研究生期末考试单词语法

1.How the world failed to stop the Ebola epidemic

Language Points

1. wipe out： mark for deletion, rub off, or erase

Examples:

With a little genetic tinkering, fast growing fish and freeze resistant fruits will help feed an overpopulated planet, but such hybrids could unwittingly wipe out the food chain.

有了稍经基因修复、快速养殖的鱼和防冻水果，人口过多的星球将获得足够的食物，不过，这些合成物可能不知不觉地彻底摧毁食物链。

It is hoped the procedure will trigger an immune response that will wipe out HIV-infected cells while leaving non-infected cells unharmed.

希望这一治疗会激发免疫反应，清除感染了艾滋病病毒的细胞，同时又不损伤未感染细胞。

2. free oneself of

Examples:

Another thing that this paper reveals is the close relationship between the ability to free oneself from the control of visual information and fast reading.

本文同时还揭示了摆脱语言视觉信息禁锢的能力与速读之间的密切联系。

3. outrun: run faster than

Examples:

In contrast, the Goldman case demonstrates a more effective way to police bankers, because Wall Street cannot outrun a judge.

相反，高盛案件展现出一种监管银行家的更有效方式，因为华尔街不可能超越法官。

4. oversee: watch and direct

Examples:

And they 're feeling worried Afghan police would not be able to oversee security once foreign troops leave.

他们对外国军队一旦离开阿富汗警方将无法监督安全感到担心。

5. throttle: place limits on (extent or access)

Examples:

The region was still raising rates as recently as mid-2008, as central bankers tried to throttle rising inflation.

就在2008年年中，当各央行试图遏制不断恶化的通胀时，该地区还在加息。

6. a handful of：a few, several

Examples:

A handful of Tech startups are competing for a foothold in the emerging market for personal data control products.

几家高科技初创企业正在为立足于个人数据控制产品这一新兴市场领域展开角逐。

But even a handful of cases of Ebola could also bring economic disruption to a region that is heavily dependent on trade.

但即使只有少数几例埃博拉个案，也会在这个严重依赖贸易的地区引发经济动荡。

7. gear：equipment consisting of miscellaneous articles needed for a particular operation or sport etc.

Examples:

A spokesman for American Airlines says part of the plane's landing gear collapsed, and one engine on the right side fell off the wing from the impact.

美国航空公司发言人说，飞机降落装置的某些部分损毁，右侧的一个发动机在撞击下从机翼上脱落。

The kits will include protective gear for family members, gloves and masks, disinfectants, and fever-reducing drugs.

每套包括供家庭成员使用的防护用具、手套和口罩、消毒剂，以及退烧药。

8. take on：accept as a challenge

Examples:

To take on the competition, Nokia and Microsoft will have to prove that their partnership can result in a truly different -- and better -- mobile experience for consumers.

诺基亚和微软要想在竞争中立于不败之地，就必须证明双方的合作可以为消费者

带来全然不同的、更好的移动体验。

9. even as：即使； at the same time as

Examples:

Chinese GDP rose 8.9% during the fourth quarter, even as Europe 's unfolding debt crisis unnerved investors.

尽管欧债务危机持续发展让投资者失去信心，去年第四季度中国的GDP增速仍达到了8.9%。

Over the years, Walmart has made headlines for behaving badly even as executives work tirelessly to maintain its All-American image.

尽管沃尔玛的高管们多年来一直不遗余力地维系其美国精神典型代表的形象，但这家公司的不良表现却多次见诸报端。

10. deploy: to distribute systematically or strategically

Examples:

Similarly, both solutions might deploy in a simple centralized infrastructure, or in a more sophisticated, distributed manner.

同样，这两个解决方案可能部署在简单的集中式基础架构中，也可能采用更复杂的分布式方式进行部署。

Dream jobs: College students make their picks

Language Points

1. personality:n. characteristics and qualities of a person seen as a whole

Examples:

Parents have great influ ences on the development of a child’s personality.

你的个性和才华给我留下了深刻的印象。

I’m deeply impressed both by your personality and talent.

