研究生英语综合教程-翻译转义unit1-4-7-9-10

研究生英语综合教程

复习资料整理

2015-12-25

Unit 1

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS

（核心员工的特征） David G.Jensen

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What exactly is a key play? 核心员工究竟是什么样子的?

A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted.

几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。

I asked a client — a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。

“Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise [ n. 专门知识，专门技

能 ]that you can count on to get the job done.

“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。

On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said.

在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。

And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just:

当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：

the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。”

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This in part of pep talk[ 鼓舞士气的讲话 ] intended to send headhunters[ n.猎头] into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。

They want to hire a “key player” from another company. 他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。

Every company also hires from ranks of newbies[ n. 新手，网络新用户], 然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。

and what they're looking for is exactly the same. 他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。

“We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. “我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。

If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet[下赌注] on them.” 假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。” It's just a bit risker. 只是这样有点儿冒险。

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“It's an educated guess”, “这是一种有根据的猜测，”

says my hiring manager client. 我的人事经理客户说。

Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate[v. 缓和，减轻 ] that risk.

作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，

You need to help them identify you as a prospective [ adj. 預期的，未來的，可能的 ]“key player”.

你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。

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Trait 1: The selfless collaborator 特征1：无私的合作者

John Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait, 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。 which has already been written about a great deal. 关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。

It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between

academia[ n. 学术界] and industry.

它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。 “It's teamwork [ n. 合作，协作，配合],” says Fetzer. “这里需要合作，”费策尔说，

“The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive. “企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，

so signs of being collaborative[ adj. 协作的，合作的 ] and selfless stand out[ 突出，显眼]. 所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。

You just can't succeed in an industry environment without this mindset [ n. 思维定式 ].” 在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。”

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Many postdocs and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this

transition [ n. 过渡，转变]

许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。

because so much of their life has involved playing the independent-researcher role and

outshining[ v. 优先，使…黯然失色] other young stars.

因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。

You can make yourself more attractive to companies by 你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：

working together with scientists from other laboratories and disciplines in pursuit

of[ 追求，追寻] a common goal

为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作 — and documenting the results on your resume. ——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。

This approach, combined with a liberal use of pronoun “we” and not just “I” when describing your accomplishments,

这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，

can change the company's perception[ n. 看法，认识] of you from a lone wolf[ 喜好独处的人] to a selfless collaborator.

能使公司对你的看法从 “单干户”转变成“合作者”。

Better still, develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates

with as a person who fosters[ v. 培养，促进，助长 ] and initiates collaborations

更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人

— and make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls.

——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。

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Trait 2: A sense of urgency 特征2：紧迫感

Don Haut is a frequent contributor[ n.投稿人，撰稿人] to the aaas.sciencecareers.org discussion forum.

唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。

He is a former scientist who transitioned to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management position.

他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。

Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than $2.4 billion in annual revenues.

他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。 He is among those who value a sense of urgency. 他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。

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“Business happens 24/7/365，

“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，

which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut.

那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说， “One way that companies win is by getting ‘there’ faster, “公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。

which means that you not only have to mobilize[ v. 争取支持，动用资源]all of the functions that support a business to move quickly,

这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来， but you have to know how to decide where ‘there’ is! 而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。

This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, 这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，

but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on[ 按…行事 ] their

convictions[ n. 坚定地信仰或主张].

也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。

This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.”

这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。”

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Trait 3: Risk tolerance 特征3：风险容忍度

Being OK with risk is something that industry demands. 企业要求员工能承受风险。

“A candidate needs to have demonstrated the ability to make decisions with imperfect or incomplete information.

“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。

He or she must be able to embrace ambiguity[ n. 不明确 ] and stick his or her neck

out [ 说冒险的话] to drive to a conclusion,”

他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，” wrote one of my clients in a job description. 一位客户在职业描述中写道。

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Haut agrees. 豪特赞同这一说法。

“Business success is often defined by comfort with ambiguity and risk — personal, organizational, and financial.

“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险—个人的，组织上的和财务上的。 This creates a disconnect for many scientists because success in academia is really more about careful, studied[ adj. 经过深思熟虑的] research.

这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。

Further, great science is often defined by how one gets to the answer as much as by the answer itself,

更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。 so scientists often fall in love with the process. 因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。

In a business, you need to understand the process, 在企业里，你需要了解过程，

but you end up falling in love with the answer and then take a risk based on what you think that answer means to your business.

但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。

Putting your neck on the line [ 冒险 ] like this is a skill set that all employers look for

in their best people.”

