2013年职称考试C级概括大意与完成句子

概括句子大意和完成句子

More than 8 hours sleep too much of a good thing

1.Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known，new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.

2.Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep，as well as a number of other sleep problems，than people who sleep 8 hours a night.People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night’s sleep than 8-hour sleepers.

3.These findings, which Dr. Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night’s rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night.He added that“it might be a good idea'’for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.

4.Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep一for instance, one report demonstrated that

people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.

5.For the current report，Kripke reviewed the responses of 1，004 adults to sleep questionnaires，in which participants indicated how much they slept during the Week and whether they experienced any sleep problems.Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night，arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep，and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning.

6.Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours.In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed.As evidence，he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed.“It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they’ll spend a higher percentage of time awake.”he said.

1. Paragraph 2 ___.

2. Paragraph 4___.

3. Paragraph 5___.

4. Paragraph 6___.

A. Keprike’s research tool

B. Dangers of Habitual shortages of sleep

C. Criticism on Kripke’s report

D. A way of overcoming insomnia

E. Sleep problems of long and short sleepers

F. Classification of sleep problems

5.To get a good night’s rest，people may not need to ___.

6.Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to___.

7.One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night，unable to___.

8. One survey showed that people who habitually ___each night have a higher risk of dying.

A fall asleep again .

B become more energetic the following day

C sleep less than 7 hours

D confirm those serious consequences

E suffer sleep problems

F sleep more than 8 hours

Soot and snow: a hot combination

l New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow．According to a computer simulation，black soot may be responsible for 25

percent of observed global warming over the past century． 2 Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth，where ice is more common，absorbs more of the sun’s energy and warmth than an icy, white background．Dark-colored black carbon，or soot，absorbs sunlight，while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight． 3 Soot in areas with snow and ice may play all important role in climate change．Also，if snow and ice covered areas begin melting。the warming effect increases，as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface．“This provides a positive feedback，as glaciers and ice sheets melt,they tend to get even dirtier,” said Dr．James Hansen，a researcher at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies，NewYork．

4 Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo(solar energy reflected back to space)，which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere，such as thinning Arctic sea ice，melting glaciers and permafrost．Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land．

5 “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space，thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon~，”Hansen said．Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world’

s climate. “This forcing is unusually effective，causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude，”Hansen noted．

6 Hansen cautioned．although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial，it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century．Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century． 7 The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was 1arge in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes．These observations were consistent with the researchers’ climate model simulations，which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight． 1.Paragraph 3____________ 2.Paragraph 4____________ 3.Paragraph 6____________ 4.Paragraph 7____________

A Soots Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot D Effort to Reduce Snow Albedo

E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission

F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming 5. In the twentieth century, soot_________ . 6. Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases_________ . 7. Black soot covered snow and ice_________ .

8. A soot forcing is unusually effective, which_________ . A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude

B contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming C can produce greenhouse gases

D absorb more of suns energy and warmth than white background E still surpass soot in warming the worlds climate during the last century

F can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

Icy microbes

1.In ice that has sealed a salty Antarctic lake for more than 2,800 years, scientists have found frozen bacteria and algae that returned to life after thawing. The research may help in the search for life on Mars, which is thought to have subsurface lakes of ice.

2.A research team led by Peter Doran of the University of Illinois at Chicago drilled through more than 39 feet of ice to collect samples of bacteria and algae. When Doran’s team brought them back and warmed them up a bit, they sprang back to life.

3.Doran said the microbes have been age-dated at 2,800 years old, but even older microbes may live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice. That deeper ice and the water itself will be cautiously sampled in a later expedition that will test techniques that may one day be used on Mars. Expedite

4.Called Lake Vida, the 4.5-square—kilometer body is one of a series of lakes located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, some 2,200 kilometers due south of New Zealand. This lake has been known since the 1950s, but people ignored it because they thought it was just a big block of ice. While at the site for other research in the 1990s, Doran and his colleagues sent radar signals into the clear ice covering the lake and were surprised to find that 62 feet below there was a pool of liquid water that was about seven times more salty

than seawater.

