抓抓のGWD阅读分析示例

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q4-Q7 N-17-Q5-18 G-9-Q4-Q7【较详细】

By the sixteenth century, the Incas of South America ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from what is now Ecuador to central Chile. While most of the Incas were self-sufficient

agriculturists, the inhabitants of the highland basins above 9,000 feet were constrained by the kinds of crops they could cultivate. Whereas 95 percent of the principal Andean food crops can be cultivated below 3,000 feet, only 20 percent reproduce readily above 9,000 feet. Given this unequal resource distribution, highland Incas needed access to the products of lower, warmer climatic zones in order to enlarge the variety and quantity of their foodstuffs. In most of the preindustrial world, the problem of different resource distribution was resolved by long-distance trade networks over which the end consumer exercised little control. Although the peoples of the Andean highlands participated in such networks, they relied primarily on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecological zones as possible. The commodities produced in these zones were extracted, processed, and transported entirely by members of a single group.

This strategy of direct access to a maximum number of ecological zones by a single group is called vertical economy. Even today, one can see Andean communities maintaining use rights simultaneously to pasturelands

above 12,000 feet, to potato fields in basins over 9,000 feet, and to plots of warm-land crops in regions below 6,000 feet. This strategy has two principal variations. The first is

“compressed verticality,” in which a single village resides in a location that ecological zonespermits easy access to closely located . Different crop zones or pasturelands are located within a few days walk of the parent community. Community members may reside temporarily in one of the lower zones to manage the extraction of products

unavailable in the homeland. In the second variation, called the “vertical archipelago,” the village exploits resources in widely dispersed locations, constituting a series of independent production “islands.” In certain

pre-Columbian Inca societies, groups were sent from the home territory to establish permanent satellite

communities or colonies in distant tropical forests or coastal locations. There the colonists grew crops and extracted products for their own use and for transshipment back to their high-altitude compatriots. In contrast to the

compressed verticality system, in this system, commodities rather than people circulated through the archipelago.

------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q4 N-17-Q5 G-9-Q4:B

According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ?

阅读关注：时间，专有名词，模糊定位； 做题（according to）：定位

A. They were not used extensively in most of the

preindustrial world. B. ! They were used to some extent by the people of

the Andean highlands.和原文although…participated对应。 C. They were not an effective means of solving the

problem of different resource distribution.-XF D. They necessitated the establishment of

permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations. E. They were useful only for the transportation of

products from warm climatic zones. 文章没有说only，绝对化词汇不能随便加。Too strong。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q5 N-17-Q6:

According to the passage, the inhabitants of the Andean highlands resolved the problem of unequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways?

A. Following self-sufficient agricultural practice错误

对应!这个是说most of the Incas而不是Andean highlands people的！ B. Increasing commodity production from the

ecological zones in the highland basins C. Increasing their reliance on long-distance trade

networks 不是andean的 D. Establishing satellite communities throughout the

Andean highlands 同C E. ！Establishing production forces in ecological zones

beyond their parent communities对应SE2，和A相比多了beyond their parent communities所以更准确 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q6 N-17-Q7:

The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed

A. commodities to reach the end consumer faster B. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the

end consumer

C. a single group to maintain control over the

production process D. ! greater access to commodities from lower,

warmer climatic zones ND.没有这个比较 E. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural

techniques

--------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q7 N-17-Q8 G-9-Q7:

The passage suggests that for an Andean highland village attempting to resolve the problem of unequal resource distribution, the strategy known as compressed verticality would probably be inappropriate for which of the following situations?

A. The village’s location is such that it is difficult for

the village to participate in long-distance trade networks. XF B. The village does not have the resources to

establish permanent satellite communities in

production zones beyond the home community. XF C. The warm-land crop regions nearest to the village

are all below 6,000 feet. XF，原句 D. ！The location of the village does not provide ready

access to an adequate variety of ecological zones. E. The nearest crop production zones are located

below the village, while the nearest pasturelands are located above the village. XF

GWD-9-Q9-Q11 G-9-Q9-Q11:

Among the myths taken as fact by the

environmental managers of most corporations is the belief that environmental regulations affect all competitors in a given industry uniformly. In reality, regulatory costs—and therefore compliance—fall unevenly, economically

disadvantaging some companies and benefiting others. For example, a plant situated near a number of larger noncompliant competitors is less likely to attract the

attention of local regulators than is an isolated plant, and less attention means lower costs. Additionally, large plants can spread compliance costs such as waste treatment across a larger revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller plants may not even be subject to certain

provisions such as permit or reporting requirements by virtue of their size. Finally, older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated when the technology was first adopted. New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products. By realizing that they have discretion and that not all

industries are affected equally by environmental regulation, environmental managers can (45) help their companies to achieve a competitive edge by anticipating regulatory pressure and exploring all possibilities for addressing how changing regulations (50) will affect their companies specifically.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q9 G-9-Q9:

Which of the following hypothetical examples would best illustrate the point the author makes in lines 40-51 (“By realizing … specifically.”)?

A. Believing its closest competitor is about to do the

same, a plant reduces its output of a toxic chemical at great cost in order to comply with environmental regulations. B. In the face of new environmental regulations, a

plant maintains its production methods and passes the costs of compliance on to its customers. C. A plant’s manager learns of a competitor’s

methods of lowering environmental compliance costs but is reluctant to implement those methods. D. ！Having learned of an upcoming environmental

ban on a certain chemical, a company designs its new plant to employ processes that avoid use of that chemical. E. A plant attempts to save money by refusing to

comply with environmental laws.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD-9-Q10 G-9-Q10:

According to the passage, which of the following

statements about sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs is true?

A. Older production technologies cannot be adapted

so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products. B. Under the most recent environmental regulations,

industrial plants are no longer permitted to produce these outputs. C. ！Although these outputs are environmentally

hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose. D. Many older plants have developed innovative

technological processes that reduce the amounts of these outputs generated as waste products. E. Since the production processes that generate

these outputs are less costly than alternative processes, these less expensive processes are sometimes adopted despite their acknowledged environmental hazards. ----------------------------------------------------------------------

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/i7id.html