像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

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Another important piece of risk tolerance is a candidate's degree of comfort with failure.

风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。

Failure is important because it shows that you were not afraid to take chances. 失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。

So companies consistently look for candidates who can be wrong and admit it. 所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。

Everyone knows how to talk about successes — or they should if they're in a job search 大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。 — but far fewer people are comfortable talking about failures, 但很少有人乐意谈论失败，

and fewer still know how to bring lessons and advantages back from the brink[ n. 始发点，

边缘].

更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。

“For my organization, a candidate needs to have comfort discussing his or her failures, “对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，

and he or she needs to have real failures, not something made up[ 编造（说法，解释）] for interview day.

而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。 If not, that person has not taken enough risk.” says Haut.

如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。

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Trait 4: Strength in interpersonal relationships 特征4：善于处理人际关系

Rick Leach is in business development for DECODE Genetics. 瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。

Leach made the transition to industry recently, on the business side of things. 李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。

I asked him about this key trait because in his new business role, interpersonal abilities make the difference between success and failure.

我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。

“Scientists spend their lives accumulating knowledge and developing technical

acumen[ n. 敏锐，聪明 ] ,” he says,

“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，

but working for a business requires something else entirely — people skills. “但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。

The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize[ v. 使…优先 ] his or her relationship assets above their technical assets.

想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。

To suddenly be valued and measured by your mastery of human relationships can be a very scary proposition for a person who has been valued and measured only by his mastery of things,” says Rick.

对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真

At the very least, three elements are necessary for a loving relationship: 拥有恋爱关系至少需要具备三个元素：

(1) a willingness to please and accommodate [ v. 迎合，迁就 ] the other person, even if this involves compromise and sacrifice; (1)愿意取悦和迁就另一方，即使需要妥协或牺牲；

(2) an acceptance of the other person's faults and shortcomings; (2)能接受另一方的错误和缺点；

and (3) as much concern about the loved one's welfare as one's own. (3)关心爱人的幸福像关心自己一样。

And, people who say they are “in love” emphasize caring, intimacy, and commitment. 而且，说自己“处于恋爱中”的人们重视相互之间的关心、亲密和忠诚。

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In any type of love, caring about the other person is essential. 不管是哪种类型的爱，关心另一方是非常必要的。

Although love may involve passionate yearning, respect is more important quality. 虽然爱可能包含激情的渴望，然而相互尊重才是更重要的品质。 Respect is inherent in all love: 相互尊重是所有爱的共性：

“I want the loved person to grow and unfold for his own sake, “我想要我爱的人为他自己成长发展， and in his own ways, 并且用他自己的方式，

and not for the purpose of serving me”. 而不是为了迎合我。”

If respect and caring are missing, the relationship is not based on loved. 如果没有尊重和关怀，两人的关系就不是建立在爱的基础上； Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive dependency 反而成为一种不健康的或者是具有占有欲的依赖，

that limits the lovers' social, emotional, and intellectual growth. 而这会限制爱的双方在社会、情感和智力方面的发展。

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Love, especially long-term love, 爱，特别是长久的爱，

has nothing in common with images of love or frenzied [ adj. 狂乱的，疯狂的 ] sex that we get from Hollywood, television, and romance novels.

和我们从好莱坞、电视、或爱情小说中获得的对爱和狂热的性爱的印象完全不同。 Because of these images, many people believe a variety of myths about love. 由于这些印象的缘故，许多人对爱有各种各样的误解，

These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations, stereotypes, and disillusionment.

这些误解常常会导致不现实的期望、固定模式或幻觉破灭。

In fact, “real” love is closer to what one author called “stirring-the-oatmeal love”（Johnson, 1985）.

事实上，“真”爱更接近于一位作家(约翰逊，1995)所称的“搅燕麦粥之爱”。 This type of love is neither exciting nor thrilling 这种爱既不令人激动也不能令人兴奋，

but is relatively mundane [ adj. 平凡的，平淡的 ] and unromantic. 但是它却是实实在在的，不浪漫的。

It means paying bills, putting out the garbage, scrubbing toilet bowls, being up all night with a sick baby,

它是付账单，倒垃圾，刷马桶，孩子生病时守夜，

and performing myriad [ adj. 无数的 ] other “oatmeal” tasks that are not very sexy. 以及完成其他各种各样不那么性感的“搅燕麦粥”的任务。

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Some partners take turns stirring the oatmeal. 有些伴侣们轮流来“搅燕麦粥”，

Other people seek relationships that offer candlelit gourmet meals in a romantic setting.

