第三章 雅思阅读题型分析与练习0 - 图文

第三章 雅思阅读题型分析与练习

第一节 True/False/Not Given(正误及无关判断题型)

纵观2007年的雅思考试阅读部分, 我们发现,是非无判断题成为了雅思阅读考试最热门的考题, 几乎每场考试都能遇到，且题量比例较大，竟然有一次考了28题。这种题型也是中国考生最怕、最没把握的题型之一。本章把这一题型的讲解与练习作为第一节是为了让广大的考生首先克服最大障碍，把难点变易点，把最没把握变成最拿手的，从而对雅思阅读建立起根本的自信。

在是非无判断题的考试中,考生要对试卷上所列出的一系列命题(即陈述句)进行判断。这类题型所考查的几乎都是文章的细节，要求根据原文所给出信息，判断每个陈述句是对(true)、错(false)、还是未提及（not given）。该题型有时还会出现下列提法yes/no, accurate / inaccurate 精确/不精确,supported / contradicted 一致/不一致,correct / incorrect 正确与不正确。

学生做这种题型的难点在于先前习惯于做true和false题目,其中的false涵盖了false和not given两种情况。所以当学生在做false和not given的判断时他们无法区分矛盾对立状况和“not given”的区别。首先来看一道关于false题目的分析: 原文:Hurricanes have winds of at least 74 miles per hour.

题目:Hurricanes are winds with the speed of up to 74 miles per hour.

分析:由于原文中的核心内容是“at least 74 miles per hour”,而题目中是“up to 74 miles per hour”。因此,本题判断为false,因为命题与原文内容对立(相反)。 另外来看一道not given的题目:

原文:The Mayans also showed their respect for hurricanes by building their major settlements away from the hurricane-prone coast-line.

题目:The Mayans lost many of their major settlements because of hurricanes.

分析:尽管题目和原文中有对应的词出现:The Mayans和major settlements,但是题目中的因果关系在文章中并没有体现。也没有出现有关“lost”的相应表述。因此我们可以判断此题为not given。

为了让考生彻底掌握这种题型，以下的讲解将遵循完整性和循序渐进性。 攻略：

·此类题不需先看题，因为题目中有可能有与原文内容不符的选项，容易造成先入为主的印象，影响做题，应当先浏览文章，划出段落核心词，再分析题目，划出各选项中的核心词，然后回原文定位,与原文中相应句子比较。

·找出问句中的关键词语，利用关键词语在文章中确定答案位置。 ·可利用语法、词法判断答案所在相关句子的肯定与否定含义。

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True原则：选项中与原文对应信息中含有同义词或同义结构；选项是根据原文信息推断而

来，或是对原文某部分信息的归纳总结。

【例】

原文：Frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise.

译文：青蛙失去了生存下来的生态竞争能力，生物学家不能解释它们的灭亡。 题目：Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying. 译文：生物学家不能解释为什么青蛙濒临灭亡。

分析：题目中的are unable to与原文中的are at a loss to 是同义词，题目中的are dying与原

文中的their demise是同义词，所以答案应为True。

False原则：选项与原文信息直接冲突；原文信息是多个情形的并列，而选项含有must／only

等词，表示一种必须的情况(例1)；原文和选项中相应信息所使用的范围、频率或可能性的修饰词不同，原文中常用many（很多）、sometimes（有时）及unlikely（不太

可能）等词。题目中常用all（全部）、usually（通常）、always（总是）、及impossible（完全不可能）等词（例2）；原文信息是人们的一种主观臆想或感觉，而选项中所说的相应信息是一种客观事实。原文中包含条件状语，题目中去掉条件成份（例3）；原文中包含条件状语，如if、unless或if not也可能是用介词短语表示条件状语如in, with, but for或except for。题目中去掉了这些表示条件状语的成份（例4）。这时，答案应为False。

【例】 1

原文：Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all Daybreak tours are subject to demand.

Subject to availability, stand by tickets can be purchased from the driver. 译文：强烈建议提前预定车票，因为所有的Daybreak旅行都是由需求决定的。服务于可能

性，待票也可直接向司机购买。 题目：Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent. 译文：必须提前从授权的代理机构买票。 分析：原文是提前预定、直接向司机购买都可以，是多个条件的并列。题目是必须提前预定，

是必须其中一个情况。所以答案应为False。

【例】2

原文：Frogs are sometimes poisonous. 译文：青蛙有时是有毒的。

题目：Frogs are usually poisonous. 译文：青蛙通常是有毒的。

分析：原文中有sometimes，强调是“有时”。题目中有usually，强调是“通常”。所以答

案应为False。

【例】3

原文：But generally winter sports were felt to be too specialized. 译文：但一般来说，冬季项目感觉是太专项化的。

题目：The Antwerp Games proved that winter sports were too specialized.

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译文：Antwerp运动会证明冬季项目是太专项化了。

分析：原文中有feel，强调是“感觉”。题目中有prove，强调是“事实”。所以答案应为

False。

【例】4

原文：The Internet has often been criticized by the media as a hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users.

译文：Internet经常被媒体指责为是年轻的计算机用户手中的危险工具。 题目：The media has often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous. 译文：媒体经常指责Internet ，因为它是危险的。

分析：原文中有表示条件状语的介词短语in the hands of young computer users, 有所

限定，而题目没有这一条件限定。所以答案应为 False。

Not Given原则：选项中的某一内容在原文中并未提及（例1）；原文信息涉及较大范围，

而选项信息只是一个具体概念。原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、

保证、发誓等，题目是事实（例2）。原文中常用aim（目的）、purpose（目的）、promise（保证）、swear（发誓）及vow（发誓）等词，题目中用实意动词。题目中有比较级，原文中没有比较（例3）。

【例】1

原文：Our computer club provides printer. 译文：我们计算机俱乐部提供打印机。

题目：Our computer club provides color printer. 译文：我们计算机俱乐部提供彩色打印机。

分析：题目中涉及的概念比原文中涉及的概念要小。即计算机俱乐部提供打印机，但是是彩

色还是黑白的，不知道或有可能，文章中没有给出进一步的信息。所以答案应为Not Given。 【例】2

原文：His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the

friendly fields of amateur sport.

译文：他的目的是把各国的运动员每四年一次聚集到友好的业余运动赛场上。 题目：Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.

在现代奥运会中只允许业余运动员参加比赛。

分析：原文中用aim表示“目的”，题目中用实意动词表示“事实”。把各国的运动员聚

集到友好的业余运动赛场上，这只是创建者的目的，实际情况如何，文章中没说，所以答案应为Not Given。 【例】3

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原文：In Sydney, a vast array of ethnic and local restaurants can be found to suit all palates and

pockets.

译文：在悉尼，能找到各种各样的异国风情及当地风味的餐馆，能适合于所有口味和消费。 题目：There is now a greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Sydney than in the past. 译文：现在比过去有更多种类的餐馆可供选择。

分析：原文中提到了悉尼有各种各样的异国风情及当地风味的餐馆，但并没有与过去相比，

所以答案应为Not Given。

这种题型的难点集中于Not Given，为了帮助考生彻底掌握这类题型，以下专门就Not Given题进行考点分析： 阅读步骤:

Step 1: 在题目中划出定位词。 Step 2: 定位词在文章中定位。

Step 3: 若定位词在文章中无法定位，则看有无同义转换，若无同义转换，那么确定答案是

Not Given。若在文章中可以定位题目中的定位词，那就要看一下几个方面来确定是Not Given：

1． 题目中有比较结构，在文章中出现此结构，但是比较的对象不同 2． 题目中用情态动词表示对未来的预测或者展望，而在文章中没有提及 3． 题目中有的相关修饰词（即考点词）在文章中没有相关的同义词的解释对应

4． 在文章中出现过题目中的定位词，但是通过结构多样性的比较，两者是没有关系的。 Example:

题目：The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves.

文章：No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. The athletes must choose his parents carefully. …… 5. 时间对应信息不一致，导致主体信息无法判断 Example:

题目：There was little improvement in athletic performance before the twentieth century.

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文章：Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects…….

除了以上这些方面之外，还有一些内容学要掌握以确定是否是Not Given。 Ⅰ. 题目中有比较结构，文章中无比较结构则答案判断为Not Given。 【例】：

原文: And the future? It is anticipated that, in the years to come, leisure spending will account for between a third to a half of all household spending, whilst it is difficult to give exact figures, the leisure industry will certainly experience a long period of sustained growth.

题目: In future, people will pay less for the leisure facilities they use than they do today. 分析：

第一步：确定题目中的定位词和考点词（关键词）。本题中的定位词是leisure。另外，考点词是pay和一个表示比较结构less……than。

第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。Leisure在原文中出现了两次。Pay这个词在原文中出现了词性转换和同义转换，成为了另外一个词：spending。

第三步：原文中定位另外一个关键信息：比较结构。但是原文中并没有出现此结构因此确定答案是Not Given。 【例】

原文: Healthcare providers diagnose insomnia in several ways. One way is to categorize insomnia by how often it occurs. Another way is to identify the insomnia by what is causing the sleep deprivation. The two main types of insomnia have been described as Primary Insomnia and

Secondary Insomnia. Primary Insomnia is a chronic condition with little apparent association with stress or a medical problem. The most common form of primary insomnia is psychophysiological insomnia. Secondary insomnia is caused by symptoms that accompany a medical condition such as anxiety, depression or pain.

