涉外公关

ETIQUETTE FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS 涉外公关礼仪 CHAPTER Ⅰ

一、THE STATUS AND FUNCTION OF ETIQUETTE（礼仪的地位和作用）

?With the development of our country?s open policy, there is a tendency for contacts with people from other cultures to become increasingly frequent.

Etiquette, as an indispensable form in international association, has

played a more and more significant role.

?Etiquette plays a decisive role in external relationships. In social contacts those who behave with good manners will be held in esteem and give people a good impression.

China---a ceremonial state.

?Neither riches nor honour can corrupt a person, nor dominant power

make one yield. （富贵不能淫，威武不能屈） ?“A gentleman is a gentleman anywhere at anytime.” （无论何时何地，绅士就是绅士）

?A friend afar brings a distant land near.（有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎）

Otherwise they will be viewed as haughty, conceited, ignorant or foolish, and are likely to be cold-shouldered or cast aside.

Etiquette functions subtly in coordinating human relationships.

Associating with others is a kind of essential necessity deeply rooted in one?s heart and innate in human beings as well.

?When a person comes to the world, he/she not only requires food to eat and clothes to wear, but also needs tender care, sympathy, understanding, concern, and assistance from others.

?Tender comfort makes one warm in the coldest winter while evil words get one cold in the hottest summer. （良言一句三冬暖，恶语伤人六月寒）

A kind word is remembered for a long time, but an abusive language hurts the feelings at once.（一句温暖的话记得很长一段时间,而是一种污辱性语言伤害的情感在一次。） Kind words warm the heart of a person while hurtful slur chills the spine

（作用）Mutual understanding, trust, care and common affection among people not only create a friendly social atmosphere, but also meet every normal people?s needs in different degrees with regard to their healthy and reasonable psychological necessities. ?Thereby,they put people in a sanguine and optimistic mood, and make them love their life even more and enable the whole society to maintain a stable and harmonious order. ?Human relationships have a sentimental property. For example, etiquette between intimates is different from that between those who are just acquaintances.

?In the contemporary age, various new thoughts, new information and technologies are spring up constantly. All these make the connection, exchanges and cooperation among people more important. So, the coordinating function that etiquette plays in human relationships is becoming more and more necessary, dynamic and indispensable. ?

<< 让墙巷>>

千里修书为扇墙， 让他几尺又何妨? 万里长城依然在， 未见当年秦始皇。

CHAPTER Ⅱ

THE CONNOTATIONS OF COURTESY（礼貌的内涵,）

?In human contacts, courtesy indicates a kind of behavioral norm that shows respect, friendliness, politeness, consideration, thanks and kindness, etc. towards other people. It also embodies a nation or a country?s distinctive style, mental civilization and moral practice. In external contacts and activities, it is of great importance. THE ESSENCE OF COURTESY

?Etiquette is mainly displayed through modest and respectful attitudes, graceful and appropriate behavior, civilized and courteous language, tasteful and unaffected attire.

?The essence of etiquette is respect.

Confucius （孔子）said: “Etiquette is, after all, respecting Human beings.”（ 毕竟,礼仪是尊重人类。）

It includes respecting oneself, respecting others and respecting the society. Should a person respect himself, he is able to deserve others? respect. Self-respect hints respecting oneself proper and respecting the profession that one is engaging in and the company or institution that one is working at.

?Respecting others covers respecting one?s superiors/bosses, colleagues, subordinates, clients/customers, opponents.

?Respecting one?s superiors is the bounden (非做不可的)duty; respecting one?s colleagues is the basic requirements; respecting one?s subordinates is the virtue; respecting one?s clients is the common sense and respecting one?s opponents the demeanor.

?Respecting the society will beautify the living environment and help to optimize the development of human beings. It requires people to pay special attention to the social morality, to maintain social order, to protect the environment, to love people and the nation and to abide by law.

?Good manners have two aspects: an inner concern for other people?s needs and feelings, and an outer expression in certain kind of acts. Do unto others as you would be done by, that’s to say, treat others in the way that you would like to be treated.（己所不欲勿施于人）

?Good manners in China differ greatly in form from those in other countries. Therefore, if you hope to get along very well with foreigners and make them at ease with you, you must have some knowledge of different manners of foreign countries.

BEING PUNCTURAL AND KEEPING PROMISES（被PUNCTURAL和守信用）

?No matter whether you make an appointment yourself or promise to do something, you should never go back upon your words.

If you?re not able of fulfill an invitation for special reasons, you should inform the other party as early as possible and express your apologies for your absence in a proper way and at the proper time. It is bad manners to break one?s promise.

?In the West, people are keenly aware of time and as a result, they tend to organize their

activities by means of schedules and are usually on time for business meetings and social activities. Indeed, some visitors from other countries have come to the conclusion that western society is “ruled by the clock ”. That ?s to say, their activities are always scheduled according to the appointed time.

RESPECTING OTHERS AND ONESELF（尊重别人和自己）

?A philosopher has said, “The most intrinsic quality of human nature is simply its eagerness for respect from others.” To respect oneself and others is one of the fundamental principles where foreign affairs related etiquette is concerned.（最内在品质的人性就是它急于要别人的尊敬。尊重自己和他人是一种基本原则在外交事务相关的礼仪是有关的。） RESPECTING OTHERS? CUSTOMS AND HABITS（尊重别人的习俗和习惯）

?As all know, different countries and nationalities have their own particular customs, habits and manners due to their different histories, religious beliefs and so on. Suppose we don?t know the local customs and habits,we should spend more time to ask and observe.

RESPECTING WOMEN（尊重女性）

?Originating from the influence of the knights in the Middle Ages and may be also from the respect paid to the Virgin Mary. Respecting women has long been considered as a part of good manners.

?In some situations, people spontaneously practice ladies first, but the only exception is when danger is under consideration.

?In a word, respect for the female, especially in the aspects of words and needs, is an important content of civilization and courtesy. In a dance, the man must dance first with the girl accompanied with him. When the dance ends, he must say thanks and help her find a seat. He must not leave till she is seated.While he is inviting a lady to dance, he must make a little bow and say “shall I have this dance with you?” If refused, you are not supposed to be annoyed.

PRSONAL PRIVACY（个人隐私）

?In order to understand the western idea of personal privacy, people should start by thinking of a nation?s concept of territoriality.

?If one enters a private house without asking for permission, he/she is likely to be shot or accused of trespassing (入侵)or burglary(盗窃).

?If a person is reading, others must not lean over their shoulder to share with him.

