初中英语笔记(精华版)

初中英语笔记大全（精华版）

? This is the key to the door .这是开门的钥匙。 ?

?sb.? call?电话号码?sth. at 电话号码?call sb. = phone sb. = ring sb. up please give me a call .请打电话给我 family指家庭时是单数，谓语动词用“is”，family指家人时是复数，谓语动词用“are”。

of表示无生命物体的所有格，s表示有生命物体的所有格。有生命物体的所有格也可以用of，但有生命物体后要加“s”。

以副词there或here开头的句子常要倒装，以示强调。

What’s your name, please? = Could you tell me your name, please? = May I have your name, please? Nice to meet you. = Glad to meet you. = Pleased to meet you. 写启示的方法：

1.启示的主题；2.描述细节；3.留下联系方式。

表示惊讶、忧伤、微怒、失望等，可以用dear作感叹词。

名词如果有数量词修饰它，使用谓语动词适应看他的数量词，如：

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

?here is a set of keys ? ?here are two sets of keys ? get to somewhere (get home除外)到达?? ?

?have (有生命物体的“有”) 有?(无生命物体的“有”)?there is ? 肯定：Let+宾语（人称代词的宾格或名词）+ V原型+??

否定：Don’t let +宾语+V原型+??/Let + 宾语 + not + V原型+?? ? have表示“有”时才可以用来提问或写成否定“haven’t”。 ?

?Let's??(include说话的人和听话的人) 问：shall we ？ ? 问：will you ？?Let us??(不include听话的人)be动词 look 看 sound 听 感官动词 smell 闻 taste 尝 fell 触 ? 联系动词 + adj.作表语 ? 反身代词： myself（我自己） yourself（你自己） himself（他自己） herself（她自己） itself（它自己） ourselves（我们自己） yourselves（你们自己） themselves（他们自己）

? How much + be + 商品？（答：It’s/They’re??） = What is the price of??？（答：It ’s??） ? cent 美分 One dollar =100 cents

? other(两者中的另一个) another（三者中的另一个）

? 越接近物品本身性质的形容词越靠近物品，如：big blue hat

? 帮助某人做某事

help sb. (to) do sth. help sb. with sth.

with the help (n.) of sb. e.g. He studies math well, with the help of teacher. ? 一般将来时的一般形式：主语+will+动词原形+??

? Can I help you? = What can I do for you? = (Is there) anything I can do for you? ? a.受欢迎的 welcome n.欢迎 v.欢迎 get a warm welcome 得到热烈欢迎 ? be动词不加动词原形 ? “hundred，thousand”与基数词一起表示具体数字时不加“s”。

hundreds of 上百 thousands of 上千

? buy sth. for sb. = buy sb.（间接宾语） sth.（直接宾语） 为某人买某物 ? any body 在肯定句中表示任何人，在否定句和疑问句中不是。

? for表示动词的对象或接受者，表示用途，表示目的，表示等价交换或标注价格，表示时间持续多久，表示

距离，表示理由或原因。 ? each强调两者或两者以上的每一个，强调个体 every强调三者或三者以上的每一个，强调整体 +第三人称单数 There are many trees on each side of the road There are many trees on both sides of the road ? the price is low(high) 价格低（高） ? 也 also either too 放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，实意动词之前 放在句末(疑问句、否定句) 放在句末(肯定句) ? on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早晨 ? when??？ what time??？ ? 比赛 contest game match 有计划预先安排好的比赛 ? 持续一段时间的节日一般用“festival”. ? a kind of many kind of all kinds of 一种 许多种 各种各样 和智力或知识有关的竞赛 答不用具体时间 答要用具体时间 ? kind of ??有几分??如：The elephants are kind of cute.

? 含有think的宾语从句中如果从句中有否定，要否定前移，如：She doesn’t think they are boring.(她

认为他们不无聊) ? 问：How are you？

答：I’m fine. (我很好。)/Just so so.(一般般。)

? 表示时间、价格、距离的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：Two dollars is enough(足够)。

? 怎么判断双音节单词中第一个音节是开音节还是闭音节：双音节单词中的两个元音是两个音节的中心，元音

是由元音字母或元音字母组合发出的音，因此，首先找到单词中的两个元音字母或元音字母组合，两个中心就清楚了。两个中心之间的辅音字母（不是字母组合）则分别划归两个音节，第一个音节即为闭音节，如果两个中心之间的辅音字母为双写字母（包括“r”），分别划归前后，第一个音节按闭音节读音。如：

paper /’peip?/ (pa为开音节) member /’memb?/ (mem为闭音节) happy /’h?pi/ (hap为闭音节) sorry /’s?ri/ (sor为闭音节) certainly /’s?:tnil/

? I am sorry. I can’t go with you. （对不起。我不能和你一起去。）

? Thanks. / Thank you. / Thank you very much. / Thank a lot. / Many thanks. ? You are welcome. / That’s OK. / That’s all right. ? It’s my pleasure. / With pleasure. （这是我的荣幸。） ? make friend with sb. （和??交朋友）

? Thanks for + n. / v.ing = Thanks sb. for + n. / v.ing ? below 在??下方（非正下方）

反义词：above 在??上面（非正上方，没有接触面） under 在??下面（正下方） 反义词：on（有接触面），over（没有接触面）在??上面（正上方） ? keep + sth. + adj. 使某物保持某状态。

keep + adj. 保持某状态。

? 表示请求、建议、希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句用“some”。 ? 问：Let??

答：OK. / All right. / That’s a good idea. / That sounds good. / Sorry. ? sport用来修饰名词要变为sports。 ? play + the + 乐器 Erhu除外

? be动词后叫表语，修饰名词叫定语，修饰动词叫状语，前后两词对等叫同位语。 ? 人民币和日元变复数不变，其他要。

? be good with sb. = get on well with sb. 与某人相处的很好 ? 问：How often does Rick run on weekend?

答：Rick usually runs on weekend.

? always(总是)?usually(通常)?often（经常）?sometime（有时）?seldom（很少）?never（从不） ? 频度副词放在be动词或助动词之后，实意动词或行为动词之前。 ? 感叹句：

What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + (主) + （谓） ！ 如：What beautiful flowers they are! How + adj. /adv. + (主) + （谓） ！ 如：How beautiful the flowers are!

? Can you think what his job is? 含有宾语从句的复合句，宾语从句的从句必须是陈述句。 ? Start to do sth. 开始做某事 ? be famous for?? 因??出名 ? 忙于某事 ? 对某人某事严格 be strict with sb. be strict in sth. / doing sth. be busy doing sth. be busy with sth. ? ? for + 时间段??做某事持续多久

? 问：How long do you have volleyball?

答：I have volleyball for two hours. ? ask sb. some questions. 问某人一些问题

ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事 ? no =not any

? because不和so同时使用，although(尽管)不和but同时使用。 ? little a little few a few 修饰不可数名词 修饰可数名词 几乎没有(否定) 有一些(肯定) 几乎没有(否定) 有一些(肯定) ? either：两者中的任何一个都行。 neither：两者中的任何一个都不。

? 用“may”提问的句子回答用can/can ‘ t或must / mustn’ t;用“can”提问的句子回答用can/can’t;

用“must”提问的句子回答用need/needn’t. 如：1. May I park my car here?

Yes, you can / must. / No, you can’t / mustn’t. 2. Can I watch TV?

Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.

3. Must I clean the classroom this morning? Yes, you need. / No, you needn’t.

? be afraid of doing sth. / be afraid of sth. 害怕做某事/某物 ? be fond of = like

? make a continuation to sth. 对??有贡献 ? do well in = be good at 擅长?? ? 比较级 + and + 比较级 越来越?? ? give back = return 归还

? 法国人单数：Frenchman/Frenchwoman

英国人单数：Englishman/Englishwoman Chinese和Japanese单复数同形 ? in the world 在世界上

all over the world / around the world / the whole word 全世界 ? in the school 在学校里 in school 在学校学习 ? outside 在??外面

outside the gate to the park 在公园门外 ? turning 转角

? go down + ?? 沿着 ?? 路走

go straight down + ?? 沿着 ?? 路直走 ? enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事

enjoy oneself = have a good time = have fun ? take a walk = go for a walk = have a walk ? the beginning of ??的开始

at the beginning of 强调在??开始的那一刻 in the beginning 起初，一开始 from the beginning 开始时

? ? ? ? ?

from beginning to end 从开始到结束 visit + 地点、参观某地

a visit to + 地点、参观某地

have fun doing sth. 做??很开心

地点 + is a great place to do sth. ??是一个做??的地方 be busy with sth. 忙于某事 the way to ??去??的路

on the way to + 地点 在去??的路上

on one’s way to + 地点 某人在去??的路上 on my way to home 在我回家的路上

?