题目: Secondary insomnia is far more common than Primary insomnia. 分析：

第一步：确定题目中的定位词。定位词是两个专有名词Secondary insomnia和Primary insomnia。而本题的关键词则是far more common than的比较结构。 第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。文章中两次出现了以上两个专有名词。

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第三步：原文中定位另外一个关键信息：比较结构。但是原文中并没有出现此结构因此确定答案是Not Given。

Ⅱ. 题目中有表示因果关系的表达方式，而原文中并没有此表述或相似结构，则答案判断为Not Given。 【例】：

原文: Working hours are not expected to decrease, partly because the 24-hour society will need to be serviced; and secondly, because more people will be needed to keep the service/leisure industries running. In the coming decades, the pace of change will accelerate generating greater wealth at a faster rate than ever before. Surveys show that this is already happening in many parts of Europe. The south-east of England, for example, is now supposedly the richest area in the EEC. The ?leisure pound? is one of the driving forces behind this surge. 题目: The 24-hour society will have a negative effect on people?s attitudes to work. 分析：

第一步：确定题目中的定位词。本题是明显的数字定位。24-hour society是明显的定位词。而本题中的关键词或考点词是表示结果的一个短语have a negative effect on。另外一个定位词是attitudes to work。

第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。24-hour society出现在原文的第一句。但是原文中无法定位任何表示因果关系的词组。而且通过浏览原文也无法搜索到有关people?s attitudes to work的信息。

因此，可以判断本题的答案是Not Given。

Ⅲ. 题目中有表示趋势的词组，而在原文中无法找到相关的表述，则答案判断为Not Given。 【例】：

原文: The future, we are told, is likely to be different. Detailed surveys of social and economic trends in the European Community show that Europe?s population is falling and getting older. The birth rate in the Community is now only three-quarters of the level needed to ensure replacement of the existing population. By the year 2020, it is predicted that more than one in four Europeans will be aged 60 or more and barely one in five will be under 20. In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the Community?s female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% of all women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% of men.

题目: The rise in the female workforce in the European Community is a positive trend. 分析：

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第一步：确定题目中的定位词。本题中的定位词是两个专有名词female workforce和European Community，专有名词在文章中一般来说不会发生同义转化。而题目中的句子的表语a positive trend则是判断的关键。

第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。原文中的一句话In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the Community?s female workforce grew by almost six million. 同时提到题目中的两个关键词。而且原文中的grew和题目中的rise构成了同义词转化和词性转化。

第三步：原文中的关键词a positive trend在原文的定位句中并没有出现，而且通过上下文的信息搜索，也没有相关的任何信息，因此答案为not given。

Ⅳ. 题目中表示明确的作者意图，而在文章中无法清晰理解此意图，则答案判断为Not Given。 【例】：

原文: I would suggest that foxes pose a greater problem, yet there is no passionate public campaign to oust foxes, presumably because it is obvious we can never eliminate the millions of wild foxes in Australia. Yet the same common sense thinking is not applied to cats. It is thought instead that, if everyone would only spay their cats, string bells around their necks and keep them in at night, cats would no longer kill wildlife. But what of the millions of feral cats in our deserts and woodlands? They are the bigger problem, but they are no more controllable than foxes or cane toads.

题目: The author believes that all wild foxes should be killed. 分析：

第一步：确定题目中的定位词。本题中的定位词是wild foxes。而题目中的关键词（或称为考点词）的词是all和be killed。此外，另外一个核心的考点是The author believes……。 第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。原文的第一句提到了上述的定位词和考点词。文章原句是I would suggest that foxes pose a greater problem, yet there is no passionate public campaign to oust foxes, presumably because it is obvious we can never eliminate the millions of wild foxes in Australia.

第三步：比较题目和文章原句的含义：

题目的中文意思是：作者认为应该杀死所有的野生狐狸。

原文句子的意思是：我的观点是狐狸引起了更加严重的问题，但是公众却没有什么热情去开展活动驱逐狐狸，这大概是因为在澳洲要消灭所有的狐狸显然是不可能的。 通过比较我们发现作者的观点在原文中和题目中是没有共同点的。

Ⅴ. 题目句子中的主谓宾结构在原文中无法对应，则答案判断为Not Given。

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【例】：

原文: In the last 20 years, scientists have detected an increasing variety of toxic contaminants in the North, including pesticides from agriculture, chemicals and heavy metals from industry, and even radioactive fall-out from Chernobyl. These are substances that have invaded ecosystems virtually worldwide, but they are especially worrisome in the Arctic. 题目: Industry in the Arctic has increased over the last 20 years. 分析：

第一步：确定题目中的定位词。定位词分别是时间表达式over the last 20 years，专有名词Arctic和主语Industry。另外，考点词是increased。

第二步：定位词到原文中定位。文章原句是: In the last 20 years, scientists have detected an increasing variety of toxic contaminants in the North, including pesticides from agriculture,

chemicals and heavy metals from industry, 我们发现在原文中的时间对应词和题目中的相同，而Arctic在原文中也没有变化。而考点词在原文中转化成了increasing。原文的表述是 an increasing variety of toxic contaminants，说明增加的是variety of toxic contaminants，而题目中的主语是Industry。而industry在文章中的表述是……heavy metals from industry。但这并不能判断工业是否增长。所以本题判断为not given。

Ⅵ. 题目和原文都有比较，但是比较对象不同，则答案判断为Not Given。 【例】：

原文: Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected.

题目: Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances. 分析：

题目和原文都有比较，比较的关键词是reach the brain faster than，原文中有一个同义词转换结构reaches the brain more quickly than。其中faster和more quickly构成了同义词转换的用法。

题目中比较的两方面是Snorted substances和injected substances。而原文的比较内容是a smoked substance和swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected。题目中的比较对象在原文中是并列关系，因此无法进行比较，所以答案判断为not given。

Ⅶ. 题目中表示现在状况，而文章中表示将来的可能性，则答案判断为Not Given；反之亦然。 【例】：

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原文: Nearly half the world?s population will experience critical water shortages by 2025, according to the United Nations (UN). Wars over access to water are a rising possibility in this century and the main conflicts in Africa during the next 25 years could be over this most precious of commodities, as countries fight for access to scarce resources. 题目: Some African countries are currently at war over water resources. 分析：

题目中定位词African countries，war，water在原文中都可以定位相应的词汇。 但是题目中的关键词是currently，而在文章中的表述是……during the next 25 years could be……。现在和将来的两种状态无法进行比较。所以答案判断为not given。

Ⅷ. 原文中有表示极端的修饰词如most, all, any等，而在文章中无法搜索到相关的同义表述，则答案判断为Not Given。 【例】：

原文: Hydroelectric power is at present the earth?s chief renewable electricity source, generating 6% of global energy and about 15% of worldwide electricity. Hydroelectric power in Canada is plentiful and provides 60% of their electrical requirements. Usually regarded as an inexpensive and clean source of electricity, most big hydroelectric projects being planned today are facing a great deal of hostility from environmental groups and local people. 题目: Canada uses the most hydroelectric power in the world today. 分析：

通过题目中的两个专有名词Canada和hydroelectric power定位。原文提到了Hydroelectric power in Canada is plentiful and provides 60% of their electrical requirements. 但是并没有说到most……in the world today。从上下文的关系来看文章中提到的most big hydroelectric projects being planned today are facing a great deal of hostility from environmental groups and local people也与题目的表述无关。。所以答案判断为not given。 所以本题判断为not given。 练习：

Exercise A Questions 1——9

Do the statements below agree with the information in the sentence above them? Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information in the text

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information in the text

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say whether the statement agrees with or contradicts the information in the text

1.Many lecturers find their jobs very rewarding． A Many lecturers are well paid．

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B All lecturers get something positive from their work． C The majority of lecturers get satisfaction from their work 2.Computers are gaining in popularity，despite their cost． A Computers are getting cheaper B Computers are expensive

C Computers used to be more popular than they are now

3.As a result of increasing affluence，an ever larger number of families now have two cars． A Most families nowadays have two cars B People are getting richer。

C Cars are becoming more expensive．

4.Educational standards in schools have，in general，been gradually improving． A Schools have been getting better．

B The education in schools has not been improving．

C Educational standards are not as unsatisfactory as they used to be． 5.In families，the traditional roles of men and women are often reversed if the man becomes unemployed．

A Unemployment can affect the way that families operate．

B In families where the woman has a job，men and women usually have traditional roles． C Unemployment does not affect the role of a man in the fami1y．

6.Although the hazards of boxing have been well publicized，the government has not yet to introduce a ban on the sport．

A The government does not want to ban boxing． B The hazards of boxing are not very well．known C A ban on boxing has not been introduced yet．

7.There is as much money to be made from the sale of umbrellas on rainy days，as there is from cold drinks when the temperature rises．

A Cold drinks sell well when it gets warmer． B When it rains，older people buy umbrellas C The author is a shopkeeper．

8.While it is acknowledged for many years that an increasing number of animals are bound to become extinct，it is only recently that the problem has been addressed by politicians． A Recently people have been writing to our politicians about animals becoming extinct． B We have known for a long time that more species of animals will disappear． C Politicians have been fighting animal extinction for many years．

9.Most people would be amazed if they realized how many different types of insect life exist in their very own garden．

A The majority of gardeners are not surprised at the range of insect life in their garden． B It is impossible to count the different types of insect life in a garden．

C There are more types of insect life in the average garden than most people think Key1