?Even between a couple, a spouse can not open the other?s personal letters and vice versa.

?There are still quite a few questions which you are not supposed to ask even in the comparatively open country of the united states.

?In western countries, one?s income is top secret. It is also considered impolite to inquire about one? s property.

?Even in the United States, one must not ask about the age of others. ?Don?t ask the price if somebody show you something.

?Keep a certain distance with the westerners while talking or lining.

?Why there is never a woman president in USA? Because nobody wants to show she is over 36.

MEETING AND GREETING PEOPLE（见面与问候）

?A cheery, pleasant greeting to people is a form of good manners which adds to life?s

happiness.

?It is always good to use the name of the person whom you are greeting. COMMONLY USED GREETINGS常用问候

?This kind of greeting originated from in European countries.

?（握手）Shaking hands may help to create a friendly atmosphere, and may also, make the counterpart annoyed.

?The proper handshake should be brief; the hands holding firm; the attitude enthusiastic and while shaking hands both sides should look at each other with smiles.

?A handshakes between men must be steady and firm which is called a “firm handshake.”

?When many people try to shake hands at the same time, they should avoid crossing hands and do it one after another.

?In times of a happy event or sorrowful matter, people also kiss to show their intimacy or sympathy.

?However, the ways of kissing make a difference. Older people often kiss the younger on their foreheads. The younger people only kiss the older on their lower jaws. Compeers or friends and sisters only press their faces to each other. It is only lovers or spouses who kiss mouth to mouth.

?Embracing is a manner of showing intimacy between people all over the world and a kiss often goes with it.

APPEARANCE AND BEARING外观和轴承

?In order to establish that first impressions are strongest when contacting with people, personal appearance and attire must be neat and meanwhile proper behavior is also very important.（外貌和行为） Clothing（服饰）

?As a matter of fact, clothes have become our outer appearance. The first impression we make on others in a most decided by how you dress.

?In principle, formal dark-color suits fit formal,grand and solemn occasions,while informal dress is appropriate for ordinary circumstances. （原则上,正式dark-color

适合适合正式场合,宏伟庄严,而平常的服装适合一般情况下。） ?The traditional western formal dress:（正式）

The morning dress (晨礼服) The tuxedo (小礼服) The tail coat (燕尾服)

?Ladies’dress make a little difference.

?It is too casual and rude to dress out of time or to dress randomly. As a consequence it makes other people feel disgusted. Self cultivation道德修养 ;

?In social contact, courtesy is the embodiment of self cultivation. ?Personal Appearance

?People judge you at first by what they see, so you should be particular about your personal appearance.

?Personal Behavior行为

?Always carry a clean handkerchief with you. Do not use it while it is folded and do not

fold it after it is used.

?All noises from the body are to be avoided. 各种噪声从阀体应该避免。 ?When you are sitting and talking with friends, sit quietly. ?Be careful not to laugh at the wrong time. ?Personal Hygiene个人卫生

?Before going out, a person should wash, comb, make up and be particular about the dress. One should keep his appearance tidy,unaffected and artistic.

?Don?t blow nose, dig nostrils, yawn, pick teeth, clear ears, etc. before others. ?Environmental Sanitation

?Don?t spit and litter peel and paper anywhere. CHAPTER Ⅲ

ETIQUETTE IN EXTERNAL ACTIVITIES外部活动中的礼仪

?In external contacts, whether it is an official or civilian activity, pay special attention to ceremony.

?Therefore, as external people, we should understand some social etiquette in external work so that e know what to do on various occasions. INVITATIONS邀请函

?A formal English invitation card has a certain writing pattern. An invitation is generally written in the third person, both for the receiver and sender.

?If the senders of the card are a couple, both of their names should be printed on the card as well. In dong so, it shows mutual respect.

?If the invitation is given by word of mouth, in conversation or at a chance meeting, you should answer at once whether you can come or not. If you can not give an answer at that time, you may say “May I let you know this evening?”or other such words. Never just say “Thank you.” Example 1

?Dr. and Mrs. T. Karl ?Request the pleasure of ?Mr.Michael Tailor?s ?Company at dinner

?On Monday, the fifteenth of August ?At seven o?clock.

?The reply is similarly worded: ?Mr.Michael Tailor

?Accepts with pleasure of ?Dr. and Mrs. T. Karl?s ?Kind invitation for dinner

?On Monday, the fifteenth of August ?At seven o?clock. ?Mr. Michael Tailor

?Regrets that a previous engagement ?Prevents his accepting

?Dr. and Mrs. Karl?s

?Kind invitation for dinner

?On Monday, the fifteenth of August ?At seven o?clock.

?If a great many people are invited, it is not necessary to reply to the invitation unless it

bears the letters “R.S.V.P.”

?Whenever the letters “R.S.V.P.” appear at the bottom of an invitation card, it is absolutely necessary to reply. These letters are the initials of some French words “Repondez s?il vous plait”, which means, “You respond it, please.”

?请根据下列内容分别起草正式英文邀请函以及回复函的接受与婉谢各一份。 ?威廉.史密斯教授及夫人：

? 谨订于二00六年五月一日星期一下午八时在东莞宾馆举行五一国际劳动节庆祝会

? 恭请光临

? 市长刘志庚及夫人敬约 INTRODUCTIONS说明，介绍 ?You should introduce ?A man to a woman

?A younger person to an older person

?An unmarried woman to a married woman

?An unimportant person to an important person of the same sex ?Children to adults

?One more point about “Sir”and “Madam”.They are not followed by either the first names or the last names.

?The single form of “Sir”or “Madam”is generally addressed to those who have comparatively higher positions,status or ranks. ENTERTAINING TO DINNER娱乐性的共进晚餐 ?1.Dinner

?Dinner is classified as formal dinner and informal dinner. ?2.Reception

?A reception is more flexible usually provided with some food and soft beverage. ?A buffet dinner ?A Cocktail party ?3.Tea Party

?The Order of Seats Around a Table (page 34) EVENING RECREATION晚间娱乐

?Hosts often arrange some evening entertainments for their guests in external activities. Hats should be taken off after sitting, but ladies can enter there with their hats or overcoats on.

?If you wish to dance （跳舞）with a certain lady, go to her, bow, and say: “May I have the pleasure of a dance?” If it is a formal dance with programs, she will tell you which dance she will have with you; if there are no programs she will either rise and dance with you, or she may say, “I have this dance taken.” or “I?m sorry, I am not dancing this dance.”

?Do not expect a lady whom you have engaged in advance for a dance to make any

attempt to find you. It is her part to remain seated until you find her. Bow and say, “ I believe this is my dance.”

