HND商务通讯ICT

1.0 The nature of the information

High Strategic Tactical Operational Low This picture shows that different levels (Strategic, Tactical, Operational) have many differences on content, responsbility, aims about information and so on.

Strategic managers is the most senior management of the organization. These managers are involved in the formulation of strategies, and the Tactical manager is the middle managers, which are responsible for ensuring that the goals of strategic management are achieved. Operational managers are the first line of management responsible for the day-to-day running of each department.

Strategic managers is the most senior management of the organization, they develop long-term planning and development policies and strategies. They use their own judgment to make a complex decision, the wide range of information, external information and more internal, this level is always dealing with unstructured issues. In the outside, they are subject to policy, the international situation, the impact of industry competition, in the internal, they are subject to market research reports, the impact of productivity.

Responsibility

Tactical manager is responsible for the medium-term planning, and sometimes they are responsible for the budget control, monitoring, develop business policies / objectives, access to resources, to solve the problem, and develop new methods. They have more internal, less external, they decided to affect some people, but not all of the companies. They should follow the facts and statistics of the statistics or historical information, and rely on their own judgment, the decision of the tactical management is likely to be a semi structured.

Operational Manager are responsible for some basic problems, such as regular activities, monitoring, ensuring the effective use of resources, staffing levels, but also to solve structural optimization problems. Operational managers consider internal factors: supplier and training information. External factors: attendance, vacation, equipment.

2.0 Information System

2.1 Strategic 2.1.1 ESS

Executive Support System (ESS) is a reporting tool which allows to turn organization‘s data into useful summarized reports. These reports are generally used by executive level managers for quick access to reports coming from all company levels and departments such as billing, cost accounting, staffing scheduling, and more. It is easy to use, and it rely on mathematical modeling, It provide information in a summarized format.

ESS often helps the company's strategic management assessment report to the Department quickly. It provides a flow of information. It helps managers to quickly make plans by providing information about it. ESS centralized or decentralized base, which can provide all levels of valuable information management to the company.

2.2 Tactical 2.2.1 MIS

Management Information System (MIS) provides information that organizations require to manage themselves efficiently and effectively. It collects and presents management information to a business in order to facilitate its control. Management information system involve four primary resources: EDPS, analysis , decision making , and database.

MIS can help level tactical planning, organization, command, coordination and control. It can reduce the risk and uncertainty of decision making. Management information systems can help make some sales decisions, such as targeted market segmentation should be, or some product decisions, in most cases, a decision is required, because it can help managers to solve specific problems.

2.3 Operational 2.3.1 TPS

Transaction processing is a style of computing that divides work into individual, indivisible operations, called transactions. A Transaction Processing System (TPS) or transaction server is a software system, or software/hardware combination, that supports transaction processing. Transaction processing system consist of computer hardware and software hosting a transaction-oriented application that performs the routine transactions necessary to conduct business.

TPS can help companies solve business decisions. It can meet the needs of daily information, such as sales, inventory and payment. Collect the information from TPS, and the company can produce more profit for the company's products.

3.0 The implications of current legislation for decision making

3.1 The Data Protection Act

1998 Data Protection Act (DPA) is the act of the United Kingdom Parliament on the right of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to define the identity of the United Kingdom of law on the identity of the living person data processing. In Britain, it is the main regulations for the protection of personal data. Although the bill itself does not mention the privacy, it is through the British law into the EU data protection directive 1995, the Directive requires Member States to protect the basic rights and freedoms, in particular their privacy, personal data processing.

The bill will be the United Kingdom's law is defined as the identification of biological data processing. Government procurement and personal or corporate information, must comply with the laws and procedures of data protection, and to minimize duplication of collection. Data protection law requires that Member States to protect the basic rights and freedoms of the people, in particular the right to privacy of personal data processing. In order to ensure the legitimacy of the collected information, the purpose and the scientific process of collecting legitimacy is collected.

Example, Crown Catering Services company should use this behavior. It can better protect the enterprise data and information, reduce enterprise risk. For example, the establishment of the company database. Different levels of staff through different information to obtain data, thus facilitating the data content of the correctness, data integrity and accuracy.

3.2 Computer Misuse Act

The Computer Misuse Act 1990 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom,The Act has nonetheless become a model from which several other countries, including Canada and the Republic of Ireland, have drawn inspiration when subsequently drafting their own information security laws.

The Act introduced three criminal offences:Unauthorised access to computer

material.Unauthorised access with intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences.Unauthorised modification of computer material.