1——9 1 A. NG B. F C. NG

2. A. NG B.T C. F 3. A. NG B.T C . NG 4. A. T B. F C. NG

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5. A. T B. NG C. F 6. A. NG B. F C. T 7. A. T B. NG C. NG 8. A. NG B. T C. F 9. A. NG B. NG C. T

Exercise B

The term formal learning is used in this paper to refer to all learning which takes place in the classroom，irrespective of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies．Informal learning on the other hand is used to refer to learning which takes place outside the classroom．

These definitions provide the essential，though by no means sole，difference between the two modes of learning.Formal learning is decontextualized from daily life and，indeed，as Scribner and Cole(1 973：553)have observed，may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those nurtured in practical daily life．A characteristic feature of formal learning is the centrality of activities which are not closely paralleled by activities outside the classroom．The classroom can prepare for，draw on，and imitate the challenges of adult life outside the classroom，but it cannot，by its nature，consist of these challenges．

In doing this，language plays a critical role as the major channel for information exchange．”Success“in the classroom requires a student to master this abstract code．As Bernstein(1 969：1 52)noted，the language of the classroom is more similar to the language used by middle—class families than that used by working—class families．Middle—class children thus find it easier to acquire the language of the classroom than their working—class peers．

Informal learning，in contrast，Occurs in the setting to which it relates，making learning immediately relevant．In this context．1anguage does not occupy such an important role：the child?s experience of learning is more holistic，involving sight，touch，taste，and smell-senses that are under-utilised in the classroom．

Whereas formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child?s socialization. Adults or older children who are proficient in the skill or activity provide——sometimes unintentionally——target models of behaviour in the course of everyday activity．Informal learning，therefore，can take place at any time and is not subject to the limitations imposed by institutional timetabling．

The motivation of the learner provides another critical difference between the two modes of learning．The formal learner is generally motivated by some kind of external goal such as parental approval，social status，and potential financial reward．The informal learner，however，tends to be motivated by successful completion of the task itself and the partial acquisition of adult status．

Given that learning systems develop as a response to the social and economic contexts in which they are embedded．it is understandable that modern，highly urbanised societies have concentrated

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almost exclusively on the establishment of formal education systems．What these societies have failed to recognize are the ways in which formal learning inhibits the child?S multi—sensory acquisition of practical skills．Wolthorpe(1 973：23)speculates that the failure to provide a child with a holistic education may in part account for many of the social problems which plague our societies．

Questions 1——8

Do the following statements agree with the information in the Reading Passage? Write： TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

1.Scribner and Cole regard classroom learning as parallel to learning in daily life.

2.Language does not occupy as important a role in informal learning as it does in formal learning． 3.In quoting Bernstein，the author implies that working—class children are disadvantaged by the language used in the classroom．

4.FormaI learning excludes the use of sight，touch，taste and smell.

5.Classroom teachers do not provide models of adult behaviour

6.Adults and older children always seek to provide target models of behaviour for younger children．

7.The informal learner is generally more highly motivated than the formal learner.

8.There may be a link between the absence of holistic education in modern urbanized societies and the incidence of social problems in these societies Keys:

1——8 F T T F NG F N G T Exercise C

When was the last time you saw a frog? Chances are, if you live in a city, you have not seen one for some time. Even in wet areas once teeming with frogs and toads, it is becoming less and less easy to find those slimy, hopping and sometimes poisonous members of the animal kingdom. All over the world, and even in remote parts of Australia, frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise. Are amphibians simply oversensitive to changes in the ecosystem? Could it be that their rapid decline in numbers is signaling some coming environmental disaster for us all? This frightening scenario is in part the consequence of a dramatic increase over the last quarter century in the development of once natural areas of wet marshland; home not only to frogs but to all manner of wildlife. However, as yet, there are no obvious reasons why certain frog species are disappearing from rainforests in Australia that have barely been touched by human hand. The mystery is unsettling to say the least, for it is known that amphibian species are extremely sensitive to environmental variations in temperature and

moisture levels. The danger is that planet Earth might not only lose a vital link in the ecological food chain (frogs keep populations of otherwise pestilent insects at manageable levels), but we might be increasing our output of air pollutants to levels that may have already become irreversible. Frogs could be inadvertently warning us of a catastrophe.

An example of a species of frog that, at far as is known, has become extinct, is the platypus frog. Like the well-known Australian mammal it was named after, it exhibited some very strange

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behaviour; instead of giving birth to tadpoles in the water, it raised its young within its stomach. The baby frogs were actually born from out of their mother's mouth. Discovered in 1981, less than ten years later the frog had completely vanished from the crystal clear waters of Booloumba Creek near Queensland's Sunshine Coast. Unfortunately, this freak of nature is not the only frog species to have been lost in Australia. Since the 1970s, no less than eight others have suffered the same fate.

One theory that seems to fit the facts concerns the depletion of the ozone layer, a well documented phenomenon which has led to a sharp increase in ultraviolet radiation levels.The ozone layer is meant to shield the Earth from UV rays, but increased radiation may be having a greater effect upon frog populations than previously believed. Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs.

Questions 1——11

Do the following statements agree with the information in the Reading Passage? Write： TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 1.Frogs are disappearing only from city areas. 2.Frogs and toads are usually poisonous.

3.Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying.

4.The frogs' natural habitat is becoming more and more developed. 5.Attempts are being made to halt the development of wet marshland. 6.Frogs are important in the ecosystem because they control pests. 7.The platypus frog became extinct by 1991.

8.Frogs usually give birth to their young in an underwater nest. 9.Eight frog species have become extinct so far in Australia.

10.There is convincing evidence that the ozone layer is being depleted.

11.It is a fact that frogs' breeding cycles are upset by worldwide in creases in temperature. Answer Keys

1.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.NG 6.T 7.T 8.NG 9.F 10.T 11.F

Exercise D

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Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information

Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future.

The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video.

A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person

connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required.

Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight.

Questions 1——10

Do the following statements agree with the information in the Reading Passage? Write： TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 1.Everyone is aware of the Information Superhighway. 2.Using the Internet costs the owner of a telephone extra money. 3.Internet computer connections are made by using telephone lines. 4.The World Wide Web is a network of computerised typewriters.

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5.According to the author, the Information Superhighway may be the future hope of education. 6.The process called 'hypertext' requires the use of a mouse device. 7.The Internet was created in the 1990s.

8.The 'home page' is the first screen of a 'Web' site on the 'Net'. 9.The media has often criticised the Internet because it is dangerous.

10. The latest technological revolution will change the way humans communicate. Answer Keys

1.F 2.NG 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T

第二节 Multiple Choice（选择题）

雅思阅读中的选择题有两种形式，一是四选一的单选题，二是提供五个以上选项的多选题。这种题目考生较为熟悉，在雅思考试中选择题也是细节题，不会要求考生对文章内容进行推理或对文章主旨进行总结，只要考生能找到文中相应的信息点就可以，解题也比较容易。 攻略：

·分析题干后阅读文章，在原文中寻找题干所要求的信息点。 ·选择题最常用的排除法在这里也适用。 【例】

The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters. Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels. We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a \ over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized in our short 100 years of recording. However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue, scientists--and inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas--would like to know the extent of future sea level rises. 题目

Scientists do not know for sure why the air and surface of ocean temperatures are rising because… 选项

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A there is too much variability. B there is not enough variability.

C they have not been recording these temperatures for enough time. D the changes have only been noticed for 100 years.

科学家对大气和海洋表面的温度上升原因不确定，是因为： A 变化太多。(并非原因) B 变化太少。(并非原因)

C 他们对温度变化的记录时间不够长。(正确) D 仅观察了100年的变化。(迷惑项)

分析：题目本身没有特殊关键词(人名、地名、时间、数字或生词)，所以需回原文找语言

重现。原文第3行说We can not say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect (我们不敢确定地说温度增加是由于温室效应)，实际上就是题干的同义重现，答案即下文的the heating may be part of a “natural?? variability over a long time-scale that we have not yet recognized in our short l00 years of recording。这个句子

解释了原因，即温度上升也许是自然变化的一部分，而我们在短短的100年记录过程中还没有认识到这种变化规律。选项C与D都是原文的重现，但D用的动词notice与原文record意思不符，所以C更接近原文。

练习：

Exercise 1

Calculating this is not easy：Models used for the purpose have treated the ocean as passive，stationary and one—dimensional．Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere．Using basic physical laws，they then predict how much a known volume of water would expand for a given increase In temperature．But the oceans are not one-dimensional，and recent work by oceanographers，using a new model which takes into account a number of subtle facets of the sea——including vast and complex ocean currents—suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted·

New research leads scientists to believe that·-- A the oceans are less complex．

B the oceans are more complex．

C the oceans will rise more than expected D the oceans will rise less than expected． Key: D Exercise 2

Even though earthquake prone countries spend enormous human and financial resources on seismographic measurement，as a means of predicting earthquakes，there is a danger in paying too much heed to seeming high risk zones and erecting less stable buildings solely because of their being in a low risk zone．Prior to the earthquake，Kobe was not regarded as at serious risk，but

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after the disaster，investigation of the damage revealed that nearly all deaths occurred in small buildings that shattered rather than twisted when stressed．Coupled with the problem of soft soils，the buildings had little firm support and many crumbled，If countries wish to withstand the devastating forces of substantial earthquakes and reduce death，injury and property damage，it is important to design and construct buildings that are earthquake resistant，as well as monitor seismic forces．

1. It is now believed that…

A. low—risk zones are relatively safe。

B. high-risk zones are more dangerous than low．risk zones．

C .low—risk zones may in fact be very dangerous due to poorly constructed buildings D .high—risk zones have stable buildings. 2. Soft soils…

A .together with poorly constructed buildings and being jn high-risk zones greatly contribute to earthquakes devastation.