5.That prompted the researchers to return in 1996 with equipment to drill a hole down to within a few feet of the water layer. At the bottom of this hole, researchers harvested specimens of algae and bacteria.

reap

6.The researchers will return in 2004 equipped with instruments that are sterilized. They will then drill through the full 62 feet of ice and sample some of the briny water from the lake for analysis. The water specimen will be cultured to see if it contains life. Specimens from the water are expected to be even older than the life forms extracted from the ice covering. 答案与题解 : 1. Paragraph 2 ___. 2. Paragraph 3 ___. 3. Paragraph 4 ___. 4. Paragraph 6 ___.

A. Significance of testing techniques for sampling microbes in the deep ice sheet

B. special features of lake Vida

C. later expedition on mars

D. 2004 revisit planned for collecting lake water specimen E. Antarctic frozen life sampled and revived

F. Accidental discovery of ice-sealed lake water Antarctica 5. Scientists ignored lake Vida because they thought that a lake of ice ___.

6. Scientists expect that the life, if found in deeper water below the ice sheet, ____.

7. What the scientists will do in 2004 ___.

8. The salt concentration in the liquid water of Lake Vida ___. A. is found to be a great deal higher than that of seawater B. was of little scientific value

C. may be older than that collected below 39 sheet of ice D. might have come from Mars

E. is to collect some briny lake water for analysis

F. may return to life sooner than microbes frozen in the surface ice.

Compact disks

1 If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you

may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers - a digital code1. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide

2 A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.

3 Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to（收听） specific signals using these codes.

4 There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk3. Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is

different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc - Read Only Memory4. This disk is like a \that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are considered to be CD-ROMs.

5 CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.

6 Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs6 and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs. 练习：

1. Paragraphs 1 & 2______________. 2. Paragraph 3______________.

3. Paragraph 4______________. 4. Paragraph 5______________. A Digital code has wide applications. B Floppy disks are outdated. C CDs are durable.

D CD's working principle is explained. E CD-RWs play better than CD-ROMs. F CDs are of many formats.

5. One advantage of CD-RWs is that they can __________ like floppy disks.

6. The author predicts it will not __________ before a new technology is invented for music recording.

7. The laser beam-emitting device and the receiver are considered to __________ of a CD player.

8. Space probes could not __________ without using digital codes.

A shine on bumps B take many more years C be the key parts

D restore the original code E be written on and rewritten on

F keep contact with their ground station efficiently

LED lighting

1 An accidental discovery announced recently has taken LED lighting to a new level, suggesting it could soon offer a cheaper, longer-lasting alternative to the traditional light bulb. The breakthrough adds to a growing trend that is likely to eventually make Thomas Edison's bright invention1 obsolete. LEDs are already used in traffic lights, flashlights, and architectural lighting. They are flexible and operate less expensively than traditional lighting.

2 Michael Bowers, a graduate student2 at Vanderbilt University, was just trying to make really small quantum dots, which are crystals generally only a few nanometers big. Quantum dots contain anywhere from 100 to 1,000 electrons3. They're easily excited bundles of energy, and the smaller they are, the more excited they get. Each dot in Bower's particular batch was exceptionally small, containing only 33 or 34 pairs of atoms.

3 When you shine a light on quantum dots or apply electricity to them, they react by producing their own light, normally a bright, vibrant color. But when Bowers shined a laser on his batch of dots, something unexpected happened. He was surprised when a white glow covered the table. The quantum dots were supposed to emit blue light4, but instead they were giving off a beautiful white glow.

4 Then Bowers and another student got the idea to stir the dots into polyurethane and coat a blue LED light bulb with the mix. The lumpy bulb wasn't pretty, but it produced white light similar to a regular light bulb.

5 LEDs produce twice as much light as a regular 60 watt bulb and burn for over 50,000 hours. The Department of Energy estimates LED lighting could reduce U.S. energy consumption for lighting by 29 percent by 2025. LEDs don't emit heat, so they're also more energy efficient. And they're much harder to break.

6 Quantum dot mixtures could be painted on just about anything5 and electrically excited to produce a rainbow of

colors, including white. The main light source of the future will almost surely not be a bulb. It might be a table, a wall, or even a fork. 练习：

1.Paragraph l . 2.Paragraph 3 . 3.Paragraph 5 . 4.Paragraph 6 . A LED Lighting Is Not Mature

B LED Lighting Will Replace Traditional Lighting

C Almost Everything Could Be the Main Light Source in the Future D LED Lighting Has Many Advantages E Bowers Made an Unexpected Discovery F LED Light Bulbs Look Lumpy

5.Unlike traditional lighting, LEDs do not give out heat so .