Example, Crown Catering Services company should use the Computer Misuse Act. Companies must take adequate security measures to prevent unauthorized access. For example, the company can train the staff of the management, and set a password for the computer. It can help companies to better protect and develop their own security.

4.0 data communication systems

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building, using network media. The defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include their smaller geographic area, and non-inclusion of leased telecommunication lines.

A wide area network (WAN) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries) using leased telecommunication lines. (Ban Wei, 2002 year) Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The Internet can be considered a WAN as well, and is used by businesses, governments, organizations, and individuals for almost any purpose imaginable.

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite(TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is an international network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government packet switched networks, linked by a broad

array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony.

The local area network is a limited distance within the network usually within a geographic location. Wide area network is a large-scale network, which can be controlled and shared resources. It is bigger than a local area network. Internet is global, the most extensive. It can obtain a large amount of information resources, to understand the market demand survey. Three data communication system has its own advantages, so it should be combined with each other, the development of enterprises will be better.

5.0 Benefits of data communication systems

Local Area Network

Through the sharing of software and hardware, local area network can reduce the cost. Therefore, companies can share resources, such as printers, to save costs. Secondly, the local area network provides an opportunity to communicate with others, which means that the manager can communicate with the local area network more easily. Third, local area network allows companies to set permissions, so different levels of management can share different information and files.

Wide Area Network

WAN is more convenient, when a company needs a long distance communication. Wide area network transmission speed is good, the transmission of large amounts of data. and transmission range is wider .It can help companies solve the problem of remote communication and management. In addition, the wide area network can save time and money.

Internet

The Internet provides a wealth of information resources and services. The Internet can help companies advertise, so as to enhance the company's reputation.

6.0 Three Threats

6.1Computer Hackers

Computer hacker is a computer system which is obtained from the unauthorized access. These hackers enter the system and other reasons to test their computer skills, in some way or cause damage to the system effectiveness. Hackers are usually trying to access access through telecommunications links. Traditionally, hackers have referred to the process of writing code, hackers are skilled computer programmers.

Crown Catering Services enterprises should set up different system permissions and install security software. The company may require professional processing system vulnerabilities. 6.2 Virus

Computer virus is an artificial program or code segment. But these codes have an unexpected negative impact. It will result in the loss of data, create additional file copy, delete files from hard disk and disable system, and destroy data. Computer viruses are ubiquitous, they are usually downloaded from the Internet or via email and they can self replicate.

Crown catering service enterprises to hire network security engineers, and set up a firewall to prevent virus intrusion.

6.3 Data theft

Data theft is a mistake and accident caused by human error. This is an increasingly serious phenomenon mainly caused by system administrators and office staff access

technology such as database servers, and some people can not evaluate their information needs, their emotions will affect performance.

Crown catering service enterprises should be rented in the interior of the security and the installation of cameras, so as to better avoid the threat of thieves.

7.0 ICT innovations

7.1 Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network technology, which allows the electronic device network, which is mainly used in the 2.4 MHz (12 cm) and 5 MHz (6 cm) ISM SHF radio frequency band. On the one hand, Wi-Fi can help managers and employees to transfer information and decision-making. For example, managers and employees can use Wi-Fi to attend a meeting to discuss the introduction of new products or do performance evaluation. On the other hand, Wi-Fi can provide better service to customers. Customers can connect to the Internet through Wi-Fi, watching movies or browse the title. At present, each public service activity place provides Wi-Fi services. If there is no Wi-Fi service, the company will lose part of the competitiveness.

7.2 Broadband

Broadband is a high-bandwidth Internet connection, the use of ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) to send or download information. Broadband can be connected through telephone lines, cables, modems, and wireless networks. Broadband can be used for video conferencing, it is necessary to. It can help entire firm to access the Internet faster and more easily. A large number of graphics, images and video can be through broadband. In one word, broadband can save time and money, it is faster, and promotes greater productivity within the organization.

7.3 Shopping Cart

A shopping cart is similar to a visit to the supernarket,the difference being that you are able to go shopping online without leaving the office or you house.Shopping cart

software allows you to implement your online storefront on the Internet,The software keeps a record of what users have ordered and allows them to add or remove items from a virtual shopping cartWhen visitors decide to make a purchase,information including the buyer's name,address and billing instruction is emailed to the site webmaster and a receipt is send out.Shopping cart saves time, but also helps to reduce spending, shopping cart will provide a better experience for customers.

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