B. cause earthquakes.

C. cause buildings to twist rather than shatter． D. crumble buildings．

3. Seismologists．．．

A .can predict the potential destruction of a city by an earthquake. B. cannot predict where an earthquake may occur．

C had been investigating Kobe?s potential for an earthquake and had warned the inhabitants. D could work with other professionals to understand and try to minimize the level of death and injury caused by major earthquakes． Keys: 1-3 CAD 多选题 【例】

Computerised data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paperless office．But，contrary to expectations，paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating．In fact，consumption，especially of printing and writing papers，continues to increase．World demand for paper and board is now expected to grow faster than the general economic growth in the next 1 5 years．Strong demand will be underpinned by the growing industrialization of South—East Asia, the reemergence of paper packaging, greater use of facsimile machines and photocopiers，and the popularity of direct-mail advertising．

It is possible that by 2007，world paper and board demand will reach 455 million tones compared with 241 million tonnes in 1 991．

QUESTION 1-4

Below is a list of possible factors，A—G，which will influence the amount of paper being used ha the future．From the list, choose FOUR factors which are mentioned in the Paragraph above．Write your answers A-G, in the spaces on the answer sheet. A . more people read newspapers B. increased use of paper bags

C. increased book production for education D .wider use of sign post advertising

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E. increased use 0f fax machines

F .wider use of leaflet advertising G. greater use of duplicating machines 分析：

题目要求选择4个影响将来纸张使用量的因素。原文中有 In fact,?consumption continues to increase (纸张使用量持续增长)。又说 World demand for paper and board is now expected to grow faster than the general economic growth in the next 15 years.(世界对纸张和纸板的需求增长速度将在15年后超过经济增长速度。)也就是有因素不断刺激的结果。那么下文的5个并列就一定是答案的出处：Strong demand will be underpinned by the growing industrialization of South—East Asia, the reemergence of paper packaging，greater use of facsimile machines and photocopiers，and the popularity of direct-mail advertising．尽管underpin 是生词，但它只能是“加强”的意思。原文所列第一条“东南亚的逐渐工业化”选项里没有。第二条“纸类包装的重现”对应B选项“纸袋使用增加”。第三条“传真机使用增加”和第四条“复印件使用增加”，分别对应选项E和G。最后一条是“直达广告的流行”，选项D和F都讲广告，但sign post advertising 指“路边的大广告”，direct-mail advertising 指“直接邮寄广告”。所以答案选B，E，F，G。 Keys:1-4 BEFG

Exercise 3 多选题

An international forum on climate change，in 1 986，produced figures for likely sea—level rises of 20cm and 1．4m，corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5℃and 4.5 ℃ respectively．Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 1 0cm and 40cm.This model only takes into account the temperature effect on the oceans；it does not consider changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers，and changes in ground water storage．When we add on estimates of these，we arrive at figures for total sea-leveI rises of 1 5cm and 70cm respectively．

QUESTIONS 1——3

Look at the following list of factors A—F and select THREE which are mentioned in the reading passage which may contribute to the rising ocean levels．

List of Factors

A thermal expansion B melting ice

C increased air temperature D higher rainfall

E changes in the water table F increased ocean movement

Keys:1——3 CBE Exercise 4

Day after day we hear about how anthropogenic development is causing global warming.

According to an increasingly vocal minority，however，we should be asking ourselves how much of this is media hype and how much is based on real evidence．It seems，as so often is the case，

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that it depends on which expert you listen to，or which statistics you study．

Yes，it is true that there is a mass of evidence to indicate that the world is getting warmer，with one of the world?s leading weather predictors stating that air temperatures have shown an increase of just under half a degree Celsius since the beginning of the twentieth century．And while this may not sound like anything worth losing sleep over，the international press would have US believe that the consequences could be devastating．Other experts，however，are of the opinion that what we are seeing is just part of a natural upward and downward swing that has always been part of the cycle of global weather．An analysis of the views of major meteorologists in the United States showed that less than 20％0f them believed that any change in temperature over the last hundred years was our own fault—the rest attributed it to natural cyclical changes．

There is，of course，no denying that we are still at a very early stage in understanding weather．The effects Of such variables as rainfall, cloud formation, the seas and oceans，gases such as methane and ozone，or even solar energy are still not really understood, and therefore the predictions that we make using them cannot always be relied on．Dr．James Hansen，in 1 988，was predicting that the likely effects of global warming would be a raising of world temperature which would have disastrous consequences for mankind: “a strong cause and effect relationship between the current climate and human alteration of the atmosphere”．He has now gone on record as stating that using artificial models of climate as a way of predicting change is all but impossible．In fact，he now believes that，rather than getting hotter，our planet is getting greener as a result of the carbon dioxide increase，with the prospect of increasing vegetation in areas which in recent history have been frozen wastelands．

In fact，there is some evidence to suggest that as our computer—based weather models have become more sophisticated，the predicted rises in temperature have been cut back．In addition，if we look at the much reported rise in global temperature over the last century，a close analysis reveals that the lion。S share of that increase，almost three quarters in total，occurred before man began to”poison“his world with industrial processes and the accompanying greenhouse gas emissions in the second half of the twentieth century．

So should we pay any attention to those stories that scream out at US from billboards and television news headlines，claiming that man，with his inexhaustible dependence on oil—based machinery and ever more sophisticated forms of transport is creating a nightmare level of greenhouse gas emissions，poisoning his environment and ripping open the ozone layer? Doubters point to scientific evidence，which can prove that，of all the greenhouse gases，only two percent come from man—made sources，the rest resulting from natural emissions.

Who，then，to believe：the environmentalist exhorting us to leave the car at home，to buy re—usable products packaged in recycled paper and to plant trees in our back yard? Or the skeptics., including，of course，a lot of big businesses who have most to lose, when they tell us that we are making a mountain out of a molehill? And my own opinion? The jury?s still out as far as I am concerned!

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Questions 1—8

Choose the appropriate letters A-D for each question 1. The author ??

A believes that man is causing global warming． B believes that global warming is a natural process．

C is sure what the causes of global warming are．

D does not say what he believes the cause of global warming are． 2. As to the cause of global warming，the author believes that?? A. occasionally the facts depend on who you are talking to． B. the facts always depend on who you are talking to. C. often the facts depend on which expert you listen to． D. you should not speak to experts．

3. More than 80％of the top meteorologists in the United States are of the opinion that^ A . global warming should make US lose sleep-

B. global warming is not the result of natural cyclical changes, but man-made. C. the consequences of global warming will be devastating.

D. global warming is not man—made．but the result of natural cyclical changes. 4. Our understanding of weather?? A leads to reliable predictions B is variable．

C cannot be denied．

D is not very developed yet．

5. Currently，Dr．James Hansen?s beliefs include the fact that?? A. it is nearly impossible to predict weather change using artificial models· B . the consequences of global warming would be disastrous，for mankind-

C. there is a significant link between the climate now，and man?s changing of the atmosphere． D Earth is getting colder。

6. Most of the increase in global temperature happened?? A. in the first half 0f the twentieth century． B. in the second half of the twentieth century． C. in the first half of the nineteenth century． D. in the second half of the nineteenth century． 7. Many big businesses??

A are exhorting US to leave the car at home． B benefit a lot from global warming．

C are on the side of environmentalists as regards the cause of global warming． D are on the side of the skeptics as regards the cause of global warming． 8. Which of these is the best title for this text?

A Global Warming Is for Real

B. Global Warming——Media Hype or Genuine Threat? C. Weather Changes over the Last 1 00 Years

D. Global Warming——the Greatest Threat to Mankind Keys:1——4 DCDD 5——8AADB

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Exercise 5

New-Age Transport

Computerised design，advanced materials and new technologies are being used to produce machines of a type never seen before．

It looks as if it came straight from the set of Star Wars．It has four—wheel drive and rises above rocky surfaces．It lowers and raises its nose when going up and down hills．And when it comes to a river，it turns amphibious：two hydrojets power it along by blasting water under its body．There is room for two passengers and a driver，who sit inside a glass bubble operating electronic，aircraft-type controls．A vehicle so daring on land and water needs windscreen wipers—but it doesn?t have any．Water molecules are disintegrated on the screen?s surface by ultrasonic sensors。

This unusual vehicle is the Racoon．It is an invention not of Hollywood but of Renault，a rather conservative French state—owned carmaker，better known for its family hatchbacks．Renault built the Racoon to explore new freedoms for designers and engineers created by advances in materials and manufacturing processes．Renault is thinking about startlingly different cars；other producers have radical new ideas for trains，boats and aeroplanes．

The first of the new freedoms is in design．Powerful computer-aided design (CAD) systems can replace with a click of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards．So new products，no matter how complicated，can be developed much faster．For the first time，Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of its new airliner，the 777，to make sure all the bits fit together．Its CAD system will take care of that．

But Renault is taking CAD further．It claims the Racoon is the world。S first vehicle to be designed within the digitised world of virtual reality．Complex programs were used to simulate the vehicle and the terrain that it was expected to cross．This allowed a team led by Patrick：Le Quement，Renault?s industrial—design director，to“drive”it long before a prototype existed．

