05级(1)无机化学期中考试试卷

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中 国 科 学 技 术 大 学

05—06 学年第一学期无机化学期中考试试卷

(供05级3系、19系学生用) 2005.10.30

序号 学号 姓名

一、选择题(20分,每小题只有一个正确的答案)

1. 按照Lewis酸碱理论,反应CO32? + H2O HCO3– + OH– 属于 ( )

(A) 酸碱加合反应 (B) 酸取代反应 (C) 碱取代反应 (D) 双取代反应2.在下列溶剂中,醋酸能作为强酸的溶剂是 ( )

(A) 水 (B) HF(l) (C) H2SO4(l) (D) NH3(l) 3.已知Fe(OH)3(s)的Ksp = 2.70×10–39,则饱和的Fe(OH)3水溶液的pH为 ( ) (A) 7 (B) 9.75 (C) 4.25 (D) 8

4.下列缓冲对中,不属于人体中的缓冲对是 ( ) (A) CO3 ?? HCO3 (B) H2CO3 ?? HCO3

?2?

(C) H2PO4 ?? HPO4 (D) A、B、C都对 5.在NaHS (aq)中,质子平衡表达式是 ( )

(A) [Na+ ] + [H3O+ ] = [OH? ] + [HS?] + 2[S2?]

(B) [Na+ ] = [H2S ] + [HS?] + [S2?] (C) [H2S ] + [H3O+ ] = [S2?] + [OH?]

(D) [Na+ ] + [H3O+ ] = [OH?] + [HS?] + [S2?]

6.根据Pauling的含氧酸强度规则,H4P2O7、H3PO4和HPO3的酸强度顺序为 ( ) (A) H3PO4 > H4P2O7 > HPO3 (B) HPO3 > H4P2O7 > H3PO4 (C) H3PO4 > HPO3 > H4P2O7 (D) HPO3 > H3PO4 > H4P2O7

7.难溶电解质AnBm(s)的溶解度so(mol?dm–3)是其溶度积Ksp的函数,若不考虑水解,

它们的关系式为 ( ) (A) so = [n? m? Ksp] (B) so = [n? m? Ksp] (C) so = [n?n ? m?m ? Ksp] (m+n) (D) so = [nn ? mm ? Ksp]1/ (m+n)

8.范德华方程式的形式为 ( )

(A)(p?anVn)(V?nb)?nRT22???

?m ?n ?(m+n)?n ?m 1/(m+n)

(B)(p?anV22)(V?nb)?RT22 V 2V9.在密闭容器中,有A、B两只敞口杯子,A杯中装入1/3纯乙醇,B杯中装入1/3的稀

(C)(p?a)(V?nb)?nRT(D)(p?an)(V?nb)?nRT乙醇,最终的现象是 ( ) (A) A杯空 (B) A、B两杯中有浓度相同的乙醇溶液 (C) B杯空 (D) A、B两杯中有浓度不同的乙醇溶液

1

10.在一次渗流实验中,一定摩尔数的未知气体通过小孔渗向真空需要45秒钟,在相同

条件下,相同摩尔数的氧气渗流需要18秒钟,则未知气体的分子量为 ( )

(A) 100 (B) 200 (C) 5.12 (D) 12.8 11.焓的定义式H = U + pV中,p代表 ( )

(A) 体系的总压力 (B) 体系中各组分的分压 (C) 100 kPa (D) 外压 12.对于有理想气体参与的化学反应,其Δ rHm 和ΔU的相对大小 ( ) (A) Δ rHm > ΔU (B) Δ rHm < ΔU (C) Δ rHm = ΔU (D) 不能确定 13.H2O(l)的正常沸点为100℃,正常冰点为0℃。在1 atm下,下列过程的ΔG >0的有 ( )

(A) H2O(l, -5℃) H2O(s, -5℃) (B) H2O(l, 110℃) H2O(g, 110℃) (C) H2O(l, 100℃) H2O(g, 100℃) (D) H2O(l, 5℃) H2O(s, 5℃) 14.在稀的砷酸溶液中通入H2S,制备硫化亚砷(As2S3)溶胶,H2S适当过量,则胶团

结构为 ( ) (A) [(As2S3)m? nH,(n?x)HS]? xHS (B) [(As2S3)m? nHS,(n?x)H]? xH (C) [(As2S3)m? nH+,(n?x)HS?]x?? xHS? (D) [(As2S3)m? nHS?,(n?x)H+]x+? xH+ 15.由A、B两种纯液体混合形成理想溶液,则对该混合过程描述正确的是 ( )

(A) ΔV=0,ΔH=0,ΔS=0,ΔG=0 (B) ΔV>0,ΔH<0,ΔS>0,ΔG<0 (C) ΔV=0,ΔH=0,ΔS>0,ΔG<0 (D) ΔV>0,ΔH<0,ΔS=0,ΔG=0 16.恒压下,将相对分子质量为50的某溶质0.005kg溶于0.250kg水中,测得凝固点为

+

?x+

?