?pass sth. to sb.?把某物递给某人

pass sb. sth.???in?大地方 arrive??at?小地方??

?arrive at school?? 到达学校?get to school

?reach school?? 主语 + hope(that) + 从句

主语 + hope + to do sth. ? live on ??靠??为生

?

? sb. ? 时间、金钱?to.do sth. 做某事要花某人多少?主语为物It takestake???时间、金钱?? 花费?spend?主语为人spend ? 时间、金钱 ? on sth./(in) doing sth.?This book costs me 3 yuan.?cost?主语为物（强调金钱）?主语为人?pay?为了某物付钱给某人 付钱给某人 ? pay 金钱 to sb. for sth. pay sb. pay 金钱 to sb. = pay sb. 金钱 ? between 两者之间 among 三者或三者以上之间 ?

面?across指在表面穿过、有接触? 指从内部穿过?through?over指从上空穿过、没有接触面?? Why not do sth. ？ 表建议：为什么不做??呢？

Why don’t you do sth. ? 表疑问：你为什么不要??？ ?

?because?句子 ??because?名词/名词短语/代词 ，because I was ill.?I didn't go to school 如? ，because of the illness.?I didn't go to school

?

kind of ? adj.??a kind of???n.

many kinds of?all kinds of??如：People like this kind of animals, because they’re kind of cute. in the south of 在??南部

asleep 睡着的 adj. fall asleep 入睡 be asleep 正睡着 be friendly to sb. 对某人友好

don’t forget to do sth. 不要忘记做某事 tell sb. to do sth. 叫某人去做某事

tell sb. not to do sth. 叫某人不去做某事 to do sth. 停下正在做的，去做某事 ?stop? doing sth. 停下正在做的是?stop?

? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

介词 + doing sth.

would like to do sth. 想要做某事

Which place do you live in = Where do you live ? Isn’t he cute ? 否定疑问句

Sam wants to play basketball, doesn’t he ? 翻译疑问句 Why not do sth. ? = Why don’t you do sth. ? practice doing sth. 练习做某事 use sth. to do sth.

比较级中的代词用that ， 如：The map of Beijing is better than that of Tianjin. said to oneself 自言自语

be careful not to do sth. 小心别做某事 do one’s best 尽某人的全力

be made of 看得出原材料的? 由??制作的? ? from 看不出原材料的?be make? be satisfied with?? 对??满意

? be full of 满是?? ?

front of 在内部的前面?in the ?of 在外部的前面?in front ? 条件状语从句：主语为将来时，从句为一般现在时。如：We’ll have a sports meeting if it doesn’t rain

tomorrow.

? It’s (形式主语) + adj. + （for sb.） + to do sth.(主语) 做某事怎么样。

如：It’s important for him to play the piano . 弹钢琴对他很重要。 It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth. （adj.应为sb.的本身性质） 如：It’s kind of you to help me. 你帮助了我，你真好。 ? go across the bridge 过桥 ? in + 时间段（将来时）多久后 ?

（放在时间前）?after 在??之后，多久之后?（放在时间后）?later

? What does she do ? = What’s she? = What’s her job? ?

（UN)?work ?job (CN)? 频度副词；有时?sometimes? 某时，某个不确定的时间如：I hope I can visit Hong Kong sometime. ?sometime? 几次?some times?some time 一些时间??

?

?give sb.sth.?sth.直接宾语，sb.间接宾语）??给某人某物（ give sth.to sb.??get sth.from sb.从某人那里得到某物?

?wear 穿的状态 ?穿上?put on ? talk to / with sb. 与某人交谈 ?

处于危险中?be in danger ??be out of danger 脱离危险问某人某事?ask sb.sth. ?叫某人做某事?ask sb.to do sth.? be out 外出 ?

? waitress 女服务员 ?

sb. 与某人工作?work with ?sth.工作与某物有关 ?work with ? be late for?? 做??迟到了

?

需要某物?need sth.?need（实义动词） 需要做某事?need to do sth.?need doing 需要被???

如：The flowers need watering . 花需要被浇水。? learn by oneself = teach oneself 自学 ?

sb. sth. 教某人某事?teach ?sb. to do sth.教某人去做某事 ?teach 长时间的看?watch ??see 强调看的结果 看?强调看的过程、动作?look ?read 阅读??

? show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. ? lately 最近

?

看到某人正做某事?see sb.doing sth.? do sth. 等待做某事?wait to?cawt wait to do sth. 迫不及待地想要做某事?? thanks for + n. / 动名词

? 表语一般放在be动词后，定语一般放在名词前。 ? be with sb. 与某人在一起 ?

one 指人 ? every body?every ?one 可以指人，也可以指物?every ? 描述头发：漂亮 + 长短 + 形状 + 颜色

描述人的长相：have / has + ?? hair / eyes / ears / mouth / nose ?? is / am / are + tall / short / thin / heavy / good-looking / of medium height ?? ? strong的反义词：weak 虚弱的 ? love to do sth. 喜爱做某事

? wear 用进行时态时表示短时间内的状态。

如：Miss Li is wearing a new dress today. 李老师今天穿着一件新裙子。 ? popular 流行；受欢迎的 pop 流行

?

外在美（指男性或女性）?good-looking?性或物）?beautiful 外在美或内在美（指女? 相貌平平?ordinary-looking?ugly-looking 相貌不好看的；相貌丑的?? 漂亮；英俊?handsome sb.joke 给某人讲笑话?tell? a joke with sb. 和某人开玩笑?make?Don't make such kind of jokes with others 别和别人开这种玩笑?? kind of = a little bit + adj. / adv. = a little bit of + n. ?

? 多个形容词修饰名词时，顺序为：限定词（the；a??） 数词 描绘词 （大小、长短、形状、新旧、颜色） 出处 材料性质、类别 名词

?a small round table .?如： German medical school . ?a famous?an expensive Japanese sports car .??

o do sth. 记得去做某事?remember t ?doing sth. 记得做过某事?remember cleaned the classroom ？?-Who ? students did .?-The?

?

much?特别喜欢：like??a lot / very? like??a little?有一点喜欢：?一点都不喜欢：（doesn't）don't like??at all?? outgoing 外向的

? What fine weather it is ！ = How fine the weather is ！ ?

? ? sth.?would like? ? to do sth.

? ? sb. to do sth.???-Would you like sth. ？?? . / No ，thanks .??-Yes ，please

? you like to do sth. ？??-Would???-Yes ，I’d like to. / I’d like to ， but I ????

? round the world 全世界 ? junk food 垃圾食物

?

a reason to do sth. 为做某事编一个理由?make? reason for sth.??give the?给出某事/做某事的理由 ?give the reason for doing sth.??如：give me your reasons for being late .? be on a visit (n.) to ?? = visit (v.) ?? ? stay + adj. 保持??

?

(v.)?practice?practise? (v.) ? n. / pron. /doing sth.?practice?practice (n.)(没有practise)?如：Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧

?

top of the mountain?在山顶上on the? mountain ?在半山腰 half way up the?在山脚下 at the foot of the mountain?It takes sb. ? 时间 ? to do sth. 做某事花某人多少时间??on sth.人 ? spend ? 时间/金钱 ????(in) doing sth.??sth.?for ?人?pay???sb. ? 金钱??物?cost ?sb. ? 钱???? be angry with sb.

?

? most of ?? ??中的大多数 ?

)?do sth.(看见经常做或做过 watch sb./sth.???doing sth.(看见正在做)?

?to do sth.? It is time ?for sth.?for ?sb. to do sth.

