2012考研英语冲刺讲义（白子墨）（完型 翻译 写作） - 图文

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2012年 考 研 英 语 冲 刺 班 讲 义

主讲：白子墨

师资简介：

白子墨

访美学者，大使馆翻译，英语教学与测试专家，北京市优秀青年教师，高等教育出版社、中国人民大学出版社、外语教学与研究出版社、北京航空航天大学出版社等众多学术出版机构全国考研系列教材主编、主审，北京外国语大学博士。在语言教学领域学术建树颇丰,先后在国内外核心学术期刊上发表论文十余篇，并有多部考研专著，如《考研英语词汇60天记忆风暴》、《考研英语基本功—疑难句解构式突破》、《考研英语阅读60天特训风暴》、《考研英语：外文报刊精选》、《考研英语字典（8000词）》等。在京、沪、汉、镐、济、穗等全国三十多所城市担任首席考研主讲，授课遍及大江南北，深受莘莘学子的爱戴。曾连续压中08年、09年、10年、11年全国研究生入学考试大小作文，广受考生们好评。

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翻译篇

1、 考情分析

研究生英语考试中的翻译是从一篇400字左右的文章中划出5个句子要求考生翻译。译文要适合于上下文的基本思想而且能被人所接受。2002年题型更改之前，每句3分，一共15分，现在每句2分，一共10分。考纲上关于翻译部分的规定是“能将一般难度的英语短文译成汉语，理解基本正确，译文达意”。这就是说，翻译是一项对综合能力要求比较高的题型，它不仅要求学生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化等有较好的掌握，还要求学生有着很强的组词成句、组句成段的能力。

考研英语翻译在考研英语中占到10分的比例。英语考试中翻译的句子有几个特点，首先，要求考生翻译的句子往往都比较长，长句翻译是研究生英语翻译的重点。这些长句有以下特点，要么修饰语过多，要么并列成分多，要么语言结构层次多。另外，翻译时也会碰到一些比较偏僻的单词，这也是很多考生觉得翻译比较难的原因。 建议：用约20分钟的时间来做翻译。

2、 黄金定律

? 定律1——直译与意译 ? 定律2——被动与主动

? 定律3——抽象与具体

? 定律4——漏译与错译 ? 定律5——增译与省略 ? 定律6——人名与地名 ? 定律7——前文与后文定律

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? 定律8——字数与书写 ? 定律9——正确的假象 ? 定律10——中国的“人话”

3、 阅卷实录

每句分值2分，最小扣分单位为0.5分。其中，长句的分值分配为0.5×4；短句的分值分配为0.5×2+1。

阅卷评分分为三个步骤，依次是总体估分、分段给分和微观扣分 总体估分：宏观进行评估 分段给分：每个意群对就有分

微观扣分：关键词要求翻对，通常3个关键词或词组构成0.5分，但有时候在句子的主干里的关键词一、两个就是0.5分。 例1：

The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. a、收集的第一手数据资料现象造成了社会科学中完备、直接研究的重要性。它包括传统文化为过去和现在带来的文化根基。

b、第一手资料的收集重点在于结合相关知识点的观点用于分析现在和过去的文化现象，使这项研究成为一门独一无二的有特点的重要的社会科学。 c、注重第一手资料的采集，结合具备历史感和现代感的多文化分析视角，使得人类学成为一门独特的，有着特殊重要性的社会科学。

d、强调对第一手材料的收集，以及从跨文化的视角对过去的和当前的文化进行分析。使得社会科学的研究有一种独特的重要性。

e、强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。 例2：

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Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionate manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

a、社会科学是能力发展的一个分支，它需要研究人类和同样条件下自己的规律。系统学和使用自然物理用于自然科学家。

b、社会科学是智力发展的一个分支，它通过使用自然科学家学习自然规律的方法，即原因，秩序，系统以及其他方法，去学习人类及其生存。 c、社会科学是智能获取的一个分支，它试图用推测，顺序，体系并感性的方式研究人类及其活动，而这种方式也是自然科学家用以研究自然现象的。 d、社会科学是知识探究的一个分支，和自然科学家研究自然现象一样，它运用同样原因、规则、系统和缺乏激情的方法致力于研究人类和他们的行为。 e、社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 例3：

Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

a、如此，“文化”的anthropological概念，跟数学概念相像，是一个绝对概念，这从数量上研究和理解是可能的。

b、因此，人类学中的“文化”这个概念，就像数学中“设定”概念一个样，是一个使混合研究和理解成为可能的一个抽象概念。

c、所以，社会学家定义“文化”就好像数学“公式”一样，它们都很抽象并在研究和理解的过程中发生冲突。

d、因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象的概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能

e、这样，关于“文化”的概念如同数学上“定理”一样，是一个抽象概念，它使得很多专心致力于演技和理解成为可能。

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完型篇

一、考情分析

1) 题型概述

考研英语知识运用部分采用完型填空的题型，即Cloze Test。Cloze一词来源于Closure。 Closure为西方完型心理学的核心内容，是指读者通过对一些不完全的视觉几何图形的认识和构思来获得完整概念的过程。因此，Cloze题型就是把一段文章的若干个单词略去，留出一些空白，让应试者增补上去，以达到考查考生对文章的阅读理解和语言知识应用的能力。

考研英语的完型填空一般命题形式是：给考生一篇语句连贯的短文(2001年改革之前文章长约180-200词，2001年到2011年文章长度为240-280词)，出题者遵循一定的规律在每隔4-15个词语之间挖掉一个词语，形成总共20处词语的空缺（01年之前为10个空缺），然后在相应的空缺处设置包括三个干扰项在内的四个备选答案，供考生选择。每题0.5分，共计10分。全国平均分为3~4分，保6争7，蒙8、9。建议考试时间分配为20分钟。 2）考点分布 ? 按题型

词义辨析题占到60%左右；固定搭配题占到20%左右；语法题占到约20%左右。 ? 按词性

形容词和副词（２４％）、动词（２０％）、名词（１６％）、连词（１６％）、代词（１０％）、介词（１０％）

二、实战演练

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1、Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

For farmers, working out the optimal amount of seed, fertilizer, pesticide and water to scatter on a field can make, or break, the 1 harvest. Regular laboratory 2 of soil and plant samples from various parts of the field can help— 3 such expertise is costly, and often 4 . A new and cheaper method of doing this analysis, 5 , is now 6 offer. Precise prescriptions for growing crops can be obtained quickly, and less 7 , by measuring electromagnetic radiation reflected from farmland. The data are collected by orbiting satellites.

The spectrum of this radiation—which can be in the 8 of either natural sunlight or artificial radar—can reveal, with surprising 9 , the properties of the soil, the quantity of crop being grown, and the levels in those crops of chlorophyll, various minerals, moisture and other 10 of their quality. If recent and forecast weather 11 are added to the 12 , detailed maps can be produced indicating exactly how, where and when crops should be grown. The service usually costs less than $15 per hectare a year, and can increase yields by as much as 10%, and 13 more.

Such precision farming using satellite-based intelligence is still in its 14 . Even so, it is 15 quickly. Five times a year, 16 , a satellite-surveillance service provided by a cereal-growers’ co-operative called Sevépi (based in Douains, France) e-mails its members a map of their 17 , divided into three or four color-coded zones per hectare. For each one, one of about 50 fertilizer 18 is recommended. On top of this, if the stems of the wheat are tall and rain is 19 , an appropriate dose of growth-regulator is recommended for each zone. (Long, fragile stems snap more easily in downpours.) Farm vehicles

