自考英语二的语法点 - 图文

Lesson1 TEXT A Language Points Paragraph1 1.Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia【Prep. Adverbial】, there has been foreign languages fervor in China【there be】, with English on top of the list.【absolute construction】 Translation:就如澳大利亚在全国推行学习亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中英语首当其冲。 (1)\absolute construction: with +n. + prep. phrase eg. The man entered the room, with a book in has hand. wth +n. + infinitive eg. With Li Ping to help us, I'm sure we can finish our task. with +n.+ past participle eg. With his homework done, the boy ran out for a swim. with+n. + present participle eg. With the boy leading the way, we had no difficulty in finding your home. with+n. + adj./adv eg. They were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open. With her mother away from home, she felt lonely. 1. 2.… adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with people of the same interest and determination.【post attribute】 (1)practicing做伴随状语 eg: He wrot to us, saying that he was studying abroad. (2)of the same interest and determination 介词短语作后置定语，可转化成相应的定语从句: people who have the same interest and... 3. Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of timeand energy before it is mastered? (1)\ Eg. + a(n) + adj.+ n. such + adj.+ uncountable n. that... + adj. + plural n.

It is such a lovely day that everyone is feeling happy and gay. 注: 当such 放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。 (2)\

a. conj. 强调从句动作发生在主句之前，意为“不等......就......” eg. Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.

b. 在\时间段+before从句\中， 意为“......之后才......” eg. It will be ten years before we can meet again.

c.在\否定形式 +long+ before 从句\中，意为“......不久就......” eg. It was not long he told me me about it. d. 在特定的情景中，意为“趁着......” eg. I must write it down before I forget it.

(3) Translation:英语真的这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗？

Paragraph 2

1. From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation, its grammatical rules,its words, etc. (1) v-ing 作主语和宾语

eg: Watching them was a thrilling experience. (主语)

The man denied having anything to do with the bank robbery. (宾语) 男子否认与银行抢劫案有关。 I don?t fancy living in that cold house.

我可不想居住在那个冰冷的房子里。 (2) more (…) than 的用法:

The present crisis is much more a political crisis than an economic crisis.

当前危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治危机. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is . ? more than + 主语+ can + 谓语 “…非所能” eg. That is more than I can tell.

What he said is more than I can understand. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.

He more than hestitated to accept the invitations . He simply refused it.

2. 2.It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who

use it. involve 的用法:

(1) make sth necessary as a result,需要 eg: The job involved my living in London.

(2) involve sb / sth in (doing) sth. 使…陷入 eg: Don?t involve me in sloving your problems. (3) include or affect 牵涉，涉及 eg: The strike involved many people.

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The social customs and habits of the English–speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it. (1) (1)contribute to sth. increase sth; add to sth.

eg: Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject. 她的著作有助于我们对这个困难问题的理解 (2) (2)have difficulty in doing sth.

(3) (3)Translation: 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度

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A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English 【attributive clause】because 【adverbial clause of reason】Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history.

Translation: 学习英语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英语国家的西方人要困难的多，因

为汉字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上很少接触。

(1)other than (but except ) 除了 eg: There is nobody here other than me. You can?t get there other than by swimming. (2)(have) in common (with) 与…有共同之处 eg: Their views have much in common with mine. They are brothers, but they have nothing in common. (3)have contact with sb make contact with sb. eg. They made contact with headquaters by radio.

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Only by developing an understanding and tolerance of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with the native speakers.

Translation: 学习英语的中国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的理解和宽容才能达到与英

语母语者交流的目的.

only 所修饰的副词、介词短语或从句放在句首构成倒装。 eg: Only then did he realized that he was wrong.

Only in this way can you improve your English quickly.

TEXT B

Language Points Paragraph 2

Some linguists think that 【objective clause】objective clausechildren are born with an ability to learn and use a language.This does not mean that【objective clause】 they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that【objective clause】, along with other things, they are born with the ability to know their native language.

Translation: 一些语言学家认为儿童生来就具有学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指一个

人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指一个人生来具有学习母语的能力，这种能力 与人在其他方面表现出来的能力是相同的。 (1)be born with 与生俱来

eg: Some people are lucky enough to be born with a good sense of direction. (2)come into the world with a cry 呱呱坠地 (3)along with 与…一道，连同，一起 eg: She came to dinner along with her best friends.

Along with the letters there are answers written by people who know how to solve the problems.

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This linguists do not think that【objective clause】 parents teach their children in the same way that 【attributive clause】adults are taught a second language. (1)否定转移

否定that 引导的宾语从句时，如果主句的谓语词是表示“相信”、“臆测”等心理活动的词 believe, expect, think, imagine,suppose时，则要否定主句而非从句. eg: We don?t suppose that he has told the truth. (2)a 的用法 (another,once more) 并非表示顺序. Paragraph 5

1. 1.If they knew 【objective clause】how children learn their native language, they would have 【subjunctive mood】an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language. Translation: 如果他们知道儿童如何学习母语，这可能有助于教儿童甚至成年人学习第二 语言

(1)与现在事实相反的虚拟语气

eg: If I were you, I would do it in a different way. (2)as well as = not only … but also 不但…而且 eg. He can speak English as well as Spanish 他不仅会说英语而且会说西班牙语.

2. 2.Some foreign language teachers believe that【objective clause】 adults learn a second language the same way 【attributive clause】 children learn their native language.These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that 【= learning】of children. Translation: 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相同 的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习语言的过程组织教学

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The students are encouraged to make up new sentences, using the rules that【attributive clause】 they have learned and the words that【attributive clause】 they know. (1)encourage sb to do sth. give support to sb eg. We encourage her to lose weight. 我们鼓励她减肥。 (2)make up 编造

eg: I made up a story to tell the children.

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pick up 的意义和用法：

拿起 ，拾起

eg. He went down and pick up a ten—yuan note. (非正规地）学会

eg. Where did you pick up your technic skill? 搭载，搭救

eg. I pick up an old woman on my way to street. 加速，上升， 好起来

eg. She is picking up wonderful sinc she came out of the hospital.

Lesson 2

Text A

Language Points Paragraph1

1. 1.I was born and raised in Hong Kong.

be born and raised in....在......土生土长 *翻译: 我是土生土长的香港人。 Eg. Tom was born and raised in Australia.

2. For the past six years, I've been living in the United States. (现在完成进行时) 过去的六年来，我一直生活在美国。 have/has been doing sth.

(1) 表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到说时还在进行，或可能还要继续下去。经常与“for+

段时间”或“since+点时间(也可以是从句)”的时间状语连用。例如：

I have been waiting for a letter from my parents. 我一直在等我父母的来信。 It has been raining for three hours. 雨已经下了三个小时了。

We have been studying here since 2004. 自从2004年以来，我们一直在这里学习。 (2) 表示从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到说话时刻，动作可能刚刚结束。例如：

She has been sweeping the street all day. She is too tired. 一整天都在扫大街，她太累了。 We have been waiting for you for two hours. We don't want to wait any longer. 我们已经等你两个小时了，不想再等了。

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It was the first time I‘d gone back there since coming to the United States. (It was the first/ second…time (that)+过去完成时)

It is the first/ second…time (that)+现在完成时 eg. It was the first time that he had lost a game.

It was the first time that he had seen suck a splendid performance. It is the first time that he has lost a game. It is the first time that he has gone abroad. 对比复习：

It is (high) time sb. did sth. 该做……了（虚拟语气） eg. It is high time I fed my dog. 该喂狗了。 It is time I went to school. 该去上学了。

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The houses on the street where I used to live（定语从句）had been torn down and replaced by office buildings.

1. where I used to live是定语从句修饰先行词the street，句子的主干是The houses had been

torn down and replaced.

