新闻学专业英语

Journalism has a distinct culture with norms, conventions, and expectations of behavior from those who are part of the culture. Many of those expectations are fueled by the public service aspects of the profession—the feeling among journalists that they are working for the public good, not just for their private benefit.

新闻具有独特的文化规范，习俗，和那些都是文化的一部分的行为的期望。许多人预期的行业的感觉在记者说他们为公众利益服务的公共服务方面，燃料，不只是他们的私人利益。

The processes of journalism are ideally governed by themselves; few rules or restraints are imposed on them from outside the profession. 新闻的过程非常受一些规则或约束自己；对外部强加的职业。 High level skill of using language 使用语言的高层次的技能

News organizations: gather and deliver 新闻机构：收集和传递

Civic journalism(not only observing, but finding solutions) Dishonesty, fabricating, plagiarism

公民新闻（不只是观察，但找到的解决方案） 不诚实，制造，剽窃 Viewed as a public trust 作为一个公众的信任

Protected from most outside restraints 保护从最外面的限制

Journalism organizations must survive in a capitalist economy. 新闻机构必须在资本主义经济中生存。

Requires high levels of skill and intellectual training 需要高水平的技能和知识的培训 An open field of endeavor 一个开放的领域的努力

How do television shows portray journalists? 如何把记者的电视节目？

How do the ordinary’s impression on Journalists? 如何做记者的普通的印象？

What’s your impression on journalists? 记者对你的印象是什么？

TV shows portray them as Jackals (unconcern effects their actions on people, lie, steal, betray confidences, invade privacy for stories)

电视节目包装他们的野狗（漫不经心的对人的影响，他们的行为说谎，偷窃，泄露秘密，侵犯隐私的故事）

BUT they do have feelings. Choice “more harm or less harm”. 但他们也有感情。选择“更多的伤害或不伤害”。 Public service (society will be better off) 公共服务（社会会更好）

Skill with the language (writing coach hired)

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与语言技能（写作教练聘请）

Willing to work hard (personal, off duty hours, random news, calls from source) 愿意努力工作（个人，下班时间，随机消息，调用源） Have a natural curiosity about many things 有很多事情天生的好奇心 Persistence , “keep digging” 坚持，“保持警惕”

Assertiveness in the face of “authority”(Mayor’s traffic accident) 自信面对“权威”（市长交通事故）

Attention to detail (reader may know if a fact is right or wrong) 注意细节（读者可能知道的一个事实是正确的或错误的）

Questioning almost everything is a personal trait highly valued in the field of journalism.

提问几乎都是一个人特质在新闻领域的高度重视。

Some people try to hide things with their words and actions. 有些人想隐瞒的事情与他们的语言和行动。

Journalists should develop ways in which they can question the things that most people accept.

新闻记者应发展的方式，他们可以回答的问题，大多数人接受的事情。

Healthy skepticism is a far cry from cynicism, where someone not only questions but also disbelieves anything he or she is told.

健康的怀疑是一个从犬儒主义相去甚远，在那里有人不仅问题也不相信任何他或她告诉。

Some journalists who are lied to about many important things become cynics, especially toward groups of people.

一些记者对许多重要的事情变得愤世嫉俗的人撒谎，特别是对群体的人

How are you going to deal with the sources for your story?你将如何处理你的故事的来源吗？

Reporter as a representative of organization. 记者作为组织的一个代表。

The relationship can be personal, but it has standard. 关系可以是个人的，但它有标准。

News organization wants honesty relation with source, it won’t allow sources to have any control over info once it is given to the reporter.

新闻机构要与源诚信关系，它不允许源，一旦它是给记者有任何控制信息。 Some news organizations have specific rules about when a source can be offered confidentiality and when unnamed sources can be used in a news story.

一些新闻机构具体规定当源可以提供保密性和匿名消息来源时，可以用在一个新闻故事。

If legal trouble for the reporter results from the offer of confidentiality, a news organization has the obligation to back the reporter up, and that could result in significant monetary costs as well as costs with regard to the organization’s reputation and relationships.

如果从保密提供记者结果的法律麻烦，新闻机构不得不回记者的义务，这可能

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会导致显着的货币成本以及关于组织的声誉和关系的成本。

Journalists are expected to gather and handle information objectively. But how to be objective and fair in the process of news?

记者将收集和处理信息的客观。但如何在新闻中的客观公正？

Maintain a Separation from source & organizations (rules against reporters joining political parties or contributing time & money to political effort; a sports reporter won’t join a hunting club or fishing organization)

保持源和组织分离（规则对记者加入政党或贡献的时间和金钱对政治的努力；一个体育记者不会加入一个俱乐部或捕鱼狩猎组织）

When mistakes are made (acknowledging & correcting, corrections are run in certain prominent parts of the newspaper; fill a form & writing a memo)

当错误是由（确认和校正，校正是运行在报纸；某些突出的部分填写一个表格写一个备忘录）

Are the news media libera or conservative?Are the news media libera or conservative

在新闻媒体的自由或保守

Liberal: they believe society has many areas in which change or improvements are needed.)

自由主义者：他们相信社会的许多领域中，改变或改进的需要。

Conservative: they believe that much about society and social structure is good and should not be changed.(government is not the proper vehicle for changing society; government should be as small as possible, intruding individual only when absolutely necessary )

保守的：他们认为社会和社会结构是好的，应该不会改变很多。（政府不改变社会；政府适当的车辆应尽可能小，侵入个人只有在绝对必要时）

News media as being a monolithic whole is false.(news groups influence each other)

新闻媒体作为一个整体的全是假的。（新闻组互相影响）

People involved in journalism has different background and politic view.(News media won’t share a politic view)

参与新闻的人有不同的背景和政治观点。（新闻媒体不分享政治观点）

Professional standard: presenting news accurately and fairly. (Their profession is constantly under fire for bias)

专业的标准：准确、公正地报道新闻。（他们的职业是不断在火灾的偏差） Journalism can be seen as a liberal profession.(reporting ill of society, scandals , corruption , poverty). It upsets power for it it seen as an attack on their position. 新闻可以被看作是一个自由职业。（报告了社会，丑闻，腐败，贫穷）。它使功率为它视为对他们的位置的攻击。

Liberal tendencies are counterbalanced by “conservative” forces within news media. The news organizations are multimillion dollar entities operated by conservative , rich. To maximize their profits, news generally do not go out of their wayto offend significant parts of society.

自由主义倾向抵消“保守”的军队在新闻媒体。新闻组织是数百万美元的实体由保守的，丰富的。利润最大化，新闻一般不出去他们的方式冒犯显着的社会的

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一部分。

This fact leads news organizations to Ignore or downplay stories might disrupt the order of society or might give a voice to those who lack power and privilege. Instead of concentrating on exposing the ills of society, critics argue, news organizations pay an inordinate amount of attention to celebrities and to stories that have little importance to a broader society.

这个事实使新闻机构忽视或淡化故事可能扰乱社会秩序或可能给那些缺乏权力和特权的声音。

而不是集中在揭露社会的弊端，批评者认为，新闻机构的重视名人大量，有更广泛的社会意义不大的故事。

What kind of behavior can be classified as Unacceptable practices ? 什么样的行为可以分为不可接受的行为？ 剽窃

Fabricating information 制造信息Altering a photograph 改变照片Working for a separate publication without the editor’s knowledge 一个单独的出版物没有编辑的知识工作

If You Were An Editor, were you fine with your reporters selling articles to other news media? WHY?

如果你是个编辑，你是好你的记者销售物品的其他新闻媒体？为什么呢？

News organizations in the larger culture of journalism在更大的文化新闻机构的新闻

Although news organizations are profit-making business, they retain an independence few other businesses have

尽管新闻机构盈利业务，他们保留一个独立的其他一些企业

The major operational tool that news media use to manage their work is deadline 主要的操作工具，新闻媒体的使用来管理他们的工作期限

News media foster a spirit of competition that affects how they operate. (academic cheating scandal)

新闻媒体促进竞争的精神，影响他们的运作方式。（学术造假丑闻）

If you were a journalist, what kind of practices are important to your career which you would devote you time & energy to cover them? What values are important to owners of news organizations?

如果你是一名记者，什么样的实践很重要，对你的职业生涯，你会把你的时间和精力来掩盖？

What values are important to owners of news organizations? 什么样的价值观是新闻机构的所有者很重要吗？ Key concepts & Terms关键概念和术语

Preparation & planning for qualified journalist 合格的记者准备与规划

It requires a wide range of knowledge & interests. 它需要广泛的知识和兴趣。

They can begin their preparation by paying attention to news events & to the way they are reported in various media.

他们可以开始他们的制备通过关注的新闻事件和它们在各种媒体报道的方式。

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Need to know a bit about history 要知道一点历史

Writing is the most important skill a potential journalist can develop 写作是一种潜在的记者可以培养的最重要的技巧 Reading widely is the mark of a good journalist 广泛的阅读是一个好记者的标记

Internship: short term jobs that college students get working for media organizations

实习：短期工作，大学生获得媒体的组织工作

Wide range of knowledge comes through reading.(also try sample various news media, reading also develop writing skills )

Number 1 skill: writing(expected to have knowledge of grammar, spelling, punctuation; also have a wide of vocabulary, knows exact meaning of words & how to use them)

渊博的知识是通过阅读。（试样品的各种新闻媒体，阅读也培养写作能力） Number 1 skill: writing(expected to have knowledge of grammar, spelling, punctuation; also have a wide of vocabulary, knows exact meaning of words & how to use them)

1号技能：写作（预期有语法，拼写，标点符号的知识；也有一个广泛的词汇，知道词的确切含义和如何使用它们） Get training得到训练

Formal journalistic training in colleges 在正式的新闻培训学院

No more than 33% of the courses you take in college should be related to journalism or MC.(Why? You should have room to take others courses ) 没有比你在大学课程33%是新闻或MC相关。（为什么？你应该有空间采取其他课程）

Students media: the campus 学生：校园媒体

A matter of practice(reading, going to class, making good grades; applying skills of journalism ASAP)

一个实践问题（阅读，去上课，学习成绩良好；运用技巧新闻ASAP）

First week on campus(contact with Ss media organizations; save everything u do with a scrapbook for future employer)

在大学的第一周（接触SS媒介组织；保存你所做的一切与未来雇主的剪贴簿） Internship(valuable, get an inside view of News O; contribute in product) 实习（有价值的，得到的消息；内部观察有助于产品）

Journalism is a highly competitive field in USA. Getting a job is not an easy task. It takes lot of preparation and motivation, as does working in the field itself

新闻业是一个高度竞争的领域，在美国找工作不是一件容易的事。它需要很多的准备和动机，以及在该领域本身的工作 True or False

Newspapers are not highly profitable businesses, and they are facing glorious future because more & more young people seem to be reading them regularly.

