定语从句

关系代词as的用法

1. 用于引导限制性定语从句，主要与such, as, the same连用，其意为“像??的”“凡是??的”“??一类的人(物)”。如：

He’s not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。

He is not such a man as would leave his work half done. 他并不是一个做事半途而废的人。 You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. 你必须对我妻子表现出与对我同样的敬重。

He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。 2. 用于引导非限制性定语从句，根据情况可位于主句之前或之后，有时也可插在主句中间，其意为“这件事”“这一点”。如(www.yygrammar.com)：

He is late, as is often the case. 他迟到了，这是经常的事。

As is usual with children, they soon got tired. 孩子们一贯如此, 他们很快就厌倦了。 David, as you know, has not been well lately. 大卫最近身体不太好，这你是知道的。

关系代词 as与which的用法区别

1. 引导限制性定语从句时，在such, as, the same后只能用as，其他情况用which。如： I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。(不可用which) It’s the same story as I heard from her yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天从她那儿听到的一样。(不可用which)

2. 引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换。如：

I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。

但在，在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时，两者不可换用： ①当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。如：

As you will find out, I will never let you down. 你将会发现，我决不会让你失望。 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。

②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，而which则无此限制。如： She married him, as [which] was natural. 她嫁给了他，那是自然的事。

She married him, which was disgraceful. 她嫁给了他，那是很丢人的。(不用as) ③as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而which则无此限制。如：

I once lived in Guangzhou, which is the largest city in south China. 我曾住在广州，那是中国南方最大的城市。(不用as)

④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而不宜是其他动词，而which则无此限制。如(www.yygrammar.com)：

She has married again, as [which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了，这似乎很正常。 She has married again, which delighted us. 她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。(不用as)

关系代词who与that的用法区别

两者都可用作关系代词指人，有时可互换，但以下几点需注意：

1. 在 all, nobody, no one, somebody, someone, anybody 等词之后两者都可用，但以用 that 较普通。如：

All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。 Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗? 2. 在序数词、形容词最高级以及 the only, the same, the very 等之后两者都可用，但以用 that 较普通。如：

Newton was one of the greatest men that [who] ever lived. 牛顿是世界上最伟大的人物之一。

He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian. 他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。 3. 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常只用 who。如：

Mrs Smith, who has a lot of teaching experience, will be joining us next term. 史密斯夫人很有教学经验，她下个学期将来与我们一道工作。

4. 但是在下列情况，通常只用 that(www.yygrammar.com)： ①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。如：

I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。

②当先行词是 who 时(为避免重复)。如：

Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion? 有同情心的人谁会在那个时候发笑呢? ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)。如:

Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个汤姆了。

关系副词用法小归纳

■when的用法

关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语，表示时间，用以修饰表示时间的先行词；在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。如：

1988 was the year when he was born. 1988是他的出生年。

句中的when he was born为修饰the year的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于in which。表示在某一年，英语习惯上用介词in，如in 1988, in 2008等，所以此处用in which。

I’ll never forget the day when I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。 句中的when I first met you为修饰the day的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于on which。表示在某一天，英语习惯上用介词on，如on that day, on Friday等，所以此处用on which。

Don’t forget the time when the wedding will start. 不要忘记婚礼开始的时间。 句中的when the wedding will start为修饰the time的定语从句，关系副词when在此相当于at which。表示在某一时刻，英语习惯上用介词at，如at that time, at the moment等，所以此处用at which。

■where的用法

关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示地点，用以修饰表示地点的先行词；在许多情况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价)，其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。如：

What is the name of the town where you live? 你住的那个城市叫什么名字?

句中的where you live为修饰the town的定语从句，关系副词where在此相当于in which。表示住在某城市，英语习惯上说 live in a city，所以此处用 in which。

This cross marks the spot where she died. 这个十字符号标明她死去的地点。 句中的 where she died 为修饰 the spot 的定语从句，关系副词 where 在此相当于 at which。表示在某一地点，英语习惯上说 at a spot，所以此处用 at which。

■why的用法

关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语，表示原因；why引导定语从句时，其先行词只有一个，那就是the reason；在许多情况下why也可以理解为for which。如：

These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的理由。

句中的why we do it为修饰the reason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。

Do you know the reason why she doesn’t like me? 你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 句中的why she doesn’t like me为修饰the reason的定语从句，关系副词why在此相当于for which。

why是一个比较特殊的关系副词，它引导定语从句时，除可换成for which外，有时也可换成that，甚至省略。如：

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank. 正：The main reason for which he lost his job was that he drank. 正：The main reason that he lost his job was that he drank.

正：The main reason he lost his job was that he drank.(www.yygrammar.com)

whose引导定语从句只能指人吗

本站特约作者 刘 亚

大家知道，关系代词who只用于指人，不用于指物。我们是不是可以推出，关系代词whose也只用于指人不用于指物呢？不能！事实上，用作关系代词的whose既可用于指人，也可用于指物，同时还可以指动物，它在定语从句中用作定语，修饰其后的名词。

一、指人的用法

The boys whose names were called stood up. 叫到名字的男孩们站了起来。

The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. 电影讲的是一个被他妻子出卖的间谍。 He was an officer whose career meant everything to him. 他是一名军旅生涯对他来说就是一切的军官。

The girl whose work got the prize is the youngest in her class. 作品获奖的那个女孩是她班上年纪最小的。

除引导限制性定语从句外，也可引导非限制性定语从句。如：

Chopin, whose works are world famous, composed some of his music in this room. 肖邦的作品是世界知名的，有些乐曲就是在这个房间里谱写的。

We went with Peter, whose car broke down before we were halfway there. 我们和彼得一起去的，但是还没走到半路他的车子就抛了锚。

Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. 安的孩子们整天都在学校，所以她在想办法找份工作。

二、指物的用法

The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied. 那个窗户破了的房子没人住。 I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。 除引导限制性定语从句外，也可引导非限制性定语从句。如：

His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight. 他的房子窗户无一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。

三、指动物的用法

Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon cooperation. 狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。