? ? ? He doesn’t want to do anything. = He wants to do nothing. Help oneself to sth. 受??欢迎 play a joke on sb. 和某人开玩笑 ? dress sb. 为某人穿衣打扮 ? 动词原型及其过去式 ? to + v.（不定式）

?省略to的不定式?make sb. do sth.?let sb. do sth.?

?have sb. do sth.help sb. (to) do sth. 可加可不加? another + n.（单）??would like sb. to do sth.?

?it ' s fun to do sth. ??have fun doing sth.

| |

动词原形am / isbeat(打击;打败)break(使??破碎)buycomedo / doesdrivefeedflygive过去式wasbeatbroke动词原形arebecomebring过去式werebecamebroughtcouldcostdrewatefoughtforgotwenthadhurtlaidleaflostmeantwonrodesaidsentshouldsatstoodtookthought动词原形bear(忍受)beginbuild(建造)catchcutdrinkfallfindgetgrowhear过去式borebeganbuiltcaughtcutdrankfellfoundgotgrewheardboughtcancamecostdiddrawdroveeatfedfightflewforgetgavegohung(闲hang(吊)逛)hanged(have / has吊)holdheldhurtknowknewlay(下蛋)learnlearndleaveletletlosemaymightmeanpaypaidwinreadreadriderunransaysellsoldsendwritesingspeakswimtellwearwrotesangspokeswamtoldworeshallsitstandtakethinkkeepkeptlead(引导)ledlie(说谎)lied / laymakemademeetmetputputringrangseesawwillwouldshowed过去show分词：shownsleepsleptsweepsweptteachtaughtthrow(抛；threw扔) ? It’s time for sb. to do sth.

? be worry (adj.) about (担心??) = worry (v.) about

?go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事? ?

go on to do sth. 结束去做某件事?去 f / fe + vesleaf→leavesself→selvesknive→kniveswolf→wolveslife→liveshalf→halveswife→wivesshelf→shelvesthief→thieves ?

叶子半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去砍娘。架后窜出一只狼，就像盗贼逃命亡。? so??that 如此??以致 ? discuss with sb. sth.

?find sb. doing sth.?? ?see sb. doing sth.

?watch sb. doing sth.?? ? ? ? ? ?

)?see sb. doing sth.(经过时看到正在做 ?see sb. do sth.(看见整个过程)?as soon as 一 ?? 就 Stand sth. Maybe adv.

exercise (v.) = do exercise (n.) / do sports

be healthier.?Do more exercise (un.) , you will ?Do morning / eyes exercises [有修饰词作为(cn.)]??

? How often

How many How much

How long 时间多久 How far 距离多远

How soon 多快 例：How soon will you come back ？ In two days. How many times 多少次 ? result for do sth. ? want sb. to do sth. ?

频率副词例如位实义动词前，助动词、I usually go to the park.置be动词、情态动词后She usually goes to the park.频率副词不影响动词形成She usually went to the park last year. ?interesting 东西令人觉得很有趣 ??intered 感到谁很有趣?try to do sth. 尽力做某事 ?thy doing sth. 尝试做某事??vegetable (cn.) ??fruit (un.)? Thanks for doing sth. ?

?

? be different from 与??不同

? look after = take care of 照顾（重视） ?

?health n. ?healthy adj.??grade 评价 ??mark 直观的分数? style 风格、方式 ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

?help sb. (to) do (v.) sth. ??help sb. with sth.the old 老人

kind person 热心人 the same as 与??一样 kind of = a little (bit)

keep in good healthy = keep healthy make a plan for 为??做计划

although = though 让步状语从句：虽然、尽管

??a hard job 难的???adj.?a hard stone 硬的??hard??hard-working 努力的 ?

?work hard 努力地?adv.?????It's rainy hard 雨下很大?

??Maybe he is a student?maybe adv. ??例??may be 情态v.?v.(原)??He may be a student? be good at sth. / doing sth.

? advice (un.) 建议 a piece of advice. ?

?sore 肌肉引发炎症，酸痛 ?部位后?ache 连续疼痛，多加在身体? lots of = a lot of

???good?? ?fine

?adv.?well????adj.表示身体好?fine?s the matter with sb.？?What’?s the trouble with sb.？?What’? ?

What’s wrong(adj.) with sb.？ ?What’s happened to sb.？?

tire(n.)??tired (adj.)主观感受到疲劳?tieing 令人感到疲劳

? certainly 当然

? sound like + 名词 / 名词词组

时?sometimes 有时，常用于一般现在?some times 几次?? ?

sometime 某个时候，常用于将来时??完成时?some time 一段时间，常用于现在? want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 = would like sb. to do sth.

?try to do sth. 尽力做某事? ?

try not to do sth. 尽力不做某事?? hope表示有可能实现的愿望。hope to do sth.希望去做某事；hope + that从句（that可以省略）。另外，hope后面+so表示“希望如此”；hope not表示“希望不是这样。wish表示的愿望有点难实现。wish to do sth.希望做某事；wish sb. to do sth.希望某人做某事；wish that从句，从句所表示的希望一般是不可能实现的，故用虚拟语气。 ?

of?a balance ? (adj.)?balancedl (adj.)?traditiona ?(n.)?tradition ?

?like?名词短语? 像?

for example?句子?? Need sth. / to do sth.

? Be good for sth. / doing sth. ? get 变得 ?

?maybe (adv.) ?may?v.(原)?? be ?? with sth.

?too much?n. (un)?? ?too many?n.(cn)

?much too?adj.?? ? ? ? ?

western 西方的

形式主语→It’s + adj. to do sth. improve 提高

have a pain in the + 身体部位 名词修饰名词：①修饰词总为单数

②woman man 跟着所修饰词单复数变化 ③sport 作为修饰词总为复数 ? there be + 主语 + doing sth.

? if：条件状语从句，用一般现在时表将来时。

?

?ill?表语：The boy is ill.??表语：The boy is sick. ?sick???定语：This is a sick boy.?

? 不擅长：be weak is

擅长：be good at

? Angry with sb. about sb. 为某事生某人的气。 ? for表目的，例：We come here for vacation. ?spend time with sb. 花时间在某人身上??on sth.? spend 花费?

sb. spend ???(in) doing sth.?? 将来时：1. will + v.(原)

2. be going to do sth.

?有方向性的词 3. 用现在进行时表将来时?

?计划好的事?

g?babysittin babysit??babysat? sb. pay 钱 for sth.

?

?He is leaving in the morning.??th?He is leaving on the morning of 28. ?He is leaving on a cold morning.??有adj.修饰表示天气气候用ongo away 离开

Have a good time = Enjoy yourself send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb.

? ? ? ?

? ?

单数复数ChineseChinese中日友好莫要变JapaneseJapaneseEnglishmanEnglishmen英法联盟元音牵FrenchmanFrenchmen ?be famous as 作为??出名?Jaychou is famous as a singer.?famous (adj.)??Shantou is famous for the beautiful beach.

be famous for 因??而出名???Jaychou is famous for his song.?think (过去式：thought) ：think about sth. / doing sth. 思考??

think of ：想起

decide (决定) to do sth. / on sth. / on doing sth.

在某大洲中心in：Greece is in Europe.（European欧洲的）

leave somewhere 离开某地 —————— leave for somewhere 离开去某地 plan→planned→planning natural 自然的

finish doing sth. 完成某事 hope to do sth. / 从句

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

?

?n.?plan??plan to do sth.

?v.?plan sth.??I can’t wait to do sth. 我迫不及待想做某事 the number of ??的数量 depend on 依赖于

in the mountain 在山区

? ? ? ? ?

so??that??如此??以致

too??to?? keep + 宾语 + adj.（宾补）

?

??v.open??The windows is??adj.开着的(closed adj. 关着的)

?closed?decide to do sth. / on sth. /on doing sth. 宾语从句：陈述句语序

get to = reach = arrive in / at Would / Will you please + v(原) sit at the table 用餐

the final(adj. 最后的) exam 期末考试 How 提问方式方法

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

?thousand 千???million 百万??前面加确数不加s ?billion 十亿???A

? △地 + is + 距离 + (away) from B地 △有具体距离不再用far

?My home is far (away) from my school. ??My home 10 kilometers (away) from my school.It’s + 距离 + from A to B 划线部分提问：

It’s ten kilometres from my home to school. How far is it from your home to school ？

? It take sb.??to do sth. 例：It takes him about 10 minutes to ride to the station. ? ride 车程 ：An hour’s bus ride will take you there. ?

