国际贸易

国 际 贸 易

英文版 第15版

（中国人民大学出版社）

托马斯﹒普格尔 著

讲授者 邓小芳

Preface (序言)

一、课程性质

专业考试课，学位课 二、教学方式和手段

双语教学，多媒体教学 三、课程简介

本课程主要是培养学生掌握国际贸易问题的分析方法。主要内容包括国际贸易理论和政策两大部分。其中国际贸易理论主要包括介绍国家之间为何进行贸易的主要理论思想，贸易如何影响两国及国内各群体的利益，贸易和经济增长的关系。 贸易政策部分主要分析关税和非关税措施产生的政策效应；如何认识现实中自由贸易和保护贸易之争；区域贸易一体化的经济效应等。最后还介绍一些现实中越来越关注的一些热点问题如贸易与环境等。 四、教学目标

通过学习学生能掌握国际贸易的基础知识；建立对现实国际贸易政策分析的整体框架；能正确理解经济中的贸易问题。 五、课时安排

每周5学时，共75学时 六、教学重点

1、标准国际贸易理论 2、新贸易理论

3、国际贸易政策的效应分析 七、教学难点

1、新贸易理论

2、国际贸易政策的政策效应分析 八、考核方式

1、平时成绩：作业，考勤和课程问答 30% 2、期中考核：20% 3、期末考核：70%

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Chapter One (第一章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

介绍国际经济学的基本内容，让学生了解国际贸易是什么？经济中经常出现的一些贸易现象如何解释，使学生对国际贸易有一个整体的了解。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

（1）认识国际贸易现象 （2）经济学的特点

3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

（1）经济学与国际贸易的关系 （2）经济学与国家政府

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

2学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter One (第一章)

International Economics Is Different

(国际经济学是一门独特的学科)

1. Four Controversies (四个有争议的事件)

（1）Imports of Automobile Tires （汽车轮胎的进口） （2）Immigration （移民）

（3）China′s Exchange Rate (中国的汇率)

（4）Global Financial and Economic Crisis （全球金融和经济危机） 2.Economics and the nation-state（经济学和国家政府） Nations are sovereign (国家是主权独立的)

Nobody is in charge of the whole world economy(没有人可以掌控整个世界经济)

Nations have their separate policies(国家拥有独立的政策)

3

（1）Factor mobility（要素流动性）

（2）Different fiscal policies（不同的财政政策） （3）Different moneys（不同的货币）

4

Part One: The Theory of International Trade (第一篇：国际贸易理论 第二章至第七章)

Chapter Two (第二章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

回顾微观经济学中学过的需求与供给理论，来分析开展贸易后两国市场上产品的需求与供给状况如何决定了贸易的数量与价格，使学生掌握自由贸易的均衡如何实现。

2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

（1）封闭经济条件下一国的供给与需求 （2）开展贸易后两国的市场供给与需求 3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

（1）开展贸易的国际市场价格 （2）谁会从贸易中获利

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

8学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Two (第二章)

The basic theory using demand and supply

（需求与供给的基本理论）

1.Four Key Questions About International Trade(贸易的四个重要问题) （1）Why do countries trade? What is the basis for trade, especially the product (commodity) composition?

（2）What are the effects of trade on each country′s economic structure? (production, consumption.)

(3)Which country gains from trade?

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(4)What are the effects of trade on the distribution of income within each country? (Winners, losers.)

Could you answer these questions by your intuition? 2. Demand and supply(需求与供给)

(1)Demand and Consumer surplus（需求与消费者剩余）

①Demand（需求）

What determines how much of a product is demanded?（什么决定了产品的需求数量）

The determinants of demand include price, tastes, the price of other products, income and expectation（需求的决定因素包括价格、偏好、其他产品的价格、收入和预期）

②Demand curve（需求曲线） Why does it slope down（递减）?

③Price of elasticity of demand（需求价格弹性）

The percent change in quantity demanded of a product caused by a one percent increase in the price of this product（产品价格上升一个百分点所引起的该产品需求数量的百分比变化）

注意：需求曲线越平坦，说明越具有价格弹性 ④Consumer surplus（消费者剩余）

The difference between the value that consumers place on the units of the product that they buy and the payment that they make to obtain these units.（消费者在每单位产品上愿意支付的价格与获得这些产品实际支付的价格之间的差额）

（2）Supply and producer surplus(供给与生产者剩余)

①supply curve

Why does it slope up? (P19)

Price of elasticity of supply（P20） ②Supply surplus (figure 2.1)(P22)

(3)A national market with no trade(没有贸易的一国市场)

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Figure 2.2 – The Market for Motorbikes: Demand and Supply

3. Two national markets and the opening of trade（两国的市场与贸易的开展）

（1）Free Trade Equilibrium （自由贸易均衡）

What will happen when US trade with the rest of country? Buy low and sell high ----- arbitrage（套利） （2）Effects on production and consumption

①importing country ②exporting country

(3)Effects on the well-being of producer, consumer and the nation

①Importing country

Effects on consumers and producers Net national gains ②Exporting country

Note: one –dollar, one-vote metric (一元一票制) （4）Which country gains more?（哪个国家获益更多）

The country that experiences the larger price change has a larger value of the net gains from trade (经历较大价格变化的国家从贸易中获得较大的净收益)

Can you answer the four questions again?