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报纸是不是很赚钱的生意，他们面临着光辉的未来，因为越来越多的年轻人似乎阅读他们定期。

One of major trends for newspaper during the last half of 20th century was concentration of ownership; that is fewer & fewer companies are owning more & more newspapers.

第二十世纪后半期的报纸主要趋势之一是股权集中度；那少少的公司拥有更多的报纸。

Newspapers get revenue from 2 sources: 60-80% from sales & circulation and 20-40% from advertising.

报纸从2个来源获得的收入：60-80%的销售流通和20-40%的广告。

Managing editor: the person who is in charge of the day-to-day production of the newspaper.

总编：谁在报纸的日常生产的负责人。

In the USA today there are fewer than 2000 daily newspapers; in 1910, there were more than 1500.

今天，在美国有超过2000的报纸；1910，有超过1500。

The number of regular newspaper readers and the number of newspapers in circulation have remained about the same for many years.

普通的报纸读者数量和流通的报纸的数量多年来一直保持不变。 Part 1.Initiators of journalism 引发的新闻

As the major practitioners of journalism (only media; radio & TV, internet) 作为新闻的主要实践者（只有媒体；广播电视，网络）

It is part of life, legend, and lore of modern society. Newspaper speak with an authority that few individual can attain. They are focus of information & opinion for a community.

它是生活的一部分，传说，和现代社会的知识。报纸说，少数个体可以获得权威。他们正在为一个社区的信息与意见集中。

Changing role. Around 1950s, most cities had 2 or more competing newspapers, news owned by different companies. Now, the number of daily newspapers had been declining and most cities have been left with just one newspaper.

角色转变。在20世纪50年代，大部分城市都有2或更多竞争的报纸，新闻由不同的公司拥有的。现在，报纸的数量已经下降，绝大多数城市已经只剩下一家报纸。

In those cities, they do not have to compete, and many have reduced their costs by hiring fewer people. Those conditions made newspaper highly profitable organizations.

在这些城市，他们没有竞争，许多已经减少了他们的费用雇佣更少的人。这些条件使得报纸高利润的组织。

The development of broadcasting广播事业的发展

Radios offered news & entertainment in the 1920s & 1930s. People spent less time with the newspaper. So did when TV entered household in 1940s & 1950s. 电台提供新闻和娱乐在20世纪20年代和30年代。人们花更少的时间和报纸。那么什么时候进入20世纪40年代和50年代家庭电视。

TV brought a different look & feel to the presentation of news & information. It

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has a huge impact on an audience. 电视带来了不同的外观和感觉的新闻和信息的表示。它对观众的影响巨大。Cable system offered more channels & news shifted from 30 mins to 24hours*7 days.

有线电视系统提供了更多的渠道和新闻从30分钟到24小时×7天。 Alternative sources of information其他的信息来源

The internet provide much information, young people may fell that they do have to become newspaper readers.

互联网提供了更多的信息，年轻人可能会觉得他们要成为报纸的读者。 Concentration of Ownership股权集中度

A few decades ago, most newspapers were ‘locally owned’, owned by a person ,family, or group who lived in or near the area, now most newspaper are part of a group or chain.

几十年前，大多数报纸是“本土”，拥有一个家庭，或一组人，谁住在附近的地区，现在大多数报纸是一组或链的一部分。

Fewer & fewer people and organizations own more & more newspapers. 少少人和组织自身更多的报纸。

The practice of most newspaper chains is to move publisher, editors and even reporters from paper to paper. Means :Staff in charge of covering a communities never really get to know it.

大多数报纸的做法是将出版商，编辑和记者从纸到纸。方法：覆盖社区从来没有真正的去了解它的主管人员。

Others argue that concentration is not a bad thing. Strong chain or group can provide resources to the individual newspapers.

其他人认为的浓度是不是一件坏事。强链或组可以提供资源的个别报纸。 Part 2.Organizational Structure: The business side2部分。组织结构：生意 两个主要部分：商业和编辑

Business side often including advertising, circulation, and production. 通常包括广告业务方面，循环，和生产。 Advertising广告

Advertising accounts for 60-80% of the revenue of the newspaper. It is usually divided into two major divisions: classified & display advertising

为60-80%的报纸的广告收入帐户。它通常分为两大类：分类和显示广告

Every newspaper sets its own advertising rates, and newspapers with more circulation can charge more for their space.

所有的报纸有自己的广告价格，和更大的发行量的报纸可以为他们的空间电荷更多。

Newspapers are printed on large presses that are usually owned by the newspaper and located in the newspaper building itself.

报纸是印在通常拥有的报纸和位于报社大楼本身大型压力机。

The circulation department generates 20-40% of the revenue of a newspaper. Circulation departments are concerned with how the newspaper is distributed. 2 ways in distribution: ①by subscriptions; ② single-copy sales through newspaper racks.

流通部门产生20-40%的报纸的收入。流通部门关心的是如何在报纸的分布。在

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分布2种方式：①通过订阅；②单拷贝销售通过报纸架。

Part 3. Organizational structure: The Editorial Side3部分。组织结构：编辑方面 The other major division of the newspaper is the editorial side. People on this side of the operation are concerned with producing the news, pictures, graphics, and entertainment information.

报纸的其他主要部门是编辑方面。在操作这一边的人关心的是生产的新闻，图片，图形，和娱乐信息。

We will describe some of the major jobs within the organizational structure in this section.

我们将介绍一些主要的工作在这部分的组织结构。 Editor编辑

Also called editor-in-chief or the executive editor, this person is responsible for the entire news and editorial operation of the paper.

也被称为主编、执行主编，负责整个新闻和文章的编辑操作。

Editors rarely involve themselves in the day-to-day operations of the newsroom, but they must stay informed about what editors and reporters are doing. Anytime the newspaper undertakes a major project, the editor is usually part of the planning process.

编辑们很少参与编辑部的日常运营，但他们必须了解的编辑和记者所做的。在报纸上进行一个大项目，编辑通常是规划过程的一部分。

Editor must make sure that the editorial side stays within a budget that is usually set at the beginning of the budget year.

编辑必须确保编辑方面保持在预算内，通常是在预算年度开始。 Managing editor总编辑

The second in command on the editorial side is the managing editor. This person is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the newspaper. 在编辑方面的二把手是主编。这个人负责报纸的日常运营。

One of the main functions of the managing editor is to run the daily news meetings. In these meetings all of the section editors get together to discuss the day’s news and how the newspaper will handle it.

一个的总编辑的主要功能是运行每日新闻会议。在这些会议中所有的部分编辑在一起讨论当天的新闻和报纸会处理的。

A good city editor is one who knows that city well & who knows where information can be found and who would be good sources for reporter.

一个好的城市编辑器是一个知道这个城市好，谁知道的资料可以发现，谁将是记者的良好来源。

He must understand the governmental, social, and economic structure of a city. Every bit of the knowledge about the city helps the city editor make good editorial judgments about the paper’s news coverage.

他必须明白，政府，社会，和一个城市的经济结构。关于这个城市的每一点知识帮助城市编辑制作好的编辑判断文章的新闻报道。

National editor must not only select and edit the national & international stories but also rewrites or revises stories, combining information from several different sources.

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国家编辑不仅要选择和编辑的国内及国际的故事，而且故事改写或修正，结合信息从几个不同的来源。

Sports editor usually has an entire section to fill every day. No matter where it is located, a newspaper has to pay attention to local & national sports because lots of readers are interested in it.

体育编辑通常填补每天一整段。不管哪里，报纸必须注意的地方及民族体育由于很多读者都对它感兴趣。

The business editor mainly about the area’s business & industries. On smaller newspaper, the business section may consist of one or two reporters who cover news of local business, but larger newspapers have many reporters & editors assigned to this task.

主要对地区的商业和工业的商业编辑。在较小的报纸，商业部分可由一个或两个记者报道当地的商业新闻，但更大的报纸有很多记者和编辑分配给该任务。 New York Times纽约时报Washington Post华盛顿邮报USA Today今日美国Wall Street Journal 华尔街日报：Chicago Tribune芝加哥论坛报 True or False

Magazines are different from newspapers not just in the frequency with which they are published but also because they deliver news & information with more depth & perspective.

杂志是不同于报纸不仅在与它们的频率发表还因为他们提供新闻和信息更有深度和透视。

Most magazines are produced with large editorial staffs. 大多数杂志的编辑人员产生大。

Writing in a magazines does not conform to all of the strictures（狭窄） for writing in daily newspapers; the requirements of accuracy and good writing are not as strict as in newspapers.

在一个杂志写不符合所有的狭窄（狭窄）写在每天的报纸；精度和良好的写作要求不在报纸严格。

Freelancing: writing articles for magazines on an assignment basis; freelance writers are paid for each assignment but are not part of the magazine’s permanent staff.

自由职业者：在分配基础杂志写文章；自由撰稿人是每个分配支付但不是杂志的常驻人员的一部分

Magazines are created because someone has an editorial idea and identify an audience that would be interested in the idea and a set of advertisers that would like to sell products to that audience.

杂志是因为有一个编辑思想和确定观众会对这个想法感兴趣的一组广告，想把产品卖给观众。

Demassification(分众化): the process of appealing to audience that might be widely scattered but that have a common interest. 分众（分众化）：吸引观众的过程可能广泛分散，但有一个共同的兴趣。

It attempts to take a longer view of a subject rather than being bound by coverage of specific events.

