美国文学选读及名篇赏析我

美国文学选读及名篇赏析

Selected Readings and Appreciation in American Literature Period of Romanticism 浪漫主义时期

第一二个是实验派诗人

Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼(the pioneer of American poem revolutionary):美国诗歌革命的先驱者The father of free verse自由诗体之父 Leaves of Grass, Song of myself Emily Dickinson :艾米莉·迪金森 I’m Nobody

Nathaniel Hawthorne: 纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter

Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡(Father of detective story, The first American literary theorist): (侦探小说之父,美国第一位文学理论家):哥特小说的继承者与发展者 The Fall of The House of Usher; The Purloined Letter

Mark Twain 马克·吐温(the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens) :笔名塞缪尔?

兰霍恩?克莱门斯

The Gilded Age; Innocents Abroad ;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Hemingway once said that all modern American literature comes from the book written by Mark Twain )海明威曾经说过,现代美国文学

全部来源于马克吐温写的书

Modernism period 现代主义时期

Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德 (the founder of imagism movement):(意象派主义运动创始人)

The cantos

T.S. Eliot艾略特 (Nobel Prize winner诺贝尔奖获得者) :

The Wasted Land (William said that the publish of The Wasted Land like an atom, destroy our world.) Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特: Mending Wall ;The Birches

Eugene O’Neil:尤金·奥尼尔 (Nobel Prize winner)诺贝尔奖获得者 美国第一个真正的戏剧

家

Beyond the Horizon ; Emperor Jones; The Hairy Ape

F. Scott Fitzgerald 司各特?菲茨杰拉德(typical writer of the lost generation): 迷惘的

一代的典型作家（海明威也是）

This Side of Paradise: The Great Gatsby

Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威(Nobel Prize winner) :

The Old Man and the Sea; The sun also rises; A farewell to arms William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳((Nobel Prize winner) :

The Sound and the Fury; Light in August; Abslom, Abslom,

Steinbeck 斯坦贝克(Nobel Prize winner) : The Grapes of Wrath ; Of Mice and Men

Contemporary period 当代时期

Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫?埃利森:Invisible Man 黑人文学的里程碑

Toni Morrison托尼·莫里森( The first black woman writer to win Nobel Prize in 1993) (第一个黑人女作家赢得1993年的诺贝尔物理学奖: Song of Solomon; Beloved; The Bluest Eyes 鼎盛时期

Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒 : All My Sons; Death of a Salesman

The Winners of Nobel Prize in Literature诺贝尔文学奖的获奖者 Sinclair Lewis (1930)辛克莱·刘易斯 Eugene O’Neil (1936)尤金·奥尼尔 Pearl Buck (1938)赛珍珠

William Faulkner (1949)威廉·福克纳

Ernest Hemingway (1954)欧内斯特·海明威 John Steinbeck (1962)约翰·斯坦贝克 Saul Bellow (1976)索尔·贝娄

Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978)艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格 Toni Morrison (1993)托尼·莫里森

一、Edgar Allan Poe(埃德加·爱伦·坡)

西方侦探小说（Father of Detective Story）开山鼻祖 Literary Term: Gothic Elements(哥特元素)

Allusion(隐喻)

Short Stories

The Tell-Tale Heart《泄密的心》

The Cask of Amontillado《阿芒提多拉的酒桶》 The Black Cat, 《黑猫》

The Pit and The Pendulum《掠夺者们》

Poems:

The Raven《乌鸦》

Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔·李》 To Helen《致海伦》 Lenore《蕾诺尔》

Elements of Gothic in Poe’s Fiction在爱伦·坡的小说中哥特式风格的元素 Grim setting阴森背景

Other elements of the Gothic其他哥特式元素的地方 Hidden evil隐藏的邪恶

Obsession with Death迷恋死亡 Maniacal Laughter狂笑

The discovered manuscript所发现的手稿

Deformity畸形

An element of Poe’s style爱伦·坡短篇小说的风格因素

Poe uses vocabulary to create setting, for rhetorical effect, rather than for information. Modern horror films use music to create atmosphere; Poe used vocabulary.

爱伦坡使用词汇表来创建场景,为了修辞效果,而不是信息。 现代恐怖电影运用音乐来制造气氛;坡使用的词汇。

1. Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts? Poe characterizes Mortresor and Fortunado as seemingly contrasting characters chiefly by presenting their identical habit in wine and their different manners towards each other, but actually he intends to show some similarly defective aspects in their nature. The similarity in their nature is also suggested by their names as synonyms in Italian: Mortresor means “fortune” while Fortunado “treasure”. Their defective nature is highlighted when the revenger Mortresor, who is fully prepared on psychological and operating levels, throws the hardly prepared but totally deceived wrong-doer Fortunado into the deep and damp catacomb and blocks up its entrance with huge rocks.