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Chapter Three (第三章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

本章通过对标准贸易理论的介绍，使学生理解国际贸易开展的原因，国际贸易的好处，并掌握标准国际贸易理论的主要内容和贸易模式。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

（1）亚当斯·密的绝对优势理论 （2）大卫·李嘉图的比较优势理论 3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

（1）绝对优势理论 （2）比较优势理论

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

15学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Three (第三章)

Why Everybody Trades：Comparative Advantage

(为什么开展贸易：比较优势)

Warm up（温习）: what′s the basis for different countries to trade with each other?

1. Adam smith′s theory of absolute advantage （斯密的绝对优势理论） （1）Mercantilism （重商主义）（P35） （2）The theory of absolute advantage

Every country will focus on producing what it does best and exports it。(各国将集中力量生产它最擅长的产品并出口它)

① How to measure “best” ?

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Labor productivity：劳动生产率

The number of units of output that a worker can produce in one hour。 Or the number of hours that it takes a worker to produce one unit of output。

② The basis of trade （贸易的基础）

There is a basis for beneficial trade whether or not countries have an absolute advantage

2.Ricardo′s Theory of comparative advantage（李嘉图的比较优势理论） （1）The main views （主要观点）

①Ricardo focused on labor productivity (or resource productivity more generally) for different products in different countries.

②The principle of comparative advantage : A country will export products that it can produce at a low opportunity cost and import products that it would otherwise produce at a high opportunity cost.

③Basis for trade: Relative differences in labor (resource) productivity.

（2）Concepts （概念）

①Opportunity cost （机会成本）

Producing more of a product in a country is the amount of production of the other product that is give up.(一国某种产品多生产一单位是其它产品所放弃的生产数量)

②Relative price （相对价格）

3.Ricardo′s constant costs and the production-possibility curve (ppc) （1）PPC under constant costs （固定成本下的生产可能性曲线）

A curve that shows all possible combinations of amounts of different products that an economy can produce, with full employment of its resources and maximum feasible productivity of those resources。（一个经济体在资源充分就业以及资源生产率最大化条件下能够生产的不同产品数量的各种组合的曲线）

（2）Constant productivity （P41）

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The marginal or opportunity cost of each good is constant in each country.

(3)Ricardo′s conclusion

Each country then specializes in producing only the good in which it has a comparative advantage.(各国仅仅专业化生产自身具有比较优势的产品) （4）Equilibrium international price ratio(国际均衡价格比率)

Must fall within the range of the two price ratios that prevailed in each country before trade began.(必定位于贸易开始前两国产品的相对价格比率的区间内)

2.1>=international price of cloth >=0.67(bushel/yard) 0.5<=international price of wheat<=1.5(yard/bushel)

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Chapter Four (第四章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

通过本章的学习，让学生进一步了解比较优势的可能性，通过扩展架，引入H-O理论来解释比较优势，从而理解贸易开展的第三个基础原因。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

（1）边际成本递增与生产可能性曲线 （2）社会无差异曲线与预算约束线 （3）要素的可获取性与要素比例 3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

（1）H-O理论 （2）分工的原则

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

5学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Four (第四章)

Trade：Factor availability and factor proportions are key

（贸易：要素可获取性和要素比例是关键）

Review：回顾前几章 the bases of trade（贸易的基础）

First，the differences in the demands for products in different countries(第一，不同国家产品的需求差异)

Second，the differences in technologies or resource productivities can create comparative advantage(第二，产生比较优势的技术或资源生产率的差异)

Third，the differences in factor availability are a source of

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comparative advantage（第三，产生比较优势的要素可获取性的差异）（本章重点）

1. Production with increasing marginal costs （边际成本递增下的生产） （1）Increasing marginal cost

As one industry expands its production quantity, increasing amounts of other products must be given up to get each extra unit of the expanding industry's product

(2)Is it straight line as constant cost?

Production possibilities curve under increasing costs is bowed out (边际成本递增下的生产可能性曲线是凸向原点的形状)

(3)What production combination is actually chosen?（如何选择实际的生产组合）

?Specialization on only one product in constant cost case. ?It depends on the market price.

2. Community indifference curves （社会无差异曲线） （1）Indifference curves

A curve that shows the various combinations of consumption quantities of products that give a consumer the same level of well-being or happiness。 （2）What consumption combination is actually chosen?

Depend on the budget constrain.

3. Production and consumption together (生产和消费相结合) （1）Without trade （2）With trade

（3）Demand and supply again

4. The gains from trade（贸易的利益）

?Trade allows each country to consume at a point(C1)that lies beyond its

own possibility to produce;

?trade allows each country to achieve a higher community indifference

curve

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?A country gains more from trade if its terms of trade increase.

?