其他人则寻求一种能带来浪漫的烛光美餐的恋爱关系。

Whether we decide to enter a serious relationship or not, 不管我们是否决定建立认真的恋爱关系， what type of love brings people together？ 是什么样的爱让我们走到一起?

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What attracts individuals to each other in the first place？ 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?

Many people believe that “there's one person out there that one is meant for” 许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”， and that destiny will bring them together. 而且命运会将你俩带到一起。

Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. 这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。

Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together. 实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们联系在一起。 We will never meet millions of potential lovers 我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，

because they are “filtered out [ 过滤，滤除 ]” by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility

因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，

due to factors such as age, race, distance, social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance.

这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。

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Beginning in childhood, parents encourage or limit future romantic liaisons [ n. 密切的关

系 ] by selecting certain neighborhoods and schools.

从童年开始，父母们就通过选择某个街区和学校，或是鼓励或是限制孩子未来的情感关系。 In early adolescence, peer norms influence the adolescent's decisions about acceptable romantic involvements

在青少年早期，同伴们的标准也会影响青少年决定哪些情感关系是可以接受的 （“You want to date who？！”）. (“你想和谁约会?”)。

Even during the preteen years, 甚至在13岁之前，

romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience.

情感经历就由社会和群体的活动和期望所决定和培养起来了。

Although romance may cross cultural or ethnic borders, 虽然爱情可以跨越文化和民族的界线，

criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom. 但批评和赞同教会了我们什么是可以接受的浪漫行为和与谁发生浪漫行为。 One might “lust” for someone, 一个人也许会对另一个人产生“欲望”，

but these yearnings will not lead most of us to “fall in love” if there are strong cultural or group bans.

但是如果有强烈的文化或族群反对，我们中的大多数人即使有这样的渴望也不会因此而爱上某人的。

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Regan and Berscheid（1999） differentiate between lust, desire, and romantic love. 里根和波谢德(1999)曾把贪欲、性欲和浪漫的爱加以区分。

They describe lust as primarily physical rather than emotional, 他们把贪欲描述为身体上的而非情感上的兴奋，

a condition that may be conscious or unconscious. 是一种有意识的或无意识的状态。

Desire, in contrast, is a psychological state 相反性欲是一种心理状态，

in which one wants a relationship that one does not now have, 在这种心理状态下，一个人想建立一种目前还不具有的恋爱关系， or to engage in an activity in which one is not presently engaged. 或者是想进行一种目前还没有进行的行为。 Desire may or may not lead to romantic love 性欲可能会成为或不会成为浪漫的爱情

（which the authors equate with passionate or erotic love）. (作者把浪漫的爱情等同于充满激情或性欲的爱)。 Regan and Berscheid suggest 里根和波谢德认为：

that desire is an essential ingredient for initiating and maintaining romantic love. 性欲是点燃并维持浪漫爱情的必要成分。 If desire disappears, 一旦性爱消失了，

a person is no longer said to be in a state of romantic love. 一个人就不能再说成是还处在浪漫恋情中。 Once desire diminishes, 一旦欲望消失了，

disappointed lovers may wonder where the “spark” in their relationship has gone 失望的恋人就会诧异原来他们关系中的“火花”去哪儿了，

and may reminisce[ v. 追忆往事 ]regretfully（and longingly） about “the good old days”. 他们可能会很遗憾地(而且渴望地)怀念“过去的美好时光”。

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One should not conclude, however, that desire always culminates in [ 达到…高峰，最终达到 ] physical intimacy

然而，我们不应就此得出性欲总是以身体的亲密接触告终， or that desire is the same as romantic love. 或性与浪漫爱情是同一回事的结论。 Married partners may love each other 结了婚的伴侣们可以深爱对方，

even though they rarely, or never, engage in physical intimacy. 即使很少或从来没有身体的亲密接触。

In addition, there are some notable differences between love — especially long-term love — and romantic love.