2. used to do sth. （过去常常做……）/ be used to doing sth. （习惯了做……） 比较下面几个句子：

eg. I used to get up at 5 o?clock. 我过去常常5点起床。

I am used to getting up at 5 o?clock. 5点钟就起床，我已经习惯了。

Why are you so bad-tempered? You didn?t use to be like this? 你现在脾气怎么这么坏？你过

去可不是这个样子。

Are you used to eating the western food? 你习惯吃西餐了吗？

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The shock from the physical changes in the city, however, was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents‘ home. （定语从句）

1. physical此处的意思是“外观上的”。physical changes外观上的变化。 2. nothing compared to…与……比起来不算什么

eg. Money was nothing compared to the hurt I felt. 与我受到的伤害比起来，钱并不算什么。 1. 3.I soon began to feet in my parents? home是定语从句，修饰先行词confusion and hurt。 主句是：The shock was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt.

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You speak on matters that are of concern only to men. 1. 1.concern

vt. 关系到，与……有关 eg. The news concerns your sister. This matter concerns all of us. vt. 使……担心，使……关心

eg. The boy?s poor health concerned his parents. n. 关怀，关心（的事情）

eg. He didn?t show much concern about it.

His concern for the poor and for workers was often traced to his father.

固定搭配：

be concerned with…与……有关 eg. Her job is concerned with computer. be concerned about…关心……

eg. They are very seriously concerned about the problems involved. as(so) far as…is concerned 就……来说/而言

eg. So far as I?m concerned, some other arrangement would have been more satisfactory. 就我而言，其他的安排会更让人满意。

2. 2.of+抽象名词：作用相当于形容词，例如of importance/ value/ use…

eg. What he told you yesterday is something of importance.昨天他告诉你的是一些重要的事情。 His research has been of little practical value.他的研究有很少的实际价值。

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They don‘t take a silent back seat during a discussion.

back seat是指汽车的后座，即不处于开车的位置。此处指处于靠后的、不起作用的地位。

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I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done【 that made me feel （that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country.）（宾语从句）】（定语从句） 1. as的意思是“随着……”，引导状语从句。

2. that made me feel that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country：由that（第一个）引导的定语从句，修饰先行词things；定语从句中又包含一个由that（第二个）引导的宾语从句。

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I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States. But coming back here（分词作主语）didn‘t lessen the confusion and pain. 1. 1.cut short by…缩短了多长时间（或提前多长时间） cut short to…缩短到多长时间 对比：

…cut my visit short by four days访问缩短了4天（提前4天结束访问） …cut my visit short to fur days访问缩短到4天 2. 2.coming back here是分词作主语 eg. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

Only punishing him can?t solve any problem.只惩罚他并不能解决任何问题。

10. I‘m caught between the old world where I no longer belong（定语从句） and the new world which has not yet accepted me.（定语从句）

1. 此句的主干是：I?m caught between the old world and the new world.

2. where I no longer belong是定语从句，修饰先行词the old world；which has not yet accepted me也是定语从句，修饰先行词the new world. （注意：两个定语从句中关系词的不同，where在定语从句中作状语，which在定语从句中作主语）。

Text B

Language Points Paragraph 1

Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications,（现在分词完成形式作状语）he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience. 翻译：已经上过我的跨文化交际课程，他请我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。 having attended my course in Intercultural Communications是动词现在分词的完成形式，在

句中作状语，因为attend发生在consult之前，所以用完成时。（注意：分词的逻辑主语应和主句的主语一致，此句中，主语都是he。如果不一致，分词应带有自己的主语。） eg. A new technique having been worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. All flights having been canceled because of the storm, they decided to go to Beijing by train. （解释以上两个句子主语不一致情况）

Having received the notice, they decided to put the interview off until next Monday.

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He arrived expectant and happy（作补语） and enjoyed his first days very much. expectant and happy是形容词短语，在句中作主语he的补语。英语中， 这样一类动词，它们一方面本身保留实意动词的含义，另一方面需要接形容词或名词作主语的补语，来说

明主语的情况。例如：

Comrade Lei Feng died young. (=Comrade Lei Feng was young when he died.)

He left home a beggar and returned a millionaire. (=He was a beggar when he left home and had become a millionaire when he returned.)

She married young and felt she was missing out on life. (=She married when she was young…) *If we ignore it, we become buried alive. （参考Unit 12 P. 217）

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When people greeted him with, ―Hi, how‘s it going?‖ he thought they had asked him ―Where are you going?‖ and answered with the name of the conference hall, only to get（不定式短语作结果状语） a confused stare from them. only to get…是不定式短语作结果状语。例如：

Two years later, her father disappeared, never to be heard from again. 两年后，她父亲失踪了，以后一直杳无音信。

They lifted a rock only to have it drop on their own feet. 他们搬起石头砸 了自己的脚。

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He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans‘, found that people reacted unusually when he modestly insisted his English was not good after they complimented him, didn‘t know how to accept dinner invitations properly and therefore missed out on going to several lunches, and so on.(宾语从句)

1. 1.此句虽然很长，但结构很简单：一个长句包括三个宾语从句，三个谓语动词分别是felt、

found和didn?t know。

翻译：他感到自己握手不如美国人那么有力；人们称赞他时，他谦虚地坚持说自己的英语不好，他发现别人的反应异乎寻常；由于搞不清如何适当地接受邀请而错过了几次午餐，如此等等。

2. 2.miss out (on…)是一种非正式的口语用法，意思是“失去获得利益或获得乐趣的机会”。 eg. If I don?t go to the party, I shall feel I?m missing out. 我要是不去圣驾聚会一定会觉得

损失挺大。

She married young and felt she was missing out on life. 她结婚早，感觉失去了享受生活

的乐趣。

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With a new context come new ways of doing things.（倒装句式）

这是个倒装句，正常的语序是：New ways of doing things come with a new context. 例如：

Here comes the bus. (=The bus is coming here.)

Round to the corner came a mailman. (=A mailman came round to the corner.) （关于倒装请参考P.95）

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Sure（it is） he felt a little foolish about some of the mistakes he had made.（定语从句） 1. 这是一个省略句，sure之前省略了It is.

2. he had made是定语从句，修饰先行词mistakes，关系词that作宾语，所以省略掉了。

LESSON 3

Text A

Language Points Paragraph 2

...a life even barely above real poverty, so that there is scope in the family for thoughts and

activities not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living.

翻译: 有一个略高于赤贫生活水平的家庭，这样的家庭才有机会想些别的，而不至于全盘心思为谋生而奋斗。

not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living为过去分词短语作定语，修饰thoughts and activities。

Paragraph 3

But many fail to do so either because of an overstrict system (where what is most important is memory work;) (定语从句) or because of a careless and lazy one（where even the basic disciplines of literacy are ignored in the sacred name of free expression.）（定语从句）

翻译: 这要么是由于教育制度过于严格，把死记硬背看作是天下第一号大事；要么是由于教育制度松散，使人怠惰，在“自由表达”的神圣旗帜下，甚至连读书写字这样的基本要求也被忽视。

fail to do sth意思为“不能做到……，未能……”。 either...or...引导了两个原因状语从句。 两个where引导定语从句.

in the name of 以……名义，代表……。

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And we may add to this the worldwide atmosphere of violence and anarchy, the New Dark Age in which we live today.(定语从句） add sth to sth.

翻译: 我们对此还可加一条，那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政府状态——我们现在 就生活在其中的新黑暗时代。

Ideally then, a school system should be one in which the love of learning, rather than the acquisition of facts, is cultivated; one in which the spirit of enquiry is encouraged.（定语从句）

翻译: 理想的教育制度应该培养学生酷爱学习，而不是只是为了获取事实；应该鼓励探索精神。

Text B

Language Points Paragraph 1

1. The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with type made of lead. 古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅字版上印成的。 type：铅字，活字.

made of lead分词短语做定语修饰type.

2. Men who had been trained in Gutenberg's workshop soon established themselves as independent printers.

在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很快就独立开业。 Who 引导定语从句；

establish oneselve as使自己处于……的地位

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Other church books were also printed, as were Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books.

此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。 关系代词as代表主句中的分词printed；

此句后半句为完全倒装句，正常语序应为Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books were also printed.