2. genuine:adj. authentic; sincere

Examples:

I was shocked to know that such an expensive painting was not genuine.

在这里工作了20年后，我真的很喜欢这所校园。

Having been working here for 20 years, I do have a genuine love for the campus.

3. arm candy: (informal) a sexually attractive person who accompanies another at social events

臂弯花瓶(陪伴异性参加舞会或活动的俊男美女)

Examples:

She’d already had mini-roles in eight movies when she turned up as George Sanders’ arm candy in the party scenes of this film.

托尼通常有两个漂亮的女孩陪他参加社交排队。

Tony usually had two pretty girls accompany him to parties as arm candy.

4. identify: recognize or distinguish (as being the specified person or thing)

Examples:

This is a course that teaches us to identify plants and flowers.

你能在这些伞中认出你自己的那一把吗?

Can you identify your umbrella among this lot?

5. characteristic: distinguishing feature

Examples:

A person of your characteristic is sure to be popular with young people like college students.

慷慨是他最好的特点之一。

Generosity is one of his nicest characteristics.

6. associate: connect in thought, memory or imagination

Examples:

Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.

人们总是把史蒂夫·乔布斯的名字与苹果联系在一起。

People will always associate the name of Steve Jobs with Apple.

7. break (something ) down (into): be divided or divide into parts

Examples:

Expenditure on the project breaks down as follows: raw materials $1m, equipment $2m, wages $2m.

水可以分解为氢和氧。

Water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen.

8. prestigious: having or bringing prestige; having high status

Examples:

Only the most prestigious scholars deserve such a title.

耶鲁大学是世界上最负盛名的大学之一。

Yale University is one of the world’s most prestigious universities.

9. recruit: enroll (someone) as a member or worker in an organization; enlist

Examples:

Our university recruited more staff this year than last year.

教练两天内为棒球队招募了九个男孩。

The coach recruited nine boys for the baseball team in two days.

10. prospect:picture in the mind or imagination, especially of a future event; the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring

Examples:

He is so excited by the prospect of having his own house in such a big city.

当他想到国外度假的景象时，他觉得自己很有一股努力工作的动力。

When he thinks of the prospect of a holiday abroad, he feels motivated to work hard.

11. ethical: of morals or moral questions; morally correct

Examples:

His behavior is not ethical.

这是一个道德问题，我们不应该忽视。

This is an ethical issue that we should never neglect.

12. designate: mark or point out clearly; choose (someone / something ) for a special purpose

Examples:

The boundaries between the two countries are designated on the map.

该市东部地区已被划定为开发区。

The eastern part of the city has been designated as a development zone.

13. overall: total; general

Examples:

My overall impression of him is that he is very talkative.

你能告诉我这个项目的总费用吗？

Can you tell me the overall cost of the project?

14. diversity: variety

Examples:

There was a diversity of opinions on whether a nuclear plant should be built near the city.

承认多样化是全世界在21世纪生存的关键。

The tolerance of diversity is the key to the survival of the world in the 21st century.

15. critical: of or at a crisis; decisive; crucial

Examples:

The unemployment problem in that country is very critical at present.

在危急关头，他跳进河里救了那个男孩。

At the critical moment he jumped into the river and saved the boy.

16. ethnicity: state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition

Examples:

We welcome all talent, regardless of their background, gender and ethnicity.

在这所大学，你必须学会与不同民族的人相处。

In this university you must learn to get along with people of different ethnicities.

17. for starters: first of all, to start with

Examples:

He is not suitable for the task. For starters, he hasn’t got any experience in dealing with emergency.

首先，我们没有足够的时间。

For starters, we don’t have enough time.

18. luster: soft brightness of a smooth or shining surface; glory, distinction

Examples:

She couldn’t e at, and her hair lost its luster.

勇敢的事迹为你的名字增添光彩。

Brave deeds add luster to one’s name.

19. account for: make up (a specified amount or proportion)

Examples:

The local people just account for 1/3 of the workers in the factory.

衣食占了这个家庭每月开支的很大一部分。

Food and clothing account for a large portion of the family’s monthly expenditure.