此外，爱，尤其是长期的爱，和浪漫的爱是有很大区别的。

Healthy loving relationships, whether physical or not（such as love for family members）,

健康的恋爱关系，不管它们是有性的或是无性的(比如对家人的爱) reflect a balance of caring, intimacy, and commitment. 都反映了关怀、亲密和忠诚的平衡。

Unit 7

ON HUMAN NATURE

（论人性）

Frankand Lydia Hammer

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Human nature is the basis of character, the temperament [ n. 气质，性情，性格]and

disposition[ n. 性情，性格 ];

人性是性格、气质和性情的基础，性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的

it is that indestructible[adj. 坚不可摧的 ]matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape it must take and keep throughout life. 它必须以这种基质的形式存在，并将它保留终生 This we call a person’s nature. 这种基质，我们称之为一个人的本性。

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The basic nature of human beings does not and cannot change. 人类的本性不会也不能改变

It is only the surface that is capable of alteration[ n. 变动，改变 ], improvement and refinement;

只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升；

we can alter only people’s customs, manners, dress and habits. 我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。

A study of history reveals that the people who walked this earth in antiquity[ n. 古

代 ]were moved by the same fundamental forces,

一项历史研究表明，曾经行走在地球上的古人们和今天的男男女女们受着同样的基本力量驱使， were swayed by the same passions, and had the same aspirations as the men and women of today.

被同样的激情左右并有着同样的抱负，

The pursuit of happiness still engrosses [ v. 使全神贯注于，使非常感兴趣]mankind the world over.

时至今日，对幸福的追求仍然是全世界人类全身心投入的事业。

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Moreover no one wishes his nature to change. 此外，没有人希望改变自己的本性

One may covet [ v. 觊觎，垂涎] the position of president or king, 有人可能会觊觎总统或国王的职位

but would not change places with them unless it meant the continuance of his own identity.

但不会和他们交换位置，除非那意味着他自己身份的继续。 Each man sees himself as unique, 每个人都把自己看成是独特个体

and so far as he is concerned the hub of the universe, different from any other individual.

而且，就他而言，他就是宇宙的中心，有别于其他任何人。

Apologies are in order [适宜，合适 ] when Mr. Smith is mistaken for Mr. Jones. 如果有人把史密斯先生误认作琼斯先生，这人就该道歉。

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Every man unfolds [ v. 展现，逐渐呈现] a distinct character over which circumstances and education have only the most limited control.

每个人都表现出一种与众不同的性格，而环境和教育对性格的影响都极其有限。

No two people will ever draw the same conclusions from the same experiences, 两个人从相同的经历中也不会得出相同的结论

but each must interpret events and fit them into the mosaic[ n. 镶嵌画般的东西] of his own life’s pattern.

但是两个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己丰富的生活模式中去。 Human nature is ever true to itself, not to systems of faith or education. 人性总是忠于它本身，而不受信仰或教育体制左右。

Each holds to[ 遵循，坚持] the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast at the time of its individualization.

一个人的个性和他独特的天性在出生时就已经形成了，而且不会改变。

The qualities born in one remain as potentials whether they have a chance to develop or not.

一个人与生俱来的品质，无论是否有机会发展，都保持为潜力。

Under pressure, or change of interest, they can partially or wholly disappear from view for considerable periods of time;

在遭受压力或兴趣变化的情况下，他们会部分或全部地消失相当一段时间

but nothing can permanently modify them, nothing can obliterate[ v. 忘却，抹去] them. 但是没有什么能永久地改变他们，也没有什么能把他们抹去。

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The constancy of human nature is proverbial[ adj. 周所周知], 人性的恒定性是众所周知的

as no one believes that a man can fundamentally change his nature. 因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。

This is why it is so difficult for one who has acquired unsavory[ adj. 令人厌恶的] reputations to re-establish himself in public confidence. 这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。

People know from experience that an individual who in one year displays knavish[ adj.

无赖似的] characteristics seldom in the next becomes any different.

人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。 Nor does a thief becomes a trustworthy employee, 小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工

or a miser[ n. 守财奴，吝啬鬼] a philanthropist[ n. 慈善家，乐善好施者]. 吝啬鬼也不可能变成慈善家。

Nor does a man change and become a liar, coward or traitor[ n. 叛徒，背叛者] at fifty or sixty;

而且，一个人不会在五六十岁的时候变成谎话精、懦夫或叛徒

if he is one then, he has been one ever since his character was formed. 如果那时候他是，那么早在他性格形成的时候他就已经是了。

Big criminals are first little criminals, just as giant oaks are first little acorns[ n. 橡树果]. 大罪犯最初都是小罪犯，正如大橡树最初都是小橡果。

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Although man is potentially perfect he is far from being actually so. 尽管人类有完美的潜质，但事实上他远远没有达到完美。

If he were actually perfect there would be nothing for preachers[ n. 说教者，讲道者], teachers and humanitarians[ n. 人道主义者] to do;

如果事实上他已经是完美的，那么那些神父、教师和人道主义者便会无事可做 no use for churches, schools, courts and prisons. 那些教堂、学校、法庭和监狱便会无所用处。

Therefore, while it is impossible to change human nature, 因此虽然人性是不可能改变的

it can be studied, controlled and directed, 但是人们可以研究它、控制它和引导它

and this should be the supreme functions of our religious, educational and social institutions.