除引导限制性定语从句外，也可引导非限制性定语从句。如：

My bitch, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites the judges at dog shows. 我的母狗脾气不稳定，常常在狗展上咬裁判。

【做题小技巧】

对于考查关系代词whose的考题，掌握以下两点非常有用：

1. 它在定语从句中通常是用作定语，所以其后通常应有被修饰的名词。

2. which有时也可用作定语，但与whose在语义上有很大区别：which在语义上相当于this或that，而whose在语义上则相当于one’s。比较并体会：

It was an English novel whose name I have forgotten. 那是一本英语小说，书名我忘了。 My father may have to go into hospital, in which case he won’t be going on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院，如果那样他就不去度假了。

【小练一下】

01. Cohen, ______ contract expires next week, is likely to move to play for a European club. A. his B. whose C. of him D. with whom 02. There was a picture in the paper of a man ______ leg had been blown off. A. which B. of which C. that D. whose

是错误的。可以选D，是因为空白处填了 which 之后，后一句即成了一个非限制性的定语从句，前一句即为主句，整个句子即为一个复合句。比较以下各句：

(1) He wrote a lot of books, and most of them were popular. 句中用了并列连词，整个句子为并列句。

(2) He wrote a lot of books, most of which were popular.

后一句用了 which，使之成为定语从句，整个句子为复合句。 (3) He wrote a lot of books, most of them being popular.

后一句用了非谓语动词 being，故逗号处不用并列连词，整个句子为简单句。

关系副词why用法说明

关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：

We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。 She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。

与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如：

That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。 另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank. 正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.

关系副词where用法归纳

关系副词when主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如： This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。

That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。 Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。

与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：

He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。 关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。

另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如：

We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。

He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。

I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。

关系副词when用法说明

关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如： There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。 Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。

We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。

注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：

Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。

关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。

of whom和of which用法归纳

1. of表示同位关系：即用于在A+of+B结构，其中的A和B为同位关系。如： Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子，都在国外工作，他们每周都给她打电话来。

We’ve tested three hundred types of boot, none of which is completely waterproof. 我们已经测试过300种靴子，没有一种是完全防水的。

2. of表示整体与部分的关系：即用于“部分+of+整体(which, whom)”结构。如： He went with a group of people, few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb. 他和一队人一起去了，其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。

The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。

I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were university students. 我遇到了摘水果的人们，其中有几个人是大学生。

3. of表示所属关系：即of用于构成所有格。如：

He’s written a book the name of which I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我给忘了。 The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired. 那幢屋顶被损坏的房子现在已经修好了。

4. of与其他的词构成固定搭配：即of与从句中的某个词语构成固定搭配。如： He’s married to a singer of whom you may have heard. 他与一位歌唱家结了婚，你可能听说过这个人。(介词of与动词hear构成固定搭配，意为“听说”)

注意：介词of后面除接关系代词which, whom外，有时也可能是whose。如： She had a teddy-bear, both of whose eyes were missing. 她有一个玩具熊，它的两只眼睛都丢了。

谈谈分离型定语从句

所谓语分离型定语从句，主要指的是定语从句与它所修饰的先行词之间被其他词隔开的情形。分离型定语从句主要有以下两种类型：

1. 先行词与定语从句被状语隔开。如：

He found the dictionary there he was looking for. 他在那儿找到了他在找的词典。

I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。

2. 将定语从句置于句末。如：

Something was going to happen that was to change the world. 当时有件事就要发生，这件事将改变世界的面貌。

A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新的老师教你们德语了。

The day will come when we will all have robots. 人人都有机器人的时代，总有一天会来临的。

注意，分离定语从句的使用主要是出于平衡句子结构或强调的原因，并且使用这类结构必须以句子不至于产生歧义为前提，否则就不要使用这类句子。如：

He hid the gun in the cellar which his wife found.

这个句子是有岐义的：如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the cellar，则句子意思为：他把枪藏在他妻子发现的地下室里。如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the gun（属分离修饰），则句子意思为：他把妻子发现的枪藏在地下室里。

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1. 基本区别

根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号；而非限制性定语从句则只是主句的一种补充说明，即即使去掉，也不会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前通常有逗号隔开。如：

This is the book that you want. 这就是你要的那本书。

句中的you want为限制性定语从句，如果去掉，意思就不清楚。

He bought me a book, which was very useful. 他给我买了一本书，非常有用。

句中的which was very useful为非限制性定语从句，如果去掉，句子意思仍是清楚的。 2. 关系词的区别

关系代词that和关系副词why通常只用于引导限制性定语从句，不用于引导非限制性定语从句。如：

她收到了老板的邀请，这是她意想不到的。

误：She received an invitation from her boss, that came as a surprise. 正：She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank. 正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.

另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系代词which用作宾语时，如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常可以省略；但在非限制性定语从句中，不管在什么情况下均不可省略关系代词which。

3. 用法注意

当一个名词已由其他词语作了完整的表述，这个名词后则不宜再用限制限制性从句，而应改用非限制性定语从句。如：

我去看买的房子有一个很漂亮的花园。

误：My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden. 正：My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 若要用限制性定语从句，则应将物主代词my改为the，即说成： The house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.

4. 补充说明

非限制性定语从句有时形式上是从句，实质上其功用相当于一个并列的分句。如： He said he had no money, which was not true. 他说他没有钱，这不是实话。(which相当于but it)

Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。(who相当于and she)

My father may have to go into hospital, in which case won’t be going on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院，如果那样他就不去度假了。(in which case相当于and in that case)

关系词、关系代词与关系副词

用于引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词根据其词性的不同，可分为关系代词和关系副词。引导定语从句的关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。

1. 关系代词：主要有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，它们在句子中可用作主语（如that, which, who等）、宾语（如that, which, whom等）和定语（如which, whose）。如：

Is he the man that sells dogs? 他就是卖狗的人吗? She is the girl who won the prize. 她就是获奖的姑娘。

I’ve found the book which I was looking for. 我找到了我要找的书。 She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。 She is the woman whom I gave the money to. 她就是我给她钱的那位妇女。

He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。 2. 关系副词：主要有where, when, why等，它们在句子中主要用作状语。如： This is the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。