?It's 10 kilometers. How far is it from your home to school ？?It's 10 minutes walk.?? final = at last =in the end

? not all （部分否定）并非所有：Not all students are here. ?

?be different (adj.) from ??difference (adj.)

?

?It depends on the weather. depend决定??It depends on how much money you are going to spend.?must be 肯定推测? ?may be 可能?can't 不能是??

? a lot / far / much 用来修饰比较级表示差别程度大，差别程度小用 a bit / a little ?

?a small number of 少数的 ?a number of 许多??? n.(pl.)

?a great / large number of ?? What do you think of ？ = How do you like ？ ? need（实义动词） + sth. / to do sth.

? the number of ??的数量，谓动用单数（is）The number of the students is 100.

worry? worry（v.）Don't be

（adj.）? invite (v.) → invitation (n.) ?

?What (a/an)?adj.?n.(?主?谓) ?How?adj.?主?谓??①不得不（客观）?00.?She has to get home before 5：?have to ?②人称及时态变化?

?I had to study untill 12:00 last night.??00.?③否定借助动词do：She don't have to get home before 5：?soon 间隔快? ?quick 反应快 adj.?fast 移动速度快 adj.&adv.??

? discuss sth. 讨论某事

?

?

?n.火车?train???training(n.)?trainer训练员

v.训练???This is a photo of Tom：这是一张照Tom的照片 ??This is Tom's photo：这是Tom照的照片?

? on one’s way to ： 谁在前往??的路上

by the way ： 顺便提一下 in??ways ： 方面

Excuse , you’re in my way ： 你挡到我了 ?

Oct. (the) 24th??读：Oct. the 24th ??24thOct.?another two days

?

?????一个整体

?

? enjoy doing sth.

? be good at = as ?? as

（原型） sth. ? 省略to的不定式：make sb. do

?

??n.?a bit ofa little ???? adj. ? a bit???a lot of ? lot's of ? n. ?a lot ? adj. / adv. / v.????v.：喜欢? like ?

prop.：像??

?win?项目奖项 ??beat?对手? on the farm : 在农场上 ? take part in = join in ? like helping others ? however, = but

△

?

?who 谁?whose 谁的宾格?? ?whom?who?主格：Who is the best ？?who??？??宾格：Whom are you going with ?make sb. adj. (宾补)

lie→lying

another + 数字 + 复数名词 by plane = by air break→broke→broken

be + 过去分词 → 被动语态

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

do?What to ??How to do it? healthy→healthier ?

?win?won ?beat?beat?

?

??n.interest???v.使??感兴趣：This movie interests me a lot.???sth.? interested?be interested in ???doing sth.??interesting ????v.：care about?n.：take care of ? look after?? care?

?adj.：careful??adj.：carefully?

? ? ? ?

would like to do sth.

You’d better do sth. / not do sth. view [vju:] n. 观点 face to face 面对面

another在做形容词时意为“又一个，再一个，另外的”，其后可以接可数名词的单数或复数。如：I have another two books to read.

? another ，the other ，others ，the others

① another既可作形容词又可作代词，泛指“再一个，又一个”，表示“总数为三个或三个以上中任意的另

一个”，表示泛指，可以单独使用；作定语时，修饰可数名词单数，其前不加冠词。 如：This dress is dirty ，please change another one for me. ② the other表示“两个中的另一个”，表示特指，总数为两个；它可以单独使用，也可用the other + 可

数名词单数。

如：His parents both work in a hospital. One is a doctor and the other is a nurse. ③ others用于泛指一些人或事物中其他的，可单独使用或用other + 可数名词复数来代替。注意others

后面不可直接加名词。

如：Some students like English and other students (others) like physics. ④ the others指一定范围内其余所有的人或物，表示特指。

如：This dictionary is better than the others.

? 形容词、副词的比较级

1. 比较级的定义

大多数形容词都有三个级别：原级、比较级、最高级。其中比较级表示“更??”，用于两者之间的比较，用来说明“前者比后者更??”。比较级前面一般用much ，even ，a little修饰。 2. 比较级的构成

(1) 规则变化

① 单音节和部分双音节的形容词或副词一般在词尾加er

如：calm—calmer tall—taller smart—smarter ② 以字母e结尾的直接在词尾加r

如：nice—nicer fine—finer large—larger ③ 以辅音+y结尾的词，变y为i，再加er

如：early—earlier happy—happier busy—busier ④ 以重读闭音节的单个辅音字母结尾的词，双写辅音字母，再加er

如：big—bigger thin—thinner hot—hotter ⑤ 多音节或部分双音节的形容词在原级前面加more

如：popular—more popular important—more important

(2) 不规则变化

少数形容词、副词的比较级变化是不规则的：good—better bad/ill—worse many/much—more little—less far—farther/further old—older/elder

3. 比较级的用法

(1) 当两个人或事物（A和B）进行比较时，我们需要用到形容词或副词的原级或比较级。

① 表达“A和B一样”，用as??as的结构。

公式：A + be动词 + as + 形容词原级 + as + B A + 实义动词 + as + 副词原级 + as + B 如：I am as tall as you. He runs as fast as I. ② 表达“A不如B”用not as/so?as的结构。

公式：A + be动词的否定形式 + as + 形容词原级 + as +B

A + 助动词的否定形式 + 动词 + as + 副词原级 + as + B 如：I am not as tall as you.

He doesn’t run as fast as I. ③ 表达“A大于B”用“比较级+than”的结构

公式：A + be动词 + 形容词比较级 + than + B A + 实义动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B 如：I am taller than you. He runs faster than I.

(2) 关于形容词、副词比较级的更多用法

① 比较级前面可以加上表示“优劣程度”的词或短语，意思是“更??”，“??得??”。常见词有

much ，a little ，even ，a lot ，a great deal等。 如：He is much taller than I.

I jump a little higher than he. ② 比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构，表示具体“大多少”，“长多少”，“短多少”等。

如：I am two years older than he.

This building is 20 meters higher than that one. ③ 表示“越来越??”

比较级 + and + 比较级（单音节词）；more and more + 原级（多音节词） 如：It is getting warmer and warmer.

He is running faster and faster.

Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.

④ 表示“越??就越??”；the+比较级?，the+比较级?

如：The more ，the better

The more careful you are ，the fewer mistakes you will make. ⑤ the+比较级?of the two?表示两个当中较??的一个

如：The taller of the two boys is my brothers.

4. 运用形容词、副词比较级应当注意的问题

(1) 按语法规则，than后面的人称代词应当用主格，但口语当中有时会用宾格代替主格。

如：He is more careful than I (me). (2) 只有同类的事物才能比较

如：Her bag is bigger than mine. ≠Her bag is bigger than I.

The weather of Kun Ming is much better than that of Shenyang.

≠The weather of Kun Ming is much better than Shenyang. 5. 加er的双音节词大多以y、ow、er、ple、ble结尾 6. 由词根+前缀/后缀形成的形容词+more ? 一般现在时

一般现在时是指经常发生的动作或存在的状态，其谓语动词用原形，当主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词有三单变化。

1. 一般现在时态的句型：

(1) 动词为be动词时：主语 + be动词（am/is/are） + 其他部分

否定句在be动词后面加not；一般疑问句把be动词提到句首。 (2) 动词为行为动词时：

一般现在时态的肯定句： ① 主语+动词原形+其他成分 ② 主语（第三人称单数）+动词s/es+其他成分 一般现在时态的否定句 ① 主语+don’t+动词原形+其他成分 ② 主语（第三人称单数）+doesn’t+动词原形+其他成分 一般现在时态的一般疑问句 ① Do+主语+动词原形+其他成分？ ② Does+主语（第三人称单数）+动词原形+其他成分？ 一般现在时态的一般疑问句 特殊疑问句+一般疑问句？

2. 动词第三人称单数的变化

(1) 直接加s，如：look—looks sleep—sleeps

(2) 在字母s，x，ch，sh，o后加es，如：watch—watches go—goes

(3) 辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i再加es，如：study—studies cry—cries 注意：一般现在时态的特殊疑问句

—What does he do on weekend ？ —He watches TV . ?