它试图从长计议的主体而不是由特定事件的覆盖范围。

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It also allows for a writing style that is free from the strictures of newspaper journalism, but that freer style does not lessen the burden on the writer to be accurate, clear, precise and concise in writing.

它也允许一个的写作风格，是免费的从报纸新闻的狭窄，但自由风格不减轻的作家必须准确，清晰，文字简明、精确的

People may want to write for magazines for the following reasonsPeople may want to write for magazines for the following reasons 人们可能会想为杂志写的原因如下

No deadline. Magazines writers have more time & space to develop their story. Interesting topics.

没有期限。杂志的作家有更多的时间和空间来发展他们的故事。 Interesting topics. 有趣的话题。

Business, Trade, and Professional Magazines 商业，贸易，和专业杂志

Sponsored, Association, or Company Magazines 主办，协会，或公司杂志 Zines（电子杂志） 杂志（电子杂志）

Consumer Magazines消费者杂志

These magazines appeal to wide audiences over a large geographic area that have a special interest or point of view in mind, such as Time, Newsweek…

这些杂志吸引受众广泛在一个大的地理区域，有一个特别的兴趣或角度考虑，如时间，新闻周刊…

The large category of consumer magazines can be subdivided by demographics, so that there are a great number of magazines aimed at different group of people. 消费者杂志大类中又可细分的人口，因此，有大量的针对不同人群的杂志。 Business, Trade, and Professional Magazines商业，贸易，和专业杂志

These magazines seek to serve people in an occupation or field of professional work. .

这些杂志寻求服务的专业工作的职业或行业的人。

To be successful, editors & writers for such magazines must know the field thoroughly and must be on top of any changes that may occur.

要想成功，这样的杂志编辑与作者必须完全了解的领域，必须在任何可能发生的变化。

Readers expect the magazine to be useful in telling them information about the industry they may not know from their own experience.

读者期望的杂志给他们讲行业信息他们不可能从自己的经验中知道是有用的。 Sponsored, Association, or Company MagazinesSponsored, Association, or Company Magazines

主办，协会，或公司杂志

Magazines are published by the airlines fit into this category. They are written for people who fly on airlines and contain articles and advertising that would appeal to these readers.

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杂志是由航空公司都属于这一类出版。他们是写给谁飞航空公司的人，包括文章和广告能吸引这些读者。 Zines 杂志

A zine is a small, low-cost periodical that may an erratic(不稳定的) publication cycle and distribution system. Zines are produced by one person or a small group of people committed to a particular topic or issue.

锌是一个小的，低成本的期刊可能不稳定（不稳定的）出版周期和分配系统。杂志是由一个人或一个小组致力于一个特定的主题或问题的人。

Zines rarely sell enough advertising or subscriptions to sustain a long life, but they may continue to exist through donations.

杂志很少提供足够的广告或订阅维持很长的寿命，但他们可能继续存在，通过捐款。

Zines are a way of giving a voice to those who otherwise might have no access to the mass media.

杂志是一种给那些否则可能没有大众媒体的访问。

In conceptualizing the editorial idea and the audience for the magazine, the creators must take into account the likelihood (可能性)that advertisers would exist and would want to invest money in your magazine.

在概念化的编辑思想和杂志的观众，创作者必须考虑的可能性（可能性），广告会存在，会想要投资的钱在你的杂志。

Advertisers are not inclined to spend money advertising in publications whose content is not related to their product and not drawing an audience that would be likely to buy their products.

广告商不愿意把钱花在出版物的内容是不给他们的产品相关的和不吸引观众有可能购买他们的产品做广告。

Part 4. Staff structure and Employment4部分。人员结构和就业

Publisher, who is responsible for making sure all of the parts of the organization understand the mission of the publication and are informed about current goals and projects. He is also responsible for the financial health of the magazine.

出版商，谁负责确保所有组织的部分理解的出版任务，了解目前的目标和计划。他还负责杂志的财务状况。

Beneath the publisher, magazines are usually organized into 3 or 4 major division: editorial, production, advertising and circulation.

下面的出版商，杂志通常被组织成3或4大事业部：生产，编辑，广告和发行。 Editor sets the direction of the magazine and interprets the mission by the decisions about content that he makes. The editor is the one who defines the magazines’ personality, and good editor with a clear vision can leave a legacy that lasts long after they have left the publication.

编辑的杂志的方向和解释由决定的内容，他使任务。编辑是一个定义了杂志的个性，和一个清晰的视觉好编辑会留下永恒的很久以后他们离开出版。

A copy editor is responsible for reading all copy carefully, making sure that it is clear and grammatically correct and fits with the style of the publication. A fact-checker checks all of the important facts of an article.

编辑负责仔细阅读所有的副本，确保它是明确的，语法正确，符合出版的风格。

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一个事实检查所有文章的重要事实。

Editorial assistants have entry-level jobs and may be given any number of tasks from office work to helping a fact-checker or staff writer.

编辑助理有入门级的工作可以给予任何数量的工作任务，帮助一个事实或工作人员的作家。

The art department is another part of the editorial division. It is responsible for the design of the magazine and must see the magazine through its design and production phases.

艺术系的编辑部的另一部分。它负责杂志的设计必须看杂志通过它的设计和生产阶段。

Part 5. Magazine Journalism5部分。杂志新闻学

Magazines are not worried about covering day-to-day events, although many magazines have “news” sections that will help readers catch up o the latest development s in the magazine’s area of interest.

杂志也不会担心覆盖的日常事件，尽管许多杂志“新闻”部分，将有助于读者赶上在感兴趣的杂志的地区的最新发展。

The main job of the magazine is to give readers information and perspective. Extended feature stories 专题报道 Personality profile 人物专访

Analysis and interpretation 分析与解读 Literary Journalism 文学新闻学 Travel articles 旅行笔记 7部分。杂志的未来

Few people doubt that magazines will continue to be a vital medium for journalism in the future. Magazine readership shows signs of increasing, and magazine publishers have done better at accepting and integrating the web into their operations.

很少有人怀疑，杂志将继续成为未来新闻的重要介质。杂志的读者有迹象显示增加，和杂志出版商已经做了更好的接受和整合到他们的业务网络。 True or False

Television is the news medium of impact and immediacy; when news of importance occurs, we are most likely to watch it on television first, and our impressions are formed by the pictures we see & the sounds we hear.

电视的影响和即时新闻媒介；当新闻发生的重要性，我们最有可能第一次在电视上看，我们的印象是被我们看到的和听到的声音我们的画面形成。

Format: the general type of programming that a radio station uses to fill up its day.

格式：编程，一个广播站使用来填补它的天，通用型。

When it was developed in the early 20th century, radio showed what impact broadcasting could have on its audience and how it had the potential to change journalism.

当它在第二十世纪初开发的，无线显示什么影响广播可能对观众和它是如何改变了新闻的潜力。

Broadcast news is criticized because it often does not deliver explanation or

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depth for complex stories.

广播新闻是因为它通常不提供解释或深度的复杂故事的批评。

Although the business of broadcasting is regulated by the government, the government and courts have been very reluctant to get involved with program content.

尽管广播业务是由政府控制，政府和法院已经参与到节目内容很不情愿。 Part 1.Impact & Immediacy(即时性)1部分影响快捷（即时性）。

Broadcast news was a remarkable divergence（分支）from the news in print. (photo, telegraph accelerate)

Different in environment (read newspaper alone, but listen/watch news together ) 广播新闻是一个显著的差异（分支）从打印消息。（照片，电报加速） Ubiquity（无处不在）

Different from print (begins in the same way; demands little active participation from audience)

不同于打印（开始以同样的方式；要求不积极参与的观众）

Different in environment (read newspaper alone, but listen/watch news together ) 不同的环境（读报纸，但收听/收看新闻在一起）

Part 2.Radio: news at a different level2部分：在不同的层次。广播新闻

Radio stations & programs are identified by formats. Two major formats: music and news/talk.

电台节目是确定的格式。两个主要形式：音乐和新闻/说。

It can also be classified as commercial or non commercial. They receive most of their revenue through advertising sales. Noncommercial often funded by donations, government grants or parent institution.

它也可以被归类为商业或非商业。他们大部分的收入通过广告销售。非商业性的捐赠经常资助，政府补助或母机构。 Part 3.Local Television 3部分。当地电视台

TV evolved from radio around 1950s, and its early prospects were uncertain. Receivers sets are very expensive, and reception of the TV signal was not great. Programming was limited. Many felt that radio was the superior medium because it allowed people to continue with their activities while listening. TV demands people’s attention.

从20世纪50年代电视电台，以及早期的前景是不确定的。接收机的设置是非常昂贵的，和电视信号接收不好。编程是有限的。许多人认为，广播是优越的介质，因为它允许人们在听他们的活动继续。电视需要人们的关注。

TV stations. TV stations represent a major investment in equipment & personnel on the part of their owners. Despite these initial & continued investments, owning a TV station can be a highly profitable venture by selling ads.

电视台。电视台表示对主人的部分设备和人员的重大投资。尽管这些初始的和持续的投资，拥有一台可以通过销售广告。一个非常有利可图的投资

Local news shown can draw large audiences, which in turn allows a station to charge high rates to advertisers.

当地的新闻可以吸引大量观众，使站收取高额利率的广告。

National networks also provide national news shows. For the first six decades of

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TV, these news show were among the most important and influential journalism the field produced. With the advent of cable TV during the last two decades and the creation of 24-hours cable news networks, the audience and influence of these network news broadcasts have waned(变的苍白).

国家网络还提供全国性新闻节目。为电视的前六年，这些新闻节目中最重要和最有影响力的新闻产生的磁场。在过去的二十年里，24小时有线电视新闻网创作与有线电视的出现，这些网络新闻广播听众和影响力减弱（变的苍白）。 Part 4.Television News4部分。电视新闻

In 1940s, the first news shows used an anchor to introduce stories & relied heavily on visual images. But they lacked moving pictures and so many still photos with print identifications replaced them.