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equipped with global-positioning-system locaters automatically mix and apply the 20 dose to each area. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ［A］subsequent ［A］experiment ［A］and ［A］useless ［A］though ［A］on ［A］laboriously ［A］form ［A］precision ［B］expected ［B］work ［B］but ［B］unavailable ［C］desired ［C］analysis ［C］that ［C］worthless ［D］late ［D］test ［D］however ［D］valueless ［D］moreover ［D］in ［B］consequently ［C］thus ［B］for ［B］expensively ［B］situation ［B］prediction ［C］upon ［C］sophisticated ［D］complicated ［C］status ［C］technology ［C］indicators ［C］messages ［C］content ［C］partially ［C］examination ［C］going on ［C］in effect ［C］soil ［C］formulae ［C］promised ［C］required ［D］shape ［D］efficiency ［D］factors ［D］information ［D］substance ［D］probably ［D］research ［D］heading up ［D］for example ［D］land ［D］ingredients ［D］intended ［D］prescribed 10 ［A］manifestation ［B］contributors 11 ［A］material ［B］data ［B］menu ［B］mostly ［B］infancy ［B］getting on ［B］as a result ［B］fields ［B］procedures ［B］urged ［B］inscribed 12 ［A］mix 13 ［A］sometimes 14 ［A］trial 15 ［A］catching on 16 ［A］in a sense 17 ［A］earth 18 ［A］programs 19 ［A］expected 20 ［A］subscribed 2、Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably

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has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7 . Studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state.

11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1 2 3 4 ［A］among ［A］reflect ［A］stabilizing ［A］transmit ［B］except ［B］demand ［B］boosting ［B］sustain ［C］despite ［C］indicate ［C］impairing ［C］evaluate ［D］like ［D］produce ［D］determining ［D］observe 8

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5 6 7 8 9 ［A］measurable ［A］In turn ［A］opposite ［A］hardens ［A］aggravate ［B］manageable ［B］In fact ［B］impossible ［B］weakens ［B］generate ［B］mental ［C］affordable ［C］In addition ［C］average ［C］tightens ［C］moderate ［D］renewable ［D］In brief ［D］expected ［D］relaxes ［D］enhance 10 ［A］physical 11 ［A］Except for ［C］subconscious ［D］internal ［D］As for ［D］at ［D］because ［D］suppresses ［D］beyond ［D］hold ［D］indifferent ［D］reacted ［D］supposing ［D］Conversely ［B］According to ［C］Due to ［B］on ［B］until ［B］follows ［B］from ［B］bite ［C］in ［C］if ［C］precedes ［C］towards ［C］pick ［C］joyful ［C］turned ［C］mentioning 12 ［A］with 13 ［A］unless 14 ［A］exhausts 15 ［A］into 16 ［A］fetch 17 ［A］disappointed ［B］excited 18 ［A］adapted 19 ［A］suggesting 20 ［A］Eventually

［B］catered ［B］requiring ［B］Consequently ［C］Similarly 9

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写作篇

写作篇——小作文

一、

考情分析

小作文即应用文，包括书信、报告、备忘录、摘要和告示等。满分10分，全国平均分5分。字数要求为100字左右，建议答题时间为15~20分钟。

二、 评分标准

第五档： 9－10分

很好地完成了试题规定的任务。 包含所有内容要点； 使用丰富的语法结构和词汇； 语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；

有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯，层次清晰； 格式与语域恰当、贴切。

对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果。 第四档： 7－8分

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较好地完成了试题规定的任务。

包含所有内容要点，允许漏掉1、2个次重点； 使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇；

语言基本准确，只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别错误； 采用了适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密； 格式与语域较恰当。

对目标读者产生了预期的效果。 第三档： 5－6分

基本完成了试题规定的任务。

虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点； 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求； 有一些语法及词汇错误，但不影响理解；

采用了简单的衔接手法，内容较连贯，层次较清晰； 格式和语域基本合理。

对目标读者基本产生了预期的效果。 第二档： 3－4分

未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。

漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容； 语法结构单调、词汇项目有限；

有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解； 未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性； 格式和语域不恰当。 未能清楚地传达信息给读者。 第一档： 1－2分 未完成试题规定的任务。

明显遗漏主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容； 语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复；

语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差；

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未使用任何衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段； 无格式与语域概念 未能传达信息给读者。 零档： 0分

所传达的信息或所用语言太少，无法评价；内容与要求无关或无法辨认。

三、 四、

?