Terms of trade（贸易条件）: the ratio of the (average) price that a country

receives from foreigners for its exports to the (average) price that this country pays foreigners for its imports

5.Trade affects production and consumption (贸易影响生产和消费) 6. What determines the trade pattern?（什么决定贸易模式）

?Production conditional differ ?Consumption conditional differ

?Some combination of these two differences

7. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of Trade （赫克歇尔-俄林理论）

（1）Labor-abundant and Labor-intensive（劳动力丰裕和劳动力密集）

?Labor-abundant（劳动力丰裕）: A relatively labor abundant country is

a country that has a higher ratio of (nationally available) labor to (nationally available) other factors than does the rest of the world.

?

e.g.（练习） Country A has 160 units of labor and 100 units of capital;

country B has 120 units of labor and 80 units of capital. Which country is labor abundant country and which country is capital abundant country?

?

Labor-intensive（劳动力密集）：A relatively labor-intensive product is

a product for which labor costs are a greater share of its value than they are of the value of other products

?

e.g.（练习） Country A and B has the same technology. To produce 1 unit

of cloth needs 1 unit of capital and 3 units of labor while to produce 1 unit of food needs 2 units of capital and 2 units of labor. Which product is the labor-intensive and which is capital intensive? (2)The H-O theory( or H-O-S theory)(H-O理论的内容) ①Assumption（假设）

?Two countries, two factor and two goods(2*2*2)

?The factor supplies are fixed for each country, full employed and mobile

between sectors within each country, but immobile between countries

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?Consumption patterns of the two countries are identical

?Both countries share the same constant-returns-to-scale production

technologies

② main views （主要观点）

A country will export products that use relatively intensively those production factors found relatively abundantly in the country, and import products that use relatively intensively those production factors that are relatively scarce in the country.（一国应该出口密集使用该国相对丰裕要素生产的产品，并且进口密集使用该国相对稀缺要素生产的产品） Exercises(练习)

Q: China is relatively labor-abundant and Australia is relatively land-abundant. Production of textiles is relatively more labor-intensive than the production of wool. According to Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory, Australia will have:

(1)a comparative advantage in textiles (2)an absolute advantage in textiles. (3)a comparative advantage in wool. (4)an absolute advantage in wool.

Q: England is relatively labor-abundant and the United States is relatively land abundant. Food production is relatively land-intensive and umbrella production is relatively labor-intensive. H-O theory predicts

(1)with increasing marginal costs of production, the United States can be expected to export umbrellas to England and import corn from England (2)with constant marginal costs of production, the United States will produce only corn and export corn to England and England will export umbrellas to the United States.

(3)with constant marginal costs of production, England will production only corn and export corn to the United States and the United States will

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export umbrellas to England.

(4)with constant marginal costs of production, the United States will produce some corn and some umbrellas and export some corn to England.

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Chapter Five (第五章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

通过本章的学习，让学生了解开展贸易的收益与损失，以及H-O理论的三种意义，通过斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理理解出口导向型和进口竞争型要素。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

（1）开展贸易的长期和短期效应 （2）斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理 （3）要素价格均等化

3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

（1）开展贸易的长期和短期效应 （2）要素价格均等化

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

5学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Five (第五章)

Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade?

（贸易中谁受益？谁受损？）

1.Who gains and who loses within a country(一国内部谁受益谁受损) （1）Short-run effects of opening trade（开展贸易的短期效应）

?Short-run

?

In international trade analysis, the period of time in which factors of

production (workers, land, and so forth) can be employed only in the industry or sector in which they are currently employed (so the factors cannot move to employment in another industry).

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?Gains and losses divided by output sector: all groups tied to rising

sectors gain, and all groups tied to declining sectors lose.（按照产出的产业来划分受益和受损：与上升产业相联系的所有群体受益，与缩减产业相联系的所有群体受损）

（2）Long-run effects of opening trade（开展贸易的长期效应）

?Long-run

??

factors can move between sectors in response to differences in returns Gains and losses divided by factors: factor which is intensively used

in the export gains, and factor which is sparing used in the export lose.（按照要素来划分受益和受损：在出口中密集使用的要素受益，在出口中稀缺使用的要素受损） Exercise（练习）

?Before trade, Australia is relatively abundant in capital and China is

relatively abundant in labor. After trade, for the long-run,we would expect that the incomes of _________ in China and of _________ in Australia would increase.

?capital owners; workers ?workers; capital owners ?nobody; capital owners ?workers; nobody

Exercises（练习）:

? If the U.S. has a comparative advantage in the production of corn

(land-intensive) and has a comparative disadvantage in the production of textiles (labor-intensive), in the long-run, landowners in which sectors would gain?

?corn ?textiles ?both ?neither

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2.Three implication of the H-O theory（H-O理论的三种意义）

（1）The Stopler-Samuelson theorem(S-S theorem)（斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理）

?It

raises the real return to the factor used intensively in the

rising-price industry; it lowers the real return to the factor used intensively in the falling price industry

（2）The specialized-factor pattern（专业化要素模式）

?The more a factor is specialized in the production of a product whose

relative price is rising, the more this factor stands to gain from the change in the product price

?The more a factor is concentrated into the production of a product whose

relative price is falling, the more it stands to lose from the change in product price

（3）The factor-price equalization theorem（要素均等化定理）

?International Factor Price Equalization

?