Renault is not alone in thinking that virtual reality will transform automotive design. In Detroit，Ford is also investigating its potential．Jack Telnac，the firm。S head of design，would like designers in different parts of the world to work more closely together，linked by computers．They would do more than style cars．Virtual reality will allow engineers to peer inside the working parts of a vehicle．Designers will watch bearings move，oil flow，gears mesh and hydraulics pump．As these techniques catch on，even stranger vehicles are likely to come along．

Transforming these creations from virtual reality to actual reality will also become easier，especially with advances in materials．Firms that once bashed everything out of steel now find that new alloys or composite materials(which can be made from mixtures of plastic，resin，ceramics and metals，reinforced with fibres such as glass or carbon)are changing the rules of

manufacturing．At the same time，old materials keep getting better，as their producers try to secure their place in the factory of the future．This competition is increasing the pace of development of all materials．

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One company in this field is Scaled Composites．It was started in 1 982 by Burt Rutan，an aviator who has devised many unusual aircraft。His company develops and tests prototypes that have ranged from business aircraft to air racers．It has also worked on composite sails for the America?s. Cup yacht race and on General Motors? Ultralite, a 100-miles-per-gallon experimental family car built from carbon fibre．

Again，the Racoon reflects this race between the old and the new．It uses conventional steel and what Renault describes as a new“high-limit elastic steel”in its chassis．This steel is 30％lighter than the usual kind．The Racoon also has parts made from composites．Renault plans to replace the petrol engine with a small gas turbine，which could be made from heat—resisting ceramics．and use it to run a generator that would provide power for electric motors at each wheel．

With composites it is possible to build many different parts into a single component. Fiat，Italy?s biggest car maker，has worked out that it could reduce the number of components needed in one of its car bodies from 1 50 to 1 6 by using a composite shell rather than one made of steel．Aircraft and cars may increasingly be assembled as if they were plastic kits．

Advances in engine technology also make cars lighter．The Ultralite，which Scaled Composites helped to design for General Motors，uses a two—stroke engine in a“power pod”at the rear of the vehicle．The engine has been developed from an East German design and weighs 40％less than a conventional engine but produces as much power．It is expected to run cleanly enough to qualify as an ultra-low emissions vehicle under California。S tough new rules．

Questions 1—5

Choose the appropriate letters A-D for each question 1. How does the Racoon cross water? A lt swims． B It raises its nose C It uses hydrojets．

D It uses its four．wheel drive． 2. What is Renault most famous for? A. startlingly different cars B． family cars C advances in design D boat and train design

3. Why will Boeing not need a replica of the 7777 A It can use computers to check the design． B It already has enough experience with plans．

C It will only need to upgrade the replica of the previous mode D It can make sure all the bits fit together． 4. How did Renault test drive the Racoon? A over rocky terrain B in actual reality

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C over French country roads

D in virtual reality

5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an ingredient of a composite? A oil B resin C glass

D steeI

Keys: 1——5 CBADA Exercise 6

Black Box Tells Its Secrets

The“black box”in an aircraft is actually orange in color with two white stripes painted on its surface．

“It is like a shock-proof，heat-proof tape recorder，”says Mr. Hellyer，Cathay Airlines technical services superintendent of aircraft electronics．“About half the size of a home video recorder，it is bright orange in color so that，in the event of a crash，it can be more easily found．Inside its one-centimeter-thick steel case is a layer of waxy insulating material, three centimeters thick，for extra fire-resistance and to reduce the shock of impact．Inside this is the motor，electronics and 160 meters of magnetic tape which records about 50 aspects of the aircraft?s operation over the previous 25 hours．”

“It weighs 10 kilograms and can withstand heat of 1200℃ over half its surface area for 30 minutes as well as the weight of very heavy，sharpened spikes being dropped on it．It is almost indestructible．However，in the case of the EL AL aircraft which crashed into a tower block in Amsterdam only minutes after take-off, the device was so badly damaged by the resulting fire and explosion of the plane?s full petrol tanks that the tape could not be played back．”

“The black box is also fitted with an underwater beacon which gives off ultrasonic signals when an aircraft crashes into the sea and this signal helps in the search for the location of the crash．In 1974 a TWA Boeing 707 exploded in mid-air above the Ionian Sea near Greece．When the wreckage was eventually found a month later，the black box was found lying on the ocean bed 3km below the sea surface，still signaling,” he continued．

The black box was made compulsory for all aircraft in the late 1950?s and is located near the tail of the airplane．It is the safest area as the tail is usually found to be the least damaged after a crash．Next to it is another armored box, the cockpit voice recorder which records everything picked up by a microphone in the cockpit on a tape loop 30 minutes long．The two boxes look very similar and sometimes even rescuers mistake one for the other．

At the front is another unit，not designed to withstand a crash．Called the brains of the system，this flight data acquisition unit collects data from all over the aircraft and compresses it into a single stream of digital data to be sent to the crash．proof recorder．

After a crash and when the black box is found，the accident investigators play the tape and present their evidence．“The pilot could have been careless or the manufacturer could have been at fault or a bomb could have been placed on board，”says Mr. Hellyer．“Whatever the cause，the black box can point the finger of blame．”

“Apart from that，the box is also used on a day-to-day basis to help locate any problems in maintenance，check each engine?s performance and in other ways．This data will ensure even more

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safety for passengers and crew，”Mr. Hellyer concluded．

Select the most appropriate answer for each of the following questions· 1．According to the passage，the black box ． A) is painted a bright color to make it easy to locate B) is painted black to make it heat-proof C) is made of steel to make it waterproof

D) is packed with wax insulating material to make it shock-proof

2．The black box is considered “almost indestructible” because

A) its case is made of material stronger than steel

B) it can support the heavy weight of sharpened spikes

C) it is，to a great extent，both heat-proof and shock-proof

D) there has never been a case where it was damaged beyond use

3．The example of the 1974 TWA Boeing 707 crash is used to show that the beacon in the black box——.

A) gives off light to illuminate it in dark waters B) can function for a long time

C) is equipped with a long—lasting battery inside D) beeps when it sends out signals

4．We learn from the passage that_____.

A) the tail of a plane is seldom damaged in a crash B) a plane is usually equipped with two black boxes C) another black box is also installed in the cockpit

D) the cockpit voice recorder is also located near the tai1 of the plane 5．Why isn?t the flight data acquisition unit designed to withstand a crash? A) Because it is only the brains of the system． B) Because it is only used on a day-to-day basis．

C) Because it does not contain the data of the plane?s flight record．

D) Because it is only responsible for checking the engine?s performance．

KEY: ACBDC

第三节List of Headings(段落标题对应题)

雅思阅读文章的段落较多，一般是在10段左右，段落标题的题目要求给每段话找个小标题。小标题即指该段话的段落大意，中心思想，主旨。一般会先给出其中几段的标题，要求考生对剩下的段落从提供的选项中挑选合适的标题，主要考查考生抓段落主旨的能力。此类题是雅思考试中考查最为频繁的题型之一。如果有List of Headings题应该先做，先把每一个给出的Heading中心词划出，分析一下，其对应段落可能出现在文章的什么位置，如Headings中出现definition, explanation, essence, concept, justification, generalization, what is…, background, basic, fundamental, intrinsic等词的对应段落应该在文章开头部分，出现compare, contrast, similar, change等词的大多在文章中间部分，而出现results, conclusion, summary,

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consequence, impact, effect等就应该在文章后半部；有的中心词是在告诉你段落中会出现的内容，比如有cost, expense, financial, budget一定会有钱出现，number, figure, data, census, statistics一定有数字，percentage, rate/ratio, proportion, density一定有百分比出现在相应段落中；做好了以上几步，要一一对应就不难了。 攻略：

·可以先对全文进行浏览(skim reading )，在文章中把作为例子的段落划掉，以免对例子

段落进行不必要的精读。

·标记出每段的核心词，到所提供的选项中寻找对应项。也可以先看选项，标记出选项

中核心词，回到原文中去寻找段落的核心词。

·不要在较难的题上花费更多的时间，而应选择较易回答的题目进行匹配，最后所剩即

为该难题的答案。

·要仔细检察答案，因为答错一题，就意味着答错两道题。

·此题型的关键点是选项核心词与段落核心词或主题句的相互对应。

【例】1

List of Heading

(i) Responsibilities of responding police officers (ii) Perceived advantages of rapid response (iii) Police response to public satisfaction

(iv) Communicating response time to people requesting help (v) When rapid response is and is not necessary

(vi) Role of technology in improving police response (vii) Response time and success of response (viii) Public demand for catching criminals (ix) Obstacles to quickly contacting the police

An important part of police strategy ,rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public alike as offering tremendous benefits．The more obvious ones are the ability of police to apply first-aid lifesaving techniques quickly and the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime．It aids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime，as well as in collecting evidence．The overall reputation of a police department, too，is enhanced if rapid response is consistent，and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime．Needless to say，rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force

本段第1句说警方的快速反应被视做提供了很多好处，但并没有总分标志for example或它的变体，所以我们必须往下读。第2句说The more obvious ones are?(更明显的好处是??)其实是在举例说明。第3句It aids in identifying?(它还帮助识别??)也是在讲好处。从下文The overall reputation of a police department，too，is enhanced中的too一词可以看出，这一句还是在说警方快速反应的好处。再有，最后一句rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force(快速反应使公众对警方表示出某种程度的满意)。所以，本段主要在说警方快速反应的好处。答案选(ii)Perceived advantages of rapid response。这里的

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perceived等于原文首句的seen，advantages等于首句中的benefits。 当段落结构明显时也需要兼顾全段的含义。