考题类型 万能模板

致歉信

I am writing you this letter to express my apology to you for my failing to____. Please accept my sincere and humble apology with gratitude.

The reason is that ____________________. Therefore, __________. Would you mind if I change ________. I am awfully sorry for the trouble.

Once again, I am really apologized for any inconvenience caused and hope you can understand my situation. ?

投诉信

I am______. I am writing you this letter to express my dissatisfaction with ____.

The focus of my complaint is the follows, which I wish to bring to attention. For one thing, ______________________________________. For another, ________________________________________.

I appreciate it very much if you could _______________, and I would like to have this matter settled by _____________.

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply. ?

建议信

You have asked me for some advice with regard to ________, and I will try to make some conductive suggestions here.

In my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions. First of all, ________. Secondly, ________. Finally, ________.

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I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details at any time.

Good luck with your ______. ?

询问信

I am ______.I am writing you this letter to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding ______.

First of all, would you please let me know _______? Secondly, how can I _______? Finally, is ________?

Thank you for your time on my enquiries, and your prompt reply to this letter will be highly appreciated. ?

感谢信

On behalf of ________, I am writing you this letter to extend my sincere gratitude for _________.

If it had not been for your assistant in _________________, I fear that I would have been ____________________. It was sweet and thoughtful of you to think of it. I wish I could repay it some day.

Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept my gratitude. ?

申请信

I am writing you this letter in hope that I may obtain an opportunity to ___________________________________.

(Brief Introduction)

Should you grant me a personal interview, I would be most grateful. If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contract me at any time at_______, and my mailing address is Liming@hotmail.com.

I will appreciate it very much if my application could be taken into consideration, and I am looking forward to your reply. ?

祝贺信

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Good news travels fast. I was so excited to learn that __________________. I would like to extend to you my utmost congratulations on ________________. And I feel really happy for you.

_______ is quite exciting news! You are ____. I know this is surely owing to ________.

May you have a good health, happiness and outstanding success in all your life. ?

邀请信

On behalf of _____, I am greatly honored to have the pleasure to invite you to participate in ____ to be held in ____.

The occasion will start at _______. This will be followed by a _____. At around _____, _________________________________.

I do hope you will be able to accept our invitation. RSVP before _____________. ?

推荐信

I am writing you this letter to recommend ____.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Now he is looking for ______ in ______. I have known ______ for _____ and I can truthfully say I have never met a more ______ person than he\\she is. Whenever ____, he\\she always _________. Moreover _____________________________________.

Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him\\her as an ideal candidate for ______. ?

通知

Notice: 2012 “BFSU CUP” English Speech Contest

2012 “BFSU CUP” English Speech Contest will be held on Sunday, June 18th in classroom 516 of the Sir Shaw Run Run Building under the auspices of the Students’ Union. Those who wish to participate, please enroll your names before this Friday. Several distinguished professors from the foreign language teaching and

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researching center of our university have been invited to work as judges. The first two winners will be recommended to take part in the 2012 “CCTV CUP” English Speech Contest on behalf of our university, which is the first English Speech Contest annually popular among students in China.

Besides, all are welcomed to be present at the contest to cheer the constants. The Students’ Union December 1st, 2011 ?

备忘录

To: University Apartments Residents From: Li Ming, Manager Date: May 1st, 2009 Subject: Swim Lessons

The university Apartments Office would like to offer Swim lessons this summer. If enough interest is shown, Swim lessons will be offered again during the Fall semester, and if participation continues, it will become a routine program for the residents of University Apartments. There will be a ￥ 50 registration fee for singles, ￥ 80 fee for two persons, ￥ 110 fee for three persons, and ￥ 120 fee for four persons. If you are interested, call the University Apartments Office by May 30th at 69885188 or step in the office during our office hours, from 9:00 ~ 17:00. If no interest is shown, Swim lessons will be cancelled.