I’ll never forget the day when I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。 We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。

关系代词who, whom, whose 用法说明

■ 关系代词who, whom)的用法

who和whom均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中who在定语从句中用作主语，whom在定语从句中用作宾语。如：

I met a girl who knew your sister. 我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑娘。

In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林，他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟她结了婚。

She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. 她把我介绍给她丈夫，我以前没见过他。

但是，用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用who, that代之。如：

The person to whom I complained is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。 The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。

■ 关系代词whose的用法

关系代词whose既可用于指人，也可用于指事或物，它在定语从句中主要用作定语。如： She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。 This is the house whose windows were broken. 这就是窗户被打破了的房子。

Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job. 格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学，她想找一份工作。

His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight. 他的房子窗户无一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。

关系代词which重要用法说明

■关系代词which只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定语从句中主要用作主语或宾语。如：

She was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(关系代词which指train，在从句中用作主语)

He never got back the money which he had lent him. 他从未收回他曾借给他的那笔钱。(关系代词which指money，在从句中用作宾语)

■which用于引导限制性定语从句外，还可以引导非限制定语从句。如：

The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side. 船碰在一座冰山上，船帮被撞出一个大洞。

She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself. 她送给我这件羊毛衫，这是她亲手织的。

This machine, which I have looked after for twenty years, is still working perfectly. 这台机器我已经照管了20年，现在仍然没一点儿毛病。

■which有时也可用作定语，尤其用于“介词+which+名词”这类结构中，此时的which含有this或that的意味。如：

He may be busy, in which case I’ll call later. 他可能忙，如若如此，我以后再来拜访。 I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。

He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. 他发脾气了，这时我就决定回家了。

He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命为大法官，在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。

The postman comes at 6.30 in the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep. 邮递员早晨6点30分来，这个时候我通常还睡着大觉呢。

It was derived from Posidonius, for which reason much of its information may well have been out of date. 它源于鲍森杜尼尔斯。由于这个原因，它的大部分信息很可能已经过时。

有时其前也可以没有介词。如：

He is studying economics, which knoweledge is very important today. 他学经济学，这种知识现今很重要。

He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follow with difficulty. 他说希腊语，我听起来很吃力。

■ 关系代词which有时可用于指人。原则上说，which用于指事物，不用于指人。但

以下情况属于例外：

1. 用于在指人的名词之后，指不强调性别的婴儿：

He was the last child which was born. 他是最后出生的孩子。(which指小孩)

2. 当不是指具体的某人，而是指人的属性（如职业、身份、地位、职务、品质、特征等）时，则也用关系代词 which而不用 who。如：

They accused him of being a traitor, which he was. 他们指控他是叛徒，他真是叛徒。 She talked like a native, which she hardly was. 她说起话来像是个本地人，其实她不见得是。

■ 在非常正式的文体中，代词that后可以接一个修饰它的定语从句，这个定语从句通常用which来引导。如：

They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 据说唯一真实的知识是可以检验的知识。

在现代英语中，that which通常用what来代替。如：

We have that which (=what) we need. 我们需要的东西都有了。

That which (=What) many people say is not always true. 很多人说的话并不表示一定是真的。

关系代词that用法归纳

一、指人的用法

that用于指人，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如：

A driver that has knocked someone down must stop. 撞人的司机必须停车。(关系代词that指driver，在从句中作主语)

He is the man that you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。(关系代词that指man，在从句中作宾语)

He is not that man that he was. 他已不是过去的他了。(关系代词that指man，在从句中作表语)

二、指物的用法

that用于指物，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如：

This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon. 这是下午要飞往东京的那架飞机。(关系代词that指plane，在定语从句中作主语)

She was annoyed by something that I had said. 她为我说的某句话而不高兴。(关系代词that指something，在定语从句中作宾语)

Shengzhen is not the city that it used to be. 深圳现在已不是原来的那个城市了。(关系代词that指city，在定语从句中作表语)

有朋友问到 from which与from where 有何区别（问题见：

http://www.yygrammar.com/GuestBook/Guest_Reply.asp?TopicID=479），下面是我们的一位特约作者给出的部分回答，摘录如下，供大家参考：

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关于from which的用法比较好理解，这里主要说说from where的用法。from where主要有以下两个用法：

用法一：用于引导非限制性定语从句，在意义上相当于 and from there（从那儿）。如： He hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the distance. 他躲在一棵树上，从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。

We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession. 我们爬上屋顶，从那儿可以很好地观看游行。

用法二：可视为where前省略了the place，即这样用的from where 相当于from the place where，意思是“从??的地方”“离??的地方”。如：

From where I stood I could see everything clearly. 从我站的地方我一切都看得清清楚楚。 The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood. 汽车在离我站的地方仅几英寸处突然停住。

from which与from where的区别

The school was only a few blocks from where she lived. 学校离她的住所只有几个街区的距离。

若遇到前面是地点名词的先行词，如何判断用where还是from where还是from which?请看下面一个句子：

I have bought that house, _____I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge .

我们认为这道题填 where 和 from where 语法上都可以（但不宜填 from which），但两者在意义上稍有区别：

I have bought that house, where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge. 我买下了那栋房子，在房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。

I have bought that house, from where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge. 我买下了那栋房子，从房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。

在许多情况下，用不用 from 不会导致语法错误，但会导致语义变化（通常情况下是，如果没有 from，意思会不够明确和清楚）。比较：

He hid himself under the bed, from where he could hear what they were talking. 他躲在床下面，他可以从床下听到他们谈话。（句中的 from where 可理解为 from under the bed，意思是“从床下面”）

He hid himself under the bed, where he could hear what they were talking. 他躲在床下面，在床那儿他听到他们谈话。（句中的 where 可指为“在床边”“在床上”“在床下”等，意思不够明确）

如何使用“介词+关系代词”结构

对于“介词+关系代词”结构的使用，重点是要弄清其中的介词如何确定和判断。归纳起来，有以下几点方法：

1. 根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词。如：

Water is the natural medium in which fish live. 水是鱼类赖以生存的自然环境。(注意搭配live in)

The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配search for)

This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。(注意搭配argue about)

注意，对于那些由动词与介词构成的短语动词，通常不宜将它们拆开使用，此时应注意介词的位置应。如：

The boy (whom) my sister is looking after is getting better.