?all 所有的 ??whole 完整的?real 真正的 ?ture 真的(不是假的)??

? as for sth. / doing sth.

（n.）?enough milk ?足够（ adj.）enough?good?

?read carefuly （adv.） enough???turn on????turn off? ?

turn up 开大声（音量）??????turn down 开小声

?

?forty minutes' by bus ??forty minutes bus ride?May I peel an apple for you? peel sth.??May I peel you an apple??

? Pour sth / sth for sb. / sb. sth.

? The rain poured down yesterday. 昨晚倾盆大雨。

（pl.）?How many n.??不可数名词的数量 ? ??How much?价格??? Two teaspoons of honey.

? should + v.(原)

? taste(系v.) + adj.(表) ?

?first?first of all ??finally?at last?in the end?mix up?（all）up ? ?mix it ?mix the fruit up?? add sth. to sth.

?

黑人 Negroes 名词复数加es 英雄 爱吃 番茄 土豆 Heroes Tomatoes Potatoes

?Mix sth. up?? ?Mix up sth.△sth.为代词只能用mix it / them up? on (the) top ?

?need to do sth. ：主动 ?need doing sth. ? need to be done ：被动???is/am?was?be动词：I am a student???are?were??实义动词?规则变化：ed/去y加ied/d/双写加ed

???不规则变化?t play basketball?I play basketball?I don’否定句?t play basketball?I played basketball?I didn’?

?

?hung 吊着 hang：过去式??hanger 绞死吊死

?

?卧倒?lay lie：过去式??说谎?lied? there be : ①就近原则 ②不出现there have ? lay(产卵)→laid ? journey 陆地的旅行 ?

?fall?fell ?feel?felt?赛?win?won?奖品、奖项、名次、比 ??beat?beat?对手?

?

?buy?bought ?bring?brought??other?n.(pl.) ??another?n.(单数)?an octopus ?two octopuses??

?

? prize 奖品奖金 争夺物；值得竞争的目标；〔口语〕极好的东西。 ? buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb.

in the end of?finally ，?at last?

?at the end of 指一个时间点?间?by the end of 指到这个时间为止的时

? have fun = have a good time = enjoy doing sth.

? all day long 一整天 ?

?adj.?sound（系动词）? ?名词?sound like???名词性短语?? be born

? competition做不可数名词时表示竞争，做可数名词时表示竞赛。

?

???wake up 醒来? ?get up 起来?wake up sb.?叫醒某人????wake sb. up?? help sb. (to) do sth.

? place of interest 名胜古迹

? I will never 我不会忘记 ? have fun doing sth.

?

?拿出来put out??熄灭e.g. Put out the fire.

? make history 创纪录 ?

?with sth. be busy??doing sth.?all the day ? the whole day 一整天 ?all the days 所有日志?happen 发生 ：sth. happen to sb. take a class = have a class on ?? day off

一般过去式的时间状语都是明显表示过去的。如：yesterday， last night(week/year), in + 过去的年份(如：in 1998)，?ago(如：three tears ago)， just now 等等。 record /’rek?:d/ n. hold / keep the record break the record

set the new word record record /r i’k?:d/ v.

What are you recording in your book? start doing sth. = start to do sth. it says 据说

too??to My brother is too young to go to school.

so??that My brother is so young that he can’t go to school. play for 为??而战 hiccupping

create→creative

? take off 起飞、脱掉 ?

? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

?talent n. 后天的才能 ?gift 天生的??on sth.?sb. sspend（ doing sth. ?in）?with sb.?? love→lovely可爱的→loving慈爱的 ?

? Osaka [?u’sa:k?, ??usa:’ka:] 大阪

? take part in = join in 参加活动（join：加入某组织或团体） ?

?n. tour? United States.?v. the writer who tour the? admire 羡慕 v.t

I admire her story.

I admire him for his discovery. ? see sb. do sth. ?

?a usual boy ??an unusual girl? learn sth. / to do sth.

? stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做的事 ? practice doing sth. ? ? ? ? ? ?

??v.原

some of?We won’t go shopping if it is rain tomorrow. 条件或时间状语用一般现在时 see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正做某事 to后面加v.原 major in

most of??birthday 不一定加年 ??date of birth 出生日期一定加年? decide→decision

?be going?（原）? ?be going to v.

?will v（原）.?? What adj. n. 主 谓 ? be late for school ? move to some where ?

?sound like n. ?（表）?sound（系v.）adj.? Let’s??shall we？

Let us??will you？

? what was wrote 更糟糕的是

?on sth.? spend?

in doing sth.??

? ? ? ?

hold→held

at the same time 同时 that+定语从句 be rich 变得富有

?save the life 挽救生命??save the file 保存文件 ?save the money 存钱?

whenif? ?

时间条件状语从句用一般现在表将来 ?sth. for sb. buy??sb. sth.? British 不列颠 ? see sb. doing sth.

? foreign（外国的）→foreigner（外国人）

get a letter from sb.?

??receive a letter from sb.?收到谁的来信

?hear from sb.??

Lucy with her parents??isLucy and her parents??are??

?

?stay out late 在外面呆的晚 ??stay up late 熬夜的晚?take care of?care?careful（ adj.）

?carefully （adv.）?hear from ?? 听说

hear of?hear from - 收到?

?

? over = more than

? May / Could I do sth.

? I agree with you. 我同意你的观点。

agree with sb. agree to do sth.

? leave one’s job 辞职 ?

?communication ?communicate with sb.??

?sth. open keep?sth. closed?? down town （adv.） 城市市区

? keep： ① keep fit （体型上）/ keep healthy {keep adj.}

② keep doing sth.

③ keep sb. / sth. adj.（宾补）

例：Keep the food cool. ④ keep sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事

?

?send sth. to sb. ??send sb. sth.? of 一般用来赞扬或批评 It is adj. of sb. ? once 曾经

?

??Have you ever tired French dishes？菜肴????a dish of chicken / ham dish??盘碟?do the dishes???put away the dishes?? give sb. a ride 顺便搭一程

get a ride 搭便车

?

? start doing sth. ? sports start ? ? ? ? ?

?实义动词：need to do sth. 否：don't 、doesn't、didn't need?情态动词：need v.（原） 否：needn't?living room = sitting room take out the trash [U]

women’s singles player 女单选手 plan for the ?

? be like（介） 像??

? have better （not） do sth. 最好（不）做某事 ?

?own 拥有，私人的 ??owner 主人? one of adj.（最高级）n.（pl.） ? borrow sth from sb. 向某人接某物

Lend sth. for sb. / Lend sb. sth. 借给某人某物 ? what for = why

? invite sb. to do sth. ? in front of —— behind

in the front of —— at the back of

? rise 升上來（主動） The sun rise in the east.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? raise 把??升上來 We raise our national flag every Monday. Detective 偵探

Have great meaning 重要的 Great 重大的

Such a little girl. So little a girl. 不可數或複數名詞用such

Have sth done.讓某物被做某事 Have the computer repaired.讓電腦被修理 fall of = fall down from

disappointing、disappoint、disappointed 失望的 （on與this）+ weekend 不能同時使用 Chemistry [‘kemistri] n.化學 Chance [??ns] n. 機會 + 條件狀語從句 一般現在表將來 + 主句 將來 If ? The adj. 一類人 ? Pass（v.）= v.+ past（介） ? nationality country ? ? ? ? adj. n. How is going 最近好嗎

Have a hard time with sth. / doing sth. bad—worse—worst 從句 任何事態 過去某個事態 主句 現在時 過去時 He thinks his father will go to Shanghai. ? had + 過去分詞 ： 過去完成時 ? 即時轉述 過後轉述 ? hope ? ? ? ? ? hope to do sth. hope + 從句 Broccoli 花椰菜 Get adj. 變得 Hurry up 抓緊時間 half → halves 賓語從句 時間狀語從句用一般現在表將來 Ben told me it was going to rain today. Ben told me it was going to rain that day when ? organize → organization ? half of them ≠ half them ? compare

half of the class = half the class with 比較 to ? ? ? ? ? ? 比喻 It’s adj. to do sth. Marks 分數