写作篇——大作文

一、

考情分析

考生根据提示信息写出一篇160~200词的短文。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图表和图画等五种类型。近年来的热点类型为图画作文（98年、00年~09年）与图表作文（97年、98年）。满分20分，全国平均分为10分。建议答题时间为35~40分钟。

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二、 三、

常见瓶颈 评分标准

无从下笔，错误连篇，逻辑混乱，文不切题，结构杂糅，用语平淡

第五档： 17－20分

很好地完成了试题规定的任务。 包含所有内容要点； 使用丰富的语法结构和词汇； 语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；

有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯，层次清晰； 格式与语域恰当、贴切。

对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果。 第四档： 13－16分

较好地完成了试题规定的任务。

包含所有内容要点，允许漏掉1、2个次重点； 使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇；

语言基本准确，只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别错误； 采用了适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密； 格式与语域较恰当。

对目标读者产生了预期的效果。 第三档： 9－12分 基本完成了试题规定的任务。

虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点； 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求； 有一些语法及词汇错误，但不影响理解；

采用了简单的衔接手法，内容较连贯，层次较清晰； 格式和语域基本合理。

对目标读者基本产生了预期的效果。 第二档： 5－8分

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未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。

漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容； 语法结构单调、词汇项目有限；

有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解； 未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性； 格式和语域不恰当。 未能清楚地传达信息给读者。 第一档： 1－4分 未完成试题规定的任务。

明显遗漏主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容； 语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复；

语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差； 未使用任何衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段； 无格式与语域概念 未能传达信息给读者。 零档： 0分

所传达的信息或所用语言太少，无法评价；内容与要求无关或无法辨认。

四、

? ?

六大对策

命题方向 组织结构 卷面设计 遣词造句 行文逻辑 写作内容

? ? ? ?

五、 实战演练

1. Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,

you should

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1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

The purpose of the drawing is to show us that in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges or predicament, possessing self-confidence is of utmost significance. Regardless of how much success one has had in school or at work, there are bound to be times when he or she will encounter difficulties and problems. It is at these critical times that his self-confidence, towards difficulty and life in general, eventually plays a crucial role in determining whether he can turn failure into victory.

I can think of no better illustration than the following one. Helen Keller was born deaf, dumb and blind, certainly nothing to give her self-confidence. Nevertheless, she went on to conquer her multiple handicaps to finally become a writer and lecturer, to become an inspiration to all. This case effectively clarifies that no matter what tasks we are confronted with, we should never overestimate the difficulties or underestimate our abilities.

2. Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,

you should

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1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

In the given picture, there is a sick girl . While his father , her

mother

enters

with

a

great

number

of

books,

saying, . The picture reflects one big problem in today’s primary education. At such a young age, . The school’s hot pursuit of a higher rate of passing exams leads to the fact that the primary students face a heavier pressure and are forced to work hard continuously without relaxation. , even their health is affected, mention their all-round development.

In my opinion, the teaching methods in primary schools should be as soon as possible. If teachers place the emphasis on helping them to develop an active attitude and arousing their wide interest, their health growth will be better assured. , their creative potential should be stifled without question. , even worse, .

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3. Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,

you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments.

As is shown in this picture, . , the latter refuses, saying, “ .

The cartoon mocks that some people are fond of overseas goods, and they consider everything abroad great and desirable and of superior quality. It may be true that our technology is still backward compared with that of the foreign countries, but still our goods have lots of advantages. , it is more fit for us because it is designed according to our own demands. , in order to survive in the competition in the world markets, . And finally, in the long run, it is wise to push if we buy domestic goods.

In a word, it does not make any sense to look down upon our domestic industry. , we should be confident of our country. China has a long history, we have intelligent, brave and industrious people, and we can overcome every difficulty.

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