不能说成：The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better. 2. 根据与定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定介词。如：

Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested. 物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(注意搭配 be interested in)

He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar. 他我要去参考一些我不熟悉的参考书。(注意搭配 be familiar with)

3. 根据与先行词的搭配来确定介词。如：

This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teacher’s desk. 这是我们的教室，前面有老师的讲台。(注意搭配 in the front of our classroom)

I’ll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me. 我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。(注意搭配 on the day)

4. 根据句意来确定介词的使用。如：

This is the book from which I got the story. 这就是那本书，从中我读到这个故事。(由于句意含有“从??”的意思，所以用介词 from)

This I did at nine o’clock, after which I sat reading the paper. 九点钟时我做这事，之后我坐着看报。(由于句意含有“在??之后”的意思，所以用介词 after)

关系代词where与from where有何区别

where用作关系副词引导定语从句时，由于它本身在意义上相当于“介词+which”，所以其前通常无需再用介词。如：

This is the hotel where (=in / at which) they were staying. 这就是他们当时住的旅店。 She has a safe in her closet where (=in which) she keeps her jewelry. 她在壁橱内装有一个保险箱存放她的珠宝。

但有时我们也可见到from where的用法，这时因为from是一个比较特殊的介词，因为它有时可以后接介词短语作宾语。如：

Come out from under the table. 从桌子下边出来。

所以，尽管关系副词where在意义上相当于“介词+which”，有时由于语义的需要，也可在where之前使用介词from。如：

We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession. 我们爬上屋顶，从那儿可以很好地观看游行。

关系代词as用法说明

一、引导限制性定语从句

用在 such, same, as 等之后，引导限制性定语从句。如： I live in the same place as Tom does. 我和汤姆住在同处。 He’s not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。

He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。 二、引导非限制性定语从句

(2) 单独用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前、之后或中间，且主从句之间一般要用逗号隔开。如：

As was expected, he succeeded at last. 正如我们所料，他终于成功了。

I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice. 我饭后喝咖啡，这是我的习惯。 Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. 弗雷迪在参加会议，这是可以预料到的。

三、as与which的用法区别

① 引导限制性定语从句的区别：as用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，它通常只用于 such, same, as 等之后，而which 用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，则用于除 such, same, as 之外的其他结构。

② 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：which引导非限制性定语从句时，通常只能位于主句后，而as引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句之前、之后或中间。

根据从句谓语动词的特点来看，as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。如：

Li Ming was late, which (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry. 李明迟到了，这件事使张先生非常生气。（不可用as)

根据句意的逻辑性来看，as引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但which不受此限制。如：

He married her, as [which] was natural. 他和她结婚了，这是很自然的。

He married her, which was unexpected. 他和她结婚了，这是出乎意料的。（不可用as） ■本文摘自《中学英语高频词详解词典》

关系代词whose用法说明

whose用作疑问代词或连接代词时，用法比较单一，均表示“谁的”，一般不会出错，这里主要说说它用作关系代词的用法。

1. whose用作关系代词时，它并不表示“谁的”，而是表示“??的??”，在具体语境需要灵活处理。如：

He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的人。

The boys whose names were called stood up. 叫到名字的男孩们站了起来。

You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是惟一可能使他听从劝告的人。 2. 不要以为whose引导定语从句时，其先行词一定是指人的名词，其实也可以是指事物（包括动物）的名词。如：

It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 这是一座岛，名字我忘了。

Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon cooperation. 狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。

3. 不仅可以引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。如：

My bitch, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites the judges at dog shows. 我的母狗脾气不稳定，常常在狗展上咬裁判。

4. 引导定语从句的“whose+名词”，有时可换成其他结构，注意词序的变化。比较： 破了窗户的那座房子是空的。

正：The house whose windows are broken is empty. 正：The house the windows of which are broken is empty. 正：The house of which the windows are broken is empty. 正：The house with broken windows is empty.

限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句

下面这道题是考查限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句? If a book is in English, __________ may mean slow progress for you. A. that B. which C. as D. and it

此题应选 A。容易误选 B。许多考生一看到空格前的逗号，就想当然地认为这是非限制性定语从句，从而误选了B。

考生可以想一想，假若此题选B(which)，which 用以引导一个非限制性定语从句，而其前又是一个以if 引导的条件状语从句，那么请问：此句的主句在哪里?

通过以上分析我们可以知道，既然本句前面有一个条件状语从句，那么后面一句就应该是主句。本题选that, 即为主句主语，全句意为：如果一本书是用英语写的，那么那就意味着你要读得慢些。

注意：当从句位于主句之前时，千万不要在主句前误加并列连词或误认为是某种从句。请做以下单选题。如：

1. When he was tired, ________ he had a rest.

A. and B. but C. so D. × 2. Because he got up too late, ________ he missed the train.

A. so B. but C. and D. × 3. Though he is poor, ________ he is happy.

A. and B. so C. but D. × 5. As is known to us all, ________ China was liberated in 1949. A. and B. but C. which D. × 答案：1. D 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. D

使用定语从句的几个误区（四）

1.误认为关系代词whose只用于修饰人

whose用作疑问代词时，主要用于指人；但用作关系代词时，它既可指人也可指物。如： It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座岛，名字我忘了。

The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女，在假期中工厂关门了。

2.混淆定语从句与并列句 请看下面两题：

(1) He has two children, and both of _______ are abroad.

A. them B. which C. whom D. who (2) He has two children, both of _______ are abroad.

A. them B. which C. whom D. who

第(1)题选A，第(2)题选C。由于第(1)题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第(2)题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。另外，请比较下题(答案为A)：

He has two children, both of _______ being abroad.