20. category:a class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics

Examples:

The books fall into two categories: those of social sciences and those of natural sciences.

我们可以把该公司的产品分为三类。

We can divide the products of the company into three categories.

21. appealing: attractive, charming, interesting

Examples:

The actor’s voice makes him very appealing to his fans.

这部电影对我没有吸引力。

The film is not appealing to me.

22. achievement: something successfully finished or gained, especially through skill or hard work

Examples:

The scientist was rewarded by the government for his great achievement in rice hybrids research.

我们一定不能小瞧了她所取得的杰出成就。

23. significant: of noticeable importance

Examples:

The annual report of the company is significant for the public.

你在这个职位上的成功将对你的未来很有意义。

Your success in this position will be significant for your future.

24. come in: finish in the stated place in a race or competition

Examples:

Where did our team come in — second or third?

在100米比赛中乔治得了第三名。

George came in third in the 100-meter race.

25. reputation: the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something

Examples:

The expert has lost his good reputation because he often speaks for the privileged.

这位医生因为有耐心而出了名。

The doctor has a reputation for being very patient.

26. executive: a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organization

Examples:

As the chief executive he spends much time on decision making.

他是公司的高级管理人员之一。

He is one of the company’s senior executives.

27. build (something) on (something): base (something) on (something); use something as a foundation for making further progress

Examples:

Your accusation is not built on evidence.

公司通过自己的调查得出结论。

The company drew the conclusion by building on its own survey.

Is getting a PhD worth it?

1. provocative: serving or tending to provoke, excite, or stimulate, stimulating discussion or exciting controversy

e.g. a provocative remark a provocative smile

Examples:

These grave acts are part of a series of provocative and continuing Israeli violations of Lebanese maritime territory and airspace.

这些严重行为是以色列不断挑衅地侵犯黎巴嫩领海和领空的一系列行为的一部分。

2. bemoan: regret strongly; 悲叹；叹息；埋怨If you bemoan something, you express sorrow or dissatisfaction about it.

Examples:

Many successful professional women bemoan the difficulty of finding a husband matching their wealth, social status and education.

许多事业有成的女子都哀叹，想要找到一个和自己经济水平、社会地位、受教育程度都相当的意中人实在太难。

Again and again last week I heard Chinese officials bemoan the failure of the west to lead by example on tackling emissions.

上个星期，我听到中国官员一再对西方没有在处理排放问题方面以身作则表示惋惜。

3. occurrence: an event that happens

Examples:

We will adopt comprehensive measures to firmly halt the frequent occurrence of major incidents.

通过采取综合措施，坚决遏制重特大事故频发的势头。

4. maligne:诽谤;中伤;污蔑If you malign someone, you say unpleasant and untrue things about them.

有害的;不良的If something is malign, it causes harm.

Examples:

Such false accusations malign the Kashmiri freedom struggle and are part of a propaganda strategy to perpetuate Indian occupation of the state. 这一无端指控是对克什米尔自由斗争的诬蔑，是使印度永久占领该国之宣传战略的一部分。

Iran and Syria must stop the flow of weapons and foreign fighters into Iraq and their malign interference in Iraq.

伊朗和叙利亚必须停止向伊拉克运送武器和外国战斗人员，停止其对伊拉克的恶意干涉。

5. calculated risk:预计风险

Examples:

But Ryu says she and Snelson took a calculated risk in opening a business in Somalia because they both had spent many years working in the country and knew the opportunities and the pitfalls well in advance.

但柳表示，她和斯奈尔森在索马里创业承担的风险都没有超出他们的考量，因为他们在这个国家有过多年的工作经历，能够提前发现机遇和危险。

6.strain：(精神上的)压力，重负，紧张Strain is a state of worry and tension caused by a difficult situation； an effortful attempt to attain a goal

Examples:

By undergoing the stress and strain of tough competition, the athletes grow in strength, endurance and discipline.

在经历了激烈竞争的压力与紧张之后，运动员在力量、耐力和纪律方面都有提高。

7. rigorous：demanding strict attention to rules and procedures

Examples:

Portugal has passed a rigorous budget for 2011 and has also announced bold measures to improve its overall competitiveness.