在20世纪40年代，第一消息显示使用锚介绍故事和依赖视觉图像。但他们没有移动的图片和很多照片打印标识替换他们。

Later, documentaries devoted to a single topic began to appear. Interview shows with newsmakers(新闻人物) were also developed in a variety of formats, from one-on-one journalist and newsmaker to a panel of journalists interviewing a newsmaker or celebrity.

后来，纪录片，致力于一个单一的主题开始出现。访谈节目与新闻人物（新闻人物）也在各种格式，从一对一的记者和新闻事件的一组记者采访新闻人物或名人。 Criticism: 批评：

It’s too short & shallow(肤浅的). 它太短和浅层（肤浅的）。

Pictures & audio drive a story. “If it bleeds, it leads” 图片和音频驱动一个故事。“如果出血，导致了”

Broadcast news emphasizes the superficial rather than the substantive(实质). Picking sensational or unusual parts. 广播新闻强调浅而不是实体（实质）。采摘耸人听闻的或不寻常的部分。 Broadcast news writers depend on clichés rather than information, particularly to end their story.

广播新闻作家依赖的陈词滥调é而不是信息，特别是结束他们的故事。

Many of the criticisms spring from the fact that broadcasting has developed as an entertainment medium. Its purpose is not transmit information but to distract in a variety of ways.

许多批评源自这样一个事实：广播已发展成为一个娱乐媒体。其目的不是发送信息，但分散在各种不同的方式

Part 5. Regulation of Broadcasting5部分。调节广播

Broadcasting operates under more government regulation than do the print media because of the limited broadcast spectrum.(频谱)

广播操作更多的政府管制下比印刷媒体，因为有限的广播频谱（频谱）。 Part 6. The Future of Broadcasting6部分。广播业的未来

Broadcasters face an uncertain future; so do broadcast journalists. The field was relatively stable during most of the 20th century, but in the 1980s, with the

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growth of cable TV, the field changed drastically.

广播公司面临着一个不确定的未来；广播记者这么做。在大多数的第二十世纪的领域是相对稳定的，但在上世纪80年代，随着有线电视的增长领域，彻底改变了。

With the growth of the Internet as a news medium, as we shall see in the next chapter of this book, broadcast journalism may again undergo profound changes.

随着互联网的发展，作为一个新闻中，我们将看到在这本书的下一章，广播新闻可能再次发生深刻变化。 Question for discussion

Some people believe that the broadcast spectrum should be privatized; the government should sell portions of the spectrum to broadcasters and get out of the business of licensing stations. One of the argument is that broadcasters have to make such a heavy investment in land and equipment that they should have the security of owning the channel over which they broadcast. What do you think?

有些人认为，电视广播频谱应该私有化；政府要出售的部分频谱的广播和滚出去站的业务的许可。一个说法是，广播公司必须在土地和设备这样大的投资，他们应该有安全拥有信道广播。你的意见呢？

With the advent of cable and now the internet, what do you think is the future of over-the-air broadcasting?

随着有线电视的出现和现在的互联网，你认为什么是空中广播的未来？

What kind of radio stations do you listen to? When are you most likely to listen? What would you like to hear on radio that you are not hearing now—music, talk shows, information, others?

你听什么电台吗？你什么时候最有可能听？你喜欢听收音机，你不是在听音乐，谈话节目，信息，其他的什么？ True or False

The web is an ideal news medium because it can handle information in most of the formats of the traditional media, such as text, pictures, graphs audio and video.

网络是一个理想的新闻媒体是因为它可以在大多数传统媒体的格式处理的信息，如文本，图像，图形，音频和视频。

The web has characteristics that allow it to go beyond traditional media in presenting information—capacity, flexibility, immediacy, permanence, and interactivity.

网络的特点，使它能够超越传统媒体在呈现信息的能力，灵活性，即时性，持久性，和互动性。

Most news websites today are operated as an arm of the traditional news organizations—newspapers, magazines and broadcast stations.

今天，大多数新闻网站操作的传统媒体报纸手臂，杂志和广播电台。

Shovelware: content that was created for another medium and is placed on a website with minimal or no changes. But it’s illegal.

电子：内容是一中创建并放置在与很少或没有变化的网站。但这是不合法的。

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Weblog: a periodically updated website that posts the thoughts and observations of a single writer and often the responses to those observations.

博客：定期更新网站，文章的思想和一个单一的作家观察和经常对这些意见的反应。

Part 1.The Difference of the Web1部分网站的差异。 Traditional medium lack TIME & SPACE. 传统媒体缺乏时间和空间。

Flexibility: The web can handle a wide variety of forms for the information it presents—words, pictures, audio, video, and graphics.

灵活性：网络可以处理各种形式的信息提出了文字，图片，音频，视频，图形。 Immediacy: the web can deliver information immediately, often as events are unfolding. Broadcasting, particularly television, can do the same thing and with great impact, as many of us experienced on Sept. 11, 2001.

即时性：网络能够提供信息，立即，常作为事件展开。广播，特别是电视，可以做同样的事情，有很大的影响，因为我们很多人经历了11日，2001。

Permanence(持久): properly archived and maintained, data on the web in its electronic form can exist far beyond any tangible medium we now have. this permanence leads to two other qualities : duplication & retrievability. 持久性（持久）：正确的归档和维护，在电子表格Web数据可以远远超出任何有形媒介，我们现在已经存在。这种持久性导致两个其他的品质：重复和可恢复性。

Interactivity(互动性): All news media are interactive to some extent. TV viewers and radio listeners must turn their sets on and select channels at will. The difference lies in the immediate feedback channel that it offers to users and journalists alike. The other side is that while the audience can reach toward the news organization, the news organization can find out more about the audience. It helps the organization to find what the most popular parts. 互动（互动性）：所有新闻媒体的某种程度的互动。电视观众和听众必须设置和选择通道将。不同的是，它提供给用户和记者们立即反馈信道。另一方面，当观众可以向新闻机构，新闻机构可以发现更多的观众。它有助于组织所发现的最受欢迎的部分。

Shovelware: it refers to the practice of simply shifting the content produced by the organization for another medium to the web site with little or no change. (Reasons: easy, cheap and works with inverted pyramid form.)

电子：它是指将由另一介质与很少或没有变化的组织网站内容制作。（原因：很简单，价格便宜，与倒金字塔形式。）

Moderate updating: It is discovered that a growing number of their audience turn to the web when breaking news occurs. It’s not easy for traditional medium to update their news quickly.

适度更新：发现越来越多的观众转向网络新闻发生的时候。它对传统媒体更新他们的消息很快就不容易。

Aggressive updating: Having the site change every few minutes or even every few hours is one of the hallmarks of aggressive updating. They believe that a site should continually change and present new information.

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积极更新：有点改变每隔几分钟或每隔几个小时甚至是一个积极的更新标志。他们认为一个网站应该不断的变化和新的信息。

Original content: A few organizations have gone a step beyond aggressive updating to more extensively developing original content for their sites. They have developed staffs who are devoted to using the web site for original reporting.

原文内容：一些组织已经超越了激进的更新更广泛地发展他们的网站原创内容的步骤。他们已经开发人员致力于使用网站的原始报告。

Most famous news websites are owned by traditional news media companies, such as newspapers, TV stations, radio stations, and news magazines.

最著名的新闻网站，是由传统的新闻媒体公司所拥有，如报纸，电视台，电台，杂志和新闻。

Independently owned 自主的

Some news web sites don’t come from established news organizations but spring from the minds and efforts of individuals or small groups.

一些新闻网站不来建立新闻机构从思想、个人或小团体的努力弹簧。

Individual sites rarely generate enough income to sustain the producer on a full time basis. But they do offer an opportunity for individuals to break the hold that traditional media have had.

个人网站很少产生足够的收入来维持一个全职的制片人。但它们提供个人打破认为，传统媒体有机会。

Weblogs: A new form of journalism?博客：一种新形式的新闻？

Weblogs have some of the elements of traditional journalism in that they dispense information to an audience, but they lack the traditional editing process that should include some independent assessment of the accuracy of the information being presented.

博客有一些传统的新闻在所分配的信息给观众，但他们缺乏传统的编辑过程中，应包括信息的准确性提出一些独立的评估。

Bloggers argues that contributors to weblogs feel an obligation to their potential audience to present information that they think is correct.

博主认为，作者的博客，觉得有义务去他们的潜在观众来呈现信息，他们认为是正确的。

A weblog is a self-correcting entity; inaccurate information can be corrected, or at least challenged, as discussion of a topic continues.

博客是一个自我修正的实体；不准确的信息是可以纠正的，或至少是挑战，作为一个话题的讨论仍在继续。

On some topics, weblogs are a source of up-to-date information that no media organization attempts to match. Although contributions may not come from trained journalists and may not be vetted through a traditional editing process, weblogs offer the possibility of presenting a much wider range of viewpoints. 在一些话题，博客是一个最新的信息，没有媒体组织试图匹配源。虽然贡献可能不会来自训练有素的记者不得审查通过传统的编辑过程中，博客提供呈现更广泛的观点的可能性。 True or False

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The essential act of journalism is gathering information. This is done by editors. 新闻事业的基本行为是收集信息。这是通过编辑。 Deadline: the time when a story is due. 截止日期：时间是一个故事，当由于。

Interview: the way in which much information for journalism is gathered; reporters talk with resources in person, by telephone, by email, or any number of other ways of communicating.

采访：聚集的方式，多信息，新闻记者和资源；在人，通过电话，电子邮件，或任何其他方式的沟通。

Beat: the area or subject that a reporter regularly covers and writes stories about, such as the police beat or education beat.

拍：面积或主题，记者经常覆盖写故事，如警察殴打或教育打。

Editors oversee and direct the activities of reporters. Few people in journalism work alone. Many people are involved in the process of gathering & disseminating information.

编辑和记者的活动直接监督。在新闻独自工作，很少有人。许多人参与了收集和传播信息的过程。

Journalists must adhere to a personal standard of integrity; they must be able to deal honestly with their sources and they must be able to evaluate information honestly.