A. them B. which C. whom D. who 3.误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句

有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定要选which而不选that，但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句。如：

(1) If a book is in English, _______ means slow progress for you. A. as B. which C. what D. that (2) When I say two hours, _______ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that

以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。

使用定语从句的几个误区（三）

有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。比较：

This is the factory where I want to work. 这就是我想工作的工厂。(work为不及物动词where在从句中用作状语)

This is the factory that I want to visit. 这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit为及物动词，that用作visit的宾语)

The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill. 他没来的是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词，why在定语从句中用作状语)

The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth为及物动词，that在定语从句中用作其宾语)

使用定语从句的几个误区（二）

初学者在使用定语从句时，有个经常犯的错误就是分不清是定语从句还是其他从句。请看下面的题目：

—Is this room __________ he lived in last year? —Is this the room __________ he lived in last year?

A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that

此题应选D。容易误选A。为了便于分析，我们先将以上两句还原成陈述句(注意is的位置)。如：

(1)This room is _________ he lived in last year. (2)This is the room ________he lived in last year.

第(1)句填the one, 用作表语，其后的 (that) he lived in last year是用以修饰the one 的定语从句。此句若直接填that, 则不是定语从句(因为没有先行词)，而是表语从句。

但是由于引导表语从句的that不能充当句了成分，而其后的介词in又缺宾语，所以导致错误。

第(2)句填 that, 它是关系代词，用以引导定语从句(he lived in last year)修饰the room。 请做以下类例试题。如：

(1)—Is this the book _________ you want to buy? —Is this book _________ you want to buy?

A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that (2)—Is this room ___________ he lived in 5 years ago? —Is this the room __________ he lived in 5 years ago?

A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that 答案：(1) C (2) D

有的英语初学者在使用定语从句时，有时会在从句中误加与关系代词同义的人称代词，这是不对的。如：

—This is the book that I have read __________ dozens of times. —But I have never read __________.

A. it, × B. ×，it C. it, it D. ×，× 此题应选B。容易误选C。本题第二句填代词 it, 这容易理解。而第一句不能填 it, 则是考生很容易忽视的。显然第一句中的 that I have read dozens of times 是修饰 the book 的定语从句，此句中的动词read不能再接用 it作宾语，因为它已有宾语that(也可省略)。

使用定语从句的几个误区（一）

在做有关定语从句的试题时，考生千万不要在定语从句中重复使用与关系词(或先行词)指代相同的人称代词。如：

我们昨晚看的电影很精彩。

误：The film we saw it last night was wonderful. 正：The film we saw last night was wonderful. 刚才同你讲话的那个人是谁?

误：Who’s the man you just talked to him? 正：Who’s the man you just talked to? 你昨天借给我的书很有趣。

误：The book you lent it me yesterday was very interesting. 正：The book you lent me yesterday was very interesting. 他就是去年死了妻子的那个人。

误：He is the man whosehis wife died last year. 正：He is the man whose wife died last year.

注意这类题中的定语从句

请看下面这道题，千万不要选 B！为什么？

The farmhouse we paid a visit _________ at the top of the hill.

A. standing B. to stand C. to standing D. to stands 【分析】此题容易误选B或C，有的同学可能认为B或C两者必选其一，因为其中的 to 要么是不定式符号，此时其后接动词用原形，要么就是介词，此时后接动词用动名词。其实，正确答案应是D。不错，pay a visit to 中的 to 是介词，但是在此句中 to 的宾语不是其后的动词，而是引导 we paid a visit to 这个定语从句的关系代词 that (在原句被省略)，也就是说选项D中介词 to 后的动词 stands 并不是 to 的宾语，而是主句的谓语，句意为“我们参观的那家农舍在小山顶上”。又如：

(1) The good news we were looking forward _________ in the end.

A. arriving B. to arrive C. to arriving D. to arrived 答案为D，不能选B或C。句中 we were looking forward to 是修饰名词 the good news 的定语从句，介词 to 后的动词 arrived 是句子的谓语，句意为“我们盼望的好消息终于到了”。

(2) The life he is now used _________ quite different from ours.

A. is B. to be C. to being D. to is

答案选D，不能选B或C。句中he is now used to 是修饰 the life 的定语从句，介词 to 的宾语是用以引导定语从句 he is now used to 的关系代词that（被省略），to 后的动词 is 是句子的谓语，句意为“他现在习惯的这种生活与我们的生活很不相同”。

(3) The work he paid special attention _________ to nothing.(www.yygrammar.com) A. came B. to come C. to coming D. to came 答案选D，不能选B或C。句中he paid special attention to 是修饰 the work 的定语从句，介词 to 的宾语是用以引导定语从句 he paid special attention to 的关系代词that (被省略），to 后的动词 came 是句子的谓语，句意为“他特别关注的那项工作泡汤了”。

(4) The result what he said would lead _________ his regret in the future.

A. is B. to be C. to being D. to was 答案选D，不能选B或C。句中what he said would lead to 是修饰 the result 的定语从句，介词 to 的宾语是用以引导定语从句 what he said would lead to 的关系代词that （被省略），to 后的动词 was 是句子的谓语，句意为“他所说的话将导致的结果是他今后的后悔”。

如何快速区别非限制性定语从句与并列句

如何快速区别非限制性定语从句与并列句？请看看下面这道题： —He wrote a lot of novels, none of __________ were popular.

—It’s the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of __________ was a success. A. these, them B. which, which C. those, which D. which, them 此题应选 D。很容易误选A，B。选对该题的关键是：要注意前面一句的 none of...没有并列连词(说明它才是非限制性定语从句，所以其后填which)，而后面一句的none of...前有一并列连词but(说明它与前面一句构成并列句，所以其后填them)。请做以下类似题(注意and, but等的有无)。如：

1. a. He has two sons, but neither of ________ is clever. b. He has two sons, neither of ________ is clever. A. them, them B. whom, whom C. them, whom D. whom, them

2. a. Mr Smith made a lot of money, most of________ was spent helping the poor. b. Mr Smith made a lot of money, and most of________ was spent helping the poor. A. it, it B. which, which C. it, which D. which, it

类似地，以下一题也与 but, and 这类词的有无相关： 3. ________many times, but he still couldn’t remember.