葡萄牙通过了2011年的严格预算，还宣布了提高总体竞争力的大胆举措。

8. live on：continue to live through hardship or adversity Examples:

Luckily, I have enough savings to live on for a while, since my job hunt seems to be taking forever.

幸运的是，虽然我一时半会儿还找不到工作，但我的积蓄短期内还足够维持我的生活。

9. take up: pursue or resume

Examples:

He did not particularly want to take up a competitive sport.

他并不特别想从事竞技体育运动。

10. for advancement

Examples:

Find out if one job may equip you better for advancement than another. 了解一下是否某件工作能让你有更大发展。

But it would be wrong for them to depend for advancement on their father. 但对他们而言，依赖父亲获得晋升将是错误的。

11. sway：move back and forth or sideways

Examples:

Greece 's problems have roiled global markets, but it has done little to sway voters who have met austerity measures with street riots.

希腊问题搅动了全球市场，但却丝毫没能影响希腊选民，他们用街头骚乱来反对紧缩措施。

12. in terms of：根据; 用…的话; 就…而言;

Examples:

I feel I can gain more from working in that kind of environment, not just

in terms of salary.

我觉得那样的工作环境我可以收获更多，不只是薪水方面。

And this change will have huge consequences in terms of everything from shopping habits, to health care to social media.

而这种改变会给城市的方方面面带来重大的影响，包括购物习惯、健康以及社交媒体等等。

Engineering the Tools of Scientific Discovery

Vocabulary and Usage

1.expertise 具体领域的专长和知识

例句：Completed op-eds should be sent with your name, address, day and evening cell phone numbers, and your credentials for writing on the topic, if you have either expertise in the field or a relevant personal experience.

如果您具有相关领域的知识、技能和经验，请写一个完整的专栏寄给我们，附上您的姓名、地址、白天晚上使用的手机号码以及您就这一话题写作的资质证明。

2.in the quest for 寻求……

例句：In the quest for better health, many people turn to doctors, self-help books or herbal supplements，but they overlook a powerful weapon that could help them fight illness and depression, speed recovery, slow aging and prolong life: their friends.

在寻求健康的道路上，很多人会求助于医生、自救书籍和草药辅助治疗，但他们忽略了一个帮助他们战胜疾病和抑郁的有力武器：他们的朋友。

3.probe 探索；了解

例句：The best hiring processes not only force candidates to respond to tough questions, but probe the reasons behind those responses.

最佳招聘流程不仅能够让应聘者应对难题，还须（让招聘者）了解他们做出的各种应对背后的原因。

By getting closer to the advanced science and technologies in this way, people can probe into their secret mysteries.

人们以这样的方式更接近先进的科学技术，可望进一步了解它们的奥妙。

4.be incorporated into 包含；和……结合

例句：Detailed construction safety technical measures must be incorporated into construction organization design and construction scheme.

具体的施工安全技术措施必须被列入施工组织设计与施工方案中。

5.range from…to…在……范围内

例句：Information provided can range from how much wave energy is present for sustainable power generation, to whether chemical levels are increasing.

所提供的信息涵盖很多方面，从用于可持续发电的波能的总量到化学含量是否增加。

6.else than…只是

例句：Animals are nothing else than the figures of our virtues and our vices, straying before our eyes, the visible phantoms of our souls.

动物只不过是我们美德和丑恶的具象而已，在我们眼前晃来荡去的正是我们灵魂的魅影。

7.pose 造成；提出；引起；产生

例句：While pilots crashing commercial airlines are exceedingly rare, many other aviation employees on the ground can also pose threats to flights.

虽然飞行员驾驶商业飞机坠毁的情况极其罕见，但很多地勤人员也可能对航班构成威胁。

Even the simplest and most obvious prescriptions, to do with improving security at domestic airports, pose a dilemma.