6.Edison's bright invention is likely to be outdated because .

7.Something unexpected happened during Bower's experiment

when .

8.Over one quarter of energy consumption for lighting could be saved by 2025 if .

A traditional lighting is less durable and dearer B a laser excited the quantum dots C America adopted LEDS D graduate students work hard E quantum dot mixtures are magic F it is more efficient

How we form first impression

1 We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her – aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.

2. The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in a how a person’s eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other make you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain

continuously processes incoming sensory information – the sights and sounds of your world. Theses incoming “signals” are compared against a host of “memories” stored in the brain areas called the cortex （大脑皮层）system to determine what these new signals “mean”.

3 If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says “familiar and safe”. “If you see someone new, it says, “new—potentially threatening”. Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other “known” memories. The height, weight, dress, ethnicity, gestures and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the

characteristics, the more your brain may say, “This is new. I don’t like this person.” Or else, “I am intrigued.” Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures – like your other friends; so your brain says: “I like this person.” But theses preliminary “impressions” can be dead wrong.

4 When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people –

their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character – we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks.

5 However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams,and become aware of the person’s character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking—and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.

Screen test

1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey （调查）published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.

2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial（有争议的）, partly because the radiation（辐射） brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue（组织） is denser.

3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique” for breast cancer screening.

7. “There is a trade-off（平衡） between the diagnostic（诊断的，判断的） benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current （目前的）data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.” 练习：

1. Paragraph2 ___A_____ 2. Paragraph3 ___B_____ 3. Paragraph4 _ _C___ 4. Paragraph5 ___D__

A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman B. Investigating （调查）the Effect of Screening C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models D. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation E. Treatment of Cancers F. Factors That Trigger Cancers

5.Early discovery of breast cancer may____C____. 6.Advantages of screening women under 50 are __D_____. 7.Delaying the age at which screening starts may ___E_____.

8.Radiation exposure should be ___F_____. A. be costly B. harmful C. save a life

D. still open to debate(争论)

E. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer F. reduced to the minimum

The Mir space station

1. The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space.

2. During Mir's lifetime, Russia spent about US$4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.

3. The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries. From

1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles.

4. The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations.

5. A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $80 million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favouring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437. 7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest

American stay was that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996.

6. Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures. 7. Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir's reputation as a space station was ruined. 8. Mir’s setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mire was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it's time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir.

More rural research is needed

1. Agricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year, but with modern technologies and the development of new ones the world

should be able to stay ahead.

2. “The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be make towards reducing malnutrition and poverty, ” he said.

3. Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which, in turn slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world's ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world's population is expected to rise from 5.8 to 8 billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there'll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentration of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020, similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in east Asia, South America and South-East Asia. 4. The developing world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) on research, and the developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr Fischer said more was needed from all countries.

5. He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs for Mexico, China of India.

6. “Technologies still need to be refined for the local conditions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently,” Dr. Fischer said.

Yields of rice, wheat and maize have grown impressively in the past 30 years, especiially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 28 tones per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth, such as high-yield varieties, fertilisers and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. “If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you're going to have to increase yield, ”Dr Fischer said.

Rural agricultural crop reap harvest poverty sterile(sterility)

Washoe learned American sign language

1 An animal that influenced 'scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural

causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language. 2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand4 about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, \is coming to play?\Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed. 3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student

of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.

4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.

5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure -- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence. 练习：

1. Paragraph 1 _____________ 2. Paragraph 2 _____________ 3. Paragraph 3 _____________ 4. Paragraph 4 _____________

A Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research Nowadays

B Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign Language C General Information about Washoe D The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized E Debate on Chimps' Intelligence

F Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Washoe could make signs to communicate ___. 6. Some scientists doubted ______________.

7. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language _________________.

8. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent _________________.

A if the Gardeners' argument was sound B because she was cleverer than other chimps C when she wanted to eat

D while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F while Washoe was learning sign language

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