Mount Qomolanma 珠穆朗瑪峰

Everyone except （Karen and Michael）is going to visit the museum. 就遠原則 Destroy[di’str?i] v. 破壞 are 是 a 一個 be→been excellent 優秀的 skater 滑雪者 你 you ? go→gone ? blow up 引爆 ? Have / has been doing sth. ：現在完成時 ? I think he is a good student，isn’t it I don’t think he is a good student，is it ? 賓語從句 主語 ? dangerous animal animal in dangerous ? ? ? ? 對人危險的動物 陷入危險的動物 第一人稱 第二三人稱 反義疑問句 反義疑問句與從句保持疑問 主句保持一致 前肯后否 前否后肯 現在過去完成時是過去做做做到現在 De Gaulle 戴高樂

Make a living（by）doing sth. 靠什麽謀生 seem like n. 生氣 瘋狂 seem adj. ? mad at mad about ? One of adj.(最高級) n.(pl.) ? It’s time for sth. ? 一、概念

直接引述别人的话，叫“直接引语”。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫“间接英语”。间接英语在多数的情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加括号，所引用的话前常用逗号，而不是冒号，引号内直接引语的第一个单词首字母要大些。例如： John said，“I like reading the story.” John said that he liked reading the story. 二、直接引语变间接英语 1.陈述句

直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that（在口语中that可省略），从句中的人称、时

态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要相应变化。 (1) 人称的变化

He said to me，“I broke your CD player.” He told me that he had broken my CD player.”

(2) 事态的变化

如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句时态则无需变化。如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去式，从句的谓语动词要做相应的变化。

直接引语转换成间接引语时的时态变化 例句 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时He said，“I’m afraid I He said that he was afraid he 一般过去时 can’t finish the work” couldn’t finish the work. 现在进行时过去进行时 He said，“I’m using a pen.” He said that he was using a pen. 现在完成时She said，“I’ve not heart She said that she had not 过去完成时 from him since May.” heart from him since May. 一般过去时He said，“I came to help He said that he had come to 过去完成时 you.” help me. 过去完成时不变 一般将来时过去将来时 He said，“I had finished my He said that he had finished homework before supper.” his homework before supper. She said，“I’ll do it after class.” She said that she would do it after class. 例句 直接引语 She said，“I’ll finish the work this morning.” He said，“These books are mine.” He said，“It’s nine o’clock now.” He said，“I haven’t seen her today.” 间接引语 She said that she would finish the work that morning. He said that those books were his. He said that it was nine o’clock then. He said that he hadn’t seen her that day. (3) 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化 直接引语转换成间接引语的变化 this→that these→those now→then today→that day yesterday→the She said，“I went there She said that she had gone day before yesterday.” there the day before. tomorrow→the next/ following day ago→before here→there come→go She said，“I’ll go there tomorrow.” She said that she would go there the next / following day. She said ，“He left ten She said that he had left minutes ago.” ten minutes before. He said，“My sister was He said that his sister had here one week before.” been there one week before. She said，“I’ll come She said that she would go here this evening.” there that evening. (4) 直接引语变间接引语时态不变的几种情况

1） 直接引语所述的是客观真理 2） 直接引语中有确切的时间状语 3） 直接引语是过去完成时

4） 直接引语是过去进行时

5） 直接引语是经常发生的习惯性的动作 6） 直接引语所述的内容是个事实

2. 疑问句

直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序（主语在谓语的前面），句末用句号，主语的人称时态和状语等也要做相应的变化。

? true a. truth n. ? steal → stole 偷 ? little ? please pleased pleasant ? ? ? ? Chinese Japanese fish deer sheep ：CN单复数同形 Would like to do sth. Hold v. 保存；包含；涵盖 I collected shells when I was ten. I have collected shells since I was ten. I have been collecting shells since I was ten. ? ? ? ? 现在完成时要用since加在过去时间前 Candy wrapper 糖纸 Theatre 剧院；戏，戏剧；〔集合词〕(某一国、某一作家的)戏剧作品，戏剧文学。 Since加时间点 for加一段时间 collect v. collection n. collector 一般过去时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时 v. a. 使某人满意；请 对什么满意 令人满意的 一些（不可数） 小 ? Send [send] 送；寄（强调不当面给）； 打发；派；遣；放；投；掷；射 ? Probably [‘pr?b?bli] ad. 通常位置：实意动词之前：情态、助、be动词之后，语气比perhaps[p?’h?ps][p

?’r?ps]、maybe[‘meibi:]强

? The 比较级 the 比较级 ?? 越??就越?? ? I am certain = I am sure ? run → ran → run

run out of 用尽 ? store [st?:r] v. 积蓄，贮藏；储备；把?存入仓库，把?交给栈房 n.=stop ? room [ru:m][rum] 【UN】 场所，席位，地位，空间；余地，余裕；机会；室，房间 ? run out of：主语是人 run out：主语是物

? apply for ：申请；请求 （apply for a position 求职）

Everyone wants to apply for the job.

He applied to the headmaster([‘hedm?st?] 校长) for the job. ? Write in English 用英语写 ? Another前面不能加定冠词the

? since five years ago for five years ? in pairs ：成对 ? Europe n. European [ju:r?’pi:?n] a.＆n. ? Although、though：让步状语从句，不与but连用 ? Else [els] 通常修饰不定代词疑问代词

? certain [‘s?:tn] → certainly [‘s?:tnli] 〔口语〕〔回答语〕当然，自然可以；不错，的确是那样，

的确是的 ? ADVICE

1. advice [?d’vais] (E) n. 忠告，意见 take(give) one’s advice 接受（给予）忠告或建议

[语法] advice是不可数名词： 一条建议（忠告） 误：an advice 正：a piece of advice 2. advise [?d’vaiz] (E) v. 忠告，劝说，劝说；(I) v. 通知(=inform) advise sb. not to do sth. against doing sth. 劝说某人不要做某事 advise sd. of sth. 向某人通知某事 (搭配同类inform[in’f?:rm]) [辨异]“劝说”(advise)不一定“说服”(persuade)

adviser, advisor [?d’vaiz?] n. 忠告者，建议者，顾问 3. 忠告advise就是使人(ad-)明白，看见(-vise)的意思，

(1) vise=vis=看

previse [pri’vaiz] v. 先见，预知，警告 pre=before 看在前面即是预知 supervise [‘su:p?vaiz] v. 监督；管理 super=over 高高在上地看既是监督 revise [ri:vaiz] v. 校订，改订 re=again 再看一遍加以校订 (2) ad=使，ad加在动词前，起加强语气的作用

admit [?d’mit] v. (mit=send送) 允许进入 adopt [?’d?pt] v. (opt=选择) 接纳，收养

触类旁通 ——advice与advise类易混词类比记忆 辨别规则□动~se [z] —— □名~ce [s] (名清动浊)

choose [?u:z]

(E) v. 选择，挑选 (I) n. 甘愿(+to do) devise [di’vaiz]

(I) v. 设计(机器)，想出(方法)，作出(计划) ? by the way on one’s way in one’s way no way in this / that way in some way

——choice [??is]

(E) v. 选择，选择机会 (A) n. 入选者，精华 ——device [di’vais]

(A) n. 设备，装置 (A) n. 设计，方法

顺便提一下 前往某地的路 挡住了某人的路 不 通过这样、那样的方式 在某些方面 ? organize [‘?:rg?naiz] v.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

organized [‘ ?:rg?naizd] a.

organization [?:rg?ni’zei∫n] n. keep silence 保持沉默

province [‘pr?vins] 省，州；〔pl.〕 地区，地方； 〔the provinces〕 乡下 be + 过去分词：被动语态 many years ago