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and eventually, the form of the letters was simplified to the point where they were well-adapted to the metal of the type.(定语从句) 字母的形式终于大为简化，完全适合铅字的要求。

to the point切题，切中要害；中肯，在此意思为“达到……程度”

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Sometimes books were illustrated with woodcuts. 书籍的插图有时是木刻的。

illustrate vt.1.给…加插图 2.说明, 阐明; 表明 This diagram will illustrate what I mean. 这个图表可说明我的意思。

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Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the picture were below the surface of the wood.When the surface was inked and stamped onto paper, the dark part of the picture was reproduced.

在雕刻木头时，图画的白色部分是凹陷的，在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在纸上，图画

的黑色部分就复印出来。

block n.街区, 街段; 大块(木料、石料等); 障碍(物), 阻塞(物) vt.堵塞, 阻塞; 阻碍, 妨碍

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Fortunately, about this time, many machines were invented that aided in the mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth.(定语从句)

幸好，这个时期发明了许多机器，促使大量生产诸如棉布和毛料这样的产品。 mass production大规模生产

LESSON 4

Text A

Language Points

Paragraph 1

express checkout line 快速付款通道, 快速结帐口

Paragraph 2

1. 1.lose one‘s temper 发脾气

补充： apt to lose one's temper 好发脾气 2. 2.take a deep breath 深吸一口气

3. 3.Men （with high levels of anger ）were three times more likely to develop heart disease than the camber... 翻译： 怒气冲冲的男性得心脏疾病的可能性要比脾气温和的人高出3倍以上…… times复数形式用以表示“倍数”.

e.g. Nine is three times as much as three. 九是三的三倍。

This book is four times as long as that one. 这本书是那本书篇幅的四倍。

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1. 1.It doesn't seem to matter whether you release or hold it in, experts say. 翻译：专家指出，发泄或抑制怒气，其后果没什么两样。 hold in

拿着; 抱住; 夹住 e.g. The young mother held her baby tightly in the arms. 年轻的母亲紧紧地抱着她的孩子。 约束，抑制

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calm down : compose oneself 镇定下来

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1. 1.take stock 清查存货；盘货

e.g. The food store took stock everyweek. 这家食品店每周盘点存货。 评估现状

e.g. Bill took stock of the situation after Christine cheated on him. 在克里斯汀欺骗他后，比尔评估一下现状。

2. He suggests that you ask yourself these questions to measure your anger quotient... quotient意思为“商数”，anger quotient 指的是“生气的程度”。 他建议你问自己以下几个问题来判断发怒的程度。 补充：表示“建议”后的宾语从句

主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如： He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。

注：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会：

He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。

I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。

Paragraph 7-9

keep a record 保留记录

Paragraph 10-12

1. 1.well up 涌出,涌现

2. 复合形容词是由两个或两个以上的词按一定顺序排列构成，主要有以下几种构成方式： (1) 名词＋现在分词

English-speaking讲英语的；self-generating自然发生的；freedom-loving热爱自由的； (2) 名词＋过去分词

man-made人造的；water-covered被水覆盖的；snow-covered被雪覆盖的； (3) 名词＋形容词

snow-white雪白的；day-long整天的；world-famous举世闻名的 (4) 形容词＋名词＋ed

warm-hearted热情的；bad-tempered脾气坏的；short-sighted近视的；kind-hearted好心肠的； (5) 形容词＋现在分词

ordinary-looking相貌平常的；good-looking相貌好看的； easy-going随和的； (6) 形容词＋名词

full-time专积的；fast-food餐馆等专门提供快餐服务的。 (7) 副词＋过去分词

deep-set（眼睛）深陷的；well-known众所周知的；better-trained受过较好训练的； (8) 副词＋名词

right-hand居右的；out-door室外的；in-door室内的；under-ground地下的 (9) 副词＋现在分词 slow-thinking思考缓慢的 (10) 数词＋名词

second-hand二手的；ten-speed十速的；one-room一间房屋的（车站）； (11) 数词＋名词＋形容词

180-foot-high 180英尺高的；five-inch-tall 5英寸高的；7-year-old 7岁的 (12) 数词＋名词＋ed

ten-storeyed 十层的；one-eyed一只眼的；3-legged三条腿的 (13）动词+名词/代词

a make-it or break-it project 改变它或接受它的策略 （paragraph 11）

参见: paragraph 14中the water-on-the-back-of-a-duck approach 逆来顺受的处事方式

paragraph 15中God-like 上帝般的、little-kid-like 小孩子般的

Paragraph 13-15

1. 1.That shouldn't have happened to me. 这不应该发生在我身上。 shouldn?t have done something “做了本来不应该做的事情”

e.g. You shouldn?t have helped him, he could do it himself. 你本不该帮助他的，他能自己做。 should have done something “没有做本来应该做的事”

e.g. You should have started earlier. 你本应该早点开始的。

2. 2.\

defeated, or have things happen to us\同位语从句

翻译：“我们中有不少人有着神一般的，或者说是像小孩子一样不现实的想法，认为别人不能强加于我们什么，我们不该有挫败感，不能让某些事在我们身上发生”。

3. 3.the+形容词/副词比较级……the+形容词/副词比较级,表示―越……越……‖。 The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高兴。

The more they talked, the more encouraged they felt. 他们越说就越感到鼓舞。

The better able you are to accept that, the less angry you'll be. (para15) (2006年7月真题单选题) 翻译：你越能接受它们，也就越不会动不动发脾气。

Paragraph 16-17

work through (使)逐渐通过〔穿过〕

e.g. It was difficult to work the needle through the stiff cloth. 把针穿过这种硬布料是不容易的。 完成; 解决 e.g. I'm still working through this pile of papers. 我仍在处理这堆文件。 闯过; 通过; 冲过 e.g. She paid for her own education by working her way through college. 她是靠自己工作挣钱念完大学的。

Paragraph 18-21

the ways (you react to upsetting situations and express your anger)come from a combination of several factors, including genetics, upbringing, and culture.

react to…

upsetting 做定语 including

翻译：你对令人心烦的事物的反应及 表达怒气的方式都要来自于一些综合因素，如遗传、所受过的教育及文化环境等。

Text B

Language Points Paragraph 1

There is no point in talking, however assertively, if no one is listening and, conversely, no point in listening if we are not truly attentive to others, if we are not analyzing the content of their communication and if we are not assessing how their tone of voice, manners, facial expressions and so on, add meaning to the words they use.

(1) (1)这一段是一句话，主要结构是There is no point in doing...and no point in doing... There is no point in doing...是一固定句型，意思是“没有必要……，没有用……，做……没有意义”。

e.g: There is no ____ asking him, for he knows nothing about the accident. (2005.07) A.point of B.point in C.position of D.position

(2) however assertively 修饰 talking 即： however assertively you are talking (3) conversely 前后并列 = and there is no point in listening … (4) if 引导条件状语从句。最后三个if 构成并列句；

(5) how 引导的句子作assessing 的宾语，即宾语从句。谓语是add…to

Paragraph 2

1. How can you show respect for others if you do not give them your full attention?actively listen to them?hearing them out rather than impatiently waiting for your turn to talk. hear sb out 听完

“而不是，与其……宁愿”。例如：

He ran rather than walked there.他跑着而不是走着去了那儿。 Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad,he sold them at half price. 为了不让菜烂掉，他把菜半价卖了。

2. Don't you expect the same of others?to be listened to and taken seriously? 重视;认真对待,当真

Paragraph 3

One reason (for discussing listening here) is because of concerns (expressed by people attending assertiveness courses), (many of whom are helped by improving their listening skills.) 分词作后置定语

expressed by people...过去分词做定语修饰concerns; attending... 现在分词做定语修饰people. 本句的主句为One reason is because of concerns.

many of whom are helped by improving their listening skills为非限制性定语从句

翻译：我们在这里讨论“倾听”，因为许多参加过自信力培训的人都对“倾听”较感兴趣，非常关心，其中许多人通过提高倾听技能而获益匪浅。

Paragraph 4

1. Many people find it relatively easy to communicate on a professional level, (on which the content of conversation is technical, technological or business-oriented,) but have difficulty in stepping from behind their desks and chatting with superiors, co-workers,clients and customers on a more personal level.

