语音学与语言学作练习集

语言学复习习题集

Part One Exercises for Phonetics I. Fill in the blanks

1．________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.

2: Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an

effect on the _________ coming from the lungs.

3 . Consonant sounds can be either_________ or_________, while all vowel sounds are_________.

4. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that

the air is pushed out between them, causing _________.. 5. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the

_________ and the tips.

6. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised. 7. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without_________.

8. In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/_________.

9. In English there are a number of _________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.

10 _________refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbours. 11. _________ is the smallest linguistic unit.

12. According to_________, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.

II . Choose the best answer.

13. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation

B. tone

C. pronunciation A. allophone C. phoneme A. analogues

D. voice

B. phone D. morpheme B. tagmemes

14. Conventionally a_________ is put in slashes.

15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the p phoneme. C. morphemes A. gottis

D. allophones

B. vocal cavity

16. 'The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_________. C. pharynx

D. uvula

17. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as_________

diphthongs.

B. closing D. centering B. allomorphs D. allophones

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A. wide

C. narrow

18. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called A. minimal pairs G. phones

19. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A. Acoustic phonetics. C. Auditory phonetics. A. [z] C. [?] A. [n] B. [m] A. [i:] C. [e]

B. Articulatory phonetics. D. Neither of them. B. [w] D. [v]

C. [1] D. [P] B. [u] D. [i] B. Voiced

20. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?

21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?

22. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?

23. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. Voiceless C. Glottal stop A. [f] C. [z]

D. Consonant B. [?] D. [s]

24. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?

III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] . –

______ 25. Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics. –

______ 26. Sound [p] in the word \

______ 27. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.

______ 28. The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.

______ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other. ______ 30. [ p ] is voiced bilabial stop.

______ 31. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.

______ 32. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. ______ 33.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.

______ 34. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.

______ 35. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.

______ 36. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to is where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. Explain the following terms. 37. Minimal pair

39. Suprasegmental feature 41. Rounded vowel 43. Vowel glides 45. Allophones 47. Distinctive features

38. Sound assimilation 40. Free variation 42. Pitch

44. Anticipatory coarticulation 46. Complementary distribution 48. Sonority scale

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V. Answer the following questions.

49. What is meant by phonetic transcription? 50. In which two ways may consonants be classified? Keys

I . Fill in the blanks. 1. Articulatory 4. friction 7. obstruction

3. voiced; voiceless; voiced 6. height

12. the maximal onset principle

2. airstrem 5. tongue

8. minimal pairs 9. diphthongs 11. Phonemes

10. Coarticulation

II . Choose the best answer. 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. A

III. Decide whether the Mowing statements are true[T] or false[F]. 35. [F] 26. [T] 30. [F] 31. [F] 32. [T] 35. [F]

It should be articulatory phonetics. 27. [T]

28. [T]

29. [T]

It is a voiceless bilabial stop.

Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. 33. [T]

34. [T]

In many cases the pronunciation of English depends on individual speaker's accent and personal

preference. However, one form of English pronunciation is the most common model accent in the teaching of English as a foreign language. It is called Received Pronunciation. 36. [F]

The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is

put into the onset rather than the coda.

Part Two Exercises for Morphology Exercises I. Fill in the blanks. 1. Take is the 3. An ______

______ of taking, taken and took.

is pronounced letter by letter, while an ______is pronounced as a word.

2. Bound morphemes are classified into two types; ______and ______ root. 4. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with______.

5. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ______ , ______ and ______ 6. All words may be said to contain a root______.

7. A snail set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to______, class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to______ class.

8. ______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of ______

shortening.

9. ______ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.

10. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ______ level.

11. A word formed by derivation is called a______ , and a word formed by compounding is called a______ . (derivative; compound)

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12..

II. Choose the best answer.

13. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ______. A. lexical words C. function words A. inflectional C. bound 15. There are A. three C. five

B. grammatical words

D. form words

14. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ______ morpheme.