With the shift to free trade: For each factor, its rate of return becomes

more similar between countries. Under ideal conditions, its real rate of return is the same in different countries.

?

Example: Labor.

With no trade, the wage rate is high in the labor-scarce country. The

?

wage rate is low in the labor-abundant country.

?

With free trade, the import of labor-intensive products pushes the

wage-rate down in the labor-scarce country. The export of labor-intensive products pulls the wage rate up in the labor-abundant country.

3.Does H-O explain actual trade patterns?（H-O理论能解释现实的贸易模式吗？）

(1)Leotief paradox( reading box) （里昂惕夫之谜）（阅读专栏P75）

US economy assumed capital-abundant relative to the rest of the world.

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Leotief′s results showed that us was exporting labor-intensive goods to the rest of the world in exchange for relatively capital-intensive imports. That is

(2)Some explanations about Leotief paradox(里昂惕夫之谜的解释)

??

Factor endowments (要素禀赋) international trade（国际贸易）

4. What are the export-oriented and import-competing factors?（什么是出口导向型和进口竞争型要素？）

（1）Its implications in policy（它的政策含义）

Figure 5.5 – A Schematic View of the Factor Content of U.S. Exports and Competing Imports

Figure 5.6 - The Factor Content of Canada’s Exports and Competing Imports 5. Do factor prices equalize internationally?（国际间要素价格会均等吗？）

Although we still do not see full factor-price equalization in the real world, there appear to be a tendency toward international factor-price equalization.（尽管在现实世界我们仍然没有看到完全的要素价格均等化，但是似乎存在一种要素价格均等化的趋势）

Thinking：（思考）Why the real world is not fully consistent with the theorem? （为什么现实世界与该定理不完全一致？）

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Chapter Six (第六章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

通过本章的学习，让学生了解二战后的一些新贸易现象，在现实中完全竞争的市场很少存在，所以本章以不完全竞争为条件要研究贸易现象，也就是不同于标准的比较优势理论的各种新贸易理论。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

（1）规模经济

（2）产业内贸易和垄断竞争 （3）内部规模经济与寡头垄断 （4）外部规模经济与产业集聚 3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

（1）产业内贸易和产品差异化

（2）垄断竞争市场结构和寡头垄断市场结构 （3）内部规模经济和外部规模经济 4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

10学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Six (第六章)

Scale Economies,Imperfect Competition,and Trade

(规模经济，不完全竞争和贸易)

1.Economies of scale（规模经济）

(1)Internal economies of scale（内部规模经济）

?

Internal scale economies: Expansion of the size of the individual firm

is the basis for the decline in average cost as the firm's production quantity increases.

(2)External economies of scale（外部规模经济）

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?

External scale economies or agglomeration economies: expansion of the

size of the industry within a specified geographic area is the basis for the decline in the typical local firm’s average cost as the over all production quantity for the industry in this geographic area increases.

?Questions(习题)

?

The production of one unit of good X requires one unit of labor and one

unit of capital. When 2 units of labor and 2 units of capital are employed in the production process, 3 units of good X are produced. This phenomenon is called: (3)

?

monopolistic competition（垄断竞争） biased growth（偏向型增长或不平衡性增长） economies of scale（规模经济） product differentiation（产品差异化）

?

?

?

?

Economies of scale are more likely to be found in:(1) the auto industry.（汽车产业） gasoline stations（汽油站）

firms operating in perfectly competitive markets（完全竞争市场的厂商） economics departments（经济部门）

?

?

?

?

2. Intra-industry trade（产业内贸易）

（1）Intra-industry trade: Two-way trade in a product, in which a country both exports and imports the same or very similar products (products in the same industry)（一种产品的双向贸易，即同类产品或是相似产品既有出口又有进口）

?How to measure IIT?（如何衡量产业内贸易）

?

?

Inter-industry vs. Intra-industry（产业间贸易与产业内贸易对比）

Inter-industry: measured by net trade which is the value of the

difference between exports and imports for the product

?

Intra-industry: measured by ratio of IIT

?How to explain IIT?（如何解释产业内贸易）

21

?

Product differentiation（产品差异化）

?SITC: 类、章、组、分组、项目

如 7 2 1 1 1

?

The IIT share is a number between 0 and 1.

Product differentiation（产品差异化）: Consumers view the products (or product varieties) offered by firms in an industry as being close but not perfect substitutes for each（消费者认为某一产业的各个厂商提供的产品的各个品种是相近的但是又不是完全可以替代的即产品差异化）

?

Demand side and supply side cause to IIT happen. How?

?Question:（习题）

?Which countries are most likely to participate in intra-industry trade?

????