?At the end of a dance, thank your partner, but do not leave her until you have conducted her to a seat .

?If you are introduced to a lady in the party, you must ask her fro a dance.

?If you accompany a lady to a home dance, after she has put her wraps in the cloakroom you should take her first to greet the hostess, then dance the first dance with her. At refreshment time you must see that she gets refreshments. And finally, dance the last dance with her.

?Sometime during the evening, your hostess, the daughter of the hostess, and any guest of honors should all be asked by you to dance. WELCOMES AND FAREWELLS欢迎和告别

?Welcome and send-off of guests are common ceremonies in external activities. Normally, the receptionists should reach the station or airport before the arrival of the foreign guest so as not to let the guests wait. So it is very important to wait for the guests before their arrival.

?As soon as the guests reach the destination, they are normally taken to the guest house. It?s thoughtful not to arrange for them some prompt activities so as to let them have a little time to rest and wash their hands after a long trip.

?It is also important to make good arrangements for the accommodation of guest. Attention should be paid to the guests? dining habits and customs. CHAPTER Ⅳ

MANNERS IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS礼仪,在不同的情况

?Courtesy differs in various situations, so does it in external activities. Being personnel in foreign work, they must be familiar with and master the proprieties of various occasions as much as they possibly can so as to raise the efficiency of work and enable social contact.

EATING OUT外出就餐

?Restaurants in large cities vary greatly in price.

?If you are going to a restaurant for dinner,it is usually a good idea to telephone for a reservation.

?If you order meat in a restaurant, you will usually be asked by the waiter how you want it, rare, medium,or well done. “Rare”is not thoroughly cooked: the meat will be pink inside. “Well done”is usually very well cooked.

?When you order coffee, you may be asked “regular?”This means, “Do you want a lot of cream in it?”If not, ask for “black”( no cream) or “ dark ”( meaning a small amount of cream .)

?An important question about eating out, at the beginning, is who pays for the meal.

SMALL TALKS闲谈，聊天

?Small talk means that people chat freely to each other on informal occasions.

?Many Westerners, especially Americans find silence uncomfortable. During a buffet or at a table, therefore, having proper small talk with people can enhance the friendly atmosphere.

GUESTS AT HOME（邀请到家）

?Hosts sometimes invite guests to their houses. Sometimes, Chinese think it?s more reputable and courteous to spend money for their guests in a restaurant or hotel rather than to invite them to their homes.

?But it?s quite opposite for the western people.

?They think it seems closer and more friendly to bring guests home and cook by themselves than to treat them in a restaurant or public house.

?In the West, people are particular about when to arrive and leave, what to speak about and how to behave at table when they are invited to someone?s house.

?It is not good as well to arrive too early. After the meal is over it is better for a guest not to leave for at least half an hour. When leaving any kind of a party, a guest always expresses his appreciation to the hostess.

HOW TO HANDLE A KNIFE AND FORK如何处理一副刀叉吗

?Europeans generally hold the knife in the right hand, the fork in the left, and manage the knife and fork with both hands.

They keep their knife and fork in their hands until they have finished eating.

?But an American, on the other hand,may use just one hand whenever possible and keep the other hand on the lap.

?When the plate is empty, Americans place the knife across the back right hand edge of the plate and the fork beside it with the points upwards. In no case should one rest the knife or fork with one end on the table. TABLE MANNERS饭桌礼仪

?It is not for the simple satisfaction of hunger to have a meal in a social context. When you are invited to dinner, you will discover that people are more interested in the persons and conversation at the table than in the meal itself.

?When the hostess or host takes up the table napkin, it hints that the meal begins. ?If someone passes food around, he will pass in the dish at your left hand so that you can conveniently serve yourself with you right hand. Never serve yourself while the dish is on your right. Eating speed is also one or the table manners.

?When eating at someone?s house, it is usually better for a guest to take a small amount from each dish rather than make the hostess feel that the does not like her food, or that he is a person hard to please.

?There is not a round revolving plate on a Western dinning table. There is usually no rice in a western style meal but bread.

?At a western table, fruit can not be eaten with hands. ?Do not rub the tableware on the table with a napkin. ?Do not put too much food in your mouth at a time. ?Do not make any noise when you are eating.

?Be sure your lips are not greasy when you drink from your glass.

?Do not place too much on your plate at the first time of getting food and add after you finish it.

?Do not clean your teeth at the table.

HOTEL SERVICE 酒店服务

?Hotel service is the “ courtesy industry ”.

中国人民大学国际关系学院外交学系主任 ? 金正昆教授 ? 商务礼仪 ?1． 概述 2、形象、素质 ?3、 西装（上） 4、西装（下） ?5、职业女装 6、仪容仪态 ?7、演讲、口才 8、商务邀约 ?9、热情有度 10、不宜过谦 ?11、不宜先为 12、座次排列 ?13、女士优先 14、爱护环境 ?15、保护动物 16、外宾接待 ?17、出国旅行 18、应付媒体 ?19、外交特权 20、外事纪律

?中国人民大学国际关系学院外交学系主任 ? 金正昆教授 ? 国际礼仪 ?1． 概述 2、遵守惯例 ?3、入乡随俗 4、关注形象 ?5、不亢不卑 6、维护秩序 ?7、信守约定 8、尊重隐私 ?9、热情有度 10、不宜过谦 ?11、不宜先为 12、座次排列 ?13、女士优先 14、爱护环境 ?15、保护动物 16、外宾接待 ?17、出国旅行 18、应付媒体 ?19、外交特权 20、外事纪律

?We believe in old fashioned and good manners and politeness. Practice these till they second nature---till you are courteous automatically. ?Remember:

?Win a battle with a guest, and lose a customer. ?A smile costs nothing, but it enriches the receiver. THANKS AND APOLOGIES

?In many foreign governmental offices, corporation departments, or even in the home, something like, “ Would you please finish this work as soon as possible? ”or “ Excuse me, please move the chair over.”can be often heard while bosses or sometimes seniors tell their clerks, workers or juniors to do something.

As a matter of fact, all these can be regarded as a kind of order, or they are changed with a mild tone and sound very polite, The clerks, workers or juniors cannot dare to give the cold shoulder after they receive the assignments. As compared with some rude forms of commands, those are much easier accepted and with better effect.

?

?The children from very young in many countries are required to be courteous, Abigail

in De Pere, Wisconsin was a girl under three years old. When she asked her mom for candies at home, her mother said to her: “ Wait, Abby. Do you know what the magical word is when you ask for something. ” “ Yes, Mommy. The magical word is ?please?, please give me some candies, mommy. Please, Please!”, answered Abby soon.

