换热器设计计算范例

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eaintheaccidentinvestigation,managementandreporting,eachpostshouldbedevelopedunderthissystemspecialistscheck,cleartheexaminations,time,cyclesandotherrelevantregulations.Strengtheningsitesupervisionandexamination,todetectandinvestigateillegalcommand,illegaloperationsandviolationsofoperatingrules.Secondsafetyreferstotheproductionsite,technologymanagement,equipment,facilities,andsooncanleadtoaccidentsrisksexist.1,accordingtotheextentofthesecurityrisks,solvingisdividedintoa,b,andclevelsofdifficulty;A-level:difficult,miningdifficulties,shallbereportedtothecompany'sproblems.B-class:difficulttoresolvedif列管式换热器的设计和选用的计算步骤

设有流量为mh的热流体,需从温度T1冷却至T2,可用的冷却介质入口温度t1,出口温度选定为t2。由此已知条件可算出换热器的热流量Q和逆流操作的平均推动力

传热速率基本方程:

当Q和

已知时,要求取传热面积A必须知K和

则是由传热面积A的大小和换热

。根据

器结构决定的。可见,在冷、热流体的流量及进、出口温度皆已知的条件下,选用或设计换

热器必须通过试差计算,按以下步骤进行。

◎ 初选换热器的规格尺寸 ◆ 初步选定换热器的流动方式,保证温差修正系数

大于0.8,否则应改变流动方式,

重新计算。

◆ 计算热流量Q及平均传热温差△tm,根据经验估计总传热系数K估,初估传热面积A

估。

◆ 选取管程适宜流速,估算管程数,并根据A估的数值,确定换热管直径、长度及排

列。 ◎ 计算管、壳程阻力

在选择管程流体与壳程流体以及初步确定了换热器主要尺寸的基础上,就可以计算管、壳程流速和阻力,看是否合理。或者先选定流速以确定管程数NP和折流板间距B再计算压力降是否合理。这时NP与B是可以调整的参数,如仍不能满足要求,可另选壳径再进行计

算,直到合理为止。

◎ 核算总传热系数

分别计算管、壳程表面传热系数,确定污垢热阻,求出总传系数K计,并与估算时所取

用的传热系数K估进行比较。如果相差较多,应重新估算。

◎ 计算传热面积并求裕度

根据计算的K计值、热流量Q及平均温度差△tm,由总传热速率方程计算传热面积A0,一般应使所选用或设计的实际传热面积AP大于A020%左右为宜。即裕度为20%左右,裕度的

计算式为:

某有机合成厂的乙醇车间在节能改造中,为回收系统内第一萃取塔釜液的热量,用其釜液将原料液从95℃预热至128℃,原料液及釜液均为乙醇,水溶液,其操作条件列表如下:

表4-18 设计条件数据 物料 釜液 流量 kg/h 组成(含乙醇量)mol% 3.3 温度 ℃ 进口 145 出口 操作压力 MPa 0.9 iculties,shallconsistofminingorganizationstosolveproblems.C-class:fromsegmentsandbusinessrisksthatmustbeaddressedintheDepartment.2,open-pitmineunsafetypesinclude:electrical,transport,blasting,fire,andotherslope.3,accordingtotheseverityofthehazardfilledinbyunittroubleshooting,registrationform(seeatteaintheaccidentinvestigation,managementandreporting,eachpostshouldbedevelopedunderthissystemspecialistscheck,cleartheexaminations,time,cyclesandotherrelevantregulations.Strengtheningsitesupervisionandexamination,todetectandinvestigateillegalcommand,illegaloperationsandviolationsofoperatingrules.Secondsafetyreferstotheproductionsite,technologymanagement,equipment,facilities,andsooncanleadtoaccidentsrisksexist.1,accordingtotheextentofthesecurityrisks,solvingisdividedintoa,b,andclevelsofdifficulty;A-level:difficult,miningdifficulties,shallbereportedtothecompany'sproblems.B-class:difficulttoresolvedif原料液 7 95 128 0.53 试设计选择适宜的列管换热器。 解:

(1) 传热量Q及釜液出口温度

a. 传热量Q

以原料液为基准亦计入5%的热损失,按以下步骤求得传热量Q。 平均温度

分别查得乙醇、水的物性为:

乙醇 水 混合物 粘度μ (cp) 0.29 0.26 0.262 热导率λ (W/mc) 0.149 0.685 0.539 密度ρ 3(kg/m) 700 949.4 879.9 比热容Cp (kJ/kg℃) 3.182 4.237 4.067 ℃

以上表中混合物的各物性分别由下式求得: 混合物

:::

Cp

W/(m℃) kg/m kJ/(kg℃)