新闻记者必须坚持个人本位的完整性；他们必须能够诚实地对待他们的来源和他们必须能够评估信息，说实话。

Journalists must pay attention to details--- the exact spelling of someone’s name, the exact time that something happened, and so on.

新闻记者必须注重细节——确切的拼写是一个人的名字，那事情发生的确切时间，等等。

World of reporters世界的记者

Be the first on the Scene, wants the world to hear or read the information he gathered.

现场的第一，希望世界听到或读到他所搜集的信息。

They put information into the form—the news story—that is acceptable for the medium for which they are reporting.

他们把信息转化为形式的新闻故事，培养他们的报告是可以接受的。 Qualities: They must ?素质：他们必须…

Know how to get information & how to talk to people. 知道如何获得信息和如何与人交谈。

Recognize news & the value of the information they have. 认识新闻价值他们拥有的信息。

Know how to use the language, both orally and in written form. 了解如何使用语言，口头和书面形式。 Work and produce quickly. 工作和快速生产。

What Reporters do记者做什么 Dealing with sources?处理源…

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Sources are an important part of the journalistic process, and a reporter is an expert in sources. Stored, observational and personal sources.

来源是新闻的一个重要部分，和记者是一个专家在源。存储，观测和个人来源。 Most information for news stories comes from personal sources—reporters talking with people who have information.

新闻故事的大部分信息来自个人来源记者与人交谈的信息。 Getting information from people is not easy task. ①can’t compel ② publicity ③not know what the reporters want. 人们获得信息是不容易的任务。①不能强迫②宣传③不知道记者要。

The act of a reporter talking with a source is called interviewing and reporters must be skilled in the art of efficient interviewing.

一个记者与源说话的行为叫做采访记者必须在有效的面试的技巧熟练。

The relationship with source should be straightforward: a source will give the reporter the information the reporter asks for. No money will be exchanged for this information.

与源的关系应该是简单的：一个源会给记者记者问的信息。没有钱将交换信息。 The sources will offer information because they think this information will benefit the public.

源将提供信息，因为他们认为这将有利于公众信息。 Relationship with Editors?与编辑…

Editors control what goes on in the news organization. In most news organizations, a reporter will work directly under the supervision of an editor. 编辑控制新闻机构内发生了什么。在大多数的新闻机构，记者将一个编辑的监督下工作。

An editor can give advice to a reporter about how to cover a story, what kind of info to look for, where that info can be found. Reporters are responsible for following their editors’ directions.

编辑可以对采访的记者提供建议，什么样的信息看，那信息可以发现。记者负责以下编辑方向。

Both will work together to meet the deadlines that the news organization has established.

双方将共同努力应对新闻机构制定了最后期限。 Personal Characteristics个人特点

Curiosity, “nose for news”. They sense sth is a bit unusual which will make a good story.

好奇，“新闻”的鼻子。他们意识到某事有点不寻常，这将使一个很好的故事。 Boldness: must be assertive even at the risk of making some angry. Sometimes they have to ask the awkward, embarrassing, or even rude question and have to go where they may not be wanted. They are not represent themselves; they are representing news organization and the people who watch or read what they produce

勇气：必须坚定甚至在一些愤怒的风险。有时他们会问尴尬，尴尬，甚至粗鲁的问题，要去的地方可能没有被通缉。他们不是代表自己；他们所代表的新闻机构和谁看他们所生产的人

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Retentive memory

好记性 Listen

听着 Persuasive

Attentiveness to detail 有说服力的 Willingness to work hard (difficult & Frustrating) 注意细节 Competitiveness

愿意努力工作（困难和令人沮丧的） Intergrity

竞争力

Becoming a Professional成为一个专业的

Obsession with accuracy—getting the latest, most up to date info. Good reporters try to understand info from various points of view. Getting different people to talk about the same situation helps gaining a better understanding of that situations.

准确获取最新的困扰，最新的资讯。好的记者去了解不同的观点的信息。让不同的人谈论同样的情况，有助于更好的理解这个情况。

Best reporters will check and recheck their info, often from different sources if possible. They will look for contradictions in what different people tell them and they will try to resolve those contradictions.

最好的记者会检查和复查它们的信息，往往从不同的来源，如果可能的话。他们将在不同的人告诉他们寻找矛盾，他们将试图解决这些矛盾。

The reporter is also obsessed with speed. A reporter has to meet a deadline which requires that reporters work speedily and efficiently.

记者也痴迷于速度。记者必须满足最后期限的要求，记者的工作更加快速和有效。

To be available when their sources want to talk and when certain info will become available.

可当他们想说话，当某些来源的信息将成为可用。

A scoop(独家新闻) for a reporter is especially sweet when there are other reporters who are after the same info. Scoops enhance the reputation of the news organization, and they are encouraged and rewarded by management.

一勺（独家新闻）对记者是特别甜，当有其他记者都是相同的信息后。勺提升新闻机构的声誉，他们鼓励和奖励的管理。

News organizations enjoy the recognition that comes from being the first to print, post, or broadcast an important story.

新闻机构享受识别来自被打印，第一页，或广播的一个重要的故事。

The more a news organization can be the first to report important stories, the better its reputation becomes among professionals and eventually with the public.

更多的新闻机构可以报告重要的故事第一，更好的声誉，成为专业人士和最终与公众。

An aspiring reporter must develop the ability to write and handle the language with ease and confidence.

They should be natural curious and should be bold enough to meet new people and ask questions.

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一个有抱负的记者必须写和轻松、自信的处理语言的能力。

A reporter must have an interest in public affairs and should have an keen sense of public service----a reporter should be interested in making a community a better place to live by making info about the community available.

记者必须关心公共事务和应具备敏锐的公共服务——记者应该做一个社区更好的信息感兴趣的社区感。

They should be natural curious and should be bold enough to meet new people and ask questions.

他们是天生的好奇，应该大胆的去认识新的人，问问题。 True or False

Who, what, when, where, why, and how: the key questions that journalists must answer when they are gathering their information and writing their stories.

谁，什么，何时，哪里，为什么，以及如何：关键的问题，记者必须回答的时候他们正在收集他们的信息写他们的故事。

Stored sources: information that is only contained in written files. 存储的来源：，只是在书面文件信息。

Accuracy: the main goal of reporting; journalists go to great lengths to make sure their information is correct and presented in an accurate context so that readers and viewers will have the same understanding of that information that the journalist does.

精度：报告的主要目标；记者竭尽全力确保自己的信息是正确的，在一个准确的背景使读者和观众将有相同的理解的信息，记者会。

Almost all good journalists are good interviewers; they know how to talk with people, and they know how to listen.

几乎所有的好的新闻记者都是很好的面试官；他们知道如何与人交谈，他们知道如何倾听

Personal sources: the people who give journalists information; in daily journalism, personal sources are most important because they have information that is not stored yet.

个人来源：谁给记者的信息的人；在日常的新闻来源，个人最重要的是因为他们不存储信息。

Observational sources: information that the journalist sees in the course of reporting; stories about sports events, for instance, are written mainly with observational sources.

观测资料来源：信息，记者看到在课程报告；比如关于体育赛事，故事，写的主要来源与观测。

Quotation: what a source says: a direct quotation is the exact words that a source uses whereas an indirect quotation uses different words that mean the same thing as the words the source used.

报价：什么源说：直接引语是准确的话，一个源使用而间接引语使用不同的词，意味着同样的事情的话源使用。 Five Ws and One H五W和H Who (important people)

What (major action or event, theme of the story)

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When(rarely the best way to begin a story) Where(should be clearly written)

Why & how(the reader expect an explanation about the event) Stored sourcesStored sources存储源

Using stored information presents the reporter 2 basic problems: Management & reliability.

Management: most reporters develop strategies for exploring information sources mainly through experience.

使用存储的信息提出了记者的2个基本问题：管理与可靠性。

Management: most reporters develop strategies for exploring information sources mainly through experience.

管理：大多数记者发展主要是通过经验探索信息源的策略。

Reliability: reporters should consider carefully the source of the information in assessing its reliability. They should try to find the same information from another source if there is some doubt about the original source.

可靠性：记者应仔细考虑信息的来源，在评估其可靠性。他们应该设法找到相同的信息，从另一个来源，如果有关于原始来源的一些疑问。 Personal sources个人来源

Reporters soon realize that many people can provide information and sometimes information can come from surprising sources. (secretaries/boss)

记者很快就意识到，很多人可以提供信息和有时信息可以令人惊讶的来源。（秘书/老板）

As reporters and sources deal with each other, they should develop a relationship of mutual understanding.

当记者与消息来源的对待彼此，他们应该建立一个相互理解的关系。

Attribution in a news story means telling readers where information comes from. 在一个新闻故事的归因方式告诉读者信息是从哪里来的。

Types of sources种源 stored sources存储源 Personal sources个人来源 Observation观察

Observing is more than just watching an event. Good observation requires the reporter to develop a sense of what is important.

观察不仅仅是看一个事件。良好的观察要求记者有什么是重要的。

Good reporters put themselves in a position to see what they need to see. Physical positioning is a key part of good reporting.

好的记者把自己放在一个位置能看到他们想看到的。物理定位是良好的报告的关键部分。

News reporters are obligated to put what they see into their stories whether or not it makes the people they are writing about look “good” or “bad”.

新闻记者都要把他们所看到的为他们的故事是否让他们写的是看“好”或“坏”。 Interviewing

Interviewing is one of the most important skill that a reporter can acquire. 采访是记者所能获得的最重要的技巧。

The first step in interviewing is deciding what information is needed and who would be the best source for that information.

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在面试的第一步是确定哪些信息是需要的，谁会是最好的信息来源。

Preparing for the conversation. This preparation may include doing research on the topic of the interview or on the person to be interviewed. The more the reporter knows about both, the more successful the interview is likely to be.

准备的谈话。该制剂可包括在面试中的话题研究或要被采访的人。更多的记者了解，更成功的面试可能是。

another part of the preparation phase of the interview is figuring out what questions to ask. The questions will depend on the information needed, but they will also depend on the willingness of the source to give information.