It [it] is a. for [f?:r] [f?] sb. to do sth. Thanks to 多亏

recently [‘ri:snt] 新近的；近来的；近代的 AGRICULTURE

1. agriculture [‘?grik?l??] (E) n. 农业 2. “农业”离不开“耕田、种地”，

agriculture原意即为“耕耘天地” (1) agriculture→agr(田地)

agronomy [?’gr?n?mi] [nomy(法则，?学)] n. 农学 [联想] astronomy n. 天文学；economy n. 经济

acre [‘eik?] (A) n. 英亩，田地(acre是agr的变体，[k]与[g]清浊辅音交替) acreage [‘eik?rid?][‘eikrid?] n. 项目数，土地面积 (2) agriculture→cult(ure)(耕耘)

cultivate [‘k?lt?veit] (I) v. 耕作，栽培，养殖→(A) v. (喻)教养，教化

one’s land 耕种田地 roses 培养玫瑰 one’s 修心养性 culture [‘k?l??] n. 栽培，养殖→(I) n. (喻)教养，修养(I) n. 文化，精神文明 the culture of roses 玫瑰栽培 mind and body 身心修养 cultivate [辨异] civilization [sivli’zei∫n] 主要指物质文明；culture主要指精神文明。

? wonder [‘w?nd?] 惊奇，惊异，惊叹；不可思议，奇异，奇妙；奇异的事情[东西]，奇

迹；奇观；奇才

? ALLY

1. ally [?’lai][‘?lai] (E) v. 结盟，联盟，联合 [派生] ally n. (同)盟国，同盟者(具体名词) alliance n. 同盟，联盟(抽象名词) the Allies (一战)协约国，(二战)同盟国 2. alloy [‘?l?i] [ally(结合)的同源异体词] n. 合金

3. rally [‘r?li] [r(e-)(再度，重新)+ally(结合)] (A) v. 纠正，集合，团结 (A) n. 集合，集会，

大会 a mass rally 群众大会 知rally渊源可易记：rally蕴含着“重新结合到一起”之义：v. 重新聚集，重整旗鼓；n. 再举，复原 The tired solders rallied and drove the enemy back.疲惫的士兵重整旗鼓，打退了敌人的进攻。 ? △mind would you mind doing sth? / not do sth?

表示同意：No，not at all / Certainly not / Of course not 表示不同意：Sorry，but + 理由 Mind (not) doing sth. mind one’s doing sth.

? clothing [‘kl?uei?] n. (集合词)衣服，衣类；被服

? ? ? ? ? ? ? order [‘?:rd?] n. 〔常 pl.〕命令；训令；指挥，号令；次序，顺序；整齐； do / wash the dishes

Could you please (not) do sth? (圆形我还正方形呢) in加一段时间用将来时

task [ta:sk] n. (派定的)工作，任务，功课；艰苦的工作，苦差使 Have you thought of the solution to the problem? annoyed 感到生气 annoying 令人生气的 annoy [?’n?i] 惹恼，打搅；使烦恼 ? at a meeting 在见面会 at work 在工作 ? break [breik] 毁坏，弄坏，损坏，毁损 → broke → broken

?Would you mind my turning of the light？? mind one's doing sth. ? Yes，you'd better not.?Would you mind my smoking here？? AMONG，MIX

1. among [?’m??] prep. 在(多数)之中，在?中间；一般指“在三者或三者以上之中” 2. between表示“在两者之间”，因为其中蕴含着two(twenty)

among表示“在三者(以上)之间”，因为其中隐含ming(群体，混合)。 mingle [‘mi?gl] (A) v. 混合，加入 (-le表示反复动作) e.g.：with mingle feelings 百感交集

(a)I found him among the crowd. 我在人群中发现了他。 (b)He mingled in (with) the crowd. 他混入人去中 commingle [k?’mi?gl] [com-=together] v. 混合，搀合 intermingle [int?’mi?gl] [inter-(相互)] v. 交杂，混合 1. mix [miks] (E) v. 混合，搀合 → (I) v. 混淆，搞混

mix up (I) 混合，混淆，搞糊涂

译：当油和水混合时，它们容易看出来。

误：When oil and water mix，they are easy to tell apart. 正：When oil and water mingle，they are easy to tell apart. (承上b句)他混入(mingle)人群中，我们仍能在人群中(among)发现他。mingle与mix不同就在于：多．．．种事物mingle后，各事物仍然保持其个性，而且可以区别或辨别出来；各种东西mix后，就不可区分。故水与油不相mix，但可以mingle。 2. admix [?d’miks][?d’miks] v. 混合，搀合 (with sth.)

commix [k?’miks] v. 混合，混杂 (= mix together)

intermix [int?’miks] v. 交杂，混合 smiles intermixed with tears 含泪的微笑 mixture [‘miks??] (I) n. 混合，混合物

? ANT

1. ant [?nt] (E) n. 蚂蚁

2. antenna [?n’ten?] (A) n. (蚂蚁)触电 → (电视，无线电)天线

[内在联系]你看！“天线”不正形似于蚂蚁的“触角”

?(英)aerial(aer?air空)[英美差异]“天线”??(美)antenna

?

? ? ?

stand [st?nd] v. 坚持；耐，忍耐；忍受；顶住，接受 Sth. annoy [?’n?i] sb.

warn [w?:rn] v. 警戒，警告；训诫，告诫；预先通知，预告 happen / take place 沒有被動語態

? Get adj.

? behave [bi’heiv] v. 处身，行为，做人，举止，表现；(机器等)开动，运转

behaviour [bi’heivj?] n. 行为，品行；举止，态度，举动，表现，行动 ? take care (not) to do sth. 注意(不)做某事。

? social [‘s?u∫?l] adj. 社会的，社会上的；交际的，社交的；喜欢交际的；合群的 ? normal [‘n?:rml] adj. 正常的，平常的，普通的；平均的。正规的，标准的。 ? ? polite [p?’lait] adj. 有礼貌的；殷勤的；斯文的；文雅的；有教养的。

? impolite [imp?’lait] adj. 没礼貌的，失礼的，粗鲁的。 ? politely adv.

? at first 首先、一开始 ? keep 宾 adj.

? all the time 总是，一直

? body[‘b?di] language[‘l??gwid?] 肢体语言 ?

?n.?a bit of a little??adj.?a bit ? Try not to do sth. 尽量不做某事

? sth. happen to sb. 某事发生在某人身上

happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事 ? join the line 排好队

? culture [‘k?l??] n. 教养；修养；磨练。文化，(精神)文明。培养菌，培养组织。 ? in Europe 在欧洲

Britain is a European country. ? It’s better to do sth.

? even if(即使) = although[?:l’e?u] = though[e?u] ? You’d better keep your voice down.

? situation [sit∫u’ei∫n] n. (房屋建筑等的)地点，位置；场所。形势，局面。 ? Break the rule (of?) ? put out 扑灭；熄灭

? Asian [‘ei?n][‘ei∫n] adj. 亚洲的；亚洲人的。 n. 亚洲人。 ? common [‘k?m?n] adj. 共通的，共同的，共有的。公众的；公共的。 ? in public places 公共地方 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

?advice [UN] ??succestion [CN]Cut in front of you in line. 插队插在你前面。 allow sb. to do sth. have a break 休息

try to do sth. 尽力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事

Be late to sth. Be late for doing sth. run → ran → run take off 起飞、脱下

almost [‘?:lm?ust][?:l’m?ust] adv. 差不多，几乎，将近，快要。 to one’s surprise

asleep [?’sle:p] adj. & adv. 睡着，睡熟。长眠，已死。发呆，不活泼。

? make up 组成 ? APPEAR

1. appear [?’pi:r] (E) v. 出现，出场，问世；(E) v. 好像是，仿佛

2. appearance [?’pi:r?ns] (appear的名词) (I) n. 出现，出场，问世 make an appearance 出面，出

场；(I) n. 外表，外观 judge by appearance 从外表上判断 apparent [?’p?r?nt] (appear的形容词) (I) adj. 明显的；(A) adj. 外表的；貌似的 more apparent than real 表面而非实际

[派生] apparently adv. 显然；宛然，俨然，似乎

??He appears (to be) rich.(a) ?? ?他似乎很富有。?It appears that he is rich.(b) Apparently he is rich.??? ARCTIC

1. arctic [‘a:ktik][‘a:tik] a. 北极的；北极圈的；the Arctic 北极(北极在地球仪看来是圆弧的一

个端点，故arctic指北极) arc，arch→圆弧，统治 2. arc [a:k] n. v. 弧

3. arch n. v. 拱，拱门(洞) The Arch of Triumph 凯旋门

4. monarch [‘m?n?rk] n. 君主。 [词源] 古之君王在圆弧形的宫殿中执政。mon→mono→single 单一 5. Antarctic [?n’ta:ktik] a. 南极的；the Antarctic 南极 ant-→anti，相反，相对 ?