B. free

D. derivational B. four D. six

______ morphemes in the word denationalization?

16. In English -ise and -tion are called ______. A. prefixes C. infixes A. affixation C. inflection

B. suffixes D. free morphemes

B. etymology ?(46) ? D. root

17. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and______.

18． The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _________. A. derivational affix C. infix

B. inflectional affix

D. back-formation

19. _________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word. A. Affixation C. Insertion A. acronymy C. imitialism

B. back-formation

D. Addition B. clipping D D. acronymy

mation

20. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ .

21. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix word \A. derivational morpheme C. inflectional morpheme A. blending

B. free morpheme D. free form

B. clipping

22. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _______. C. backformation A. agreement C. disagree A. lexeme

D. acronymy B. agree D. disagreement B. phoneme D. allomorph

23. The.stem of disagreements is _________ .

24. All of them are meaningful except for _______. C. morpheme

F. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] . –

______ 25. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.

_______ 26. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.

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_______ 27. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.

_______28. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.

_______29. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion. _______30. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. _______31. The word; whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatop-(eia). _______32. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. _______ 33: Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English. _______ 34. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.

_______ 35. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts. _______ 36. All roots are free and all affixes are bound. IV . Explain the following term. 37. Morphophonology 39. Bound morpheme 41. Derivation

43. Closed-class word 45. Full conversion 47. Base

38. Allomorph 40. Back clipping 42. Morphological rule 44. Analogy 46. Blending

48. Hybrid

V . Answer the following questions.

49. Of all the word-formations, which involve the process. of addition? Which the process of subtraction? And which the process of transition?

50. Illustrate the axiom, “The actual grammatical classification of any word is dependent upon its use.” Keys

1 . Fill in the blanks. 1. lexeme

2.affix. b,ur.,,: 4. vocabulary 6. morpheme

8. Backformation 10. morphemic

3. initialism; acronym 7. close; open 9. Conversion

5. solid; hyphenated; open

11. derivative; compound II - Choose the best answer. 13. A 14. A 15. C 16. B 19. B 20. C 21. C 22. A

12. partial

III. Decide whether the following statements are True[T] or False[F] 25. [F] element. 26. [T]

27. [F] Stem is the part of word that remains %s:o:r. removed. 28. [T] 31. [T]

32. [F] The number of syllables of a word is not necex morphemes. 33. [F] Backformation is a productive way of forming v

29. [T]

30. [F] Reduplicative compound is formed b_v repeat almost identical word.

Phonetically, a compound usually has a s element, or a main stress on the first element on the second

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34. [F] Inflection and word-formation are two sub-fields of morphology.

35 .[F] The meaning of a compound cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts, and sometimes is

36. [F] Roots are divided into free roots and bound always free.

Part Two Exercises for Syntax Exercises

I . Fill in the blanks.

statement, question or command.

2. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _______ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.

3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a 4.

_______ clause.

_______ construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction.

1. A _______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete

5. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their ________ properties.

6. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed_______ structure.

7. The term_______ refers to the relation between an element and another of the same level and under the same node in a tree diagram, and any other; under the latter element as well. 8.

_______ construction refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having equivalent syntactic status. 9. IC analysis emphasizes the_______ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first. 10. Surface structure can become the sole responsible structure for semantic ? interpretation by the introduction of the_______ theory.

11. XP may contain more than just X. e. g. the \with Det _______ being the , N the head, and S the complement.

12. _______ relations refer to the structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence.

II. Choose the best answer.

13. The head of the phrase \ A. the city B. Rome A. endocentric C. subordinate *A. simple C. compound A. finite

C. city

D. the city and Rome

14. The phrase \

B. exocentric D. coordinate

_______ sentence.

B. coordinate

D. complex

_______ clause.

B. non-infinite D. matrix

15. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” is a

16. In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n) C. embedded

17. _______ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.

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A . Morphology C. Semantics A. Auxiliary C. N

B. Syntax

D. Pragmatics B. NP D. PP B. Embedding

18. _______ does not belong to major syntactic categories.

19. _______ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. A. Conjoining C. Concord other.