?

countries with high incomes developing and developed countries eastern and western countries developing countries

Question:（习题）

?

if IIT=0, all trade is inter-industry or intra-industry? if IIT=1, all trade is intra-industry or inter-industry?

?

?E.g.（习题）

?

If U.S exported $27.39 billion of computers and imported $47.65 billion

of computers in 2001

?

Net trade (or inter-industry trade): 27.39-47.65=-20.26 Intra-industry trade: 27.39*2=54.78

?

3. Monopolistic competition and trade (垄断竞争和贸易)

Monopolistic competition（垄断竞争P94）

A market structure in which products are differentiated, internal scale economies in production are modest or moderate, and entry and exit of firms is easy in the long run, so that a large number of firms compete vigorously with each other in producing and selling varieties of the same

22

basic product.

(1)Monopolistic competition before trade（贸易前的垄断竞争市场）

?

Demand curve is downward-sloping （需求曲线是向下倾斜的）

The firm maximizes its profit when MC=MR（当边际受益等于边际成本时厂

?

商的利润最大）

?

Free entry and exit causes the profit is zero, demand curve will just

touch the average cost curve.（自由进出市场导致经济利润为零，需求曲线将与平均成本曲线相交）

Figure 6.2 – A Monopolistic-Competitive Firm in a Market Before Trade Opens

（2）Monopolistic competition after trade（贸易后的垄断竞争市场）

?

Firm will face new demand curve D2 which is more elastic than before trade

demand curve D1 (why?)（厂商将面临比贸易前D1更具有弹性的一条新需求曲线D2）

??

The firm maximizes its profit when MC=MR

Free entry and exit causes the profit is zero, demand curve will just

touch the average cost curve.

Figure 6.3 – The Same Monopolistic Competitor in an Automobile Market

23

after Opening Trade

(3)Basis for trade(贸易的基础)

?

Economies of scale encourage production specialization for different

varieties within the same industry（规模经济鼓励同一产业内部不同品种的专业化生产）

?

Net trade in a product can be the result of endowment difference or the

difference in international marketing capabilities or the shifting consumer tastes.（某种产品的净贸易可能是由于禀赋的差异或是国际营销能力的差异或是消费者偏好的转变的结果）

（4）Gains from trade under monopolistic competition（贸易的利益）（P101）

??

Increase in the number of varieties of products（产品品种数量的增加） Lower the prices of domestic varieties（降低了国内产品的价格）

Question?（练习）

Is the impact on the domestic distribution of factor income same from inter-trade and from intra-trade ?

4. Oligopoly and trade(寡头垄断与贸易)

Oligopoly（寡头垄断市场结构）

24

A market structure in which a few large firms dominate total industry sales, perhaps because of substantial internal scale economies (or other barriers to entry)。（寡头是指少数大型厂商统治了整个产业的销售，或许由于巨额的内部规模经济或是其他的一些进入壁垒）

（1）Substantial scale economies（巨大的内部规模经济）

Production locations——internal scale economies(生产区位——内部规模经济)

（2）Oligopoly pricing(寡头市场定价权)

①Game among oligopoly firms（寡头垄断厂商之间的博弈）

②Oligopoly firms are interdependences（寡头厂商之间是相互依存的关系）

③Prisoners′ dilemma（囚徒困境）(P105)

④Pricing matters for the division of the global gains from trade(定价权对全球贸易利益分配有重要影响)

5. External scale economies and trade（外部规模经济与贸易）

（1）External economies magnify an expansion in a competition industry （外部规模经济扩大了竞争产业的扩张）

（2）What explains the pattern of trade that emerges in industries subject to external scale economies（如何解释具有外部规模经济的产业贸易模式） History matters（历史是至关重要的）

Figure 6.7 – External Economies Magnify an Expansion in a Competitive Industry

25

?How about the welfare for exporting and importing country?

Figure 6.8 – Summary of Gains and Losses from Opening Up Trade in Three Cases

26

Chapter Seven (第七章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

之前的章节中我们假设一国的生产能力是保持不变的，本章来探讨经济社会的生产能力发生变化，即PPC向外移动的情形。让学生了解经济增长的类型，经济增长如何影响国际贸易，国际贸易又如何影响经济增长。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

（1）平衡型增长 （2）偏向型增长 （3）贫困化增长

（4）产品生命周期假说与技术扩散 3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

（1）偏向型增长 （2）贫困化增长 （3）雷布津斯基定理

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

5学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Seven (第七章)

Growth and Trade （经济增长与贸易）

Economic growth （经济增长）

Expansion over time in the capabilities of an economy to produce goods and services.

the sources of long-run economic growth?

?Increase in countries’ endowments of production factors ?Improvements in production technologies

27

1. Balanced versus biased growth (平衡型增长与偏向型增长的对比) （1）Balanced growth（平衡型增长）

The ppc shifts out proportionally so that its relative shape is the same (生产可能性曲线按比例向外移动以至于它的相对形状是相同的) （2）Biased growth（偏向型增长）

Economic growth that favors producing relatively more of one of the products, so that the relative shape of the new production possibility curves skews toward the faster- growing product.（经济增长偏向于某一种产品生产的相对较多，以致于新的生产可能性曲线的相对形状向着生产速度较快的那种产品倾斜）

① What can cause biased growth?（什么会引起偏向型增长）

?

