范围内观察气候对大自然中生物生命周 期的影响，数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下，为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与 。 所以 C 是正确选择。

2. B第二段第三句中 encourage ordinary people to observe…的主语是 The citizen scientist movement，即公民参与科学观察的运动。所以 D 不是正确选择。A 和 C 不符 合文章的句意，因此也不是正确的选择。这个句子的大意是：这一运动鼓励普通公民根 据自己的兴趣爱好进行科学观察，并将观察结果送交数据库，让专门领域的科学家做进 一步的观察。B 正确表达了这个意思。

3. B one 在 这 里 是 一 个 代 词 ， 其 前 置 词 是 citizen scientists ， 而 不 是 citizen journalists，这里的 one 指的是 one of citizen scientists。所以 A、C 和 D 都不是 正确选择。这个句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去，就 能成为一个公民科学家。

4. A 文章最后一段说，这个计划向所有人开放（open to everyone），所以应选择 A。B，C，D 所述内容都在该段中提到。

5. D C 表述的内容是 Project Budburst 所要做的工作，但其最终的目的不仅仅是收集数 据，而是研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此，D 才是正确答案。 2010年职称英语考试（理工类）阅读理解新增文章-书中第6篇

第6篇 Arctic Melt

Earth's North and South Poles are famous for being cold and icy. Last year, however, the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean fell to a record low1. Normally, ice builds in Arctic waters around the North Pole each winter and shrinks during the summer. But for many years, the amount of ice left by the end of summer has been declining.

Since 1979, each decade has seen an 11.4 percent drop in end-of-summer ice cover2. Between 1981 and 2000, ice in the Arctic lost 22 percent of its thickness -- becoming 1.13 meters thinner.

Last summer, Arctic sea ice reached its skimpiest levels yet. By the end of

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summer 2007, the ice had shrunk to cover just 4.2 million square kilometers. That's 38 percent less area than the average cover at that time of year. Andit's a very large 23 percent below the previous record low, which was set just 2 years ago. This continuing trend has scientists concerned.

There may be several reasons for the ice melt, says Jinlun Zhang, an

oceanographer at the University of Washington3 in Seattle. Unusually strong winds blew through the Arctic last summer. The winds pushed much of the ice out of the central Arctic, leaving a large area of thin ice and open water4. Scientists also suspect that fewer clouds cover the Arctic now than in the past. Clearer skies allow more sunlight to reach the ocean. The extra heat warms both the water and the atmosphere. In parts of the Arctic Ocean last year, surface temperatures were 3.5℃Celsius warmer than average and 1.5℃ warmer than the previous record high5.

With both air and water getting warmer, the ice is melting from both above and below. In some parts of the Beaufort Sea6, north of Alaska and western Canada, ice that measured 3.3m thick at the beginning of the summer measured just 50 centimeters by season's end.

The new measurements suggest that melting is far more severe than scientists have seen by just looking at ice cover from above, says Donald K. Perovich, a geophysicist at the U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, N.H.7

Some scientists fear that the Arctic is stuck in a warming trend from which it may never recover. 词汇：

Arctic n.北极，北极圈；adj.北极的

the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 shrink v.萎缩；缩小，减少 oceanographer n.海洋学家 skimpy adj.缺乏的，不足的 centimeter n.厘米 geophysicist n.地球物理学家 注释

1. fell to a record low: 跌到历史最低点。record 作形容词时，意思是―空前的，创记 录的‖。Record low 的反义词是 record high: 历史最高点。 2. ice cover: 冰覆盖量

3. University of Washington: 华盛顿大学，创建于 l861 年，座落在美国华盛顿州西雅图 市东北角，所以又称西雅图华盛顿大学，是美国著名的公立研究型大学。 4. open water: 没有冰覆盖的海面 5. record high : 见注释1。

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6. the Beaufort Sea: 波弗特海，是北冰洋边缘海，位于美国阿拉斯加州东北岸和加拿大 西北岸，海中岛屿稀少，有无岛海之称。

7. Hanover，N．H：新罕布什尔州汉诺威市。N．H．是 New Hampshire 的缩写。该州位于美 国新英格兰地区。 练习：

1. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word \sentence of the second paragraph?

A) Construct. B) Extend. C) Create. D) Expand. 2. What is the ice cover in the Arctic by the end of 2007 summer?

A) 4.2 million square kilometers. B) 11.4 million square kilometers. C) 1.13 million square kilometers. D) 38 million square kilometers.

3. What are the reasons for the ice melt according to the scientists? A) Strong winds and clear skies. B) Long summer and short winter. C) Open water and thin ice. D) Light clouds and light winds. 4. Why is the ice melting from both above and below? A) Because extra heat warms the air. B) Because extra heat warms the water.

C) Because the temperature above the water is higher. D) Both A and B. 5. What can be a possible title for the passage?

A) What are scientists looking for in the Arctic Ocean? B) What are scientists doing in the Arctic Ocean?

C) Why are scientists worrying about the Arctic Ocean? D) Why are scientists interested in the Arctic Ocean? 练习：

1．D build 是个多义词，四个选项都是该词的潜在词义。但在第二段的第一句中，build 与后半句中 shrink(become smaller)一词相对，意思是 become bigger 之义。Extend 是增 长的意思，不适合用在此处。

2．A 答案可在第四段的第二句中找到。该句的意思是：2007 年夏末，冰的覆盖面积已经 缩小至 420 万平方公里。

3．A 短文的第五和第六段回答了这个问题。第五段告诉我们，由于强风的原因，大面积海 面仅有薄冰覆盖或没有冰层覆盖。第六段告诉我们，晴朗的天空使太阳直接照射海面，导致 高温。所以 A 是正确选择。B 的内容没有在文中提到。C 的表述内容是间接原因，是刮强风 的结果。D 选项中，light clouds 的确是 ice melt 的原因，但 fight winds 是错误的理解。

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