A. pronominal C. r-expression

B. anaphor D. binding D. Government

20. The term_______ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each

21. In Halliday' s view, the _______ function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience. A, ideational C. textual

B. interpersonal D. social

B. conjoining D. substitutability

22. The criterion used in IC analysis is _________. . A. transformation C. grouping

23.______ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category. A. Concord C. Binding A. one

B. Government D. C-command

C. three

D. four

24. The phrase \

B. two

III . Decide whether the following statements are true[ T] or false[F] . _______ 25. Application of the transformational rules yields deep structure.

_______ 26. An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. It has just one head. _______ 27. Move a rule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in. grammatical strings. _______28. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.

_______ 29. Words in a paradigmatic relation are comparable in terms of syntax: they have the same syntactic features, so they are replaceable witn each other semantically. -(F)

_______ 30. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause one of a part to a whole.(T) _______ 31.A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme, and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence.

_______32. IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures. _______ _______33. Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences. A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse.

_______ 34. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be parted to the hearer. This is called the theme.

_______ 35. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.

_______ 35. S-structure is a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement. IV . Explain the following terms.

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37. Syntax

38. C-command 40. Syntactic category 42. IC analysis

44. X-bar theory 46. Deep structure

48. Move-a Answer the following questions.

39. Hierarchical structure 43. Concord

41. Phrase structure rules 45. Subordinate construction 47. Trace theory

V. Answer the following questions:

49. What is a sentence? What is grammaticality? Please explain with examples what is a grammatical sentence? 50. Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions (1) to (3). The boy saw the man with the telescope.

(1) Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words. (2) Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation. (3) What can be known about tree diagrams from (1) and (2)? Keys

I . Fill in the blanks. 1. sentence 5. recursive 9. hierarchical

2. transformational 6. deep

10. trace

3. finite

4. Exocentric

12. Grammatical

7. C-command 8. Coordinate

11. specifier

II . Choose the best answer. 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B 19. A 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. B

III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [F] . 25. [F] Application of the transformational rules yields surface structure.

26. [F] Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes: ' subordinate and coordinate constructions. Coordinate constructions have more than one head. 27. [F] Move-a rule together with other syntactic principles. 28. [T]

29. [F] They are not replaceable with each other semantically. 30. [T] 33. [T]

34. [F] This is called the rheme.

35. [ F] Major syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories s as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that servt heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V. 36. [T]

Part Three Exercises for Semantics Exercises

I . Fill in the blanks.

1. _______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

2. _______is the fact that would have to obtain in reality to make a proposition true or false. 3. \

4. Sentence meaning is the combination of the compound words and ________. 5. _________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of quality involved.

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31. [T]

32. [F] For example, IC analysis cannot be used to analyze the phrase \

6. Predication analysis is to break down predications and into their constituents: _________ and _________ 7.

_________ sentences express judgment.

8. The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from _________ and _________. 9. \10. We call the relation between \ 11. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _________.

12. \ II. Choose the best answer.

13. _________ in a person's speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative context. A. Stylistic variation

B. Ideolectal variation D. Regional variation

B. complementary

C. Social variation antonyms. A. gradable

14. Cold and hot are a pair of _________ D. converseness A. sentences C. phrases D. Truth

C. reversal

B. naming units

15. Idioms are_________..

D. communication units

B. Truth value D. falsehood

D. truth

16. _________ describes whether a proposition is true or false. C. Truth condition A. proposition

17. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _________.

B. sentence

C. Utterance

18. Bull: ( BOVINE) (MALE) ( ADULT) is an example of _________. A. componential analysis C. compositionality

B. predication analysis D. selection restriction

19. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word_________. A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept. B. is related to the thing it refers to.

C. is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers. D. is the image it is represented in the mind.

20. When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b) and the falsity of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that _________. A. sentence ( a ) presupposes sentence (b)， B. sentence (a ) entails sentence (b)

C. sentence (a ) is inconsistent with sentence (b) D. sentence (a ) contradicts sentence (b) 21. \ A. two-place predicate C. two-place argument A. entailment C. anomaly

B. one-place predicate D. one-place argument

B. presupposition

22. \is a(n) _________.