A. Having been told B. Being told C. Having told D. He was told

答案：1. C 2. D 3. D

修饰the way的定语从句

the way后面的定语从句，关系词若在从句中作状语，相当于“用这种方式 / 方法(=in this way)”时，通常不用关系词，偶尔用that，在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。如：

Do it the way you were taught. 要照教你的那样做。

I was impressed by the way in which she did it. 她干成这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。

注意：way 后不能用 how 引导定语从句，但也可以不用 way，而直接用 how 引导的名词性从句来表达这类意思。如：

That’s the way he did it.= That’s how he did it. 他就是这样做的。 另外，当先行词way表示方向时，不用任何关系词。如： Was that the way she went? 她是往那个方向走的吗？

关系词代词和关系副词的意义与用法

依照关系词在从句中的用法差异，可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose等，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等，关系副词有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下：

1. 关系代词的用法

先行词是人，在从句中作主语用 who，作宾语用 whom 或 who，作定语用 whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用 which，作定语用 of which 或 whose 均可。在限制性定语从句中 which, who, whom 都可用 that 代替。关系代词作宾语时，关系代词常被省略。如：

A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller。开店售书的人叫做书商。 He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。

You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是唯一可能使他听从劝告的人。 he was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。 2. 关系副词的用法

关系副词有when, where, why 等，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when 通常放在 time, day, season, age, occasion 等时间的名词后；where 通常放在 place, city, town, village, house, case, point, situation 等地点名词后；why 通常只放在 reason 后。如：

Have you set the day when you will move? 你搬迁的日子定了吗? The book is on the table where you left it. 书在桌子上，你放在那里的。

We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。

使用关系副词的三点注意

1. how 不能用作关系副词，不要想当然地将 how 用作关系副词置于 the way 后表示方式：

他说话就是那个样子。

误：This is the way how he spoke.

正：This is how he spoke. / This is the way (that, in which) he spoke.

2. 关系副词 when 和 where 既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，但why 只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句，可用for which reason)。

3. 引导定语从句时，when 的先行词为时间，where 的先行词为地点，why 的先行词为原因(主要是 the reason)，但是反过来却不一定：

Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。 This is the house (that) he bought recently. 这就是他最近买的那座房子。 Please tell me the reason (that) you know. 请告诉我你所知道的原因吧。

that 还是 when

在通常情况下，表示时间的名词后应用关系副词 when 来引导定语从句。但下面一句是例外，你能看出它的特殊性吗？

She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.

A. which B. when C. how D. where

【陷阱】容易误选B，机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where。

【分析】正确答案为A。在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若用作状语，则用关系副词。上面一题中的动词 spent 缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或that。比较下面一题，由于空格后的句子不缺少主语或宾语，所以选关系副词when：

She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she works as a secretary in our company. A. which B. when C. how D. where 请再做一组试题(答案均选A)：

(1) Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month. A. which B. when C. how D. where 选A，which 在定语从句中用作动词 bought 的宾语。

(2) Our company will move to a tall building _______ has just been complete. A. which B. when C. how D. where 选A，which 在定语从句中用作主语。

(3) Our company will move to a tall building _______ we worked two years ago. A. where B. when C. that D. which 选A，where 在定语从句中用作状语。

时间或地点名词后一定要用where, when来引导定语从句吗

我们有的初学者在学习定语从句时，误认为时间名词后就一定要用 when 来引导定语从句，地点名词后就一定要用 where 来引导定语从句。其实不一定。如：

a. I will never forget the days __________ I lived in the country. b. I will never forget the days __________ I spent in the country.

A. that，that B. when，when C. that，when D. when，that 此题应选D。容易误选B。考生往往错误地认为，时间或地点名词后的定语从句就一定要用关系副词when或where 来引导。注意在选择关系副词when 时，考生要明确两个问题：一是先行词是否是指时间或地点的名词，二是when，where在定语从句中是否用作状语。

a句中的定语从句主语和宾语齐全，所以可用表时间的状语(when)，而b句中的定语从句，显然 spent缺宾语，所以选关系代词that。

考生从以上分析中应明确这样一点：选择关系词时一定要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分。尤其是当先行词为表时间或地点的名词时，千万不要想当然地认为一定要用关系副词when和where来引导定语从句。再如：

1. a. This is the school ________ I studied last year. b. This is the school ________ I visited last year.

A. that，that B. where，where C. that，where D. where，that 2. a. I still remember the time ________ he was born. b. I still remember the time ________ he told me.

A. that，that B. when，when C. that，when D. when，that 答案：1. D 2. D

能用what引导定语从句吗

what 能引导定语从句吗？我们可以说 all that 和 all what 吗？我们来看看这个句子： He told me all __________ he had seen there.

A. that B. which C. what D. when 此题应选 A。容易误选C。这里的 B(which)，D(when) 比较好排除。

选项 B 错，因为当先行词为不定代词 all，little，much 等时，要用关系代词 that，不用which。

选项 D 错，因为它是关系副词，只能在定语从句中作状语，而这里的定语从句缺宾语(即seen缺宾语)，所以不能选 D。

至于选项 C(what)，是考生最容易出错的，这是因为考生在平时的阅读中，经常可以见到类似这样的句子：

He told me all he had seen there. He told me what he had seen there.

由于没有完全理解，结果将以上两类句型混在一起。

选项 C 错的原因在于 what 不是关系词，所以它不能引导定语从句。但值得注意的是：what 有时相当于“名词(先行词)+关系代词”：

他把一切都给了我。 正：He gave me what he had.

正：He gave me everything that he had. 这就是你要的东西。 正：This is what you want. 正：This is the thing that you want.

以上实例告诉我们，what 有时相当于“先行词+关系代词”，同时这也告诉我们，这样用的 what 前不能再有先行词(即what 不能引导定语从句)。

一道非常容易出错的定语从句考题

请看下面这道题，名词place后面该用什么关系词来引导定语从句：

He likes living alone, and says that he wants to go and live in a place _________ nobody knows.