(1) 本句是由but 引导的并列复合句，主要结构为Many people find it easy...but have difficulty in stepping...and chatting...

(2) it作形式宾语，真正的宾语为不定式短语 (3) 注意介词on 的用法

(4) On which...为非限制性定语从句

(5) business-oriented -oriented导向的，面向...的；以...为方向的，以...为目的的，eg: money-oriented, profit-oriented (6) have difficulty in doing sth.

翻译：许多人发现专业知识交流往往相对容易，因为大家谈论的是技术、科技或商业问题。但是，他们却难以走出工作环境，与上司、同事及客户进行更加个人化的沟通。

2.On training courses participants (previously unknown to each other) will soon talk together about work-related issues—common objectives— but some keep silent during refreshment breaks (where social chitchat is required).

(1)本句是由but 引导的并列复合句，主要结构为On training courses participants will soon talk...but some keep silent...

(2)…previously unknown to each other过去分词短语作定语修饰participants. (3)...where 引导定语从句

翻译：培训中，原本彼此不相识的受训者迅速开始交流与工作相关的问题，即共同目标，但在课间休息应进行一般社交性的闲谈时，他们却保持沉默。

Paragraph 6

At the other end of the pole are the ―short fuse brigade‖, (who find that differences of opinions too often escalate into aggressive outbursts.) If this is your tendency, you too will benefit from paying attention to others. Here too, listening is of paramount importance. (1) 倒装结构。The \into aggressive outbursts, are at the other end of the pole. (复数意义) (2) who 引导非限制性定语从句； (3) benefit from 从...中获益

(4) be of paramount importance= be very important be of great value = be very valuable

Paragraph 7

Then there are the non-assertive individuals (whose self-confidence plummets when others don‘t listen to them. ) Well, admit it, haven‘t you ever been made to feel inadequate or bored when others interrupt you in order to express their own views , or change the subject before you‘ve finished speaking? How do you cope with people (who continually interrupt ,or whose topic-hopping make it virtually impossible for you to maintain a dialogue? ) How do you stop your boss when he is in full flow, to explain that you are unsure of something he has said?

Paragraph 20

Note how I do it, then copy me. (2) the former, the latter

(3) not …but … 不是，而是 eg: He is not rich but poor.

（1） note that… = notice that… ; observe that… eg:She noted that his hands were dirty.

当not….but 连接两个主语时，谓语动词必须与其靠近的那个 主语保持人称和数的一致. eg ：

Not the students, but the teacher is hoping to go there.

(4) self-disclosure = talking about oneself or one?s own experiences

LESSON 5

Text A

Language Points

Paragraph 1

1. as if 好像

2. shut…in 围住，笼罩

Eg. The village is shut in by hills. 这村子四周环山。 3. I had no way of knowing…… : I don?t know……

4. 译文：你曾经在浓雾茫茫的时候到过海上吗? 那时会有这样的感觉，周围是白茫茫的一片，什么也看不见。轮船焦急万分又小心翼翼地摸索着靠近海岸。开始接受教育之前，我就好像是那条船，只是不知道海岸还有多远。

Paragraph 2

1. The most important day (I remember in all my life) is the one (on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me).

I remember in all my life: 定语从句，修饰The most important day.

on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me: 定语从句，修饰the one. 其中介词on是由on the day搭配所决定的。 2. be filled with 充满

3. immeasurable: (adj.) too big, great, etc.

measure → measurable → immeasurable → immeasurableness Exercise: 这一调查显示，互联网给人类社会带来了巨大变化。

This survey indicates that the Internet ___________________ to human society. 从朋友那他得到了巨大的勇气来说出事实的真相。 From his friends he ___________________to tell the truth. Answers: has brought immeasurable changes got immeasurable courage

译文：我的老师--安?曼斯菲尔德?萨莉文小姐来到我家的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。每当我回想起正是那一天连接了我生活的两个完全不同的阶段时，心中就感慨万端。那是1887年3月5日，再过三个月，我就满七周岁了。

Paragraph 3-4

1. On the afternoon of that exciting day, I guessed vaguely from my mother‘s signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house (that something unusual was about to happen), so …… (1) that something unusual was about to happen: that引导的宾语从句，谓语为guessed (2) vaguely adv. 含混地，不清楚地 Eg. I vaguely remember their house.

无表情的 Eg. She looked vaguely around her and said:\

(3) be about to do something: intend to do sth immediately; on the point of doing sth. Eg. I was about to leave my house when the phone rang. 2. stretch out one‘s hand(s) 3. reveal sth. to sb. reveal one?s identity reveal a secret to sb.

research has revealed that……

4. someone took it, and then I was caught up and held close in the arms of the person (who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more important than that , to love me)． who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more important than that , to love me: who引导的定语从句, 修饰先行词the person.

译文：在那个激动人心的下午，我从妈妈的活动和家里人们的忙乱中猜到要有什么不平常的事情发生。我走到门口，在台阶上等着。我感到有人朝我走来，以为是妈妈，就伸出了手，有个人握住它，把我拉了过去，紧紧的抱在怀里。这个抱我的人，就是那个将为我揭开生活的帷幕，而且也将把她满腔的爱倾注给我的人。

Paragraph 5

1. be interested in 2. succeed in doing sth 3. childish a.

(characteristic) of a child She had a childish face.

【derog】(of an adult) (behaving) like a child; immature,silly Crying for things you can?t have is childish. That was a very childish remark.

4. But my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name.

我和老师生活了几个星期之后，我才明白了每个东西都有自己的名称。注意这句话的翻译，一般把before翻译成“….之后”。

eg. It was not long before we met again. 不多久后，我们又相见了。

Pragraph 6

1. 1.apply vt. 应用，运用 eg. apply a theory to practice 把理论运用于实践 He applied his Marxist knowledge to the events around him. 他把马克思主义知识运用到周围的事情中。 vi. 适用，应用，运用 eg. The rules of safe driving apply to everyone. 安全驾驶规则，人人适用。 vi. 申请 eg. He applied to the school for a teaching post. 他向那所学校申请了一个教书的岗位。 2.impress sth. on/upon sb.使某人铭记某事；使某人深深意识到某事 eg. The manager impressed on his office staff the importance of keeping accurate records. Paragraph 7 1. thrill n. 激动，狂喜；引起激动或狂喜的事物 v. 使激动，使兴奋 一阵喜悦（恐怖） a thrill of joy / horror 激动得不能自已 thrill with excitement 恐惧得发抖 thrill with horror 因喜讯而激动 thrill at the good news 2. 2.I stood still; my whole attention was fixed upon the movements of her finger. 我一动不动地站着，全神贯注的感觉她手指的动作。这句话中，still是形容词，表示“静止的，不动的”，stand是系动词。英语中，有一类这样的动词，既保留动词含义，又可以充当系动词，后面要求跟表语。 eg. The boys came back low-spirited. 男孩们回来了，情绪低落。 fix my whole attention upon sth: 把我的全部注意力集中到某物上 Paragraph 8 1. give birth to sb/sth: produce young Eg. She gave birth to a healthy baby last night. Marx?s ideas gave birth to communism. 2. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. 一进门我就记起了那个被我摔破的娃娃 on/upon doing sth或on/upon + N: 一……就……，表示此动作一发生，另一动作立即发生。 Text B

Language Points

Paragraph1

1. be at home在家,在本地,在国内,熟悉

eg. Oh bother! I've left my money at home. 真讨厌!我把钱落在家里了.

They always make us feel very much at home. 他们总是使我们感到非常自在.