D. contradiction

23. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppositions is called _________.

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A. presupposition condition C. presupposition trigger determined by the context. A. homonymy C. metonymy

B. truth condition D. Truth value

24. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or _________ which can not be

B. antonymy

D. synonymy

III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F] . _________ 25. Interrogative and imperative sentences do not have truth value. _______ 26. The relationship between \

_________ 27. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature.

_________ 28. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship of the two items are said to be relational opposites.

_________ 29. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.

_________ 30. Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same a; meronymy. _________ 31. \ _______ 32. Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.

_________ 33. The linguistic context considers the probability of one word' s rnoccurrenee or collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication.

_________ 34. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same referenae always have the same sense.

_________ 35. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to neg. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition still true. _________ 36. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between lingu form and what it refers to. This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle. ?90 ? IV. Explain the following terms. 37. Reference 39. Synonymy 43. Homonymy 45. Proposition

38. Conceptualism 40. Entailment 42.`Sense 44. Semantics 46. Semantic field 48. Truth condition

41. Componential analysis

47. prediction analysis

V. Answer the following questions.

49. In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis into distinctive features? 50. What is sense and what is reference? How are they related? Keys.

I . Fill in the blanks. 1. sense

2. Truth condition

3.collocational

4. the meaning of its structure 6. argument; predicate 8. lexical ambiguity

5. gradable 7. Declarative 9. emotive

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10. hyponymy 12. naming

11.co-hyponymy

II . Choose the best answer. 13. A 14. A 15. B 21. B 25. [T]

26. [F] The relationship should be meronymy.

27. [F] Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature. :. 28. [T] 32. [T]

29. [T] 33. [T]

30. [F] Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship. 31. [F] It is linguistically true.

34. [F] Linguistic forms with the same reference may also differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions \35. [T]

36. [T]

IV. Explain the following terms.

37. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.

38. Conceptualism: It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the rind. 39. Synonymy: It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Synonyms can be divided into dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive synonyms, collocational synonyms and semantic synonyms.

40. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences: (a) Tom divorced Jane. (b) Jane was Tom's wife.

In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true, B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false. Therefore we can say A entails B.

41. Componential analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed ink HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.

42. Sense: It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It i> the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. Chapter 7 Exercises for Language, Culture and Society I . Fill in the blanks.

1. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or_________ , language.

2. A speech _________is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language. 3. Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he + is?he’s). Black English can _________ the form of “be”. 4.The _________ communities.

6. A linguistic_________ refers to a word or the \7. Taboo and

_________ are two faces of the same communicative coin.

superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.

5. A_________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech

22. D

16. B

17. A

18. A

19. A 20. B

23.C 24. A

III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F]:

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8. Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on _________.

9. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _________ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.

10. An ethnic _______(dialect is spoken mainly by a less experienced privileged population that has experienced some sort of social isolation, such as_________ discrimination. 11. In terms of sociolinguistics,

_________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language.

12. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, _________ inevitably results from the coming into cultures and different languages. (bilingualism)

II. . Choose the best answer.

13. _________ are language varieties for use in particular speech situations. A. Slang

B. Address terms D. Education varieties

C. Registers

14. In sociolinguistics, _________ refers to situations typically constrained by a common set of behaviour rules. A. domain C. society system.

A. A speech community C. A society A. Regional C. Stylistic A. Canada C. Belgium

B. A race

D. A country B. Social

B. . situation D. community

15. _________ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic

16. _________ variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.

D. Idiolectal

B. Finland D. Germany

17. _________ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.

18. _________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A. Lingua franca C. Pidgin vocabulary. A. diglossia

B. bilingualism

C. pidginization figures of speech. A. Language taboo C. Address terms A. Regional C. Stylistic

B. Slang D. Register variety

B. Social D. blending

B. Creole

D. Standard language

19. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __________ and

20. _________ is a causal use of language that nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, coinages and

21. _________ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.

D. Ideolectal

22. In a speech community people have something in common __________ a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.