【例】2

List of Heading

(i) Responsibilities of responding police officers (ii) Perceived advantages of rapid response

(iii) Police response to public satisfaction

(iv) Communicating response time to people requesting help (V) When rapid response is and is not necessary

(vi) Role of technology in improving police response (vii) Response time and success of response (viii) Public demand for catching criminals (ix) Obstacles to quickly contacting the police

The effectiveness of rapid response also needs to be seen in light of the nature of the crime．For example，when someone rings the police after discovering their television set has been stolen from their home，there is little point，in terms of identifying those responsible for the crime，in ensuring a very rapid response．It is common in such burglary or theft cases that the victim discovers the crime hours，days，even weeks after it has occurred．When the victim is directly involved in the crime，however，as in the case of a robbery，rapid response，provided the victim was quickly able to contact the police，is more likely to be advantageous．Based on statistics comparing crimes that are discovered and those in which the victim is directly involved, Spelman and Brown(1981)suggest that three in four calls to police need not be met with rapid response．

本段是典型的总分段。出现了分述的标志词组for example。可是首句“快速反应的效率也应从犯罪性质来看\在备选项里根本没有提到，所以结构本身无法确定答案，必须阅读细节内容。原文讲了两个方面：在偷盗案件中快速反应不必要，在抢劫案件中快速反应非常重要。所以，(V)When rapid response is and is not necessary本段最恰当的标题。

【例】3

List of Heading

(i) The effect of changing demographics on organizations (ii) Future changes in the European workforce (iii) The unstructured interview and its validity (iv) The person—skills match approach to selection (v) The implications of a poor person—environment fit (vi) Some poor selection decisions (vii) The validity of selection procedures (viii)The person—environment fit

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(ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe

(x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organizational failure

Poor selection decisions are expensive．For example，the costs of training a policeman are about￡20，000(approx．US$30，000)．The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oilrig or In a nuclear plant could，in an emergency，result in millions of pounds of damage or loss of life．The disharmony of a poor person-environment fit(PE-fit)is likely to result in low job satisfaction，lack of organizational commitment and employee stress，which affect organizational outcomes i.e．productivity，high labour turnover and absenteeism，and individual outcomes i.e．physical，psychological and mental well—being．

本段也是总分结构。如果只看首句，会选第(vi)项Some poor selection decisions作为答案， 但后文却在说不良选择的后果和含义。所以正确答案是(v) The implications of a poor person—environment fit.

练习：

Why did a promising heart drug fail?

Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol.

1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of 'good' cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.

2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of

torcetrapib, a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In a trial of 15000 patients, a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone.

3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. \my knowledge,\National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib. \

4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically, torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density, plaque-promoting ones. Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the 'bad' low-density lipoproteins.

Under pressure

5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired, something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence from

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earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation, it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.

6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed, says Moti Kashyap, who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach, California. When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver, they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP, which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL, might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body. \ou're blocking a physiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway,\Kashyap. Going up

7. Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by one means or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients. But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood. One approved drug, called niacin, is known to both raise HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling. Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower disease risk more than statins alone. Scientists are also working on several other means to bump up high-density lipoproteins by, for example, introducing synthetic HDLs. \know is dead in the water is torcetrapib, not the whole idea of raising HDL,\director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore. (613 words nature)

Questions 1-7

This passage has 7 paragraphs 1-7.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings i. How does torcetrapib work?

ii. Contradictory result prior to the current trial iii. One failure may possibly bring about future success iv. The failure doesn?t lead to total loss of confidence v. It is the right route to follow

vi. Why it?s stopped

vii. They may combine and theoretically produce ideal result viii. What?s wrong with the drug ix. It might be wrong at the first place

Example answer Paragraph 1 iv

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1． Paragraph 2 2． 3． 4． 5．

Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 Paragraph 5 Paragraph 6

6． Paragraph 7

Keys:

1． vi 2．ii 3．vii 4．iii 5．ix 6． v

7． A 8． B 9． B 10． C 11． D 12． A 13． C

第四节 Summary/gapfill (摘要题、填空题型)

雅思的这类题令很多考生头痛。它很像我们熟悉的完型填空题，该类题目是一段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，我们称之为摘要。摘要中有几个空白部分要求考生填空。按照范围，摘要可分为两种：全文摘要和部分段落摘要。全文摘要，题目空格的数目较多。部分段落摘要，摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，题目空格的数目较少。最近考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两到三段，题目空格的数量在5 题左右。对于部分段落摘要，有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落，如complete the summary below of the first two paragraphs of the reading passage。但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。按照填空内容，摘要也可分为三种：原文原词、从多个选项中选词和自己写词。原文原词的题目要求中常有from the reading passage 的字样。从多个选项中选词，选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。从多个选项中选词或自己写词的题目要求中没有from the reading passage 的字样，有时会有using the information in the passage 的字样。最近考试中，绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词，很少有自己写词的。Summary/gapfill填空题是原文的改写或概括，句子之间相互联系。所以要放慢速度把原文和题目的句子仔细做比较。 【例】

Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. Questions 1-2

Complete the summary below of the Reading Passage. Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil in that firstly it comes from a resource which is ... 1 ... and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is ...2 ... Although Australia's record in the re-use of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of recycled fibre and virgin fibre to make new paper.

分析：第1题在SUMMARY的首句中，有很多定位标志。例如：From the point of view of

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recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and oil是在拿纸张与矿石和石油做比较，这层比较关系可能重现。in that firstly it comes from a resource which is ?1?是因果关系，它也可能重现。而且第一个空格在定语从句中，但从句里尚未出现修饰语，可见空格是用来修饰resource一词，所以也可用resource来找重现。原文首句Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource trees．包含3类重现，最明显的是resource的一一重现，所以它前面的形容词sustainable就是答案。原文次句又说Unlike the mineral sands and oil used to make plastics and metals，trees are replaceable,再一次做比较，由于sustainable resource等于trees，所以第1题也可选replaceable。注意两个答案都是生词。

第2题?and secondly it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is ?2?包含重要的因果关系：because前果后因。原文也重现了这层因果关系：Paper is also biodegradable，so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded．而且我们发现两者结果相同，都是“丢弃纸张带来的威胁不大”，所以原因必然相同，答案为biodegradable。这两题都考查了生词。如果我们能把握文章和题目之间的对应关系，就能跳过对生词的理解，确定正确答案。

解题步骤

1．仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。

2. 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。对应词的特点如下：

（1）原词

（2）词性变化：如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。 （3）语态变化：一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。

（4）同义词：如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。

（5） 比较生僻的词：如sustainable（可持续的）、biodegradable（可生物降解的）、contaminants（废物，杂物）、nostrils（鼻孔）都是一些题目的答案。 3. 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。 4. 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。

5．注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。 注意：

1．注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。

若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如use one or two words 等，答案必须满足这个要求。若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。

2． 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。 3． 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。 （1） 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。

（2） 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。

（3） 语态变化：原文为governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting

schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by

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识和知道它们的意思。 注意文字或句子的形式变化

在文章中寻找答案的难度很多时候会看你对字句的形式变化的认识能力。 你需注意3种不同形式： 第一种：同义、相同的词 第二种：同义、相似的词 第三种：同义、有很大差异的变化 【例】

问题句（被匹配项） department stores joined by walkways above and below the ground

【例】

段落内容：The value of a dye is not just its availability, but also its fastness or durability against daily use. It must withstand washing, wearing, sunlight, perspiration, without losing an appreciable amount of its colour. The colour , and its brightness, also helped determine the dye?s value. Premium colours were purple, blue and bright shades of red.

分析：匹配选项有四个，分别是：I The invaluable colour；II The value of colours；III Availability

and durability of a dye；IV The factors determining the dye?s quality. 选项I、II都提到的colour和value在段落中只是细节内容，并不能包括段落的主旨大意。选项III中的两个单词availability 和durability在第一句话中有完全相同的对应。但是这只是词汇的

对应，其上下文中的特定的具体的含义被虚化和抹煞，说明不了整个段落的主旨。其实具体的含义应该是耐洗、耐汗、耐晒、不退色（withstand washing, wearing, sunlight, perspiration, without losing an appreciable amount of its colour. ）这里说的是要素The factors 而availability and durability 说的是染料的质量the dye?s quality.对应the dye?s value.正确选项应该是IV The factors determining the dye′s quality。尽管在文中并没有factors和quality单词对应，但这两个词都是对原文具体含义的实质概括。这一题属于上面所说的第三类。

在对matching题型有了基本认识后，为了让考生对这种题型有更深入细致地了解和掌握，以下对常考的搭配分三类做详解： 一、作者及其观点搭配题

文章句（匹配项） department stores linked by over-the-street crossings and underground walkways 类别 第一类 第二类 第三类 36

1． 题型要求

在原文中，就一个主题，若干人或组织提出了若干个观点，题目要求将观点与其提出者（作者）搭配。题目是观点，选项是作者，这种题型一般比较难，主要表示现在： （1） 没有顺序性，即题目的顺序与原文的顺序是不一致的。

（2） 文章题材多样，有的比较偏。作者提出的观点一般比较抽象，不好理解。

（3） 文章句式复杂。一般句子都比较长，有很多都是复合句、并列复合句、多重复合句，

造成理解上的困难。

（4） 题目中的观点与原文中的对应观点在句子形式上变化较大，造成识别困难。 2．解题步骤

（1）先看题目，在原文中划出作者及其观点。

作者都包含大写字母，有的还有年代，一般都比较好找。表述观点一般有两种方法： a．观点在作者的名字之前；例如：

in terms of time，women perform approximately 90 per cent of child care tasks and 70 per cent of all family work，and only 14 per cent of fathers are highly participant in terms of time spent on family work（Russell 1983） b． 观点在作者的名字之后；例如：