译文：如果本杰明．富兰克林还活着，我们会对他很熟悉。事实上，他做了许多对我们的生活方式发生重大影响的事情。你可能会立刻点头说：\对，是的，我们在五年级的时候就知道富兰克林的故事了\但是-让我们来看一下，你是否真正\完全了解他“。

Paragraph 2

1.You probably know that he was a stout old fellow with a bald head (who flew a kite with a key fastened to it and signed the Declaration of Independence)．

你或许知道他是位健壮的秃顶老人，曾经把钥匙系在风筝线上，还签署了《独立宣言》。 who flew a kite with a key fastened to it and signed the Declaration of Independence: who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词fellow. with a key fastened to it: 独立主格

由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语, 加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成, 这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词 名词(代词)+形容词 名词(代词)+副词 名词(代词)+不定式 名词(代词) +介词短语构成

独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。 (1)名词或代词主格 + 分词

①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。

②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散步。 (2)名词或代词主格 + 形容词

①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 ② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧! (3)名词或代词主格 + 不定式

The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。 (4)名词或代词主格 + 介词短语

① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。 ② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。 (5)名词或代词主格 + 副词

① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。

② The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。 独立主格前面有时可以加上介词with或without，构成介词的复合结构。这种结构在句中主要用作状语，也可用作定语。如：

He stood on the deck with his hand waving to us.（状语） 他站在甲板上向我们频频挥手。

He went out without a hat on his head.（状语） 他头上没戴帽子就出去了。

Do you know the girl with a bag on her back?（定语） 你认识那个后背上背包的女孩吗？

Paragraph 3

1. Philadelphia?s fire loss became so low that the first fire-insurance company in the United Sates was soon set up there． so…that…: 如此…以至于….

2. He also persuaded the city to pave and light its streets. Again, the fact that people had trouble keeping their houses warm in winter set Franklin‘s active mind to work． that people had trouble keeping their houses warm in winter:为同位语从句 3. be to blame

blame作名词时，表示责备，归咎，过失。

blame作动词时：（比名词常用）是及物动词，一般用blame sb (for...). 但在习惯用法be to blame中表示被动意义：应该受责备。 常考句型：

(1) blame sb. 指责，责备某人。

如：You don't have to blame yourself. 你不用自责。 (2) blame sb. for... 因...责怪某人

如：You shouldn't blame him for breaking the vase. (3) blame sth. on... 把某事的责任归咎于...

(4) be to blame for... 因...受责备, 对….负责任 = be responsible for

如：He was to blame for being late for school.

译文：富兰克林擅长实践，一旦发现问题就立即着手解决。费城的房子都是木制的结构，很容易着火。一发生火灾，即使邻里之间都来帮忙救火，也作用不大。因此，富兰克林就组建了一个消防公司。这大大降低了费城的火灾损失，这使美国第一家火灾保险公司得以很快成立了。富兰克林担任了其中一个部门的经理。他还说服市政府为城市铺设道路并安装路灯。此外，富兰克林活跃的思想甚至使他还考虑如何解决人们冬天房间取暖困难这一问题。他判断出问题出在大壁炉这儿，因为壁炉深深地砌在墙里，热量不能充分散发到房间里。于是他就画了一张设计图，并雇铁匠按图纸铸造了一个大肚子的炉子--被称为富兰克林炉子。把炉子放到房间中央，这样热量就能向各个方向散发了。

Paragraph 4

1. He was too busy with his discovery to bother with making money. ...too…to… 如此...以至于不能...

eg. Both sides were too angry to reach agreement.

2. Then he had time to spend on other things that seemed more worthwhile． spend vt.

spend some time/efforts in doing something 花费时间/精力做什么 spend some money on something 花费多少买东西 vi. 度过（时光）

3. What he really cared for most of all was science．他真正喜欢的是科学本身。 What he really cared for most of all: 主语从句

译文：富兰克林没有申请发明专利因为虽然四十二岁时，他已经是位富翁了，．但并不是金钱本身使他感兴趣。．他在乎钱是因为有了钱他就不至于为了谋生而忙碌不止他就能摆脱繁琐事务的羁绊把精力投入到他认为更有意义的事情上。他真正喜欢的是科学本身。 Para5

1. What makes things act the way they do? 是什么使物体按照各自的规律运行?

2. but how could you prove it--by coaxing some electricity down his kite string． 但怎样证实呢--他通过风筝线把闪电从天空导下来。 coax: v. 哄，耐心使……

Paragraph 8

He answered, ―I am like a worn-out piece of carpet. If there is one corner left which can be useful to my country, I will be honored.‖

他答复到：\我就像一条破旧的地毯，哪怕有一个残留的角能有益于我的祖国，我也感到万分荣兴。\

be useful to：对…有用

Paragraph 9

1. turn over 这里意思为“移交，交给”。 2. encourage sb to do sth鼓励某人做某事 3. set sail for启程去某地

Paragraph 10

It was only with the aid of the French fleet that Washington was able to win the war and American independence．

只有在法国舰队的援助下，华盛顿才能率领美国人民赢得这场战争并取得美国独立。 It was… that…..: 强调句

用强调句型：“It is（was）＋被强调的部分＋that（who）＋原句其它部分”来强调说话人的意愿：被强调的部分为“人”时用who(that)，为“物”时用that。

It was on Monday night that all this happened．所有这一切发生在周一晚上。 It's me who he blamed．他怪的是我。 注意：被强调部分不能是谓语。

Paragraph 11

1. He sat through the long arguments on the terms of the Constitution． 他坐着听完了关于宪法条款的长时间的争论。 sit through vt. 看完(听完,一直捱到...结束)

We had to sit through several tedious speeches. 我们只得坐在那里听著几个乏味的讲演. We had to sit through the boring movie. 我们不得不耐着性子看完那部沉闷的电影. Exercise:

As we all know, there are a lot of meetings every day in the world and we have to (_______)many long meetings that are very boring

A sit up B sit dowm C sit back D sit through Answer: sit through

2. Twice，the meetings would have failed if he had not helped the delegates to agree. 如果不是他帮助代表们达成一致，有两次会议都要以失败而告终。

此句为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，体现在主句would have failed，从句had not helped.

Paragraph 12

1.He died a rich man. 他死的时候非常富有。 a rich man为主语补足语，说明主语he的情况。 该句相当于He was a rich man when he died.

2. When he died he did not want people to say, ―He died a rich man.‖All he hoped was that people would remember him and say, ―He led a useful life.‖

他不希望人们在他死后评价说：\他死的时候非常富有。\他所希望的是人们会记着他并说：

\他的一生是有价值的。\All he hoped 主语从句

that people would remember him and say, “He led a useful life.”: that引导的表语从句。

LESSON 6

Text A

Language Points

Paragraph 1

1.all over the world 2.mention

3. in particular特别，尤其

He studies in particular the fishes of the Indian Ocean. 他专门研究印度洋的鱼类。

The engineer in particular must be able to communicate his ideas to others rapidly and accurately. 工程技术人员尤其必须能够迅速而准确地将自己的想法传达给别人。

4.but people do not always realize (what place these institutions occupy in the whole of educational system)(宾语从句).

5.Oxford and Cambridge are universities (each having about 12,000 students out of a total of over 250,000 students at all British universities)（现在分词短语作定语）. 6. in spite of =despite （不管，不顾，尽管，虽然） eg: I went out in spite of the rain. 尽管下雨我仍外出了。

7.but independent and private secondary schools(taking boys from the age 13 to 18 years.)（现在分词短语作定语）. 8. in reality实际上, 事实上

eg:In reality, things always happen out of expectation. 现实中，事情总是出乎意料地发生。

It seems as if he knew everything, but in reality, he is as stupid as can be. 他似乎是个万事通, 其实他是再愚蠢不过了。 9.one out of 40...