为组分i的质量分率。其他符号意义同前。

3

混合物热导率 混合物密度 混合物比热容 式中

为组成为i的摩尔分率,

所需传递的热流量:

b. 确定釜液出口温度

iculties,shallconsistofminingorganizationstosolveproblems.C-class:fromsegmentsandbusinessrisksthatmustbeaddressedintheDepartment.2,open-pitmineunsafetypesinclude:electrical,transport,blasting,fire,andotherslope.3,accordingtotheseverityofthehazardfilledinbyunittroubleshooting,registrationform(seeatt

eaintheaccidentinvestigation,managementandreporting,eachpostshouldbedevelopedunderthissystemspecialistscheck,cleartheexaminations,time,cyclesandotherrelevantregulations.Strengtheningsitesupervisionandexamination,todetectandinvestigateillegalcommand,illegaloperationsandviolationsofoperatingrules.Secondsafetyreferstotheproductionsite,technologymanagement,equipment,facilities,andsooncanleadtoaccidentsrisksexist.1,accordingtotheextentofthesecurityrisks,solvingisdividedintoa,b,andclevelsofdifficulty;A-level:difficult,miningdifficulties,shallbereportedtothecompany'sproblems.B-class:difficulttoresolvedif 假设=113℃,则定性温度为:

可查得乙醇、水物性,亦由以上推荐公式分别求得釜液的物性为: 粘度μ (cp) 0.222 0.224 0.224 热导率λ (W/mc) 0.144 0.686 0.578 密度ρ 3(kg/m) 678.0 935.6 908.0 比热容Cp (kJ/kg℃) 2.617 4.267 4.135 乙醇 水 釜液

由热流量衡算得:

(2) 换热器壳程数及流程

a. 换热器的课程数

对于无相变的多管程的换热器壳程数

=113.1℃

的确定,是由工艺条件,即冷、热物流进出口

温度,按逆流流动给出传热温差分布图如图4-71所示,采用图解方法确定壳程数

iculties,shallconsistofminingorganizationstosolveproblems.C-class:fromsegmentsandbusinessrisksthatmustbeaddressedintheDepartment.2,open-pitmineunsafetypesinclude:electrical,transport,blasting,fire,andotherslope.3,accordingtotheseverityofthehazardfilledinbyunittroubleshooting,registrationform(seeatteaintheaccidentinvestigation,managementandreporting,eachpostshouldbedevelopedunderthissystemspecialistscheck,cleartheexaminations,time,cyclesandotherrelevantregulations.Strengtheningsitesupervisionandexamination,todetectandinvestigateillegalcommand,illegaloperationsandviolationsofoperatingrules.Secondsafetyreferstotheproductionsite,technologymanagement,equipment,facilities,andsooncanleadtoaccidentsrisksexist.1,accordingtotheextentofthesecurityrisks,solvingisdividedintoa,b,andclevelsofdifficulty;A-level:difficult,miningdifficulties,shallbereportedtothecompany'sproblems.B-class:difficulttoresolvedif

图解壳程数Ns

如图4-71可见,所用水平线数为2,故选取该换热器的壳程为2。其处理办法,或

在一壳体内加隔板或选用两个单壳程的换热器,显然后者比较方便。故选用两台相同的换热器。

b. 流程规定

冷、热流体的物性及流量均相近。为减少热损失,先选择热流体(釜液)走管程,冷流体(原料液)走壳程如图4-72所示。

流程示意图 (3) 估算传热面积A

iculties,shallconsistofminingorganizationstosolveproblems.C-class:fromsegmentsandbusinessrisksthatmustbeaddressedintheDepartment.2,open-pitmineunsafetypesinclude:electrical,transport,blasting,fire,andotherslope.3,accordingtotheseverityofthehazardfilledinbyunittroubleshooting,registrationform(seeatteaintheaccidentinvestigation,managementandreporting,eachpostshouldbedevelopedunderthissystemspecialistscheck,cleartheexaminations,time,cyclesandotherrelevantregulations.Strengtheningsitesupervisionandexamination,todetectandinvestigateillegalcommand,illegaloperationsandviolationsofoperatingrules.Secondsafetyreferstotheproductionsite,technologymanagement,equipment,facilities,andsooncanleadtoaccidentsrisksexist.1,accordingtotheextentofthesecurityrisks,solvingisdividedintoa,b,andclevelsofdifficulty;A-level:difficult,miningdifficulties,shallbereportedtothecompany'sproblems.B-class:difficulttoresolvedif a.传热温差

前面已提供了釜液及原料液进出口温度,于是可得:

=17.5℃

在列管式换热器中由于加折流板或多管程,冷、热两流体并非纯逆流,以上以校正,其校正系数

按以下步骤求得:

应加

由R、P及壳程数 查图4-8(2)得:

b.传热面积A

,于是得传热温差校正值为:

根据冷、热流体在换热器中有无相变化及其物性等,选取传热系数于是可求所需传热面积A为:

℃,

(4) 换热器选型

根据传热温差的大小,传热介质的性质以及结垢、清洗要求等条件选择适宜的换热器,为保证传热时流体适宜流动状态,还需估算管程数。 管程热流体(釜液)体积流量:

选用

规格钢管,设管内的流速

,则:

iculties,shallconsistofminingorganizationstosolveproblems.C-class:fromsegmentsandbusinessrisksthatmustbeaddressedintheDepartment.2,open-pitmineunsafetypesinclude:electrical,transport,blasting,fire,andotherslope.3,accordingtotheseverityofthehazardfilledinbyunittroubleshooting,registrationform(seeatt

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