?

+x?

+

-0.744℃,则溶质在水中的解离度为(水的Kf =1.86 K?mol?1?kg) ( )

(A) 100% (B) 26% (C) 27% (D) 0 17.已知Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) Δ1Hm

3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) 2Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) Δ2Hm Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) 3FeO(s) + CO2(g) Δ3Hm

FeO(s) + CO(g) Fe(s) + CO2(g) Δ4Hm

上述各反应的反应热之间的关系表达式中,正确的是 ( ) (A) Δ1Hm = Δ2Hm + Δ 3Hm + Δ 4Hm (B) 3Δ1Hm = Δ2Hm + 2Δ3Hm + 6Δ 4Hm (C) Δ1Hm =Δ2Hm + Δ3Hm + Δ 4Hm

31(D) Δ1Hm + Δ 4Hm = Δ 2Hm + Δ 3Hm

18.在395℃和1 atm下,反应COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2(g)的离解度α1=0.206,如果

在体系中通入N2气,在新的平衡状态下,总压为1 atm,N2的分压为0.4 atm,此时COCl2的离解度α2与α1的关系为 ( ) (A) α2 > α1 (B) α2 <α1 (C) α2 = α1 (D) 无法确定

19.已知CH3COOH、Cl3CCOOH、F3CCOOH的酸离解常数分别为Ka,Ka?,Ka?,则下

列关系式正确的是 ( ) (A) pKa > pKa? > pKa? (B) pKa < pKa? < pKa? (C) pKa? > pKa > pKa? (D) pKa? > pKa? > pKa 20. 某氨基酸的酸电离常数Ka=1.99×10?10,其碱电离常数Kb=5.25×10?12,0.1 mol?L?1的

该氨基酸溶液的pH为 ( ) (A) 6.21 (B) 7.70 (C)2.72 (D)7.00

2

二、填空题(30分)

1.(11分) 稀溶液的依数性是指在稀溶液中,溶剂的蒸气压下降、 、 、

和 的数值,只与一定量溶液中的溶质的 有关,而与溶质的 无关。在U型管的中间放置 , U型管两边放置

浓度不等的溶液, 溶液的液面高,产生液面差的实质是 ,

其压力= ,利用该原理, (能或否)实现海水淡化,其理由是 。 2.(7分)在25℃,密闭容器中,反应4HCl(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g),首先放入

1atm的HCl(g)和1atm的O2(g),平衡时氧气分压减少了px,则下列表达式为: Kc = Kp× ,

Kp = , Kx = Kp× 。

Kp和Kc与 有关,Kx与 和 有关,Kc、Kp、Kx在数值上相等的条件是 。 3.(4分)反应O3(g) 3/2O2(g)的Δ rGm = –163 kJ?mol–1,计算该反应的Kc, 298K = ,Kp, 298K = 。 4.(5分) 称为第一类永动机,它 (能或不能)制造出来,因为它违背 定律。证明

。 5.(3分)CH3CN(l)自偶电离方程式为 ,N2O4(l)中,NOCl与Sn反应的化学方程式为 。

在IF5(l)溶入KF(s)增加了溶液的导电性,试用方程式解释之 。

三、(15分)

1. 镍是锰矿中常见的杂质。为了在电解过程中得到高纯度的锰,必须在电解前将电

2+–32+–3

解质中的镍除掉。现有电解质溶液含[Mn]=0.500 mol·dm,[Ni]=0.0100 mol·dm,在1atm,25℃条件下,通入H2S直至饱和,试问pH应调到什么范围之内,才能达

到除去Ni的效果。(已知KaKsp,MnS=4.65×10–14)

3

2+

1,H2S=1.0×10,Ka–7

2,H2S=1.0×10

–14

,Ksp,NiS=1.07×10

–21

2.试求在pH=4的缓冲溶液中,CaC2O4的溶解度。 (已知Ksp,CaCKa1,H2C2O4=5.90×10,Ka2,H2C2O4=6.40×10)

–2

–5

2O4=2.34×10–9,

四、(20分)

1.为利用近海天然气矿中的甲烷在工业上生产醋酸或乙醇,可以利用下面两个反应。

CH4(g) + CO2(g) CH3COOH(g) 2CH4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g) + 2H2(g)

(1) 试计算在298K和p 条件下,下列两反应的Kp ,并指出哪一个反应可行。

ΔfHm (kJ?mol) Sm (J?K?mol) ?1?1?1CH4(g) ?74.81 186.15 CO2(g) ?393.51 213.6 H2(g) - 130.57 H2O(g) ?241.82 188.72 CH3COOH(g) C2H5OH(g) ?431.92 282.84 ?235.3 282.59 (2) 计算0℃时,反应CH4(g) + CO2(g) CH3COO(g)的Kp (假设0℃~25℃,ΔrHm ,ΔrSm 基本不变。)