From factors endowments（要素禀赋） From technologies （技术）

?

2. Growth in only one factor（只有一种要素增长）

（雷布津斯基定理）Rybczynski theorem: (1) an increase in the output quantity of the product that uses the growing factor intensively, and (2) a decrease in the output quantity of the other product.

雷布津斯基定理：密集使用增长的要素生产的产品数量增加，并且其他产品的产出数量下降。

Figure 7.2 – Single-Factor Growth: The Rybczynski Theorem

28

3.Changes in the country’s willingness to trade（国家贸易意愿的变化）

4.Effects on the country’s term of trade（对一国贸易条件的影响） （1）Small country（小国）

?

A country whose trade (or realistic changes in its trade) does not affect

international product price （2）large country（大国）

?

a country whose trade (or realistic changes in its trade) affects

international product price

①the first case：Terms of trade improves（贸易条件改善）

When growth reduces the country′s willingness to trade at any given price(第一种情形：当经济增长降低了一国的贸易意愿时：即进口需求的减少降低了进口产品的价格或是出口供给的减少提高了出口产品的价格——贸易条件改善)

②the second case：Terms of trade deteriorate（贸易条件改善） When growth reduces the country′s willingness to trade(当经济增长提高了一国的贸易意愿时：即进口需求的增加提高了进口产品的价格或者出口供给的增加降低了出口产品的价格——贸易条件改善)

（3）Immiserizing growth（贫困化增长） (figure 7.4)

Immiserizing growth

Definition: national economic growth that expands the country’s willingness to trade can result in such a large decline in the country’s terms of trade that the country is worse off . （贫困化增长是指扩大一国贸易意愿的经济增长会导致该国贸易条件大幅恶化，使该国的境况更差。）

Case :Dutch disease and deindustrialization（例子：荷兰病和去工业化）

Three conditions for Immiserizing growth to happen（贫困化增长的三个条件）

①The country’s growth must be strongly biased toward expanding the

29

country’s supply of exports and the increase in export supply must be large enough to have a noticeable impact on world prices

②The foreign demand for the country’s exports must be price inelastic so that an expansion in the country’s export supply leads to a large drop in the international price of the export product

③Before the growth, the country must be heavily engaged in trade so that the welfare loss from the decline the terms of trade is great enough to offset the gains from being able to produce more. Exercise（练习）

?According to the Ryb theorem, an increase in the country’s labor force

will result in an increase in the quantity produced of the labor-intensive good, with no change in the quantity produced of the other good.” do you agree or disagree?

?A country whose trade has almost no impact on world prices is at great

risk of immiserizing growth.” do you agree or disagree? Exercise （练习）

1. If a country exhibits balanced growth, the production possibilities curve will:

（1）shift out on the x axis. （2）shift out on the y axis （3）shift out on both axes equally （4）not shift.

2.If a country's endowment of labor increases and cloth production is relatively more labor-intensive than corn production, then according to the Rybczynski theorem, the production possibilities curve will shift outward along: （1）the cloth axis （2）the corn axis （3）both axes.

30

（4）neither axis

5.Technology and trade(技术与贸易) （1）R&D（研发）

（2）Diffusion（技术扩散）

The spread of technologies internationally, from the countries that invent or first use the technologies to other countries that can also use the technologies

（3）Product cycle hypothesis（产品周期假说）

A theory that there is a regular pattern to production locations and international trade patterns for a product after it is invented. The product is invented and first produced in an industrialized country, so at first these countries export the product. Over time, production shifts to other industrialized countries and then to developing countries, so the identity of the major exporting countries also changes. （该理论认为一种产品被发明之后它的生产区位模式和贸易模式存在一个规律：该产品在工业化的国家发明出来，并且进行初期的生产，所以起初，这些工业化国家是该产品的出口国，经过一段时间后，生产转移到了其他的工业化国家和发展中国家，所以主要的出口国也相应的发生了变化。） True or false （判断）

?

The product cycle hypothesis states that the location of production of

a product is likely to move from developed countries to less developed countries as the product moves from introduction to maturity to standardization.

? If economic growth results in a large country becoming more willing to

export, the relative price of the country's export good increases. （4）Openness to trade affects growth

?How openness affects country’s growth?

31

Chapter Eight (第八章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

通过本章的学习，让学生了解并掌握关税政策，以及关税政策的实施对生产者，消费者，一国政府和世界经济福利的影响。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

（1）进口小国征税的效应

（2）进口大国征税的效应与国家最优关税 （3）有效保护率

3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

（1）国家最优关税 （2）有效保护率

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

5学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Eight (第八章)

Analysis of a Tariff（关税分析）

8·1 What’s tariff?（什么是关税） （1）Tariff （关税）

A tax on importing a good or service into a country （关税是指进口到一国的商品或服务征收的一种税收）

（2）Specific tariff and Ad valorem tariff （从量关税与从价关税）

?