Demo and Acock（1993）in a recent study， also found that，women continue to perform a constant and major proportion of household labour（68 per cent to 95 per cent）across all family types（first ，marriage，divorced，step-family or never married）regardless of whether they are employed or non-employed in paid work。

（2） 看题目的第一个观点，最好读懂它的意思，或者找出其中几个关键词。做这种题型，应该一道题一道题的做。先看题目的第一个观点，最好能读懂它的意思。否则，找出其中的几个关键词。

(3） 将此观点与原文划线处一一对应。意思相同的或关键词对应上的即为答案。答案确定后，在原文观点处写上此题的题号。原文的每个观点只能与一个题目相对应，所以将已经与某题目对应的观点做上标记，在做其它题目时，就不用看这个观点了。 （4） 依此方法做其它题目。 3. 注意事项

（1） 每个题目只能选一个选项。

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每个题目只能和原文的一个观点对应，而该观点肯定是由一个人或组织提出来的。 （2） 有些选项可能会用两次以上。

在原文中，可能会有作者提出两个或更多的观点，而这些观点都出现在题目中。所以，有些选项可能会用两次以上。 （3） 有些选项可能用不上。

有的作者虽然在原文中提出了观点，但这些观点没有出现在题目中，所以有些选项可能会用不上。

（4）第一题往往对应文章的后几个观点，最后一题往往对应文章的前几个观点。作者及其观点的搭配题没有顺序性的。第一题往往对应文章的后几个观点，最后一题往往对应文章的前几个观点。这个规律的准确率在80%以上。我们可以利用这个规律，在找第一题的答案时，重点看文章的后几个观点。在找最后一题的答案时，重点看文章的前几个观点。 二、因果关系搭配 1．题型要求

题目是结果（effects）或问题（problems），选项是原因（causes）。所以这种题目实际上是找原因。这种题型有顺序性，即题目的顺序与原文的顺序基本一致。而且题目在原文中的出处常常集中于几个连续的段落。所以，一般这种题型容易一些。 2．解题步骤

（1）先从第一段做起，找第一题的答案。第二题的答案肯定在第一题的答案之后，因为这

种题型有顺序性。

（2）先找出题目中的关键词，再到原文中去找它的对应词。 （3）仔细阅读关键词所在的句子，确定正确答案。

正确答案常常是原文词句的改写。因为是因果关系搭配，在确定答案时，要对表示因果关系的词特别敏感。例如：

a． 连词：because，since，as，for，therefore，so，thus，why； b． 动词：result in，result from， follow from，base…on…，be due to； c． 名词：basis，result，conse1uence，reason； d． 介词：because of，thanks to； e． 副词：as a result，consequently

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3. 注意事项

要注意一因多果。在因果关系搭配题中，有的选项也可能会用两次以上，即有两个结果是同一个原因，我们称之为一因多果。原文中的表述常常是这样的：原因a，结果1。结果2。在两个结果之间没有说出新的原因，这说明结果1 和结果2 的原因是一样的，都是结果a。 三、从属关系搭配题 1． 题型要求

从属关系搭配题是搭配题中最常见的类型。选项中的元素和题目中的元素是从属的关系，要求根据原文，将每个题目与相应的选项搭配。 2．解题步骤

（1）仔细阅读题目要求，搞清选项和题目之间的关系。

虽然都是从属关系，但也有很大的不同。有的是汽车制造公司和它们的设计特点，有的是组织与功能、制造商与产品、时代与事件、俱乐部和它们举办的活动等等。所以在做题前一定要仔细阅读题目要求，搞清选项和题目之间的关系。 （2） 先把题目从头到尾看一遍，尽可能多记些关键词。

做这种题，通读原文是必不可少的，但最好只读一遍。能做到这点的前提是：在读原文之前，先把题目从头到尾看一遍，尽可能多的记住题目中的关键词。这样，在读文章时，就知道要找什么。这一步是做这种题型的关键，否则，就会造成反复地读原文，浪费时间。 3． 从头到尾快速阅读原文，遇到所记住的关键词或其对应词，当即解答该题。从头到尾依顺序快速阅读原文，在阅读原文时，注意寻找所记住的题目中的关键词，如果关键词是专用名词或很生僻的词，一般在原文中出现的就是该词本身，否则会有同义词或同义表述的对应。 选项常常是一些专用名词，包含大写字母。这时，在阅读原文时，应特别注意包含大写字母的地方，注意其前后的词是否与所记住的关键词相同或相对应。在阅读原文是，要特别注意原文中一些有特别标记的词，如反复出现的词、括号里的词、引号里的词、黑体字、斜体字，这些词常常是题目中的关键词或其改写。如果关键词比较抽象，比如是专有名词或者很生僻的词，不好记忆，大家也不要害怕。这可能是件好事，在原文中出现的很可能就是该词本身。所以即使记不住，在阅读原文时，可以采用边读文章边看选项的方法。因为在读原文之前，已把题目从头到尾看了一遍，所以最好只读一遍文章就能做出绝大多数的题目。比如一组6 个题目，能找到4-5 个。 4． 解答没有匹配上的题目。

由于有的关键词没有记住，或者有的与原文没有对应上。读完一遍文章后，有的题目没有找出来。比如一组6 个题目，1-2 个没能找到。这已是很不错的表现了。对于这1-2 个题目，可以有如下的解决办法：

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a 如果有印象在文章的某个部位，阅读原文的该部分，确定答案。

b 如果没有一点感觉，但时间比较充裕，再快速读一遍原文，寻找这几个题的答案。 c 如果没有一点感觉，而且时间比较紧张，可以猜测。 notice

1．大多数情况下，每个题目只能选一个选项。

绝大多数的搭配题，每个题目只能选一个选项。笔者只遇到过一次，每个题目可以选多个选项。这时，题目要求中有如下的字样：note, for some questions you will need to write more than one letter.(注意，对一些问题你需要选多个选项）。如果题目没有类似上述要求，应该是每个题目只能选一个选项。

2．有些选项可能会用两次以上。

绝大多数的搭配题，有些选项可能用两次以上。如前面举的中文阅读的例子，第1 题和第4 题的答案都是选项c：天津。在搭配题中，这是普遍存在的现象。 3． 有的选项可能用不上。

并不是所有的选项都会用上。如前面举的中文阅读的例子，虽然文章中也说了重庆的一些特点，但没有出搭配题，所以选项d 没有被用上。在搭配题中，这也是普遍存在的现象。不要因为这个怀疑自己的答案。

4． 第一题的答案往往在文章的后部，最后一题的答案往往在文章的前部。

从属关系的搭配题是没有顺序性的。而且，出题者往往将一个在文章的后部信息作为搭配题的第一题，在文章的前部的一个内容作为最后一题。这个规律的准确率在80%以上。我们可以利用这个规律，在找第一题的答案时，重点看文章的后部。在找最后一题的答案时，重点看文章的前部。 5． 注意题目的答案要求

要注意题目要求你在答题纸上写什么。如题目要求为：

write the letters for the appropriate company in boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet. sc if it is scaled composites, gm if it is general motors, b if it is boeing 那么，你在答题纸上写的答案只能是sc、gm、b 中的一个，如果写成scaled composites 就错了。

第六节Sentence Completion(句子填空)

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完成句子是一种细节题，要求考生将题目中所缺的部分补全，一般也对字数有所限制(no more than 3 words or numbers)。词类题型有两种考试形式：题目是一个陈述句，但留有一个或两个空格，要求根据原文填空；或给出句子前面部分，要求在后面的若干选项中选择正确的表达补全题目句子。上述两种形式填空题都需要借助语法、词法知识，分析所需填空文章中相关句子的含义。通过空格前后的信息回原文定位，在原文找到答案后注意填在空格中的词性修改。注意句子的语法语义前后一致性。

攻略：

·在原文中准确定位。

·填空时注意语法，此类题型以考名词信息为主，偶尔会考查动词、形容词或者状语。 ·由于对字数有限制，所以要去除旁支信息，保留主干，题目里已有的信息不必重复。 注意：

1．答案字数不会很长。

绝大部分的题目要求中有字数限制，这时必须满足要求。即使题目要求中没有字 数限制，答案字数也不会很长，一般不会超过四个字。如果发现找到的答案字数 很多，应首先怀疑自己找错答案的位置。

例如：原文：in addition to basic residence fees，most universities make minor additional chares for items such as registration fees，damage deposits，and power charges. 题目：as well as the basic college residence fees， additional charges are usually made，but are describes as_______

有的同学可能会答registration fees，damage deposits，and power charges，因为字数太多，所以应首先怀疑是错误的。正确答案应为minor。即附加费用被描述为是少量的、微不足道的。

2. 要特别注意顺序性。

由于这种题型定位比较难，所以要特别注意顺序性的运用。一道题若找了很长时间、很多段落也没有找到答案，可能是因为题目中的关键词和原文中的相应词对应不明显，答案位置已经过去。可以先做下一道题。这种题型比较难，所以通常出现为一篇文章的第二种或第三种题型。它与前面的题型也构成顺序性，即这种题型第一题的答案位置绝大部分应在前一种题型的最后一题的答案位置之后。 【例】1

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There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity. Present a simple gift to your host in a foreign country and the chances are he or she will understand you perfectly, though you may not understand a single word of each other's languages. It can convey a wealth of meaning about your appreciation of their hospitality and the importance you place upon the relationship. Combine the act of giving with some knowledge of and sensitivity to the culture of the recipient and you have an invaluable chance to earn respect and lay the foundations of a durable and mutually beneficial business relationship. Questions 1-2

Statements 1-2 are based on the Reading Passage above. Complete the statements by using ONE word from the Reading Passage for each answer.