?“ Thank you ”means that you appreciate what someone has done for you, very often very small and most ordinary things. So people all day long.

?As the Chinese customs are somewhat different, some Chinese newcomers in a foreign country may appear not polite enough. Very often they neglect to express thanks for the small favors that others have done them.

?When you are thanked for passing or handing something to someone or for some small favor, it is not necessary to say anything; a smile and a slight inclination of the head are sufficient.

?In answer to thanks for some service you have rendered, say: “ That?s all right,” “ You?re welcome,” “ It?s my pleasure.” or “ Don?t mention it.”

?In answer to thanks for some gift, say, “I am glad you like it ”; or “ I am so glad if it gives you pleasure.”

?In answer to thanks from a departing guest, you may say, “ I am so glad you were able to come ”; or “ I am so glad you enjoyed the evening ”or “ It was a pleasure to have you ”etc.

?When you are late for an appointment, you should say, “ Excuse me for coming late ”or “ Excuse my coming later .”

LENDING AND BORROWING 借和贷

?“Mutual help to make up what the other lacks” is a traditional virtue between Chinese neighbors. Offering some assistance as much as one can when others lack something is a key to enhance human relationship.

?Those who are assisted must treasure others? kindness and friendship, take much care of others? property so that good credit can be established.

?Things borrowed in the West are definitely expected to be returned, whether it be fifty dollars or merely a friend?s pencil, and someone is considered dishonest if he does not do so, or unreliable if he returns them long after the time he has promised to return them. Moreover, it is expected that the article borrowed will be returned in as good condition as when lent.

?Borrowing is not so prevalent in the West as in the East.

?In the play of “ Hamlet”, Lord Chamberlain Polonium gives his son Layettes a few precepts and says:

?“Neither a borrower not a lender be; ?For loan oft loses both itself and friend;

?And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.” PRESENTING GIFTS

?Presenting gifts is one of the popular social activities both inside and outside China and also a kind of material taken showing one?s regards. It is neither to satisfy someone?s personal desire not to show off one?s affluence,

?But to express one?s congratulations, condolences, thanks and departure moods. As the saying goes: “A gift is trifling but the feeling is profound.” Therefore, while choosing

gifts, we often select something good but cheap, such as a small work of art souvenirs, food, bouquets, books, picture album or articles of everyday use, etc.

That is favored by people and possesses certain commemorative meaning, national features or some artistic value.

?We should consider the special conditions or occasions while giving presents. ?Presents should be carefully packed in gift packing paper.

?Gifts should generally be given directly. Sometimes, some introduction or explanation about the gifts can be made as well.

WEDDING CONGRATULATION婚礼祝贺

?Marriage is also considered an occasion of great rejoicing in the West, as in China, But in the West the bride is supposed to be the happiest person of all. The groom is supposed to behave as if he had just been awarded the greatest prize in the world.

?If one receives an announcement of a wedding after it is over, a note of congratulation may be sent, but a gift is not necessary. One wears one?s best clothes to a wedding. During the ceremony complete silence is maintained by the guests.

ENTERING OTHERS? OFFICE OR HOUSES进入别人的办公室或房屋

?Visiting another?s office or house. People must make an appointment in advance and arrive on time. If there is not anybody coming out to meet you, you should press the door bell or knock the door first and then enter with the host?s or hostess? permission. ?On urgent business or without an advanced appointment, if you have to meet someone in his leisure hours, then, you must apologize and explain why you have to disturb him as soon as you meet the person.

?After you enter the door, if you don?t need much time to talk with the host, then you may not take a seat and should leave as soon as your business is done.

?For a formal working visit, it is better to arrange the time around ten o?clock in the morning or four in the afternoon.

?A visitor should greet all the family members of the host, especially the spouse and children.

CHAPTER Ⅴ

LETTERS AND TELEPHONE CALLS信件和电话 ?LETTERS

?Letters are one of the very important forms of communication in external contact. ?So, we should pay a lot of attention to the following aspects while writing letters. ?1. Letter Layout

?The word polish and outer appearance of a letter produce a tangible reflection on paper not only of the writer?s ability, knowledge and his/her own personal cultivation, as well as the typist?s competence, but also of an organization?s total image.

A proper format and neat appearance of a letter make the reader feel comfortable, this is just as important as people are particular to their personal appearances.

?The stationery and envelopes of external letters usually have certain requirements and come up to a certain standard.

?Business letters should normally be printed. The printing should be clear and the ink of a certain thickness. Personal letters may either be printed or written by hand, but they must be neat and clear without any corrective marks.

The Complete (or fully)Block Form (1)With Mixed Punctuation ?New York University

?Communication Arts Group ?Department of Journalism

?51 West Fourth Street, New York, N.Y.10005 ?Area 212 777- 2000, Extension 389 ?August 2, 1992

?Mr.Thomas W.Carlin ?Editor-in –chief

?Alexander Hamilton Institute, Inc.

nd

?235 East 42 Street ?New York, N.Y.10017 ?Dear Sir:

?I am delighted to comply with your request that I explain the complete block form of letter in the text on written communications in business. This particular letter is laid out in this form. As you can see, every line of the complete block form starts flush with the left-hand margin. This includes the date, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature and reference date.

?This letter is called the complete block form to distinguish it from what some writing consultants call the block form: a letter with the date, complimentary close and signature near the right hand margin. If any of your readers want to know more about the block form or complete block form, send me your names. I?ll try go give you a more detailed description. Sincerely,

Julian Elfenbin Writing Consultant JE: AC

The Complete Form(2)With Open Punctuation ?South China Office Cultural Section British Embassy 16 November 1993 ?Mr. Robert B. Luo Vice Dean

Foreign Languages Department Xiangtan Teachers College Xiangtan City Hunan P R C ?Dear Robert

It was a great pleasure to meet you again in Hunan last week, and to see how the college has grown and progressed in the last few years. I hope we shall be able to keep in touch, now that I am based in Hong Kong. I expect to visit Hunan at least twice a year. Please give my regards to Professor Yin and Director Wang, and convey my thanks to your president for his kind hospitality.

If there is anything I can do to assist you in any matter, please feel free to contact me.