Specific tariff:: A tax is stipulated as a money amount per unit of

import(从量关税是指按照每一进口单位规定一个货币数量的税收。)

?

Ad valorem tariff :a tax is a percentage of the estimated market value

of the goods when they reaches the importing country. (从价关税是指当商品到达进口国按照商品估算的市场价值征收一定百分比的一种税收)

32

8·2 The effect of a small country imposing a tariff (进口小国设置关税的效应)

参照图表Figure 8.4 – The Net National Loss from a Tariff in Two Equivalent Diagrams (P141)

8·2·1 The effect of a tariff on producers （关税对生产者的影响）

?gain : +a（生产者受益：面积

a）

8·2·2 The effect of a tariff on consumer （关税对消费者的影响）

?Lose: -（a+b+c+d）（消费者受损：面积

a+b+c+d）

8·2·3 The tariff as government revenue （政府的关税收入）

?Gain：+c（政府财政收入是受益的）

8·2·4 The net national loss from a tariff （一国来自关税的净损失）

?Consumers lose: -（a+b+c+d） ?Producers gain: +a ?Government collects: +c

?Net national loss from tariff:-（ b+d）（一国的净损失是面积

b+d）

8·2·5 The effect of world of well-being from a tariff(关税对世界经济福利的影响)

Net world loss from tariff:-（ b+d）（世界净损失是面积b+d，因为进口小国对世界价格不产生影响）

33

8·2·6 area b and d ：deadweight loss（面积b和d：无谓损失）

??

Consumption effect (d) ：关税的消费效应（P146） Production effect (b) ：关税的生产效应(P146)

8·3 The effective rate of protection (有效保护率)

8·3·1 概念：Effective rate of protection: Percentage by which the entire set of a country's trade barriers raises an industry's value added per unit of output. （P142）

8·3·2 公式：Effective rate of protection= (v’-v)/v V’: value-added after tariff（征收关税之后的价值增值） V: value-added before tariff（征收关税之前的价值增值）

8·4 The terms of trade effect and a nationally optimal tariff（贸易条件效应和国家最优关税）

a nation with monopsony power ( a large country)（具有买方垄断特权的一个国）

参照图表Figure 8.5 – A Large Country Imposes a Small Tariff （P149）

8·4·1 The effect of a tariff on consumer （关税对消费者的影响）

?Lose: a+b+c+d（消费者受损：面积

a+b+c+d）

8·4·2 The effect of a tariff on producers （关税对生产者的影响）

34

?Gain: a（生产者受益：面积a）

8·4·3 The tariff as government revenue （政府的关税收入）

?Gain: c+e(政府关税收入：面积

c+e)

Who really pays the tariff? （谁真正支付了关税）

?Tariff is burden partly by domestic consumer and partly by foreign

exporter when the importing country is a large country.（进口大国的关税部分由本国消费者负担，部分由外国出口商负担）

?Note: Tariff is only burden by domestic consumer when the importing

country is a small country（进口小国的关税完全由本国消费者负担） 8·4·4 The net effect on the importing large country （进口大国的净效应）

?Net effect of importing country:-b-d+e(一国的净效应：e-b-d,如果结果是

正值表示一国是净收益的，如果是负值表示一国是净损失的)

8·4·5 The effect of world of well-being from a tariff(关税对世界经济福利的影响)

Net effect of foreign exporters外国出口商的净效应：净损失=-（e+f) Net effect of importing country进口国的净效应：e-(b+d)

Net world loss from tariff:-（ b+d+f）（世界净损失是面积b+d+f，因为进口大国对世界价格产生影响，商品国际价格下降） 8·4·6 Nationally optimal tariff（国家最优关税）

?

The tariff rate that creates the largest possible net gain in well-being

for the country that imposes the tariff. （国家最优关税是指设置的关税可以使一国的净福利达到最大化的关税率）

?

The optimal tariff equals the reciprocal of the price elasticity of

foreign supply of our imports

（最优关税率等于我们进口产品的外国供给价格弹性的倒数）（P149）

Chapter Nine (第九章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

通过本章的学习，让学生了解和掌握非关税壁垒政策，以及主要的非关税壁

35

垒与关税政策的实施在效果上的差异，以及与自由贸易相比较在效果上的差异。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

（1）进口配额在小国和大国情形是的经济效应分析 （2）自愿出口限制在小国和大国情形是的经济效应分析 （3）贸易保护的成本

3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

（1）进口配额在小国和大国情形是的经济效应分析 （2）自愿出口限制在小国和大国情形是的经济效应分析 （3）贸易保护的成本

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

5学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Nine (第九章)

Nontariff Barriers to Imports （进口的非关税壁垒）

9·1 Types of nontariff barriers to imports （进口非关税壁垒的种类）

?Nontariff barriers(NTB):Any policy, other than a tariff, used by the

government of a country to reduce imports of a specific product （非关税壁垒是指除了关税之外，一国政府使用的减少特定产品进口的任何政策） 9·2 The import quota （进口配额） 9·2·1 Import quota