面试的准备阶段，另一部分是搞清楚什么问题要问。这个问题将取决于所需的信息，但他们也将取决于源提供信息的意愿。

closed-ended questions: these usually require very short answer or the question itself may contain a choice of answers from which the respondent will choose. 封闭式的问题：这些通常需要很短的回答或问题本身可能包含一个选择答案，答辩会选择。

Open-ended questions: sometimes an interviewer will want to give a subject the chance to say anything he or she wants.

开放式问题：有时候面试官会想给一个主体的机会，说什么他或她想要的。 Hypothetical questions: these are questions that set up a situation or condition and ask the interviewee to respond to it. They are sometimes known as “what if” questions.

假设性的问题，这些问题，建立一个情况或条件，要求应聘者应对它。它们有时被称为“如果”的问题。

Agree-disagree questions: as the name implies, these questions ask respondents to express agreement or disagreement with a statement.

同意不同意的问题：顾名思义，这些问题要求受访者表示同意或不同意的声明。 Personal questions: these questions have to do with the personal life of a subject. Most experienced interviewers agree such questions should be left until the middle or end of the interview, giving people a chance to establish trust.

个人的问题：这些问题都与一个主题的个人生活。最有经验的面试官都同意这种问题应该留到面试的中间或结尾，给人们一个机会来建立信任。 True or False

The ability to use language efficiently, effectively, and confidently is the mark of a good journalist.

有效的能力，有效地使用语言，而自信是一个好记者的标记。

All journalistic writing should share four characteristics: accuracy, clarity, precision and efficiency.

所有的新闻写作中应该分享四个特点：准确，清晰，精度和效率。

Good journalistic writing uses the big, complex words and a variety of sentence structures.

好的新闻写作中使用大的，复杂的词汇和句子结构的变化。

Attribution: giving credit to sources for their information; this is one of the most important journalistic writing conventions.

属性：贷款给他们的信息来源；这是一个最重要的新闻写作的规范。

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The information in the news should be presented in chronological order. 在新闻信息应该在时间顺序排列。

Feature writing often centers around events rather than people and their interests.

特征的作品经常围绕而不是人和他们的利益的事件。

One of the most effective ways of learning to write is to read good writing and to try to model your writing on what you have read.

一种学习写的最有效的方法是阅读写作和尝试模型你写你所读的东西。 Basic writing characteristics基本的写作特点

Accuracy has been a continuing theme throughout our lessons. (Choose words and phrases to convey..)

在我们的课程是精度有一个持续的主题。（选择的单词和短语来表达的。）

Precision means that the writer uses he language accurately and according to accepted rules of grammar, spelling, punctuation and diction(措辞).

精确意味着作家用他自己的语言准确，根据公认的规则，语法，拼写，标点符号和言语（措辞）。

Efficiency: good journalist learn how to write so that they can include much information as possible in a small amount of time and space

功效：好的新闻工作者学习如何写，他们可以在一个小的量的时间和空间，包括尽可能多的信息

Clarity means that a reader can understand what the writer is saying without having to figure out what the words mean or what the writer has in mind.(simplicity: using simple words; variety in sentence structure for interesting and readable writing.)

清晰，读者可以了解作者是说不出什么的话的意思，或是作家头脑中。（简单：用简单的话；在有趣的和可读写。句子结构的变化） Attribution 归因

Attribution simply means telling readers where the information in a story come from.

归因意味着告诉读者在故事的信息是从哪里来的。

Attribution is important because it establishes the news report’s credibility(可信度).

归因是重要的因为它建立了新闻报道的可信度（可信度）。

Reader’s are more likely to believe that the publication is trying to be accurate in its reporting if they know clearly the source of the information.

读者更可能认为出版正试图在其报告准确的是如果他们清楚地知道信息的来源。

Another reason for attributing information in a story is to allow the reader to assess the information by assessing its source.

用于将信息在一个故事的另一个原因是为了让读者通过评估其源评估信息。 The most common verb of attribution is said. Said is a neutral word. It simply connotes that words have been spoken; it doesn’t say anything about the way in which they were spoken.

归因最常见的动词是表示。说的是一个中性词。它只是意味着，话已经说的；

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它并不是说的方式，他们说的是什么。 Other writing conventions其他的写作习惯

Short sentences, short paragraphs简短的句子，短的段落Third person第三人 News stories rarely directly address the reader by using the second-person pronoun you.

新闻报道很少直接解决读者用第二人称代词你。 An attitude for accuracy 正确的态度

Achieving accuracy is not just a matter of reporting and writing techniques but also a state of mind that journalists should foster.

实现精度不仅仅是报告和写作技巧也是一种精神状态，记者应该培养。

Journalists strive for accuracy because they realize that their readers and viewers trust them and expect their reports to be accurate. If those reports are not accurate, journalists will lose that trust and eventually lose their readers. 记者力争精度，因为他们意识到他们的读者和观众的信任他们，希望他们的报告是准确的。如果这些报道是不正确的，记者将失去信任，最终失去读者。 The inverted pyramid倒金字塔

Why inverted pyramid? (this structure centers on the most interesting and important information at the top of the story. ①It allows the reader to decide quickly whether or not to stick with the story.②The inverted pyramid also organizes the information in such a way that the reader can be efficient. Not every reader will read all of every story in a newspaper.)

为什么倒金字塔？（这种结构中心的最重要和有趣的故事的主要信息。①它能使读者迅速决定是否坚持的故事。②倒金字塔也组织信息以这样一种方式，读者可以有效。并不是所有的读者会阅读所有的报纸上的每个故事。）

The inverted pyramid structure demands that the writer make judgments about the importance of the information that he or she has gathered—judgments based on the news values discussed in the previous chapter.

倒金字塔结构的要求，作者对他或她已聚集在第三章的基础上讨论了新闻价值判断的信息的重要性的判断。 The Lead Paragraph第一段

Lead paragraphs should say neither too much nor too little. One of the mistakes that beginning news writers often make is that of trying to put too much in a lead.

导语的段落应该说既不太多也不太少。一个错误的开始，新闻记者经常是试图把太多的导语 True or False

Style in journalism is a way of forming phrases or sentences but not the rules of usage and the discipline the writer imposes on the writing.

The Associated Press Stylebook（美联社写作指南） and Libel Manual （诽谤手册）is the chief arbiter（仲裁人） of style rules in print and web journalism. 新闻是一种风格形成的短语或句子而不是使用规则，作者对写作学科。

The Associated Press Stylebook（美联社写作指南） and Libel Manual （诽谤手册）is the chief arbiter（仲裁人） of style rules in print and web journalism.

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美联社样本（美联社写作指南）和诽谤手册（诽谤手册）是主要的仲裁者（仲裁人）风格的规则在印刷和网络新闻。

Most news organizations have a local stylebook, a publication that supplements （补充）the AP stylebook and lays down the rules for local references.

According to the AP stylebook, there is one and only one way to spell a word. Adherence to style rules is one of the ways that a journalist has of maintaining the aura of the “impersonal（客观的） reporter”.

大多数新闻机构有一个本地的样本，一个出版物，补充（补充）本地参考规则样本书放下。

According to the AP stylebook, there is one and only one way to spell a word. 据美联社样本，有一个且只有一个方法来拼写单词。

Adherence to style rules is one of the ways that a journalist has of maintaining the aura of the “impersonal（客观的） reporter”.

坚持样式规则的方法之一，记者一直保持“客观的光环（客观的）记者”。

Journalists should make sure their words and phrases are not disparaging or insulting to any part of their audience.

新闻记者应确保他们的单词和短语不贬低或侮辱他们的观众的任何部分。

Style is a special case of English correctness that a publication adopts. It does to promote consistency among its writers and to reduce confusion among its readers.

Once a style is adopted, a writer won’t have to wonder about the way to refer to such things as times of day or geographic locations.

风格是一种特殊的情况下，采用正确的英文出版物。它促进作家的一致性和减少在其读者困惑。

Once a style is adopted, a writer won’t have to wonder about the way to refer to such things as times of day or geographic locations.

一旦采用了一种风格，一个作家不会有怀疑的方式指的是诸如一天中的时间或地理位置。

Journalistic style may divided into two types of style: professional conventions and rules of usage.

新闻风格可以分为两种风格：专业的公约和规则的使用。

Journalistic conventions新闻规范Types of stories类型的故事Balance and Fairness平衡和公平 Sources来源 Attribution and Quotations分配和引语 Language sensitivity语言的敏感性 Sexist pronouns性别歧视的代词 Titles （称谓）

Descriptions 描述 llness and Disability疾病和残疾 True or False

Editors: a person who has some responsibility for the news organization and how it functions; editors are in charge of the process of journalism.

编辑：一个人的新闻组织和它的功能如何有责任；编辑是新闻的过程电荷。 Copy editor: a person charged with checking the writing that reporters and other editors produce; these people must have a wide range of knowledge as well as an expertise in how the language is used.

编辑：一个人负责检查写作，记者和其他编辑的产生；这些人必须有广泛的知

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识以及专业的语言是如何使用的。

Editors should develop relationships of trust and mutual purpose with reporters. A reporter should come to count on an editor’s expertise and support.

编辑应建立相互信任和目的与记者的关系。记者应该算的上一个编辑的专业技术和支持。

Editors set and enforce the standards for a news organization; their sense of honesty and ethics will permeate the news organization.

编辑制定和执行一个新闻机构的标准；他们的诚实和道德意识渗透的新闻组织。 Editors, in addition to their responsibility to their news organization, have a responsibility to the audience the organization serves; they must constantly consider how the organization can best deliver information to that audience. 编辑，除了他们的责任，他们的新闻机构，有责任向观众组织服务；他们必须不断思考如何组织最好能提供信息，受众。

Understand the purpose and approach that the publication has in handling information and serving audience.

了解出版已处理信息和服务读者的目的和方法。

Know the language and style rules of their publication. 知道的语言和风格的发布规则。

Must lead, cajole(哄骗), and sometimes force their writers into doing their best work.