Yours sincerely Michael

First Secretary (Cultural) South China

JL931129

The Block (or Modified Block)Form

?Here the heading is in the center, the date near the right-hand margin and the complimentary close is also near the right-hand margin. Howard Toronto Inc. 26245 Galen Street Wyoming, Mn55092 (Phone 837-6450) March 3,1993

Johnson Smith, Inc. East Compton Road Youngstown, OH 44500 Gentlemen:

We are now having our annual sale, and we should like very much to have an order from you . This sale is not advertised in the newspapers at the present time. Only our old customers know about it. The public will not be informed of the sale for approximately two weeks.

Most of our merchandise is included at significant prices. In addition, a discount is offered for payment within ten days.

Sincerely yours, Edward R.smith Director The Semi-block Form

?Here the paragraphs are indented, the date and complimentary close are near the right-hand margin. ?New York University

?Communication Arts Group ?Department of Journalism ?51 West Fourth Street ?New York, N.Y.10003

June 8,1993

?Mr.Thomas W.Carlin ?Editor-in Chief

?Alexander Hamilton Institute, Inc.

nd

?235 East 42 Street ?New York, N.Y.10017 Dear Sir:

?Thank you for your letter requesting a description of the semi-block form of business letter in the text on written communications in business. The letter you are reading

follows this form.

?You will notice that most of the letter starts flush with the left-hand margin. This starts near the right-hand margin. The indentations at the beginning of each paragraph represent the next exceptions.

Finally, the complimentary close and signature start near the right-hand margin.

?Actually, the paragraph indentations are as a keep to recognizing this semi-block form.If these indentations were not present, the letter would be in what is called the block form.

?If readers are interested in a more comprehensive discussion of the semi-block form, let me know. I?ll try to oblige.

Sincerely,

Julian Elfenbein Writing Consultant The Indented Form

?Here the inside address and the paragraphs are indented and the date and complimentary close are near the right-hand margin. ?Armstroing Cork Company ?Lancester, PA. 17884 ?May 10,1992

?Mr. Thomas W.Carlin,

? Alexander Hamilton Institute, Inc. ?235 East 42nd Street,

?New York, New York 10017. ?Dear Mr. Carlin:

?Thank you for your recent letter requesting copies of the types of written communication which we employ. We very much appreciate your interest in Armstrong. ?I have enclosed samples of the types of communication which we have available. I hope that the material is helpful and that you find it interesting and informative. If there is something more that may do for you. Please don?t hesitate to let me know.

?Thank you again for your interest in Armstrong Cork Company. On behalf of the company may I wish Mr. Luo every success with his new book. ? Sincerely,

Thomas L.Burgum Public Relation Dept COURTESY TELEGRAMS

?PROMOTION, SUCCESS, AND OPENING OF BUSINESS ?1.DELIGHTED TO HEAR ABOUT YOUR PROMOTION

?2.HEARTIEST CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR SPLENDID SUCCES ,,,,,

?3.SINCERE CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR PROMOTION ( TO THE RANK OF

VICE PRESIDENT ) AND BEST WISHES FOR YOUR FURTHER SUCCESS

?4.WE HAVE JUST HEARD OF YOUR SUCCESS SINCEREST CONGRATULATIONS AND BEST WISHES FOR THE FUTURE

?5.CONGRATULATIONS TO YOU AND EVERY GOOD WISH FOR YOUR SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN YOUR NEW POSITION

?6.WARM CONGRA TULATIONS ON YOUR ELECTON AS PRESIDENT OF THE STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION BEST WISHES TO YOU

?7.HEARTFELT CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR RECEPTION OF A DOCTOR?S DEGREE FROM YALE UNIVERSITY

?8.SINCERE CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR WINNING THE FIRSTCLASS SCIENCE AWARD IN THE FIELD OF APPLIED CHEMSTRY AS ONE OF YOUR FRIENDS

I FEEL VERY HAPPY TO SHARE YOUR HONOUR AND PRIDE BEST WISHES OFR YOUR GREATER SUCCESS IN ALL THAT YOU UNDERTAKE

?9.WITH WARM CONGRATULATIONS AND WISHES TO HOPE THAT FUTURE YEARS WILL BRING YOU CONTINUED HAPPINESS

?10.I AM SURE THAT THE PRIZE YOU HAVE WON IS JUST THE FIRST OF MANY HONORS THAT YOU WILL ATTAIN IN THE YEARS TO COME

?11.CONGRATULATIONS AND MY BEST WISHES MAY YOU HAVE HEALTH HAPPINESS AND OUTSTANDING SUCCESS IN ALL YOUR VENTURES

?12.I WISH YOU EVERY SUCCESS IN THE FUTURE YOU ARE WORTHY OF SUCCESS

?13.MAY AN OLD ACQUAINTANCE EXPRESS HIS PRIDE IN YOUR ACCOMPLISHMENT AND EXTEND TO YOU HIS WISH FOR YOUR CONTINUED SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS

?14.GOOD LUCKY IN ALL EVENTS

?15.EVERY GOOD WISH OFR FUTURE ON YOUR NEW JOB ?16.CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR PROMOTION

?17.CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR OPENING BUSINESS

?18.HEAPTY CONGRATULATIONS YOUR PROMOTION PRESIDENCY ?19.LEARNED YOUR PROMOTION KEY POSITION CONGRATULATIONS ?20.WISHING PROSPERITY YOUR NEW COMPANY

?21.CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR APPOINTMENT TO PRESIDEN SINCERE BEST WISHES FOR EVERY SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS IN YOUR NEW JOB

?22.JUST HEARD OF YOUR SUCCESS SINCEREST CONGRATULATION AND BEST WISHES FOR YOUR FUTURE

?23.CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR APPOINTMENT AS MANAGER WISH YOU GREAT SUCCESS IN NEW POSITION AND HOPE OUR MUTUAL RELAIONSHIP STRENGTHENED FURTHER

SEASONS GREETINGS

?1.MUCH LOVE AND BEST WISHES FOR A HAPPY NEW YEAR

?2.A VERY MERRY CHRISTMAS AND ALL THE BEST WISHES FO A HAPPY NEW YEAR

?3.LOVE AND BEST WISHES FOR A MERRY CHRISTMAS AND A HAPPY AND

PROSPEROUS NEW YEAR

?4.MAY THE PEACE AND JOY OF THE CHRISTMAS THROUGHOUT NEW YEAR

?5.GOOD LOCK GOOD HEALTH AND GOOD CHEER

?6.BEST WISHES FOR A HAPPY AND PROSPEROUS NEW YEAR

?7.MAY YOUR HOLIDAY SEASON BE A JOYOUS ONE AND MAY EACH DAY OF THE NEW YEAR BRING YOU A FULL MEASURE OF SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS

?8.WISHES YOU PEACE JOY AND HAPPINESS THROUGH CHRISTMAS AND THE COMING YEAR

?9.MAY WARMEST WISHES HAPPY THOUGHTS AND FRIENDLY GREETINGS COME AT CHRISTMAS AND STAY WITH YOU THE WHOLE YEAR THROUGH ?10.SPECIAL WISHES AT THIS SPECIAL TIME

?11.MAY PEACE AND LOVE BE YOUR NEW YEAR FILLED WITH ALL YOUR FAVOURITE THINGS

?12.WISHING YOU ALL THE JOYS OF CHRISTMAS AND A YEAR OF HAPPINESS

?13.WISHING YOU A SPARKLING CHRISTMAS AND BRIGHT NEW YEAR

?14.MAY THE BEAUTY AND JOY OF CHRISTMAS REMAIN WITH YOU THROUGHOUT THE NEW YEAR

?15.BEST WISHES FOR THANKSGIVING ?16.BEST WISHES FOR HAPPY EASTER

?17.BEST WISHES FOR XMAS AND NEW YEAR FILLED WITH SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS

?18.LOVE AND BEST WISHES FOR MERRY GHRISTMAS AND HAPPY PROSPEROUS NEW YEAR

?19.AS ANOTHER YEAR APPROAGHES WE LOOK FORWARD TO CONTINUANCE OF THIS PLEASANT ASSOCIATION WITH YOU BEST WISHES FOR MERRY CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR OF GENUINE HAPPINESS

?20.MAY FORTUNE SMILE UPON AND FAVOR YOU WITH MANY BLESSINGS IN NEW YEAR

?21.MAY NEW YEAR BRING YOU HEALTH HAPPINESS ALL OTHER GOOD THINGS

?22.HOPE NEW YEAR WILL BEING YOU AND YOUR FAMILY EVERY HAPPINESS GOOD HEALTH CONTINUED SUCCESS ?23.SINCEREST SEASONS GREETINGS

?24.LOVE TO THE BEST MOTHER IN THE WORLD

?25.WARMEST WISHES FOR HAPPY HOLIDAY SEASON ?26.MY LOVE AND GREETINGS ON MOTHERS DAY BIRTHDAY

?1.CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR 50TH BIRTHDAY

?2.MY AFFECTIONATE THOUGHTS AND EVERY GOOD WISH TO YOU ON YOUR BIRTHDAY

?3.MAY GOOD KIND AND LOVING THINGS BE SOME OF THE JOYS YOUR

BITRHDAY BRINGS

?4.THIS COMES WITH WARM AFFECTION THE BEST WISHES TOO FOR THE NICEST KIND OF BIRTHDAY THAT COULD BE WISHED FOR YOU

?5.WISHING YOU WORLDS OF HAPPINESS ON YOUR BIRTHDAY AND HOPE YOUR COURSE IS CHARTED FOR LOTS OF LUCK ALL YEAR

?6.WE ALL JOIN WISHING YOU VERY HAPPY BIRTHDAY AND MANY YEARS HEALTH PROSPERITY

?7.MANY HAPPY RETURNS

?8.WISHING THAT YOUR SPECIAL DAY BE A WINNER ALL THE WAY ?9.MY BEST WISHES ARE WITH YOU ON YOUR BIRTHDAY

?10.CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR BIRTHDAY MY VERY BEST WISHES FOR YOUR MANY YEARS HEALTH AND HAPPINESS

?11.SURE HOPE YOUR BIRTHDAY IS HAPPY AND HOPE IT IS FOLLOWED TOO BY DAYS AND WEEKS AND MONTHS AND YEARS OF HAPPINESS FOR YOU HAPPY BIRTHDAY

?12.WISHING I COULD BE WITH YOU TODAY BEST WISHES FOR HAPPY BIRTHDAY

?13.MANY HAPPY RETURNS OF THIS HAPPY DAY TO YOU

?14.HAPPINESS IN WISHING YOU THE JOYS FOR A BEAUTIFUL DAY AND HOPING LIFE IS MOST WONDERFUL THINGS WILL ALWAYS COME YOUR WAY

?15.WISHING YOU ALL HAPPINESS HEALTH AND PROSPERITY WITH MANY HAPPY RETURNS OF THE DAY

?16.TO HOPE THE DAY THAT YOU ARE TWENTY IS QUITE A SPECIAL ONE AND THAT THE YEAR WILL HOLD GOOD TIMES AND LOTS OF FUN

?17.MAY YOU HAVE MANY MANY HAPPY BIRTHDAYS AND ALWAYS KEEP LOVE LINESS AND CHARM MARRIAGE

1.BEST WISHES ON YOU MARRIAGE

?2.CONGRATULATIONS AND MY(OUR)VERY BEST WISHES TO AHAPPY COUPLE

?3.MAY YOU HAVE MANY HAPPY RETURNS OF WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES ?4.HEARTY CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR MARRIAGE MAY MUCH HAPPINESS BE BROUGHT TO YOU AND YOUR LOVELY WIFE FOR MANY YEARS TO COME

?5.SORRY TO MISS CEREMONY SON CONGRATULATIONS WELCOME MARY TO OUR FAMILY

?6.TO BRIDE AND GROOM LOVE CONGRATULATIONS FROM AN OLD FRIEND

?7.MAY HAPPINESS HEALTH PROSPERITY BE WITH YOU BOTHTHROUGH YEARS TO COME

?8.LET ME OFFER YOU MY WARMEST CONGRATULATIONS ON THE HAPPY OCCASION

?9.EVERY GOOD WISH ON YOUR WEDDING DAY

?10.WISHING YOU A WORLD OF HAPPINESS AND LOVE AS ALL YOUR

DREAMS COME TRUE

?11.CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR HAPPY WEDDING LASTING PROSPERITY TO YOU BOTH

?12.TO THE HAPPY COUPLE CONGRATULATIONS ON THIS HAPPY OCCASION AND BEST WISHES FOR EVERYTHING GOOD IN THE YEARS TO COME

?13.ALL THE JOYS OF HEAVEN ABOVE ARE HERE ON EARTH FOR THOSE WHO LOVE MAY JOY BE YOURS TO HAVE AND HOLD FOREVER

?14.BEST WISHES FOR YOUR WEDDING WISHING YOU BOTH MUCH HAPPINESS AND A WONDERUL LIFE TOGETHER

?15.AS YOU BEGIN YOUR MARRIED LIFE TOGETHER MAY ALL THE PLANS YOU TWO HAVE MADE TURE OUT EXACTLY RIGHT MAY YOU BE BLESSED WITH LOVE AND HAPPINESS FOREVER