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A. socially C. culturally

B. linguistically

D. pragmatically

23. Probably the most wide-spread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is_________. A. British English C. Black English

B. American English D. Australian English

24. __________ in a language or a particular variety of language in a person's speech, or writing, usually ranges on a from casual to formal according to the type of communicative context. A. Regional variation C. Stylistic variation

B. American English D. Ideolectal variation

II. . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F]. In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same speech situations known as domains.

__________ 25. In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situation known as domains.

_________ 26. A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language. _________ 27. The standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate governmental policy.

_________ 28. A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.

_________ 29. When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one mode of thinking into the other.

_________ 30. Pidgins are rule-governed, like any human language.

_________31. According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speaker's perceptions deternune language and pattern their way of life.

_________ 32. Diglossia is a universal phenomenon.

_________ 33. Diglossia refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.

_________ 34. The sentences \crazy\and \be sick all the time\are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.

_________ 35. Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.

_________ 36. There are words of more or less the same meaning used in different regional dialects. Explain the following terms. 37. Register 39. Slang 43. Diglossia

38. Pigin

40. Communicative competence 44. Sociolect

48: Speech variety questions.

41. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 45. Sociolinguistics 47. Standard language

42 . Lingua franca

46. Speech community

V. Answer the following questions. 49. What is the difference official language?

50. What distinction, if any, can you draw between standard language, national language Keys

I . Fill in the blanks.

1. vernacular 2. community 7. euphemism

3. delete 4. standard

5. creole

6. taboo

8. language

9. social 10. racial

11. idiolect 12. bilingualism

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II . Choose the best answer. 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. D 18.C 19. C 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. C

24. D

III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] .

25. [F] They have a fairly clear functional differentiation, i. e. one language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.

26. [F] It is not justifiable to say that one variety of a language is better than any other.

27. [F] The standardization is not necessarily the result of a governmental policy, but of a historical and cultural tradition. 28. [T]

29. [F] When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages, he is making transitions between the two linguistic coding systems. 30. [Tl,

31.[F] The true statement is \speaker's perceptions and patterns their way of life. 32. [F] Diglossia is not a universal phenomenon.

33. [F] Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.

34. [F] Only \ 35. [T] 36. [T]

Chapter 9 Exercises for Psycholinguistics Exercises I.Fill in the blanks.

1. The localization of cognitive hemisphere of the brain is called _________.

2. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _________, one on the right and one on the left.

3. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________ cortex. 4. Lying under the skull, the human brain nerve cells called _________.

5. The left hemisphere may be dominant for more than the phonetic structure of language. In fact, the left hemisphere may be dominant for a number of nonlinguistic functions. Besides having a superior capacity for processing _________ ordered stimuli and programming complex motor sequences such as playing a violin, the left hemisphere is believed to be specialized for _________.

6. Psychological research suggests that the two hemispheres differ in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli, the right hemisphere processing stimuli_________ and the left_________ .

7. In addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language：_________: area, _________ and angular_________. 8. PET scans and MRI have greatly increased our ability to look inside the

working brain, but as sophisticated as these techniques are, they merely measure _________.. ERP research offers a new and exciting approach to the study of the_________ activity of the brain, data from which can be linked to specific structural and meaning properties of human language.

9. The acts of comprehending and producing language are performed within the constraints of our information processing system. This system consists of three structural components: sensory stores, _________ memory, and _________ memory, along with a set of control processes that govern the flow-of information within the system.

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10. Of particular importance to speech and language function is the massive transverse fiber tract called the_________ , by means of which the N, hemispheres are able to communicate with each other in the form of electrical impulses.

11. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as \ speech , \ speaking and thinking take place simultaneously. 12. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic _________and linguistic _________. II . Choose the best answer.

13. _________deals with how language is acquired understood and produced. A. Sociolinguistics C. Pragmatics

B. Psycholinguistics D. Morphology

14. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control d the left hemisphere in most people? A. Language and speech. C. Reading and writing.