Paragraph 2

（Apart from the so-called public schools）there is a complete system of state primary and secondary education, （which resembles in general the state education in most other

countries.）(非限定性定语从句) Any child may attend, without paying fees, a school（provided by the public authorities）（过去分词做定语）and the great majority attend such schools. However, although the public schools are not important numerically, they have been England's most peculiar and characteristic contribution to educational methods and they have an immense influence on the whole educational practice and on the English social structure. Among the universities Oxford and Cambridge hold a dominant position. Of cabinet ministers who went to universities（定语从句）, nearly all went one or the other of these two, and to Oxford in particular. paragraph 3 A student [who receives further full-time education after the age of eighteen, either at a university or at a teacher‘s training college or at some other college giving training of a special type(现在分词做定语),]（定语从句）can usually receive a grant from the public authorities to cover his expenses, or most of them, unless his parents have a large income. But the number of young people (who can enter universities)(定语从句) is limited by the capacity of universities, 【which is less than enough to take all the young people (who have the basic qualifications for university admission)(定语从句)】【非限制性定语从句】. In practice, therefore, entry to universities is competitive. But university degree courses are also available at polytechnics, and entry to the Open University(函授大学) is less restricted. Paragraph 4 The academic year begins after the summer holidays and is divided into three \with the intervals between them (formed by the Christmas and Easter holidays)(过去分词作定语). The exact dates of the holidays vary from area to area, being (非谓语动词) in general about two weeks at Christmas and Easter, plus often a week or more at Whitsun, and six weeks in the summer, beginning (非谓语动词) rather late. Schools outside the state system decide on their own holiday dates, generally taking (非谓语动词) a month off at Christmas and Easter and eight weeks in the summer. Paragraph 5 All primary school children, including(非谓语动词) those in independent schools, were given milk free of charge until 1970 (when the Government abolished this benefit)(定语从句). Text B

Language Points

Paragraph 2

There may be a college of liberal arts where humanities, social science, natural science, and mathematics are taught. (定语从句) There may be a college of education where students learn to be teachers. (定语从句) There may be a college of business where business subjects are taught.(定语从句) Paragraph 3

1. 1.equivalent 2. 2.amount

3. 3.even though即使

eg: Even though he tried, he still lagged behind other runners. 尽管他努力了，仍落在其他赛跑者之后。 4. 4.B.A. /B.S

Paragraph 4

1. 1.expense

2. 2.publicly /privately funded 3. 3.If this is the case, ...

Paragraph 5

1.1.In this way用这种方法, 这样, 因此

eg: Why do you represent the matter in this way? 你为什麽把这事说成这样? 2. alike

3. a variety of

eg: All of them arrived late for a variety of reasons. 由于种种原因, 他们都来晚了。

Paragraph 8

1. 1. compared to

2. 2. nonacademic/ academic 3. 3. Humanities

Paragraph 9

3. 1.an associate of arts degree 准文学学士学位 4. 2.instead

Paragraph 12

1. 1.instead of prep.代替, 而不是 ...

eg: The economy is shrinking instead of growing. 经济正在萎缩而不是在增长中。

There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。 2. 2.right away立刻, 马上

Eg: He is ill; you should call in the doctor right away. 他病了，你应该立即请大夫来。 The storm will blow over right away. 暴风雨很快就会平息。 If war breaks out, we shall be called up right away. 如果战争爆发，我们将立即被征召服役。 Paragraph 14 Students who have finished high school, and even some who do not go to high school may choose from these four kinds of higher education in the United States. High school students who want further academic or professional training may go to a college or university. Students who want both academic and nonacademic training may go to the community college. Students who want to get job may go to a technical or vocational school. Students may choose the kind of higher education that they like best. 以上划横线部分均为定语从句。

LESSON 7

Text A

Language Points Paragraph 3

1. It was not until the 4th century that the church in Rome began to celebrate Christmas. 本句子是含有not until的强调句，要注意not 前移。非强调句为：The church in Rome didn't begin to celebrate Christmas until the 4th century. 强调句型格式：

It is/was +强调的成分+that +句子其他成分，如果强调部分是人，that可以换成who. Eg..It was not until this morning that I knew the bad news. (I didn't know the bad news until this morning.) 直到今天早上我才知道这个坏消息。

2. Midwinter festivals had always been celebrated by many peoples.

people 做“人、人民”讲时没有单数形式，但表示“民族”时，是可数名词，复数为peoples。 译：各族人一直都在冬天欢庆节日。

3. The shortest day also meant that winter was leaving and that ahead were spring, the warmth of the sun and the return of vegetation to the fields.

本句中meant 的宾语是两个that引导的宾语从句，其中第二个宾语从句用了倒装语序，正常语序为 Spring, the warmth of the sun and the return of vegetation to the fields were ahead . 本句的意思是：白天最短也意味着冬天即将离去，春天就要来了，温暖的阳光，田野里植

物返青也不远了。

Paragraph 4

business：做不可数名词时意思为“商业”，而在本段中用了复数，表示“商行、商店”。

Paragraph 5

dozens of...许许多多......

Paragraph 7

1. 1.be fastened to...把......系到....... 2. 2.regard...as...把......看作为......

3. Kissing under the mistletoe originated in Britain in the early 17th century. 动名词短语做主语

本句意思是：在榭寄生树下亲吻这一风俗源于17世纪的英国。 4. 4.come to an end结束

Paragraph 10

Many towns have very large Christmas trees set up outdoors in the park. have sb./sth. done 使某人/事被… have sb./sth. do 让某人、物做… have sb./sth. doing 使人、物一直做… 译：许多城镇都在公园竖起很大的圣诞树。

Paragraph 11

In many rural sections of the country and in sections of some cities, candles, placed near the windows, light the paths of singers who go from house to house singing.

placed near the windows是过去分词做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句which are placed near the windows。

Text B

Language Points

Paragraph 2

The winter was much colder than they were used to and many people died. be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 be used to do sth. 被用来 used to do sth. 过去常常

翻译：冬天很冷，他们不习惯，许多人死了。 Paragraph 3

1. 1.in the fall: in the autumn 2. 2.besides: in addition

3. 3.lack Paragraph 4

1. The price in human lives and the tragedy had been great. 译：生命和所遭受痛苦的代价非常大。 B.2.on the other hand:另一方面 C.3.decide on...as...:决定把......作为...... Paragraph 5

They invited their Indian friends, who brought with them deer meat, pop-corn, turkeys, many kinds of vegetables, and especially pumpkins, which are today both food and decoration for almost every Thanksgiving tables.

此句中Who 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句，分别修饰先行词 Indian friends 和 pumpkins。

翻译：他们邀请了印第安朋友参加，印第安朋友带来了鹿肉、爆米花、火鸡、许多蔬菜，还有南瓜。如今，几乎在每一个感恩节的餐桌上，南瓜既是食品，又是装饰。 Paragraph 6

on the whole: 总起来说 Paragraph 9

1. 1.it was proclaimed: ......被宣布

2. 2.to be observed: to be followed or celebrated 3. 3.under no obligation: 没有义务 4. 4.concede: admit Paragraph 11

1. no matter whether: 无论是否......

2. The table is always loaded with many different kinds of delicious food.

翻译：餐桌上有各种佳肴。 3. in remembrance of: 纪念......

LESSON 8

Text A

Language Points

Paragraph1

1. We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life

几乎所有人都可能在某个时刻被要求做个或长或短的讲话

call upon: 号召；要求 I call upon you to tell the truth. 我要求你说真话

Social institutions are now being called upon to provide assistance to the homeless. 社会机构现在被要求向无家可归者提供帮助 Paragraph2

1. It doesn't have to be that bad. That 是 副词

2. Here are some simple steps（主语）to take the pain out of speech-making. Here 是引导词，采用倒装句式。

Here, there, then, now, 或 out, in, up, down, away, off 等副词开头的句子需要完全倒装 There goes the bell. Out rushed the teacher.

3. Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech.

当你准备发言稿的时候，别忘了站在他们的角度考虑考虑。 put oneself in sb else?s shoes : 设身处地从别人的观点看问题。

The teacher should put himself in the student?s shoes when he gives the students exercises. 当老师给学生留作业时，应该从学生的方面看一下。 本文意在给读者诸多建议，文中多处使用祈使句。 祈使句:

英语祈使句（Imperative Sentence）

定义：用于表达要求，请求、命令、劝告、叮嘱、建议等的句子叫做祈使句。 特点：祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称，所以通常都省略。 祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，即动词原形。

祈使句的句末一般用感叹号，但是有些其实距的语气较弱，可以用句号结尾 否定式：祈使句否定式的构成方法是在动词原形前加don’t： Don?t be late. 不要迟到。 反意疑问句形式：

1. 在通常情况下，若陈述部分为祈使句，反意疑问句通常用will you, won?t you, would you Turn on the TV, will you? 把电视打开，好吗?