I know a boy callednamed Tom.

? make sb. do sth.

?

??Goldfish is easy to take care of.?take care of ? ??I'll take care of your dog.??look for? fish单复数同形 ? hear sb. doing sth. hear sb. do sth. 看到某人正在做某事 看到某人做过某事 ? perfect [p?’fekt] adj.完美的；理想的；纯粹的。熟练的，精通的 (in)。 ? buy sb. sth. buy sth. for sb. ? ? ? ? composition [k?mp?’zi∫n] n. 编制；结构，构造，组成，组织；成分；合成物。 congratulation [k?ngr???’lei∫n] n. 祝贺；〔pl.〕祝词，贺辞。 How / What about sth. / doing sth. She’s too big to sleep in the house. She’s so big that she can’t sleep in the house. too?to? so?that? ? trendy [‘trendi] adj. ? Why don’t you v.(原型) ? get sth. for sb. get sb. sth.

? ARMY

1. army [‘a:mi] (E) n. 军队，军 → (I) n. 大群 an army of ants

the three services (三军): army 陆军 navy 海军 air forces 空军 2. army (军队) → arm(军器，武器)

[词源] army 原意即“持武器的人群”

arm [a:m] (I) v. 武装，装备 [与arm (手臂) 异源] armed to teeth 武装到牙齿

[词源] 所谓“武装到牙齿”原是“一个人两手各执一把刀，牙齿上还咬着一把刀”。

They went into the examination room, armed to teeth with pens, pencils and rulers. disarm [dis’a:m] v. 解除武器，裁军

armour [‘a:m?] n. 盔甲，装甲 a suit of armour [派生] armoured adj. 装甲的；armoury n. 军械库

arms (I) n. 武器，武装 arms and ammunition [?mj?’ni∫n] 武器弹药

alarm [?’la:m] (“To (the) arms”(拿起武器，准备战斗)之缩略) (I) n. 警报 a fire alarm 火警，an alarm bell 闹钟；(I) v. 惊动，惊恐； (A) n. 惊恐，惊慌

? while [wail] 一段时间；一会儿；(所需、所费的)功夫。 ? Sth. cost (sb.) some money. ? not ?? at all 一点也不

? asleep adj. 表语或后置定语 → fall asleep → sleepy a. 瞌睡的；嗜睡的。

? through [θru:] ad. & a. 穿过，通过，经历；从头到尾，完全，全部；到最后，到底，彻底；透；完毕。

直通的，直达的。〔英国〕(电话)接通；〔美国〕通话完毕。

? rather than ：?.I’d call her hail black rather than brown.

?.It’s you rather than me who will go there. ?.She is an actress rather than a singer. ?.She likes singing rather than dancing.

?.I decided to write a letter rather than (to) make a call. ? too many too much much too ? n. 利益。爱好。 interest [‘intr?st] ? ? ? ? ? ? v. 使发生兴趣。 interested take an interest in I have an interest in learning English. Sing English song interests me a lot. be interested in sth. / doing sth. 对??感兴趣 n. [C] (pl.) n. [U] a. modest [‘m?d?st] a. 淑静的，贞节的；有节制的，适度的，适中的；不大的。 Jurassic Period [d?u’r?sik] [‘pi:ri:?d] 侏罗纪 Sweden n. 瑞典 Swede [swi:d] n. 瑞典人

improve [im’pru:v] v. 改良，改善，增进。利用，活用。增高(土地等的)价值。 as a.(原) / ad.(原) as It takes sb. to do sth. Sth. cost sb. some money. Sb. pays some money for sth. Sb. spend

on sth. (in) doing sth.

? enter = go into = take park in ?

?sth. 通过：by??doing sth.? advantage [?d’v?ntid?] [CN] 利益，好处。优点，优越性，有利方面；优势。 ? hear from sb. 收到某人来信 hear from sb.’s letter.(收到某人信的来信) ? suggest [s?’d?est] 建议，提议，提出(计划等)。暗示，绕着弯儿讲。

suggest sth. / doing sth. / 从句 / to do sth. ? make friends with 与谁谁交友

? native speaker of English 以英语为母语的人 ? encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 ? 现在完成时不直接跟时间连用 ? quite a good = a very good ? by heart 用心

? Have / Make sth. done 使某物被??

? satisfy [‘s?t?sfai] v. 使满足，使果腹；达到(要求)。令人满意。 ? learn about 了解 ? six months earlier six months ago 提前六个月 六个月前 ? instead [in’sted] ad. 代替，顶替。

? contest n. & v. 竞争，争论。竞赛，比赛。争夺(胜败，土地等)。 ? Tom is a bad student.

So he is 表赞同

So is Mary 表另一个也是要倒装 ? have / has been to 去过 ? borrow sth. from sb. lend sth. to sb. ? yet [jet] ad. 仍 用法 在现在完成时的句子中，already常用于肯定句，yet常用于否定句和疑问句，但

yet还有其他用法。 1. 用于否定句中，意思是“还、尚、迄今、到那时”。 ? just [d??st] a. 刚才； 仅仅，只是； 正好； 刚要

? already [?:l’redi,’?:lredi] ad. 〔表示现在或过去某时发生的事实〕已经，早已。 ? ever ad. 〔表示否定、疑问和比较〕曾经，这以前。 ? so far 到目前为止(常用于现在完成时) ? you’d better (not) do sth. ? rather than 平行对比 ? 不规则动词表 be 是(am, is) are bear 忍受 beat 击打 become 变成 begin 开始

was, were bore beat became began been been borne, born beaten become begun babysit blow 吹 break 断开 bring 带来 build 建筑 buy 买 can 能 catch 抓住 choose 选择 come 来 cost 价值 cut 切 deal 处理 dig 挖洞 do 做 draw 画 dream 做梦 drink 喝 drive 驾车 eat 吃 fall 落下 feed 喂 feel 感觉 fight 打架 find 找寻 fly:飞 forget 忘记 freeze 冷冻 flee 逃跑 get 得到 give 给予 go 去 grow 成长 hang: 挂 吊死 have/has 有 hear 听 hit 打 hold 拿住 hurt 伤害 keep 保持 know 知道 lay 放置 lead 带领

babysat blew broke brought built bought could caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew dreamed, dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forgot froze fled got gave went grew hung hanged had heard hit held hurt kept knew laid led babysat blown broken brought built bought - caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn dreamed, dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forgotten, forgot frozen fled got, gotten given gone grown hung hanged had heard hit held hurt kept known laid led lie 躺；位于 说谎 learn 学习 leave 离开 lend 借出 let 让 lose 丢失 make 做 may 可以 mean 意思是 meet 见面 mistake 弄错 misunderstand 误会 overcome 克服 oversleep 睡过头 overspend 过度使用 pay 付出 put 放 read 读 rebuild 重建 retell 重述 ride 骑 ring 响 rise 升起 run 跑 say 说 see 看见 sell 卖 send 送 set 设置 shake 摇晃 shall 将 shine 照耀 shoot 射击 show 展示 shut 关闭 sing 唱歌 sink 下沉 sit 坐 sleep 睡觉 smell 闻 speak 讲话 spell 拼写 spend 花钱

lay lied learnt, learned left lent let lost made might meant met mistook misunderstood overcame overslept overspent paid put read rebuilt retold rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent set shook should shone, shined shot showed shut sang sank sat slept smelt, smelled spoke spelt, spelled spent lain lied learnt, learned left lent let lost made - meant met mistaken misunderstood overcome overslept overspent paid put read rebuilt retold ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent set shaken - shone, shined shot shown, showed shut sung sunk sat slept smelt, smelled spoken spelt, spelled spent

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