B. Visual and spatial skills. D. Analytic reasoning.

15. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, named. _______. A. Broca’s area, Wemicke’s area and the angular gyrus B. Bmca' s area, Wernicke' s area and cerebral cortex C. Broca' s area, Wemicke' s area and neurons D. Broca' s area, Wernicke' s area and Fxner' s area 16. When we speak, words are sent to A. Broca' s area

C. the angular gynas

_________, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation. B. Wemicke' s area D. motor area B. Broca' s aphasics

D. The damage on the angular gyms

17. What kind of patients cannot convert a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa? A. The linguistic deprivation C. Wemicke' s aphasics A. Broca' s C. neurons

18. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via _________ area.

B. motor D. Wemicke' s B. Calculation D. Associative thought

19. _________ is the mental functions under the control of the right hemisphere. A. Language and speech C. Holistic reasoning known as the _________. A. brain lateralization C. right ear advantage multiword. A. no-word C. talking

B. babbling D. uttering

B. linguistic lateralization D. cerebral plasticity

20. Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is

21. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: _________, one-word, two-word and

22.. At the age of four, children _________. A. can master the essentials of their mother tongue B. can only babble several sounds C. can name the things around them only

D. can write out the grammatical rules of their language

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23. _________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A. Learning

B. Competence

C. Performance

*D. Acquisition

24. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of _________. A. linguistic determinism C. linguistic nativism

B. linguistic relativism D. linguistic behaviorism

III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F].

________25. The right ear advantage (REA) is true no matter whether people have the left hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemispheric dominance for speech.

_________ 26. In general, the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.

_________ 27. The left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere.

_________ 28. The adaptability of the nervous system decreases with age, and when left hemisphere injury occurs after puberty, the danger of permanent aphasia is great.

_________ 29. Although the age at which children will pass through a given stage can vary significantly from child to child, the particular sequence stages seems to be the same for all children acquiring a gic language. _________ 30. At the multiword stage, simple prepositions, especially those . indicate positions such as ::m?, ::on? and \

_________ 31. Children acquiring their first language beyond the critical age hardly successful, such as the case of \

_________ 32. Children acquiring a language simply as internalizing individual expressions of language. _________ 33. In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.

_________ 34. Modern linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written. _________ 35. The presence of a grammatical distinction in a language

the ease of some cognitive processes, while the absence distinctions prevents these processes.

_________ 36. A weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that the pre- -of linguistic categories influences the ease with which va-.cognitive operations are performed. IV. . Explain the following terms. 37. Psycholinguistics 39. Brain lateralization 41. Modularity 43. Cohort theory 45. Spoonerism

38. Arcuate fasciculus 40. Right-ear advantage 42. Bottom-up processing

44. Frequency effect 46. Critical period 48. Universal Grammar

47. Behaviorist learning theory

V . Answer the following questions. 49. What is dichotic listening research?

50. What evidence can be given for the view that there is a critical period for language acquisition? Keys

I. FIll in the blanks. 1. lateralization 4. neurons

2. hemispheres

3. cerebral

5. temporally; associative thought

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6. holistically; analytically 7. Broea' s; Werrucke' s; gyrus 8. blood flow; electrical 11. subvocal

9. working; permanent 10. corpus callosum

12. determinism; relativism

II . Choose the best answer.

13. B 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. D 18. D 19. C 20. C 21. B 22. A 23. D 24. B

III Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or faLse[F]. 25. [F] The right ear advantage 26. [T]

27. [F] Both hemispheres perform important mental functions and they differ only in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli. 28. [T]

29. [T]

30. [T]

31. [T]

32. [F] In fact what is acquired is not a bunch of utterances but a set of rules, condition and elements that allow one to speak and understand speech. 33. [F] In first language acquisition children' s grammar does not model exactly after the grammar of adult language. 34. [T]

35. [F] The presence of a grammatical distinction in a language may increase the ease of some cognitive processes. However, the absence of such distinctions does not prevent these processes. 36. [T]

Chapter 11 Exercises for Schools of Modern Linguistics Exercises

I . Fill in the blanks.