在提高国内机场安全性这个问题上，即使最容易、最明了的解决方案，也会产生两难的情况。

8.envision 想象；预见

例句：Cohen concludes that improved teaching “is more likely to be

a long March than the quick fix that most recent reforms envision. ”

最后，科恩指出，改善教学“很可能是件任重而道远的工作，而不是近来改革方案所想象的那样，一蹴而就。”

9.populate 居住于……；栖息于……；占据；充满

例句：Many of the innumerable machines and devices that populate the physical environment also already come with some data-generating digital technology.

在占据实体环境的无数机器和设备中，有许多也已经具备一定的数据生成数字技术。

We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it.

在该书中，我们已经尽可能精确地提供有关科学界和科学界人士的最新图景。

10.convert…into…将……转为……

例句：Creatures that burn up energy more quickly tend to have shorter

lives than animals that convert food into energy slowly.

燃烧能量快的生物，比那些把食物缓慢转换成能量的动物寿命短。

11.allure 吸引；诱惑

例句：The allure of home-working for employees is becoming greater, given the stress and rising costs associated with commuting.

由于通勤造成的压力及不断上升的成本，家庭办公对雇员越来越有吸引力。

12.exceed 超过；超出

例句：Their analysis found that such levels of pollution exceed the recommended safe limits of World Health Organization by more than 60%.

他们的分析发现，这样的污染水平比世界卫生组织推荐的安全上限高出60%以上。

Using traditional legacy architectures, the time, effort and cost associated with the integration may exceed the business benefit.

如果使用传统遗留的建筑，花在整合方面的世界、精力和成本有可能超过所带来的商业利润。

13.coalesce 联合；合并；结合

例句：Asteroids are chunks of rock from “failed” planets, which never managed to coalesce into full-sized planets.

小行星是来自“失败”行星的岩石块，它们没能凝聚成完整的行星。

These services can coalesce to accomplish a specific business task, enabling businesses to quickly adapt to changing conditions and requirements.

这些服务项目可以结合起来，完成具体的商业任务，让企业很快适应新条件和新要求。

14.exert…on…发挥；施加（影响、外力等）

例句：Hence, the euro would exert market pressure to banish restrictive labor laws that had been a European institution, and economic curse, for decades.

由此，欧元将会产生市场压力，可望废除限制劳工法这个欧洲的产物，在过去几十年里，该法已经成了经济的诅咒。

This experiment will probably expand, and continue to exert a growing influence on the shape of the global economy.

这项试验的规模很可能还会扩大，并继续对全球经济形态产生日益重大的影响。

15.encompass 包括；包围；围绕

例句：Pure management themes grew to encompass world financial and political matters, including north-south and East-West relations and

Global trade.

单一的管理问题演变成世界范围内的金融与政治事件，包括南北关系、东西关系，以及全球贸易。

Such efforts need to encompass measures to build a higher level of trust among the returnees and the local populations.

这些努力必须包括在回返者与当地人之间建立更高信任的措施。

16.beyond the reach of 不及；达不到；够不着

例句：No doubt, China 's property prices have risen rapidly beyond the reach of much of the country' s middle class.

毫无疑问，中国房价飞涨，国内中产阶层已无力承担。

The worlds of science and technology –so important for our lives today – remain beyond the reach of most.

科技领域对于我们当下的生活至关重要，但对大多数人来说却是可望不可及。

Causes of Environmental Problems

1.desperate: adj.（因绝望而）孤注一掷的，铤而走险的，拼命的极困难的;

极严重的;极危险的

e.g. They made a desperate attempt to save the company.

The government is desperate to regain credibility with the public.

2.erode: vt&vi.侵蚀腐蚀 vi. 逐渐毁坏，削弱，损害

e.g. These high levels of inequality erode social cohesion in the region.

3. Intervention N. 干预干涉

e.g. The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.

No amount of sophistry can justify one country's intervention in the internal affairs of another country.

任何诡辩也不能证明一国干涉别国内政是正当的。

We will never accommodate ourselves to acts of aggression and intervention out of consideration for our relations with the power in question.

我们决不会因为考虑国家关系而对侵略和干涉行为姑息迁就。

The country has been ravaged by civil war and foreign intervention.