A limit on the (maximum) total quantity of imports of a product allowed into a country during a period of time （进口配额是指在一定期间内对允许进入一国的某种商品进口总数量的限制措施）

9·2·2 The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions （竞争条件下进口配额的效应）

9·2·2·1 Small Importing Country case (figure 9.2) （进口小国的情形）

36

Figure 9.2 – The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions, Small Importing Country （进口小国在竞争条件下实行进口配额的效应分析）P160

①Domestic producer (gain or lose ?) Gain: a（国内生产者受益=+a） ②Domestic consumer (gain or lose?) loss:-(a+b+c+d)(国内消费者受损=-(a+b+c+d))

③Where does the benefit from the import quota go?（来自进口配额的利益面积C去哪了？）

Depends on the ways how to allocate import licenses（这取决于进口配额许可证的非配方式）

?Ways to allocate import licenses（进口配额的分配方式）

（1）Fixed favoritism（固定受惠对象）P162

?

Import licenses adding up to the total quota can be allocated for free

on the basis of fixed favoritism, in which the government simply assigns the licenses to firms or individuals without competition, applications, or negotiations. （政府可以按照固定受惠方式免费发配配额，在这种方式下，政府只是简单的将许可证分配给企业或是个人，而不是采取竞争、申请或是谈判

37

的方式。）

?

Where will area c go?(面积C由谁获得)

Area c is then a redistribution of well-being from domestic consumers

?

in the importing country to the favored importers with the quota licenses （那么面积C是由进口国内的消费者的福利重新分配给了受惠的进口配额许可证的进口商：即面积C由本国进口商获得） （2）Auction(拍卖)：P163 Where will area c go?

The government gets c（政府获得拍卖收入的面积C的部分） （3）Resource-using procedures（资源使用申请程序）P163

The firms or individuals that want to obtain the licenses must use some costly procedure (such as first-come, first served; demonstrating need or worthiness; or negotiations) to compete to acquire the licenses from the government. （企业或是个人必须相互竞争才能获得进口许可，比方说先到先得，论证需求和价值的方式或是谈判的方式） Where will area c go?

面积c will used up in the rent-seeking activities（面积C 在寻租过程中被浪费掉了，面积C谁也没有获得，成为社会的损失）

④在固定受惠对象和拍卖时Net national effect(国家净效应)=-（b+d） 在资源使用申请程序时Net national effect(国家净效应)=-（b+c+d） ⑤在固定受惠对象和拍卖时Net world effect(世界净效应)=-（b+d） 在资源使用申请程序时Net world effect(世界净效应)=-（b+c+d） 9·2·2·2 large Importing country case（进口大国的情形）

Figure 9.3 – The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions, Large Importing Country （竞争条件下进口大国实行配额的效应）P167

38

①Domestic producer (gain or lose ?) Gain: a(国内生产者受益=+a)

②Domestic consumer (gain or lose?) loss:-(a+b+c+d)(国内消费者受损=-(a+b+c+d))

③Where does the benefit from the import quota go?（进口配额的受益面积c+e哪去了:在固定受惠对象或是拍卖时，面积c+e由进口本国获得） ④Net national well-being: e-(b+d)（国家的净福利= e-(b+d)）

⑤Net world well-being：世界的净福利=外国出口商受损=-（e+f）与进口国净福利= e-(b+d)的总和，即世界的净福利=-（b+d+f） 9·3 Voluntary export restrains（自愿出口限制） 9·3·1 Definition(定义:P167)

The importing country government compels the foreign exporting country to agree “voluntarily” to restrict its export to this country .(进口国政府强迫出口国同意自愿限制对该国的出口) 9·3·2 The effect of VER （VER 的效应）

Please compare with import quota（与进口配额的小国大国情形比较：很相似） 9·3·2·1 small Importing country case（进口小国实行VER的情形：参考P160图9-2）

①Domestic producer (gain or lose ?)

39

Gain: a(国内生产者受益=+a)

②Domestic consumer (gain or lose?) loss:-(a+b+c+d)(国内消费者受损=-(a+b+c+d))

③Where does the benefit from the VER go?（的受益面积c哪去了:面积c由外国出口商获得）

④Net national well-being: -(b+c+d)（国家的净福利= -(b+c+d)） ⑤Net world well-being：世界的净福利=外国出口商受益=+c与进口国净福利= -(b+c+d)的总和，即世界的净福利=-（b+d）

9·3·2·2 large Importing country case（进口大国实行VER的情形：参照P167图9-3）

Figure 9.3 – The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions, Large Importing Country （竞争条件下进口大国实行VER的效应）P167

①Domestic producer (gain or lose ?) Gain: a(国内生产者受益=+a)

②Domestic consumer (gain or lose?) loss:-(a+b+c+d)(国内消费者受损=-(a+b+c+d))

③Where does the benefit from the VER go?（VER的受益面积c+e哪去了，面积c+e由外国出口商获得）

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