1. Differences in culture and ____ can be overcome by gifts. 2. Overseas visitors are advised to give gifts to their ____

分析：第1题：“礼品可以克服文化和______的差异。”缺和culture并列的名词。原文开头：

There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication，since the message

it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity．显然同文化并列的名词是language。 第2题：“在国外的游客应该给_____送礼。”如果这里用over seas visitors来定位找重现是徒劳的——它根本没有出现在文章里。我们应用它的含义确定重现点。原文说：Present a simple gift to your host加a foreign country and the chances are he or she will understand you perfectly。指出海外游客应该给招待他们的主人送礼。也就是说， your一字充当了overseas visitors的同义语言重现。答案填host。

【例】2

1 “It is better to give than to receive”; “Never look a gift horse in the mouth” Beware of Greeks (ancient, of course)bearing gifts”. Gifts are a fundamental element of culture and our lives as social creatures．They are also an important part of our business relationships．

2 There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication，since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity．Present a simple gift to your host in a foreign country and the chances are he or she will understand you perfectly，though you may not understand a single word of each other?s languages．Its can convey a wealth of meaning about your appreciation of their hospitality and the importance you place upon the relationship．Combine the act of giving with some knowledge of and sensitivity to the culture of the recipient and you have an invaluable chance to earn respect and lay the foundations of a durable and mutually beneficial business relationship．

3 For all countries，take account of climate，especially in regard to clothing．Some gifts can be ruined by extremely hot or humid climates，possibly causing their receiver considerable anguish．Consider the kinds of products that are abundant in the country concerned and try for something that is uncommon there．Think about the level of language skills：a book with hundreds of pages of English text may be at best useless，at worst embarrassing，to a person with limited English．Inform yourself as much as possible about local customs，rules and etiquette，especially

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to do with wrapping，presenting，superstitions，taboos and，importantly，customs and quarantine regulations．The following is a brief account of the etiquette of gift—giving in some countries of Asia and the Middle East

Questions1-4

Statements 1-4 are based on the Reading Passage above．Complete the statements by using one word from the Reading Passage for each answer．

1 Differences in culture and _______ can be overcome by gifts． 2 Overseas visitors are advised to give gifts to their_______.

3 _______ should be considered when giving gifts such as thick clothing． 4 To present a gift of chocolates in a tropical country might create_______

分析：第1题：“礼品可以克服文化和 的差异o\缺和culture并列的名词。原文第2段开头：

There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication，since the

message it offers can cut through barriers of language an d cultural diversity．显然同文化并列的名词是language。

第2题：“在国外的游客应该给_______送礼。”如果这里用overseas visitors来定位找重现是徒劳的——它根本没有出现在文章里。我们应用它的含义确定重现点。原文第2段说：Present a simple gift to your host in a foreign country and the chances are he or she will understand you perfectly。斜体字部分指出海外游客应该给招待他们的主人送礼。也就是说，斜体字中的your一字充当了overseas visitors的AB语言重现。答案填host。

第3题：“赠送厚衣服时应该考虑_______ 。”本题又一次提醒我们AB重现的重要性。原文第3段开头说For all countries，take account of climate, especially in regard to clothing.这里的take account of climate 等同于Climate should be considered.只是把题干变成了被动语态。答案填Climate。

第4题是因果关系重现。题干是前因后果关系。原文第3段没有重现巧克力和热带国家，但有：some gift can be ruined by extremely hot or humid climates，possibly causing their receiver considerable anguish．(某些礼品会被极热和极潮的气候毁掉，而让收到礼物的人伤心。)原文中的causing也表达前因后果关系，文中的原因some gifts是题干中的原因a gift of chocolates的AB重现，因此题干中的结果也，与原文的结果相同。答案填anguish。

练习题

1 Climate change is a legitimate worry．Although still riddled with uncertainties，the science of climate change is becoming firmer：put too much carbon in the atmosphere and you might end up cooking the earth，with possibly catastrophic results．But here again，switching immediately to nuclear power is not the best response．Cutting the hefty subsidies that go to the world ?s coal producers would help tilt the world ?s energy balance towards natural gas，which gives off much less carbon dioxide．Developing countries subsidise electricity prices to the tune of up to $ 120

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billion a year，according to World Bank estimates．If prices reflected the true costs of generation，electricity demand would fall，thus cutting greenhouse emissions．

2 Once the tough job of cutting subsidies is over，governments might want to reduce greenhouse gases further．Again there are carbon—free energies that merit more subsidies than nuclear. The costs of many renewable technologies，such as solar and wind power，have fallen dramatically in recent decades．

3 Moreover，supporting nuclear power to ward off climate change means swapping one environmental risk for another．Voters in many countries fear radiation like the plague．The risks of nuclear accidents may be tiny，but when they happen they can be catastrophic．Renewables are not without their environmental disadvantages (wind turbines，for example，can be unsightly on hilltops)，but are much cleaner than nuclear．The billions rich countries each year pump into nuclear research would be better spent on renewables instead．

4 Having been invented，nuclear power will not disappear．The nuclear industry still has a job to do，running existing nuclear plants to the end of their lives as cheaply and safely as possible．For now，the case for nuclear power is full of holes．Asia should resist the temptation to throw its money into them．

Questions1-5

Complete the sentences below．Use no more than three words from the passage above for each blank space．

1 Two carbon-free forms of energy are_______ and_______.

2 The main environmental risk attached to nuclear power is_______. 3 One disadvantage of_______ is that they spoil the landscape．

4 Money presently used for nuclear research could be better spent on_______. 5 The nuclear industry should operate nuclear power plants_______.

1 Although the name dinosaur is derived from the Greek for “ terrible lizard ”，dinosaurs were not，in fact，lizards at all．Like lizards，dinosaurs are included in the class Reptilia，or reptiles，one Of the five main classes of Vertebrata，animals with backbones．However，at the next level of classification，within reptiles，significant differences in the skeletal anatomy of lizards and dinosaurs have led scientists to place these groups of animals into two different superorders：Lepidosauria，or lepidosaurs，and Archosauria．or archosaurs．

2 Classified as lepidosaurs are lizards and snakes and their prehistoric ancestors．Included among the archosaurs，or¨ruling reptiles“，are prehistoric and modern crocodiles，and the now extinct thecondonts，pterosaurs and dinosaurs．Paleontologists believe that both dinosaurs and crocodiles evolved，in the later years of the Triassic Period(C．248—208 million years ago)，from creatures cal led pseudosuchian thecodonts．Lizards，snakes and different types of thecondont are believed to have evolved earlier in the Triassic Period from reptiles known as eosuchians．

3 The most important skeletal differences between dinosaurs and other archosaurs are in the bones 0f the skull，pelvis and limbs．Dinosaur skulls are found in a great range of shapes and sizes，

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reflecting the different eating habits and lifestyles of a large and varied group of animals that dominated life on Earth for an extraordinary 165 million years．However，unlike the skulls 0f any other known animals．the skulls of dinosaurs had two long bones known as vomers．These bones extended on either side 0f the head，from the front of the snout to the level of the holes in the skull known as the antorbital fenestra，situated in front of the dinosaur?s orbits or eye sockets．

Questions1-3

Complete the sentences below．Use no more than three words from the passage above for each blank space．

1 Lizards and dinosaurs are classified into two different superorders because of the difference in their_______.

2 I n the Triassic period，_______ evolved into thecondonts，for example，lizards and snakes． 3 Dinosaur skulls differed from those of any other known animals because of the presence of vomers: _______.

KEY1 1 solar，wind power 2 renewables

3 renewables 4 renewables 5cheaply and safely

KEY2 1 skeletal anatomy 2 pseudosuchian thecodonts

3two long bones

第七节Short Answer(回答问题)

回答问题是根据所给文章或图表回答问题。每个题目都是一个特殊问句，要求根据原文作出回答。绝大部分的题目要求有字数限制，一般有如下几种表达方式：

1． no more than two/three/four words（不超过2/3/4 个字）；

2． one or two words（一个或两个字）；

3． use a maximum of two words（最多两个字）。少部分的题目要求中没有字数限制，这时，请注意，答案字数也不会很长，一般不会超过四个字。

总之，这种题型的答案都是词或短语，很少是句子，所以又叫“短问答”考生在答题时必须对所获知的信息有一定的取舍。

在IELTS阅读测试中通常是用下列单词提问： what、which、when、where、who、whose、whom、why、 how 等。除了利用上述单词进行提问外，有时会在答题指引中将所提问题列出。简答题相对而言难度不大。

解题步骤

1．划出题目核心词，回原文准确定位，注意细节信息。题目中如果包含年代、人名、地名、数字，这些词都是关键词，因为原文中不会对这些词做改变，而且这些词又好找，所以依据这些词在原文中确定答案比较快。

2.解答简答题时必须考虑其字数要求，应当如何对原文中的信息进行取舍。 3.简答题的题目一般有三种提问方式：

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