1. The Prague School practiced a special style of _________.

2. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between ________ and phonology.

3. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized subject in Britain was ________ .

4. Halliday' s Systemic Grammar contains a functional theory behind his Functional Grammar is________ . 5. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a ( n ) but in terms of________ .

7. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as the ________ Age. 8.

________ in language theories is characteristic of America.

9. The starting point of Chomsky’s TG Grammar is his ________ hypothesis.

10. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a ________, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.

11. Systemic-Functional Grammar takes the actual uses of language as the object of study, while Chomsky' s TG Grammar takes the ideal speaker's linguistic ________ as the object of study.

12. The specific method of Relational Grammar in describing language structure is the multi-level analysis of

________ relations. II . Choose the best answer.

13. The person who is often described as \A. Firth

B. Saussure

________ oriented functional linguistic approach.

6. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning

is true for people who have the left hemispheric dominance for speech,

and the left ear advantage is observed for people who have the right hemispheric dominance for speech.

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C. Halliday of________. A. function C. signs A. Boas

D. Chomsky

14. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms

B. meaning

D. system B. Sapir D. Harris

B. Stratificational Grammar D. Generative Semantics

15. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is ________. C. Bloomfield

16. The theory of ________ considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure. A. Case Grammar C. Relational Grammar

17.Generally speaking, the specifies ________ whether a certain tarmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure. A. Slot C. Role languages. A. Traditional C. Functional

B. Structural D. Generative B. Copenhagen School D. Generative Semantics B. Case D. Montague

B. Class D. Cohesion

18. ________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European

19. Hjelmslev is a Danish linguist and the central figure of the ________ . A. Prague School C. London School A. Stratificational C. Relational A. personal

20. ________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Leach late 1950s and the early 1960s.

21. In Halliday's view, the ________ function is the function that the uses to know about his surroundings.

B. heuristic D. informative

B. stood D. Jane B. behaviourism D. mentalism B. four D. six

C. imaginative A. On it

22. The rheme in the sentence \. C. On it stood A. empiricism C. rationalism A. three C. five

23. Chomsky follows ________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.

24. TG Grammar has seen ________ stages of development.

III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or fa1se[F].

________ 25. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Tnibetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole.

________ 26. The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast. ________ 27. London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.

________ 28. According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at some point in a linguistic structure.

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________ 29. American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.

________ 30. The Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar. ________ 31. American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages.

________ 32. Chomsky' s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure' s concept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure' s langue.

________ 33. Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to description. ________ 34. If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence.

________ 35. Case Grammar is a type of linguistic theory within the TG theory and can be a revision of Chomsky's Standard Theory. psychology.

38. Functional Grammar

40. Tagmemics 42. LAD

46. Montague Grammar ;

________ 36. The structuralists follow behaviourism in philosophy and empiricism in IV. . Explain the following terms. 37. Functional Sentence Perspective 39. Behaviourism 41. Cohesion

43. Innateness hypothesis 45. Case Grammar 47. The textual function

44. Generative Grammar 48. Glossemantics

V. Answer the following questions.

49. Can you make a brief introduction to some important influential representatives in modem linguistics? 50. What is behaviourism? What is behaviourism in linguistics? What is the relationship between linguistics and behaviourism according to Bloomfield?: Does behaviourism have any limitations? If yes, what are they? Keys

I . Fill in the blanks. 1. synchronic 2. Phonetics 9. innateness

3. J. R. Firth

4. systemic

5. sociologically 6. distribution II . Choose the best answer. 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. A 18. A 21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C:

lII. Decide whether the following

25. [F] Phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. 26. [F] Not always the same. 27. [T]

28. [T]

29. [F] American Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics.

30. [F] The Extended Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar. 31. [T]

32. [T]

33. [T]

34. [F] Although two sentences may have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they may be different in teims of textual coherence.

35. [T] 36. [F] The structuralists follow empirism in philosophy and behaviourism in psychology.

19. B 20. A

7. Bloomfieldian

8. descriptivism

10. er hypothesis maker 11.competence 12. grammatical

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