2.已知Δ cHm, C6H6(l) = –3268kJ? mol–1,Δ cHm, C6H12(l) = –3920kJ?mol–1,水的Δ vapH m = 40.7 kJ?mol,Δ fHm, H2O(g) = –241.82kJ? mol,试求苯氢化反应生成环己烷的焓变。

–1

–1

4

五、(15分)

1. 已知0.025 mol·dm–3的一元弱酸水溶液的凝固点为–0.060℃,试计算该酸的pKa。(已

知Kf,H2O =1.86)

2. 试计算0.100 M的难挥发的非电解质水溶液在75℃的蒸气压。

(已知ΔvapHm = 40.67 kJ ·mol–1)

3. 某稀溶液1kg溶剂中,含溶质B的物质的量为m摩尔,其沸点升高常数为Kb,若

Kb(mKb- Tb)K=溶质按2B B2在溶液中缔合,其平衡常数为K,试证明 2 。

(2 Tb-mKb)

在证明过程中,应用了什么假设?等式左侧的K是经验平衡常数还是热力学平衡常数?

5

Additional Exam (20 points)

1. Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested

answers or completions. Please give your answer that is best in each case.

(1) Which of the following sets of conditions describes a system undergoing a reversible

change? ( )

(A) (B) (C) (D)

?Ssystem positive positive positive negative

?Ssurronding zero negative positive zero

?Stotal positive zero zero negative

(2) The statement that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder to a hotter body is a

resulf of ( ) (A) the first law of thermodynamics (B) the second law of thermodynamics (C) the third law of thermodynamics (D) Le Chatelier’s principle (3) Which of the following factors influences the value of Ka for the dissociation of formic acid? ( ) (A) temperature (B) pressure (C) pH (D) the initial concentration of HCO2H (4) In a saturated solution of iodine in chloroform, the mole fraction of iodine is 0.0147,

what is the total vapor pressure of such a saturated solution? ( p I = 0.31 torr,

p C H C l=199.1 torr, all apply at 25℃) ( )

23(A) 0.31torr (B) 196.5torr (C) 199.1torr (D) 196.2torr (5) Which of the following is not a Lewis base ? ( )

(A) NH4+ (B) OH– (C) O2 (D) SCN– (6) Which of the following is not a conjugate acid―base pair? ( )

+

+

(A) NH4/NH3 (B) H2O/OH (C) H3O/H2O (D) CH4/CH3 (7) Which of the following statements is always true for an ideal gas? ( )

(A) If the temperature and volume of a gas increase at constant pressure, the amount

of gas must also increase. (B) If the pressure increases and the temperature decreases for a constant amount of gas, the volume must decrease.

(C) If the volume and the amount of gas both decreases at constant temperature, the pressure must decrease. (D) None of above all.

(8) Increasing the temperatures of a liquid will do which of the following? ( )

(A) Increase its boiling point (B) Increase its melting point (C) Increase its vapor pressure (D) All of the above

6

(9) A 0.100 mol·dm solution of sulfuric acid in water freezes at –0.371 ℃. Which of the

following statements is consistent with this observation? (Kf =1.86) ( )

(A) H2SO4 does not dissociate in water.

(B) H2SO4 dissociates into H3O+ and HSO4– ions in water.

(C) H2SO4 dissociates in water to form two H3O+ ions and one SO42– ion.

(D) H2SO4 associates in water to form (H2SO4)2 molecules.

(10) For which of the following reactions change roughly equivalent changes in internal

energy and enthalpy ( )

(A) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

(B) Pb(NO3)2(s) + 2KI(s) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(s)

(C) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (D) NaOH(s) + CO2(g) NaHCO3(s)

2. The phase diagram is a convenient way to indicate the phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure. Answer the following questions based on the phase diagram of water given below:

(1) What phases are present at A, B, C, and D? (2) Why does ice not sink in its own liquid? (3) When water freezes, it expands. Explain

this observation using the Clausius― Clapeyron equation, which may be expressed by

dpdT??HT?V–3

. Here, ΔH and ΔV denote

the change of molar enthalpy and molar volume of water, respectively.

(4) A glass container partially filled with water

is connected to a vacuum pump. What changes will be observed when the pump is turned on for a long time? Please explain by using the phase diagram of water.

(5) A man is skating on the surface of a sheet of ice where the air pressure is 1 atm and the

temperature is 0 C. What changes will be observed along the skating track on the surface of the ice, assuming the ice can withstand his weight without cracking?

o

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