A. where B. that C. when D. what

有的同学一看到 place 是表示“地点”的名词，于是就毫不犹豫地选了A，但是错了，最佳答案应是B。表示“地点”的名词后到底是用 where 还是用 that 或 which 来引导定语从句，原则上应注意以下两点：

一是看关系词的句法功能。由于 where 是关系副词，它在定语从句中用作状语，而that 和 which 是关系代词，它们在定语从句中用作主语或宾语。所以区别是关系副词还是关系代词的关键就是看定语从句是否缺主语或宾语，若缺主语或宾语则用关系代词，若不缺主语或宾语则用关系副词。比较：

(1) This is the room _________I lived ten years ago.

A. that B. where C. who D. what (2) This is the room _________I lived in ten years ago.

A. that B. where C. who D. what (3) This is the room _________I bought ten years ago.

A. that B. where C. who D. what (4) This is the room _________I visited ten years ago.

A. that B. where C. who D. what (5) This is the room _________I was born ten years ago.

A. that B. where C. who D. what

第(1)题选B，因为 live 是不及物动词，它无需接宾语；第(2)题选A，因为虽然 live 不及物，但live in 却是及物，它应有自己的宾语；第(3)(4)题也应选A，因为 buy 和 visit均为及物动词，它们应有自己的宾语；第(5)应选B，因为 be born 无需有自己的宾语。

二要看句意。一般说来，句子是否缺宾语，主要是看定语从句中的动词是否为及物动词或带有介词等，但问题是有些动词既可用作及物动词，又可用作不及物动词，它是否需要带宾语则要视句意而定。比较：

This is the school where I studied five years ago. 这是我五年前读过书的学校。（句中 study 用作不及物动词，意为“学习”或“读书”）

This is the school that I studied five years ago. 这是我五年前研究过的那所学校。(句中 study 为及物动词，意为“研究”)

现在我们回到上面的试题来看一看，从理论上说，动词 know 可用作及物和不及物动词，也就是说它可以带宾语也可以不带宾语。但根据本句的意思（“他喜欢一个人生活，并说他要去一个没有知道的地方”），know 应为及物动词，因为从语意上它要带 place 作其宾语。

做题时当心定语从句的干扰

有这样一道题，这个 to 的后面该什么呢？

The letter they were looking forward to _________ at last.

A. arrived B. arriving C. had arrived D. arrive 分析：对于此题，基础稍差的同学可能选D，认为空格前的 to 是不定式符号，所以后接动词原形；基础稍好的同学可能会选B，知道 look forward to 是短语，意为“盼望”，其中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动名词；只有基础扎实、语感好、而且细心的同学才会选A，诚如上面所说，look forward to 中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动词作宾语时，要用动名词，而不用动词原形。但问题是此句中的动词 arrive 不是介词 to 的宾语，而是句子的谓语。句子的正解分析是：the letter 为句子主语，they were looking forward to 是修饰主语的定语从句(介词 to 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，被省略)，arrived 是句子谓语。请看以下试题：

(1) The professor you referred to _________ just now.

A. comes B. come C. coming D. came

答案选D，句子主语为 the professor，you referred to 为修饰 the professor 的定语从句，空白处填 came，为句子谓语。

(2) The theory he sticks to _________ to be of no use in our studies.

A. proves B. prove C. proving D. be proved 答案选A，he sticks to 是修饰主语 the theory 的定语从句，句子的基本结构为 The theory proves to be of no use in our studies.

(3) The work he devoted his time to _________ worth praising.

A. was B. be C. being D. been 答案选A，he devoted his time to 是修饰主语 the work 的定语从句。句子的基本结构为 The work was worth praising.

It’s time后接从句的几点用法说明

先看一道试题：

It’s time the child __________ to bed.

A. goes B. going C. went D. to go 此题应选C。关于It’s time＋that从句，注意以下几点： 1. 从句谓语通常用过去时态或should＋动词原形： It’s time we started. 我们该动身了。

It is time that you left here. 你该离开这儿了。 It’s time you studied hard. 你该努力学习了。

有时也用 should+动词原形或用过去进行时，有时甚至将 should 省略(即只用动词原形，为非正式的美国口语)：

我们该走了。

正：It is time we left. (常见)

正：It is time we should leave. (可用) 正：It is time we were leaving. (可用)

正：It is time we leave. (少见，非正式美国口语) 2. 其他几点注意处：(www.yygrammar.com)

(1) 其中的 It is 有时根据情况也可改为 It was，其后的时态不受影响： 你该上床睡觉了。

正：It is time you went to bed. (指现在而言) 正：It was time you went to bed. (指过去而言) (2) time 前可以用 high，about 等修饰。

It is high time you told her the truth. 你该把真相告诉她了。 It is about time that I wrote her a letter. 我该给她写封信了。

most of them还是most of which

请看看下面这道题，答案是 most of them 还是 most of which：

The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, ______ are beyond our control.

A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that

【分析】答案为B。由于两个句子之间没有并列连词 and，故可排除 A 和 D；又因为 what 不能用于引导定语从句，所以 most of what 也可排除。此处的 most of which 相当于 and most of them，所以若在选项 A 的前加上 and，则也是对的。

比较：

Some managed to vote, but most of them didn’t. 有些人设法投票了，但多数人都没有。 The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。

考查above which的一道高考题

下面一题是福建卷的一道高考题：

By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ______ appeared a rare rainbow soon.