4. tamper 干预;篡改

e.g. Anyone who tampers with evidence should be accused.

5. are believed to

Be-verbed +infinitive is one passive form for sentences like people believe/consider/think that…

E.g. In the past, it was believed that the left handers tended to have more accidents largely because most equipment was designed for right

handers.

6. Subdue vt 征服克服制服

e.g. Neither riches nor honours can corrupt him; neither poverty nor

humbleness can make him swerve from principle; and neither threats nor forces can subdue him.

富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。

7. muse VERB 沉思;冥想;若有所思地说(或写)

E.g. Many of the papers muse on the fate of the President

8. forge ahead: 稳步前进，突然加速前进；开拓进取

e.g. A boat sailing against the current must forge ahead or it will be

driven back.

e.g. If we forge ahead continuously without a break, we'll be able to

raise efficiency.

9. Unleash vt. 解开…的皮带; 放纵; 解除…的束缚; 发泄

e.g. The officers were still reluctant to unleash their troops in pursuit

of a defeated enemy.

10. Hazard vt.冒险; 使遭受危险

n.危险; 冒险的事; 机会; 双骰子游戏

e.g. Poverty leads to slums, which are an eyesore and a health hazard.

贫困产生了贫民窟，那里不仅有碍观瞻，而且卫生隐患严重。

11. Harness n. 马具，挽具; 背带; 系带 vt.利用; 给（马等）套轭具; 控制

e.g. Scientists have known how to harness the limitless power of the sun.

12. Guzzle vt. 狂饮；暴食；狼吞虎咽大量消耗（汽油）；浪费

e.g. The plane was deafeningly noisy, guzzle d fuel, and left a trail

of smoke.

13. estimate n. 评价估计

e.g. Its own estimate of three hundred tallies with that of another

survey.

14. leeway N-UNCOUNT 自由；自由空间；回旋余地

e.g. The President said that he wanted to give states more leeway to pursue

their own health-care reforms. 总统说他希望给各州更多的医疗改革空间。

15. stimulate vt.刺激鼓励帮助

e.g. These businesses stimulate the creation of local jobs.

DHL Worldwide Express

1.shuttle vt. 以短程往复方式运送（货物等）

n.（织机的）梭子; 航天飞机; （缝纫机的）滑梭; 短程穿梭运行的飞机（或火车，汽车）

e.g. The space shuttle had been scheduled to blast off at 04:38.

航天飞机已经预定于凌晨4点38分发射升空。

2.hub n.轮轴; 中心，焦点; （电器面板上的）电线插孔;

e.g. .As a hub of finance and communications, Paris is now almost equal

to London.作为一个金融和交通中心，巴黎现在几乎可媲美伦敦。

3.frantically adv. 疯狂地

e.g. The doctors and nurses frantically stitch, bandage and occasionally

amputate。

4. backbone n. n.脊梁骨，脊椎; 分水岭; 支柱; 决心，毅力

e.g. Agriculture forms the backbone of the rural economy. 农业是农村经

济的基础。

5. downsize vt. 以较小尺寸设计（或制造），缩小（汽车等的）外部尺寸

e.g. The company chose to downsize and more fully utilize the remaining

workers.公司决定缩小规模,并更加充分地用好余下的工人.

6.outsource vt.外购（指从外国供应商等处获得货物或服务）；外包（工程）

e.g. Increasingly, corporate clients are seeking to outsource the

management of their facilities.越来越多的公司客户寻求将设施的管理外包出去。

7. alliance n.（国家、政党等的）结盟，同盟，联盟，联合; 联姻; 同盟条

约; 同盟者

e.g. What will be the effect of the alliance between IBM and Apple?

There are signs that the alliance is now fraying at the edges.

8. clear customs过海关检查

e.g. The Customs shall clear the imports or exports after examining the

import or export permit

9. Invoice n.发票; 发货单 v.开发票; 记清单

e.g. A clerk simply verifies that the payment and invoice amount match.

职员只是核实付款和发票上的数额是否一致。

The shipping costs can be as high as 50%of the invoice value of the goods.

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