必须带头，哄骗（哄骗），有时迫使作家做他们最擅长的工作。

The editor sets the standard and tone for the kind of journalism that is practiced at a publication.

编辑的新闻是在出版实践设置标准和音。

One of the most important and celebrated of all editorial positions is the copy editor. This is the person charged with reading the words produced by the reporter or writer and is central to the editorial process.

其中一个最重要的和著名的编辑位置编辑。这是充满阅读的记者或作家产生的话的人，是在编辑过程中。

Because the words the news organization distributes are so important, the copy editor can exercise a major influence over what the news organization says and how it appears to the public.

因为文字新闻组织分布是如此的重要，编辑可以行使重大影响力的新闻组织说什么和怎样出现的公共。

They must have a wide assortment of facts and concepts they can call up for instant use. They must have a wide range of knowledge.

他们必须有各种各样的事实和概念，他们可以立即使用的。他们必须有广博的知识。

Editor must be able to spot errors in logic or lapses in common sense. They should be wordsmith, people who not only know how to use words precisely but also have a feel for the language and a love for good writing.

编辑必须能够发现常识逻辑错误或失误。他们应该是语言大师，人不仅知道如何用词准确而且有一种语言和一个良好的写爱的感觉。

They must know what is and what is not appropriate, what similar or opposing

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publications are doing.

他们必须知道什么和什么是不合适的，类似或相反的出版物所做的。

It typically takes years of hard work and experience to acquire the tools of a good editor. And for all such editors, maintaining and adding to those tools is a matter of constant effort. Students who wish to become editors must begin now sharpening their skills and expanding their knowledge and sensitivity.

它通常需要艰苦的工作和经验来获取一个好编辑工具。和所有的编辑，保持和增加了那些工具是一个持续的努力。学生谁希望成为编辑必须从现在开始磨练自己的技能和扩大他们的知识和灵敏度。

An editor should ensure that a story is accurate, complete, precise, and efficient. 编辑应确保一个故事是准确的，完整的，准确的，高效的。

Editors must be sensitive to a writer’s style. To some degree, writers should be given license to present information in the style with which they are comfortable. 编辑们必须以一个作家的风格敏感。在某种程度上，作家应该与他们舒适的风格呈现信息的许可证。

Any major changes in the copy should be checked with the writer if possible. Asking questions of a writer or making suggestion is generally a more effective way of handling problematic copy than simply making changes and letting the writer see them in print.

在复制任何重大的变化，应检查与作家如果可能的话。问一个作家或建议的问题通常是处理棘手的复制不是简单的改变，让笔者看到他们在打印的更有效的方法。

Most writers with any experience have stories about how an editor changed their copy and did not tell them—and the editor turned out to be wrong. Editors should remember that they can be wrong,too.

大多数有经验的作家的故事如何编辑改变他们复制并没有告诉他们和编辑被证明是错误的。编辑应该记住他们是错误的，太。

When serious disputes arise about a story between a writer and editor, a third person should be asked to consult. Often a third person can see things about copy that neither the writer nor the initial editor can see. They may be able to suggest ways to satisfy both the writer and the editor.

当严重的纠纷出现了一个作家和编辑之间的故事，三分之一人应要求查阅。通常三分之一的人能看到的东西，不是作家也不是复制初始编辑器可以看到。他们也许能够提出满足作者和编辑的方法

An editorship is not for everyone.(just want to report or write; focus on creative part of the craft; don’t want to broader duty to the organization)

Many others want to contribute to the news organization more broadly and because they feel they can have an impact beyond an individual contribution. 一个杂志社的编辑并不适合每个人。（只想说或者写；注重工艺；创造性的部分，不想更广泛的责任组织）

Many others want to contribute to the news organization more broadly and because they feel they can have an impact beyond an individual contribution. 许多人想有助于更广泛的新闻组织，因为他们觉得他们可以影响一个人的贡献超出。

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Most people begin as reporters or copy editors. Those who move into the ranks of higher editorships are those whose work and dependability are apparent at this beginning level. Future editors usually have to demonstrate that they can master the rudiments(雏形) of reporting and writing, even though they may not have to excel at these skills.

大多数人开始当记者或编辑。那些进入更高的编辑队伍是那些工作和可靠性明显在这个起点。未来的编辑通常必须证明他们能掌握基础知识（雏形）的报道和写作，即使他们可能不需要这些技能的Excel。

Future editors must demonstrate that they understand the culture of journalism and the demands that it makes both professionally and personally on them. 未来的编辑必须证明他们理解新闻的文化需求，使他们的专业和个人。

Future editors must also show that they can work easily with other people, that they can make contributions to a group without necessarily getting individual credit, and that they take as well as give direction.

未来编辑还必须证明他们能够与其他人很容易的工作，他们可以对一组不一定要贡献的个人信用，并采取以及给予的方向。 True or False

Headlines: a few words used to describe a story or article; they appear in larger type than the body of the story, and they are what the reader uses to decide whether or not to read the story.

标题：几句话用来描述一个故事或文章；他们似乎比故事的身体较大的类型，以及它们的读者来决定是否要读的故事。

In copyediting editors should not only fix technical errors(grammar, punctuation, spelling, style, etc.) but they should also work to improve the writing.

编辑在审稿不仅要解决技术上的错误（语法，标点，拼写，风格，等等。）但是他们也应该努力提高写作。

Copy editors should always check the math in a story and make sure the numbers add up.

编辑应经常检查的一个故事，数学和确定的数字加起来。

Jargon(行话): specialized language used by a particular group but not understand by a general audience. 术语（行话）：专业语言的一个特殊的群体使用但不理解一个普通观众。

In the use of language, the simpler the better; simple words and phrases are more readily understandable, efficient, and memorable.

在语言的使用中，越简单越好；简单的单词和短语都更容易理解的，高效的，令人难忘的。

Redundancy(冗余): an expression that uses more words than necessary, for example, Easter Sunday. 冗余（冗余）：一个表达式，使用比需要更多的词，例如，复活节后的星期日。 Checking factsChecking facts 核对事实

Names and Titles名字和头衔 Numbers数字的 Places地方 The story’s inner logic故事的内在逻辑 Brevity(简洁)

Get to the point. What is the story about? What happened? What does the story

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need to tell the reader? Answering these questions is hardest part of writing or editing because the simplest terms should be used.

到这一点。这个故事是关于什么的？出什么事了？这个故事有什么要告诉读者？回答这些问题是困难的一部分，写作或编辑因为简单的条款应使用。

Watch for the redundancies and repetitions. Redundancies show a lack of disciplined thinking. Repetition is an indication that the editor was not concentrating on the story.

手表的冗余和重复。冗余显示缺乏有序的思考。重复是一个迹象，编辑不集中的故事。

Cut out unnecessary words. There may be words in a story that simply add nothing to the meaning. They are words such as “really”, “very” and “actually”. They are simply phrase-makers, but they don’t tell the reader much. 减少不必要的话。有可能在一个故事的话，只需添加没有意义。他们所说的“真”，“非常”和“事实上”。他们只不过是句者，但他们不告诉读者许多。 Clarity (清晰)

The opposite of clarity is confusion. 清晰的对面是混乱。

Keep it simple. People tend to use big words and complex sentences to express the simplest ideas. People forget their original purpose for writing is to communicate ideas.

保持简单。人们往往用大词和复合句表达简单的想法。人们忘记了他们最初的目的是为了交流思想写作。

Avoid jargon. Editors must make phrases such as “viable alternative(可执行的办法),” “optimum care,” and “personnel costs(人力成本)” mean something to the reader. 避免行话。编辑要注意短语如“可行的替代方案（可执行的办法），”“最佳护理，”和“人事成本（人力成本）”指的是一些读者。 Be specific. 具体的。

Check the time sequence. Most of the stories will not be written in chronological order, but readers should have some idea of the narrative sequence of the events in a story. When the time sequence is not clear, readers may become confused. 检查的时间序列。大多数的故事不写顺序，但读者应该对故事中的事件的叙述序列的一些想法。当时间序列是不明确的，读者可能会变得很困惑。

Use transitions(过度). New information in a story should be connected to information already introduced. Readers who suddenly come up new information or a new subject in a story without the proper transition will be confused.

使用转换（过度）。故事中的一个新的信息应连接到信息已经介绍了。读者谁突然出现新的信息或新的主题在一个故事不适当的过渡会迷茫。 Principles of Headline writing标题的写作原则

Headlines writers must learn to catch the most important and interesting details of news stories as they edit them.

有趣的新闻细节的故事因为他们编辑。

Accuracy:精度 Arson cause of school fire学校纵火造成火灾

Investigators are searching through the rubble of Joy school today trying to find

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the cause of the fire that destroyed the 50-year-old building on Friday. Fire Marshal Benny Freeman said no concrete clues have been found but did not rule out arson as a possible cause of the blaze.

调查人员正在搜寻快乐的学校中今天试图找到并摧毁了50年的旧建筑在星期五火灾的原因。消防队长本尼弗里曼说，没有具体的证据已被发现但不排除纵火的火灾的可能原因。

Logic:逻辑：Senator wants Labor Secretary on leave参议员希望劳工部长请假 Judge denies policy on Haitians biased法官否认在海地人偏向政策

“Serious case of vandalism,” as train derails, kills one“破坏严重的情况下，“列车脱轨事故，死亡

Word precision字精度Lover’s quarrel named caused of murder—suicide 情人间的争吵——自杀引起的

Named is misused.命名不当。Double Meaning双重意义Father of 10 shot; mistaken for rabbit10镜头的父亲；误认为兔子 Three states hit by blizzard; one missing

三个州的暴风雪袭击；一人失踪 Mother of 12 kills husband in self-defense 12个孩子的母亲杀死丈夫自卫 Guidelines 指南

New police patrols help make the streets safer. 新的警察巡逻帮助使街道更安全。

Mayor and council meet on budget for next year 市长和市议会在明年的预算满足

Mayor, council agree to cuts on new budget 市长，委员会同意在新的预算削减 Procedure 程序

Having the most thorough knowledge of the story, the editor should be the one who writes the headline. Assuming that is the case, here are some tips on how to produce a headline.