A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which 【分析】答案为D。根据常识可知，rainbow应该是在山的上方，故用above。句中的above which appeared a rare rainbow soon为非限制性定语从句，且该从句是一个倒装句，为便于理解，此句可改写为：and soon a rare rainbow appeared above Mount Qomolangma. 全句意为：所有的奥运火炬手都在9点钟前就到达了珠穆朗玛峰，其后不久，山顶上的天空出现了罕见的彩虹。

请看下面这道定语从句考题：

In fact the man didn’t understand the three questions __________ were asked in French. A. where B. who C. in which D. which

此题应选 D。从句子成分看，修饰 questions 的定语从句缺主语，所以不能选 A(where)，C(in which)。又因为这里的先行词(questions)是指事不是指人，所以只能选D(which)不能选B(who)。

考生在做定语从句试题时，大体上要分清以下几点：

1. 是定语从句还是其他从句( 从句意和句法功能等方面去考虑)。

做定语从句试题的基本方法

2. 是用关系代词还是关系副词。关系代词和关系副词的选择主要看关系词在句中的句法功能。一般说来，关系代词(that，which，who，whom 等)主要用作主语和宾语；关系副词(when，where，why)主要用作状语；作定语时用whose。

3. 受定语从句修饰的先行词是指人(who，whom，that) 还是指物(that，which)；是作主语(who，that，which)还是作宾语(which，whom，who)等。

4. 关系代词可否省略(在通常情况下，只有限制性定语从句中用作宾语的关系代词才能省略)。

5. 是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句 (关系代词that以及关系副词why等均不能引导非限制性定语从句)。

6. 在“介词＋which”结构中，介词的正确选择(主要看相关名词和动词的习惯搭配)。

whose引导定语从句可以指物吗

请看下面这道题：

I saw some trees __________ leaves were black with disease.

A. its B. whose C. his D. the

分析：此题应选B。容易误选A。许多考生认为，关系代词whose和who，whom一样，只能指人，不能指物。

事实上，用作关系代词的 whose 与 who，whom不一样，它不仅可以指人也可以指物(用作定语)：

There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些学生的问题我不能回答。 Can you see the mountain whose top is covered with snow? 你看得见山顶上覆盖着雪的那座山吗?

Here is a word whose meaning escapes me. 这里有一个词，我一下想不起它是什么意思了。

当先行词为物时，其后引导定语从句的 whose＋n. 也可换成 the＋n. ＋of which / of which＋the＋n.：

■窗户破了的那座房子是空的。

正：The house whose windows are broken is empty. 正：The house the windows of which are broken is empty. 正：The house of which the windows are broken is empty.

但是如果 whose所修饰的名词中心词之前有数词或其他限定词，则不用 whose，而用of which：

There I saw a large table，two legs of which were broken. 在那里我看见有一张大桌子，其中有两条腿断了。

the way后可接how引导的定语从句吗

请看一道题：

That is __________ the boy spoke to the teacher.

A. how B. the way how C. that D. which

分析：此题应选 A。容易误选B。误认为the way(表方式)后应接how引导的定语从句(因为how可用来表方式)。

其实考生只要回忆一下我们学过的关系副词便知道：在现代英语中关系副词只有when(表时间)，where(表地点)，why(表原因)等几个，根本没有how这个关系副词，所以它自然就不能引导定语从句。要表示类似本题的意思，可用以下句型：

■那就是他说话的样子。

正：That’s how he spoke. (表语从句) 正：That’s the way he spoke. 正：That’s the way (that) he spoke. 正：That’s the way (in which) he spoke. 误：That’s the way how he spoke. ■我不喜欢他那样笑她。

正：I don’t like the way he laughs at her. 正：I don’t like the way(that) he laughs at her. 正：I don’t like the way (in which) he laughs at her. 误：I don’t like the way how he laughs at her. ■他同我们说话的方式值得怀疑。 正：The way he spoke to us was suspicious. 正：The way (that) he spoke to us was suspicious. 正：The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious. 误：The way how he spoke to us was suspicious.

此题是考查非限制性定语从句吗

【典型题】

If a book is in English, _________ means slow progress for you. A. as B. which C. what D. that

【看分析】此题容易误选 A或B，想当然地根据空格前的逗号认为这是非限制性定语从句。这样分析的同学，主要是忽略了前一句句首的if。其实此题应选D，逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的意思，用作主句的主语。

同样地，下面几题也应选 that，而不选 which：

(1) If he’s only interested in your looks, _________ just shows how shallow he is. A. as B. which C. what D. that (2) If you want to go, _________is quite all right with me.

A. that B. which C. and it D. so (3) When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that (4) If you want a double room , _________ will cost another ￡15. A. as B. which C. what D. that (5) If you have the money, _________ will be OK.

A. as B. which C. and it D. that 下例也选 that 而不选 which，其中 that 表示“那”：

Unless I’m very much mistaken, _________ is my watch you’re wearing! A. as B. which C. what D. that

定语从句还是强调句

请看看这道题：

—Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday? —It was in the hall ______ the students often have a meeting. A. where B. which C. that D. when

【分析】很可能误选C，认为这是一个强调句，强调地点状语 in the hall。假若选C，即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting，该句的意思是“学生们通常是在大厅开会”，单独看这一句，无论是其意思还是其语法均未错，但若将其与上文联系起来看，则不通，因为上文的意思是“你是在哪儿找到昨天作报告的那位教授的?”假若将答句改为 It was in the hall that I found the professor，则完全可以。

其实，此题的最佳答案是A，where the students often have a meeting 为定语从句，用以修饰其前的名词 the hall，句意为“是在学生们经常开会的那个大厅(找到教授的)”，这样语意就通顺了。

含有定语从句的一系列难题

■请看下面的题：

How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward _______ at last. A. to has come B. to have come C. to having come D. has come

【分析】其实正确答案是A。大家知道，短语 look forward to意为“盼望”，其中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动词要用动名词，许多同学据此便选择了C。但问题是，句中介词 to 的宾语不是have come，而是the holiday。正解的句子分析是：the holiday为句子主语，we have been looking forward to 是修饰主语的定语从句(介词 to 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，被省略)，has come 是句子谓语。

请做以下类似试题：

■The man you referred to _____ just now. A. comes B. come C. coming D. came

【分析】答案选 D，句子主语为 the man，you referred to 为修饰 the man 的定语从句，空白处填 came，为句子谓语。

■The theory he sticks to ______ to be of no use in our studies. A. proves B. prove C. proving D. be proved

【分析】答案选 A，he sticks to 是修饰主语 the theory 的定语从句，句子的基本结构为 The theory proves to be of no use in our studies.

■The work he devoted his time to _____ worth praising. A. was B. be C. being D. been

【分析】答案选 A，he devoted his time to 是修饰主语 the work 的定语从句。句子的基本结构为 The work was worth praising.

■I think this is the very work that we must finish ____ her. A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped

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