?16.CONGRATULATIONS TO YOU AND BEST WISHES TO YOURLOVELY FIANCEE

?17.TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM LOVE AND HAPPINESS ALWAYS CONGRATULATIONS TO YOU BOTH AND MAY YOU ALWAYS STAY AS HAPPY AND MUCH IN LOVE AS ON YOUR WEDDING DAY

?18.MAY THE DREAMS IN YOUR HEARTS AND HOPES YOU HOLD DEAR BRING YOU MUCH HAPPINESS YEAR AFTER YEAR AND THROUGHOUT THE FUTURE

?19.MAY BLESSING CONGRATULATIONS GOOD WISHES AND THE BEST OF EVERYTHING TO YOU FOR ALL THE YEARS AHEAD CONDOLENCES

?1.I WANT TO SEND YOU MY BEST WISHES FOR YOUR QUICK RETURN TO GOOD HEALTH

?2.SURE HOPE AND PRAY YOU WILL BE FIT AND STRONG AND WITH US AGAIN BEFORE TOO LONG GET WELL SOON

?4.HOPING YOU ARE FEELING BETTER EVERY DAY AND WILL SOON BE WELL TO STAY

?5.HERE IS AN EXTRASPECIAL MESSAGE TO MAKE IT VERY PLAIN HOW UCH IT IS HOPED THAT VERY SOON YOU ARE COMPLETELY WELL AGAIN ?6.WARM WISHES WILL BE WITH YOU TODAY AND EACH DAY TOO UNTIL YOU ARE FEELING FINE AGAIN AND ALL IS WELL WITH YOU

?7.SORRY TO HEAR ABOUT YOUR ILLNESS HERE IS WISHING YOU WILL BE ON YOUR FEET SOON

?8.VERY SORRY TO HEAR(OF)YOU?RE ACCIDENT ALL (THE)STAFF JOIN ME (IN )EXPRESSING SYMPATHY AND SINCERE WISHES FOR YOUR RAPID AND COMPLETE RECOVERY

?9.HEARTFELT CONDOLENCES TO YOU

?10.MY HEARTFELT SYMPATHY IN YOUR GREAT SORROWS ?11.MAY THE LORD BLESS AND SUSTAIN YOU IN YOUR LOSS

?12.SHOCKED TO LEARN OF YOUR MOTHERS (FATHERS)DEATH EXPRESS HEARTFELT CONDOLENCES IN YOUR BEREAVEMENT

?13.PLEASE ACCEPT MY HEARTFELT

(SINCERE) CONDOLENCE ON (THE) UNTIMELY DEATH OF PRESIDENT PLEASE CONVEY OUR PROFOUND SYMPATHY TO THE BEREAVED FAMILY ?14.HEARTY CONDOLENCES TO YOU MAY YOU HAVE STRENGTH TO BEAR THIS GREAT AFFLICTION

?15.PLEASE ACCEPT MY WARMEST TRIBUTE TO MEMORY OF DECEASED ?16.RECALLING LOODK OF DECEASED IN LIFETIME I TENDER SINCEREST TRIBUTE TO HIS MEMORY

?17.DEEPLY PAINED TO HEAR OF THE FIRE (FLOOD) DAMAGE SUFFERED BY YOUR FACTORY AND HASTEN TO EXTEND OUR SINCERE SYMPATHY IF WE CAN ASSIST YOU IN ANY WAY PLEASE LET US KNOW

?18.THERE IS SO LITTLE WORDS CAN SYA BUT MAY THIS COMFORT YOU IN YOUR SORROW

?19.WITH OUR DEEPEST SYMPANTHY IN THE LOVE THAT SURROUNDS YOU MAY YOU FIND STRENGTH IN THE MEMORIES YOU CHERISH MAY YOU FIND PEACE

?20.HEARTFELT SYMPATHY AND MUCH LOVE TO YOU DEAR FRIEND AS YOU GO THROUGH THIS TIME OF GRIEF

?21.THINKING OF YOU WITH SYMPATHY IN YOUR TIME OF SORROW ?22.WITH DEEPEST SYMPATHY TO YOU AND ALL YOUR FAMILY

?23.IT WAS WITH SADNESS THAT 1 LEARNED OF YOUR WIFE?S WIFE?S (HUSBAND IS) DEATH PLEASE ACCEPT MY SINCERE CONDOLENCES ?24.WARM THOUGHS AND DEEPEST SYMPATHY ARE WITH YOU THANKS

?1.THANKS FOR HOSPITALITY DURING MY STAY

?2.YOUR THOUGHTFULNESS HAS GIVEN ME GREAT JOY

?3.THANK YOU FOR DOING SO MUCH TO MAKE MY TRIP TO AMERICA INTERESTING

?4.YOUR KINDNESS IN OUR TIME OF NEED WILL NEVER BE FORGOTTEN ?5. THANKS FOR YOUREXCELLENT PRESENT

?6.THANK YOU FOR THE PLEASURE YOUR WEDDING GIFT BROUGHT AND FOR YOUR GOOD WISHES

?7.YOUR KINDNESS MEANS SO MUCH

?8.THANKS YOU FOR YOUR KIND GENEROSITY

?9.THANK YOU EVER SO MUCH FOR YOUR CONGRATULATIONS AND GOOD WISHES I HOPE I CANLIVE UP TO THEM

?10.PLEASE ACCEPT OURS INCERE THANKS FOR THE KIND RECEPTION AND ASSISTANCE YOU HAVE GIVEN US DURING OUR STAY IN YOUR CITY ?11.THANK YOU FOR KIND EXPRESSION OF SYMPATHY IT IS DEEPLY APPRECIATED

?12.YOUR MEMORIES OF MY FATHER WERE A SOURCE OF GREAT JOY TO ME THANK YOU FOR SHAPING THEM WITH ME

?13.YOUR SYMPATHYAND

THOUGHTFULNESS WILL ALWAYS BE

REMEMBERED WITH DEEP APPRECIATION

?14.WITH THANKS FORM THE FAMILY YOUR KIND EXPRESSION OF SYMPATHY IS DEEPLY APPRECIATED CHAPTER Ⅵ

MATTERS NEEDING ATTENTION

?Different culture, customs and babies may easily cause some misunderstandings in external relationships.