Tell me the truth, won?t you? 告诉我实话，好吗?

注：若陈述部分为否定式，则反意疑问句部分只用will you。如：

Don?t forget to post the letter, will you? 请别忘了寄信。

2. 若陈述部分为以 let开头的祈使句，则要分两种情况： (1) 表示请求时，用will you?

Let us know your address, will you? 把你的地址告诉我们吧，好吗? (2) 表示建议时，用shall we?

Let?s all sit under this tree, shall we? 咱们都坐在这棵树下，好不好？ paragraph 3

Don?t spoil your speech by confusing one speaking role with another. 千万不要把不同的发言角色混淆起来，那样会破坏你的发言。 confuse … with 把...混同,混淆 You confused Australia with Austria. 你把澳大利亚和奥地利搞混了。 Paragraph 4

Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main speaker at a meeting. First, find out the most important and interesting things about the speaker. Then, summarize this information in a few words. It is all right to tell a joke if it is in good taste and will not embarrass the speaker. And, most important, be brief. Remember, you are not the main speaker; you are introducing the main speaker.

段落结构清晰，解释简介明了。First-then-and most important Be in good taste 风雅的，大方的，有礼的 Be in bad taste 不得体的，不礼貌的。 Paragraph 6

If you are giving a lecture or explaining an idea, gather as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of time doing your research. Then spend plenty of time organizing your material so that（引导目的状语） your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible, and use pictures or charts if they will help you make your points more clearly. Never forget your audience. Don?t talk over their heads, and don?t talk down to them. Treat your audience with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness. over one‘s head: 超过某人的理解力，理解不了，难懂

to talk over (one's) head(s): to use large or big words so that audience will not understand exact meaning（指所谈论的内容过于专业或高深，非一般人可以理解；也指有人为了表现自己才学非凡，故意谈些高深理论或用些难字，吓唬别人）

Eg: Dr. Lee's lecture was so specialized that he almost talked over our heads.

李博士的演讲太专业了，几乎使我们无法理解。

In order to show his profound knowledge he talks over my head. 为了表现他的学问高深，他故弄玄虚。 Paragraph 9

Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience. 充分体现你的个性，这样就是在跟听众促膝谈心。

come through： 表明，显示，经历，脱险 His character came through in his writing. 他的个性体现在他的文章中。 make person-to-person contact with 和某人接触

make eye contact with 眼神交流

make eye contact with your audience when you give a speech. 当你演讲的时候，要跟听众有眼神交流

Text B

Language Points

Paragraph 1

1. What they do have(主语从句) is resonance. 其中do 表示强调。

2. People (who speak quickly and breathily in a high-pitched voice) (定语从句)do not appear as assertive as those （who speak more slowly using deeper voice tones.）

as assertive as 和??一样自信

译：哪些语速较快、呼吸急促、音调较高的人似乎不如那些语速较慢、音调低沉的人更富有自信力。 Paragraph 2

3. 1.It would be ridiculous to suggest that from now on you self-consciously lower the tone of your voice when you speak, but you can begin to achieve greater resonance by practicing the way you breathe.

suggest 引导的宾语从句需要用虚拟语气。

4. 2.If you practice abdominal breathing, you will be utilizing all, not just the top, of your lungs, which in itself must be beneficial.

abdominal breathing：腹式呼吸 别 名: 隔呼吸

Abdominal breathing means breathing fully from your abdomen or from the bottom of your lungs. It is exactly the reverse of the way you breathe when you?re anxious or tense, which is typically shallow and high in your chest. If you?re breathing from your abdomen, you can place your hand on your abdomen and see it actually rise each time you inhale. You?ll find that abdominal breathing will help you relax any time you are feeling anxious.

To practice abdominal breathing, follow these steps:

1) Place one hand on your abdomen right beneath your rib cage

2.) Inhale slowly and deeply through your nose into the bottom of your lungs. Your chest should move only slightly, while your stomach rises, pushing your hand up.

3.) When you?ve inhaled fully, pause for a moment and then exhale fully through your mouth.

Purse your lips and imagine that you are blowing on a hot spoonful of soup. As you exhale, just let yourself go and imagine your entire body going loose and limp. It should take you twice as long to exhale as it did to inhale.

4.) In order to fully relax, take and release ten abdominal breaths. Try to keep your breathing

smooth and regular throughout, without gulping in a big breath or exhaling suddenly.

Paragraph 3

2. 1.Your delivery will need light and shade if you want to keep the attention of your listener. light and shade 原为绘画用语，指“亮的部分和暗的部分”，这里指声音的抑扬顿挫。 Paragraph 4

1. If you were to see a small child about to put her hand into an activated food processor, it would be inappropriate to say, in a low-pitched, relaxed way. 虚拟语气句型。 Paragraph 5

A.1. Appropriate volume and intonation without aggressive tones will give the other person the message that you mean business.

适当的、不带攻击性和诋毁性的语音语调将能够促使对方意识到你这样做是“对事不对人！”

mean business: 指是认真的，谈正事。 I mean business, so you must be careful.

我是认真的, 所以你得小心。 Paragraph 8

5. 1.It might also reflect irritation at your own lack of assertion when earlier you should have said something like, “Can you read that to me latter?” should have done: 指本应该做某事而没有做。 Shouldn?t have done 指本不应该做某事而做了。 Eg: You should have come earlier. 你本应该早点来的。

You shouldn?t have told her the fact. 你不该告诉她事实的真相。

LESSON 9

Text A

Language Points Paragraph 1

1. 1.Today in the United States, there are over 22 million adults using the Web, about half of whom access the Internet at least once a day. 本句划线部分为定语从句，由介词+whom 引导，此定语从句的先行词是adults。 2. 2.There is almost no topic about which you cannot find fairly interesting material on the Web. 此处用的双重否定，表示肯定, 用来强调肯定意义。划线部分为定语从句，由介词about+which 引导，先行词是topic。

Paragraph 2

In other instances, people will trade the time they now spend reading the paper, or watching television, for information or entertainment they will find on the computer screen. 本复合句中的主句为 people will trade the time for information or entertainment. 两个划线部分都是定语从句，分别修饰先行词是time和information or entertainment。由于引导定语从句的关系词that/which都在从句中作宾语，所以句子将关系词省略。

Paragraph 3

1. 1.One great benefit of the Web is that it allows us to move information online that now resides in paper form. 划线部分为that引导的表语从句。其中又有一个定语从句that now resides in paper form。此定语从句先行词为information， 关系词that在定语从句中作主语，不能被省略。 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事

Her mother allowed her to watch TV after finishing her homework.

2. 2.Some states are putting up listings of jobs — not just state government jobs, but all the jobs available in the state.

put up 举起，抬起，提供。 此处指“提供”。 The millionaire put up a lot of money for the church. 这位百万富翁为教会捐了许多钱。 not…but… 不仅…而且…

Franklin was considered not an inventor, but a statesman. 富兰克林不仅被看作发明家，而且被看作政治家。

3. 3.I believe, over time, that all the information that governments print, and all those

paper forms they now have, will be moved on to the Internet. over time 随着时间的变化

I believe 后为that引导的宾语从句。其中划线部分又分别为information和paper forms 的定语从句。

Paragraph 4

1. 1.It is difficult to measure, because a lot of electronic commerce involves existing buyers

and sellers who are simply moving paper-based transactions to the Web. because 引导原因状语从句，从句中又包含了who 引导的定语从句修饰先行词buyers and sellers.

existing 此处为adj.，表存在着的，修饰buyers and sellers. move… to 把…移到 Please move the box to there.

2. 2.The biggest impact has occurred where electronic commerce matches buyers and sellers who would not previously have found each other. 划线部分是where引导的状语从句， 从句中又包含了who 引导的定语从句修饰先行词

buyers and sellers.

Paragraph 5

1. 1.Getting communications cost down and making all the software simple will bring in those people.