有故事的最彻底的知识，编辑应该是谁写的标题。如果是这样的话，这里有一些提示如何产生一个标题。

Make sure you understand what the story is about. 确保你明白这个故事讲的是。

Find the action verb and the most important noun. 找到最重要的动作动词和名词。

Sum up the story with key words; build this summary around the verb you have chosen.

总结了故事的关键词；在你所选择的动词建设综述。 Break the head into logical line units. 打破头为逻辑线路单元。

Key concepts and Terms关键概念和术语

Four modern principles of visual design are left to right, top to bottom, big to little, and dark to light.

四现代视觉设计的原则是从左到右，从上到下，大，小，和黑暗到光明。 The three major elements of design are type, illustration, and white space.

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设计的三大元素类型，插图，和白色的空间。

Graphic personality: the continuing elements of a publication’s or website’s design that help distinguish it from other publications and web sites and that contribute to its content message.

图形的个性：持续的元素的出版物或网站的设计，有助于区分它从其他出版物和网站，有助于其内容的消息。

jump line: the line of type at the end of a column that tells the reader a story is continued on another page.

跳线：在一个专栏，告诉读者一个故事仍在继续，另一个网页端型线。

Load time: the time it takes to have a website page appear on a computer screen; one of the goals of a designer is to have a page appear as quickly as possible.

加载时间：它需要有一个网站的页面出现在电脑屏幕的时间；一个设计师的目标是拥有一个页面出现尽快。 Visual logicVisual logic视觉逻辑

Big to small. We see big things first, smaller things next. In publications, as in many other parts of life, size matters. We ascribe certain characteristics to “big” and other characteristics to “small”.

大到小。我们看到大的事情，小事情。在出版物上，在生活的其他部分，大小的问题。我们把某些特征的“大”与“小”等特点。

For reasons that come from nature and from training, we tend to start at the top and go to the bottom. Reading material is certainly arranged in that fashion, but so are other things in life.

原因来自大自然，从训练，我们倾向于从顶部开始，到底。阅读材料是安排在时尚，但生活中的其他事情。

Left to right. With a few exceptions, we have learned to read from left to right. This training carries over into other aspects of our lives as we encounter the world. Left to right is not so much a natural tendency as it is one of training, but it is so much a part of our actions that we tend to think of it as a natural reaction to the visual world.

从左到右。除了少数例外，我们已经学会了从左到右读。这次培训对我们生活的其他方面，我们遇到的世界。从左到右不太自然的倾向是一种训练，但它是如此多我们的行动，我们倾向于认为这是对视觉世界的一种自然反应的一部分。 Dark to light. We tend to look at darker items(more colorful) first and lighter item(less colorful) next. It is easier to “see” a darker item than it is a lighter one. Our eyes have to work a bit harder on the lighter items.

黑暗到光明。我们倾向于看黑暗的项目（更多彩的）第一和打火机项目（不艳丽）下。它是容易“看见”比它是一个轻的深色的项目。我们的眼睛在更轻的项目工作努力点。 Type 类型

Modern typefaces are characterized by “vertical stress”, that is, emphasis on the vertical lines in the typefaces , great contrast between thick and thin strokes, and hairline serif

现代字体的特点是“垂直应力”，即，在字体的垂直线的重点，笔画粗细差别大，和发际线

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The Anatomy of Type类型的解剖

Use serif type for body copy, sans serif for headlines.为正文使用衬线字体，字体的头条新闻。

Avoid lines of all capitals; they are hard to read. Using small caps sometimes provides a good alternative to all caps. If you want to emphasize something, use boldface.

避免所有的资本系；他们很难读。使用小型大写有时提供了一个很好的替代所有的帽子。如果你想强调的是，使用黑体字。

Italics are harder to read than roman; avoid blocks of copy in italics. 斜体字的阅读比罗马更难；避免用斜体印出的复制块。

Don’t overuse boldface particularly in body copy; bold fonts are used well in headlines.不要过度使用粗体字特别是在正文；大胆的字体使用标题。

A reverse(using white or light type on a dark background) is a good way to set off type, but don’t overuse it.

Mixing type fonts should be done carefully; too many type fonts on a page is distracting.

反向（用白色或淡型在深色背景衬托型）是一种很好的方式，但不要过度使用。 Mixing type fonts should be done carefully; too many type fonts on a page is distracting.

混合型字体应仔细；太多页面上的字体是分心。 Type of Newspaper design报纸的设计类型

Vertical 垂直的 Horizontal水平 Modular(模块化

Vertical design demands an up-and-down movement of the reader’s eye on the page. Pages using this design have a long, narrow look to them . They feature one-or two-column headlines with long strips of body type dropping down from them.

The most prominent example of vertical design is seen in the Wall Street Journal. 竖向设计要求和读者的眼睛在页面上移动下来。使用这种设计的网页上有一个窄长，给他们看。它们的特点是一个或两个列标题与体型下降的长条。

The most prominent example of vertical design is seen in the Wall Street Journal. 竖向设计最突出的例子是在华尔街日报上看到的。

In horizontal design, the elements on a page typically lie along horizontal rather than vertical lines. The theory behind horizontal design is that natural eye movement is across a page rather than up and down. Many newspapers have now adopted this design.

在平面设计，网页上的元素通常位于沿水平而不是垂直线。在平面设计理论是自然的眼睛运动是在一个页面而不是向上和向下。许多报纸都采用这种设计。 Modular design, which is the most popular design today, requires that story packages—headlines, photographs, illustrations, and body type—be shaped into rectangles on the page. These boxes create a unified and unmistakable apace for all related items on a page.

模块化的设计，这是当今最流行的设计，要求包装新闻故事，照片，插图，和身体的类型被塑造成矩形在页面。这些盒子创造一个统一的和明确无误的空间相关的所有页上的项目。

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Begin at the top.

Make some preliminary decisions about where the photos and pictures will be placed on the page. Readers generally will begin looking at a page at the upper left.

Decide what will be in the lower-right corner of the page.在顶部开始。

Make some preliminary decisions about where the photos and pictures will be placed on the page. Readers generally will begin looking at a page at the upper left.

做一些初步的决定在哪里的照片和图片将被放置在页面。一般的读者将开始寻找一个网页的左上方。

Decide what will be in the lower-right corner of the page. 决定将在页面的右下角。

When the corners of the page have been filled, the editor should go back to the top of the page and fill in toward the center. In this way, the editor is less likely to leave small or odd holes at the bottom of the page. The center of the page offers the news editor more flexibility than the borders.

当页面角落已满，编辑应回到本页的顶端和填充在向中心。在这种方式中，编辑是不可能离开小或奇数页面底部的孔。页面的中心提供新闻编辑更多的灵活性比边界。

Rules for laying out of newspapers为铺设报纸规则

Avoid tombstoning headlines. (tombstoning means running different headlines side by side on the page.) 避免墓碑上。（墓碑的手段在网页上运行不同的标题。侧边）

Avoid splitting the page. If an alley runs the length of the page, it splits the page in two, destroying both the unity of the page and the reader’s eye flow.

避免分裂的页面。如果一个小巷运行页的长度，它将网页中的两个，摧毁了两个页面的统一和读者的眼睛流。

Avoid large blocks of body type.避免大的块体类型。

Place major stories on the primary focal point(焦点) of page, usually upper left-hand corner.地方主要故事在主焦点（焦点）的页面，通常是左上角。 Use few typefaces and vary size and style(roman and italic, plain and bold). 用较少的字体和不同大小和风格（罗马斜体，平原和大胆的）。

Follow the step down rule. It requires larger headlines appear at the top of the page, with gradually smaller headlines appearing below them.

走下台的规则。它需要更大的标题出现在页面的顶部，逐渐变小的标题出现在他们下面。

Never run the copy of a story out from under its headline. Headlines should provide a kind of umbrella for the story. Running copy out from under that umbrella leads to confusion.

没有一个故事的复制出来的标题下。标题应该提供一种伞的故事。运行复制从伞下导致混乱。

Try to avoid running columns of type under a headline in such a way that it creates odd shapes.

尽量避免在这样一种方式，它创造了奇怪的形状的标题下运行的柱型。

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Readability可读性

One of chief problems is having type that is too small to read. Some websites set their initial sizes so small that viewers are forced to increase the size on their own browsers.

一个主要问题是具有式太小，读。有些网站设置其初始尺寸太小，观众不得不提高自己的浏览器的大小。

Another problem related to type size is that pages are too crowded. 另一种类型的大小相关的问题是，页面太拥挤。

The third one is found in less professionally produced websites is that of a background color tht overwhelms the type.

第三个是发现在不专业的网站是一个背景颜色，淹没式。 Consistency 一致性

Consistency implies stability. Once readers learn that a design will be maintained, they do not have to figure it out each time they visit the site, and they can concentrate on the content itself.

Any news organization wants a readership that believes it will present accurate information. A consistent look helps to foster that feeling.

一致性意味着稳定。一旦读者学习，设计将保持不变，他们没有弄清楚他们每次访问该网站，他们可以专注于内容本身。

Any news organization wants a readership that believes it will present accurate information. A consistent look helps to foster that feeling.

任何新闻机构想要一个读者，相信它会提供准确的信息。一致的外观有助于这种感觉。

Simplicity 简单

The idea of simplicity keeps the designer close to the content. 简单的想法使设计者接近的内容。

The concept of simplicity should be balanced with the natural and necessary tendency of the designer to develop a graphic personality for the site. 简单的概念应与设计者开发图形为网站个性的自然和必然趋势平衡。 Variety 品种

Designers should abide by a general principle: design should offer the readers consistency； content should offer variety.

设计师应遵循的一般原则：设计要带给读者的一致性；内容应提供各种。

It should be the content—packaged in a consistent design—that gives the sites its flavor and uniqueness.

它的内容应该是封装在一个一致的设计，给出了其风味独特的网站。

Variety can be achieved by adding and subtracting elements such as pictures, pull quotes, graphics and links.

品种可以通过添加和减去的元素，如图片，实现了引文，图片和链接。

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