?Thus, we should promote mutual understanding and friendship between the peoples of all countries, avoid some joke taboos and offensive subjects in conversation, keep abreast of various foreign customs and etiquette so as to enhance our social ability in association with foreigners, reduce our failure in work and raise working efficiency. MISUNDERSTANDING

?When a foreigner has dinner in China, the host will say on purpose that there is not much food or not many dishes to eat even if it is really a square meal, and the dishes are all delicious, but the host is used to saying that they do not taste good.

?All those kinds of excessive modesty as courtesy are very difficult for a foreign guest to understand and he may. Even misunderstand the host?s politeness. While at table, the host always presses more food onto the guest?s plate as soon as he has emptied it of the previous helping. That?s the Chinese customs of hospitality. But that often makes a foreign guest feel very awkward.

?The guest has to eat the food even if he does not feel like it, because it is considered bad manners in the West to leave one?s food on the plate.

?Most westerners are very direct. If they want something, they will ask for it. If not, they will say, “ No thanks ”.

?Many western people only know that “ honesty is the best policy ”.Generally speaking, they trust others first. Once they find that others do not tell the truth, the credit is over. In our China, courtesy might be the exception of honesty.That is where misunderstanding occurs.

SUBJECTS TO AVOID科目,以避免

?China and western countries are separated by vast oceans and their languages and thoughts make dramatically differences sometimes what we consider polite is difficult for them to understand and even taken as an insult upon them or at least a kind of disrespect. It is of great magnitude for us to learn what should not be talked about and avoided. ?Avoiding Topics Concerning Personal Affairs ?Avoiding Politics

Politics is something very sensitive. ?Avoiding Racial Problems

?Avoiding Argument on Religion

Religious activities constitute an important aspect of western people?s life. ?Avoiding Women?s Right Issue

It is apparent that at any time or in any place Westerners show abundant respect for women in terms of etiquette.

?Avoiding Topics Concerning the Body

Commonly Americans and Europeans don?t refer to certain parts of body in conversation.

?Avoiding “ vulgar words ”

As for public lavatory, people normally say “ Rest Room ” “ Comfort Station ” “ Public Convenience ” “ Powder Room ” “ Ladies/Gents (Gentlemen) ” “Men?s/Women?s “Loo” etc.”

?In the case of going to the lavatory, they say “washing hands”or “paying a penny” While being a guest in an other?s home, he or she only drops a hint to the host/hostess “I want to go somewhere.”

?Similarly, rarely does an American or European say “prison”directly but “training school”or “institute of correction” in euphemistic tone.

When a person has died, people may say “took one?s rest in peace ” or “passed away ” and so forth.

?Fine cultivation and civilized language are easily accepted by people and accommodated as well by society, Otherwise, those who are uncivil will be isolated and encounter others? scorn. DOING IN ROME AS ROMANS DO

?There is an English proverb: When in Rome, do as the Romans do. If you go to western countries. You should feel free and natural to make friends quickly with the people and visit them in their houses and share their holidays.

?Do not hesitate to accept invitations to dinner form others simply because you can not return the treat. They will not expect you to do so. People in western countries will enjoy welcoming you and will be pleased if you accept their friendship easily.

?When you arrive at the States and ring your friend up from the airport, he may tell you on the phone, “Take a 106 from the terminal ”or “Get a taxi. Do you mind getting here in time for dinner?”.Don?t misunderstand his meaning. He is not giving you a cold welcome. No, not in the least. He just can?t afford the time to come to the airport. THE NUMBER 13（号码）

?Universally Westerners avoid the number “thirteen”, believe it is ominous and try their best to avoid it. Some people even feel uneasy about the thirteenth day of each month, they also think Friday is inauspicious. So if the thirteenth day happens to be “Friday”, some people will be really on tenterhooks as if a disaster would be about to fall.

?Therefore they always do their utmost to avoid it. On the thirteenth, ships don?t weigh anchor and planes don?t have their trial flights. Banquets are not arranged no Friday of thirteenth. They do not even use “13” number houses, hotel rooms, stories, dining tables or a motorcade. Furthermore, when having dinner, they avoid thirteen people at the same table.

?Why do the Westerners keep so far away from “13”? A version says that it can be traced back to Northern European mythology. The other version comes form the Christian legend concerning the Bible. ON SMOKING（吸烟）

?Smoking is forbidden at many public places in western countries. On a public occasion when a person is accompanied by others if he wants to smoke, he/she should first enquire

of people around whether smoking is permitted or not. It is very rude to smoke in somebody?s house without permission. TIPPING小费

?Traveling abroad, people can come across, at all times and places, this question----a tip, which is also called a service charge. Most countries in the world have the habit of tipping.But the proportion is far different in each country. If you don?t pay tips, you will cause some unexpected problems. WHERE TO PAY TIPS在哪里先付小费 ?Restaurant and Dining-hall

?Many hotels?s Rest Rooms are put in the charge of someone. ?Hotels

?While staying in a hotel, you should frequently tip. The larger the hotels are, the more sorts of tips are paid.

?Besides the 10-15percert service charges on the hotel bill, you should tip other extra services. Upon your arrival in a hotel, all the luggage will be carried only by a few waiters, you do not have to pay them tips one by one, but give fifty cents or one U.S. dollar to the person who opens your door to the bedroom and settles your luggage in the room.

?Tip the attendant who sends you breakfast , tea or beverage. Tip the cleaner who cleans your room, In the United States, it is a usual practice to leave two dollars for the cleaner every day in an advanced hotel. But in Europe, even if you stay in a first-class hotel, fifty cents is enough. ?Taxi drivers

?The tip for the taxi driver is normally about 15 percent of the fare. In Belgium, according to the law, it is twenty percent.

?There is a saying in the west, if you refuse to pay the fare required by the driver, you might cause trouble, no matter whether it is fair or not.

?You?d better not bargain with him, lest you should cause a big problem for a small tip. Don?t be penny-wise and pound- foolish. One third of the taxi drivers?income comes from tips. But taxi drivers get tips by pretending they have no change.

?If you decide to rent a car, you should remember that when you need to add some more petrol, in Europe, give twenty to twenty-five cents to those who refuel and clean the windshield for you. England is an exception in that the workers at petrol station charge no tips.

?Other Occasions

?Porters receive tips according to the amount of the luggage. Each charges twenty five cents.

?In public places, you should tip those who look after your clothes. Those who open and close the car for you should be tipped. As long as you are served you should give tips. THE WAYS TO PAY TIPS

?You should normally tip individuals except when paying the service charges listed on the bills, and tipping is mostly conducted privately. The usual way of tipping is to leave the tip under the plate or wineglass, or put it directly into the attendant?s hand while expressing your thanks, or leave the change(except for a big note)

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