二、Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 - 1864)（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）

American Greatest Romantic Novelist美国最伟大的浪漫主义小说家

Combined the American romanticism with puritan morals结合美国浪漫主义与宗教情节Pioneering psychological novelist心理小说家的开辟者（因红字） His Major works

Twice-Told Tales 《故事新编》

Moses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》(1846) The Scarlet Letter《红字》(1850)

The House of Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》(1851) The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》(1852) The Marble Faun《大理石神像》 (1860)

The Triangle Relationship三角关系

Roger Chillingworth罗 杰·齐灵渥斯（老 公） 选择: 除了哪个外是A的象征意义

Hester Prynne海丝特·白兰

Arthur

Dimmesdale

人）

阿

瑟·丁梅斯代尔（情

The Symbolic Letter A字母A象征意义 A----Adultery 报复 ------Avenge通奸罪

-----Angel 天使 ------Arthur Dimmesdale阿瑟·丁梅斯代尔 Techniques of His Works作品中的技术

ambiguity复义性,含糊（如A在作品中的不同含义） symbolism象征意义

supernatural elements超自然的元素

excellent craftsmanship (delicate structure; refined language)工艺精湛(精细结构;精制语言)

1. Why is the prison the setting of Chapter II?

The prison is used as the setting of the story because the execution of Hester Prynne as an infamous culprit is expected to take place here and the sentence of a

legal tribunal on her has but confirmed the verdict of public sentiment. In addition, the setting also suggests the tragic fate of the protagonist.

2.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people toward her.

Hester Prynne is a young and tall woman with dark and abundant hair that is so glossy that it may throws off the sunshine with a gleam. She has a beautiful face with the impressiveness belonging to a marked brow and deep black eyes. With a figure of perfect elegance on a large scale, she is ladylike with such character as characterized by a certain state and dignity, rather than by the delicate, evanescent, and

indescribable grace. Besides, the attitudes of the people toward her are diverse, but mostly negative and unsympathetic largely from the conventional moral stand of the times.

3.What has happened to Hester? Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate? How does this tell us about her character?

As a married woman, Hester falls in love with Dimmesdale, a reverend minister of the local community, and their love affair is discovered after she gives birth to a baby daughter. She makes the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate in the hope that the letter may embody her affirmative attitude toward the dilemma in her life, and that it may have the effect of a powerful spell to take her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and enclose her in a sphere by herself. This detail also mirrors her idea of love and moral value, which is explicitly different from the cowardice and hypocrisy of Dimmesdale.

Melville梅尔维尔, Hawthorne霍桑, and Poe 爱伦坡all comprise the Dark Romanticism of lit黑色浪漫主义erature

三、Walt Whitman（沃尔特·惠特曼） & Emily Dickinson（埃米莉·狄金森）

They have been regarded as the two most innovative and influential US poets of the nineteenth century. 人们一直认为,这两个是美国十九世纪最创新和颇具影响力的诗

人。

Their works 惠特曼

Leaves of Grass《草叶集》

One’s Self I Sing《我歌唱自我》

O Captain! My Captain!《噢，船长！我的船长！》 狄金森

To Make a Prairie…《要描绘一片草原》

Success Is Counted Sweetest《最美妙的胜利感觉》 I’m Nobody!《我是无名之辈》

Democracy & Individualism民主和个人主义

His poems include these major themes: democracy, the body, the land, and the culture.他的诗作包括这些主要的主题:民主,身体,土地,和文化。 1.What is the significance of singing about one’s self?

It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people. 2.What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?

Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.

3.What does Whitman mean by the term of “the Modern Man”?

He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one, that is full of bias.

四、Mark Twain（马克·吐温）美国的

the father of American literature 美国文学之父

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)：Ernest Hemingway had such a remark---“all modern American literature comes”.欧内斯特·海明威曾这样的话

——“美国现代文学的开端

His works

Short story: The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) 《卡城名蛙》第

一部短篇小说

First novel: The Gilded Age (with Charles Dudley waenner,1873) 《镀金时代》第一

部长篇小说

Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻子出国记》 Roughing It (1872) 《艰苦岁月》 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)《汤姆·索亚历险记》 The Prince and the Pauper (1882) 《王子与贫儿》 Life on the Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》 Contribution贡献

Mark Twain is a great literary artist. His contribution to the development of realism and the American literature as a whole was through his humor, his local color and his use of colloquial speech.

the diversity of its expression. Instead of more direct political means, African American artists and writers used culture to work for the goals of civil rights and equality.

African American Literature 黑人文学

Representative Works of African American Literature 1. Richard Wright: Native Son 土生子 2. Ralph Ellison: Invisible Man 隐形人

3. Toni Morrison: The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛, Sula秀拉, Song Of Solomon所罗门之歌, Beloved宠儿（诺贝尔奖）

Toni Morrison （托尼·莫里森）

awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993（第一个美国女黑人获诺贝尔奖） Theme of Morrison

The eternal theme of Morrison is the cruelty of black American people’s fate and the conflict between black culture and white culture. Her works

要背诵的诗

I’m Nobody（Emily Dickinson） I’m nobody! Who are you? Are you nobody, too?

Then there’s a pair of us- don’t tell!

They’d banish （放逐，驱使）us, you know!

How dreary（忧郁的，乏味的） to be somebody! How public, like a frog

To tell your name the livelong day To an admiring bog!（泥塘，泥沼）

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