划线部分是动名词短语作主语。 get … down 使… 下降, 从…下来

He climbed to the top of the tree and then became afraid to get down. 他爬到了树顶上，接着却害怕再爬下来。 bring in 引进，挣得，生产

bring in competitive system 引进竞争机制

2. 2.One element people underestimate is the degree to which the hardware and software will improve. 两个划线部分都是定语从句，分别修饰先行词是element 和 degree。第一个定语从句

中的关系词省略，第二个定语从句由to+which 引导。

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The boundary between a television set and a PC will be blurred because even the set-top box that you connect up to your cable or satellite will have a processor more powerful than what we have today in the most expensive PC.

双重划线部分在09年4月、10年4月考过汉译英。 单划线部分为定语从句修饰the set-top box. … more powerful than… 比较级+than 结构

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To predict that it will take over ten years for these changes to happen is probably pessimistic. 动词不定式作主语，后跟宾语从句。

Text B

Language Points Paragraph 3

1． 1．Radios, telephones, and telegraphs are means by which man has extended the range of his senses of hearing and speech.(定语从句)

无线电、电话和电报都是人们赖以扩大自己的听觉和说话功能范围的手段。

在“介词+which/whom”定语从句结构中，关系代词用which 还是用whom ，取决于它前面的先行词是物还是人。先行词是物， 用which ； 若为人，就用whom 。这一结构用什么介词取决于先行词的意义和定语从句中谓语动词结构及“介词+which/whom” 在句中的作用。e.g.

There is a train by which you can go to Beijing. There is no way in which you can solve the problem.

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It was a long time ago that this numbering and comparing of things began. 这种将物体进行编号和比较的方法在很久以前就开始了。

It is/was…that 表强调句，本句中强调时间状语a long time ago. 这种强调句还可以强调主语、宾语、地点状语等。Eg.

It was he who(that)read three books in the library yesterday.(强调主语) It was three books that he read in the library yesterday.(强调宾语)

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Using a different method（现在分词短语作状语）, a farmer might have bad a pile of stones in front of his granary representing the amount of grain stored（现在分词短语作后置定语）. 另一种不同的方法是，农夫可以在谷仓前放一堆石头，代表其所存谷物的数量。 ……representing the amount of grain stored. 可换成定语从句，相当于……which represent the amount of grain stored.

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Sailors boldly moving into unknown waters（现在分词短语作后置定语） needed aids for efficient navigation.

大胆地闯入陌生海域的水手则需要有效的航海辅助器械。 划线部分相当于定语从句 who boldly move into unknown waters……. Water是不可数名词，一般不用复数，此处用复数waters表示“水域”。

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1. 1.New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers（动词不定式作定语） were added

to make jobs faster and more accurate.

用于数字操作的新装置应运而生，因此数据处理工作可以做的更迅速更精确。

2. 2.With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become a millionaire of the mind. 由于这些新工具的研制成功，人类似乎突然变成了智能百万富翁。

as if 引导方式状语从句。

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1. 1.Great scientists of the past produced ideas which were the basis for great advances （定语从句）, but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before they were understood sufficiently well to be of practical use.（before 引导时间状语从句） 科学先哲们提出的各种见解固然是各种重大进展的基础，但他们的见解有时候要等待数年方能被人充分理解，显现出其实用价值。

2. 2.With the computer, the ideas of today‘s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed,

and using more rapidly than ever before.

有了电子计算机，当代科学家们的设想可以比先前更迅速地为人研究、验证、传播和运用。

06年7月考过此句汉译英。

LESSON 10

Text A

Language Points

In this part the teacher should analyze the sentences in detail.

Paragraph1

1. Work, (for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under), involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well. 结构：只有一个谓语动词：involves。(for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under)是插入语。本句的主干为：Work involves responsibility。aged 55 and under做women的定语。第二个for后面的内容修饰responsibility，而a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well为并列结构。

翻译：对于大多数美国和中国的55岁或者以下的妇女而言，工作的全部职责包括了负责家务、照顾孩子以及在家务之外还要上班。 2. as well 与as well as

as well:常用作状语，作“又”“也”相当于too 或 also,常位于句末。 e.g.: I not only play the guitar, I sing as well.

I?m going to London and my sister is going as well. ( going too.)

as well as: 也翻译为也，又；但用法不同，as well as 强调的重点在前面： e.g. I can speak French as well as English.

3.add up to 表示，等于；加起来总和是，合计达

The bills add up to exactly $100. 这些帐单加起来正好一百元。 Paragraph 2

1. 1.Experts have observed that life forms a different sort of pyramid for women in China

than in the United States.

专家学者已经注意到，对中美两国妇女来说，生活形成的“金字塔”形状各不相同。英语中比较正规的用法是be different from, 但在现代英语中，特别是美国英语中be different than 也屡见不鲜。

2. 2.In China, nearlly all young mothers are employed outside the home, with their numbers decreasing as they approach middle age. 在中国几乎所有的年轻的母亲都有职业，但随着步入中年，人数越来越少。 独立主格 (with their numbers decreasing)

我们在讲到分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时分词短语带有自己的主语。（它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系），这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词担任，在分词短语之前，我们称这为独立主格。 独立主格在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。 今天是星期天，你不必去上学。 原因从句： Because it is Sunday, you needn't go to shool. 主语 主语 It being Sunday, you needn't go to school. ( O) 分词 逻辑上的主语 （It being Sunday 构成独立格结构在句子中作原因状语） Being Sunday, you needn't go to school. (×) (因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以句子错误。) 官员们都到齐了，宣布开会。 分词表示 All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. 分词逻辑上的主语 时间状语从句： After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。 分词表示： Weather permitting ,We'll go to the Summer Palace. 分词逻辑上的主语 条件状语从句： If weather permits , we'll go to the Summer Palace. All the work done, you can have a rest. 分词逻辑上的主语 =All the work is done and you can have a rest. 所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息了。 注意 分词做独立主格有时前面可以加with或without The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender

3. Later on(后来,以后), when the child grow up(时间装语从句), the older couple can more easily live on(靠...生活;以...为食) the husband`s earnings plus(介词,加上) the wife`s pension…

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The pyramid for American women is the opposite, with fewer young women employed , and the number increasing (独立主格)at older ages. Many young mothers have found it(形式宾语) more efficient to stay home, care for(照看,照顾) children themselves, and then find employment later when the children are older and more independent(时间状语从句). But rising（现在分词作前置定语） costs of living are requiring more young American women to help support their families, and it（形式主语） is increasingly true that young American women want to have jobs（主语从句）.

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1. they are often women who are unable to get better jobs（定语从句）.

2. Thus the American working mother always has the worry that her child is not being as well cared for as she hopes, and the cost of babysitters or private enterprise daycare centers can cost half or more of her salary(同位语从句).

eg. 1）Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

A. while B. that C. when D. as

析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于： 2）It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward. A. what B. that C. when D. as

析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。

3．Other worries distract（使某人分心） her from good performance at her job: what if（如果…那怎么办） the babysitter gets sick? What will her employer think if she has to stay at home with a sick child（条件状语从句）? What if the car, necessary to get the child to the daycare center and herself to and from her job(定语), breaks down（故障，失败）? What if…:要是…又怎样？相当于what will happen if … e.g. What if the babysitter gets sick?保姆病了怎么办？

What if it rains when we cann?t get under shelter?假若下起雨来，我们又没处避雨可怎么办？

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1．In china, grandmothers play an invaluable role in （在…起重要作用） taking care of （照看）children and households while the young parents are at work（时间装语从句）. 2. … they are housed and fed in return (作为回报)– although in crowded homes that most American would not enjoy（定语从句）. In America, an older woman who had to fill this role（定语从句 ） would be likely to(很有可能) feel she was being made a kind of servant. 3. Both she and her family tend to feel she deserves(值得，应当) to be free of（无…的,免除…） childcare now, having reared the large family of the 1950s baby boom (现在分词的完成时做状语).

eg. Having wrtten the composition,we handed it in.

Having....构成现在分词完成时结构在句子中做状语，这里表示伴随状态。主谓一致, we 和 have 的关系是主动语态, 当have 提前时, 做 we 的伴随状语

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