而且这应该是我们的宗教机构、教育机构和社会机构的最高职能。

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Man is perfect as a seed is perfect, germinally[ adv. 初级阶段地]. 人类在胚胎期是完美的，就好比一粒种子，在幼芽期是完美的一样。

The spirit is perfect, but when it inhabits human structures, it participates in the imperfections of the latter;

精神是完美的，但它栖居到人类肉体结构中后，便参与其中，表现出后者的不完美。

and during its association with matter takes on the mortal weaknesses, desires and limitations.

在它与物质的联系过程中呈现出凡人的弱点、欲望和局限。

But the spirit, the inner man, remains untouched and undefiled[ adj. 纯粹的，纯洁的] by evil. 但是精神，也就是人的内在，却仍能免遭邪恶的染指和玷污。

Only the outer man-the personality and the physical body-becomes imperfect, due to ignorance wrong thinking and violation of laws of being.

只有外在的人——个性和躯体，由于无知、思想错误和违反自然规律而变得不完美。 The outer man, too, was originally perfect, 外在的人，原本也是完美的

but man has so desecrated[ v. 亵渎 ] and abused it that today it is a far cry from[ 与…

大不相同 ] the original model.

但是由于人类如此的亵渎和滥用，今天，它已经与原型相去甚远。

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Man’s majesty and nobility are taken for granted, 人们想当然地认为人类是伟大和高尚的

although his faults and weaknesses are constantly paraded before our eyes. 尽管他的过错和弱点不断地暴露在我们面前。

Only when behavior deviates[ v. 背离，偏离] from the normal does it attract attention. 只有当人类行为偏离常规时才会引起人们的注意。

The good neighbor, the conscientious citizen, the kind father and faithful husband pass unnoticed.

人们对好邻居、良民、慈父和贞夫视而不见

But the murder, robber or wife beater is singled out for publicity, because such conduct is unusual.

但杀人犯、抢劫犯或殴打妻子的人却成为公众瞩目的焦点。因为这些行为非同寻常。

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Man’s inherent goodness,moreover, is revealed by his countless acts of heroism, unselfishness and sacrifice.

人类固有的优点还体现在不计其数的英雄主义行为、充满无私和牺牲精神的举动上

Daily one reads of men saving others at the peril of[ 冒着丧失…的危险 ] their own lives. 每天我们都会读到人们冒着生命危险挽救他人生命的事迹：

One plunges into the surf and rescues a swimmer from drowning; 有人跃入水中拯救溺水的泳者；

another dashes into a burning house and carries a stranger to safety; 有人冲进火场将陌生人带出险境；

others snatch a child from the wheels of death; many give their blood so that others may live.

有人从死亡的车轮下救出孩子；许多人献出鲜血使他人生命得以延续。

Countless unnamed and unrecorded men have given their lives for fellowmen, not only on the battlefront[ n. 前线] but on the home-front[ n. （战时）大后方] as well.

数不胜数的不知姓名、不被记载的人们，不仅在战场上，而且还在战争的大后方，为了他们的同胞献出了生命。

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Human nature does not but cannot change but unfolds its inherent pattern. 人性不会也不能改变，它只展现它固有的模式。 Man has a nature and its laws can be known.

它有天性而且这种天性的规律是可知的。

We can only endeavor[ v. 尝试，努力] to understand man as he is. 我们只能尽力去了解人类的真实面貌。

Unit 9

THE HOUSING CRISIS GOES SUBURBAN

（住房危机走向郊区） Michael Grunwald

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Seventy years after President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that the Depression had left one-third of the American people \富兰克林·罗斯福总统曾经说经济大萧条造成1／3的美国人住房简陋、衣衫褴褛、营养不良 Americans are well-clothed and increasingly over nourished. 然而70年后的今天，美国人却是穿着考究、营养日益过剩。

But the scarcity of affordable housing is a deepening national crisis, 但是，廉价房稀缺是一场日益加深的民族危机 and not just for inner-city families on welfare. 而不仅仅是依靠福利为生的城市家庭的危机。

The problem has climbed the income ladder and moved to the suburbs, 这个问题已经波及中产阶级，并向郊区蔓延

where service workers cram [ v. 把…塞入 ] their families into overcrowded apartments, college graduates have to crash [ v.借宿] with their parents, and firefighters, police officers and teachers can't afford to live in the communities they serve.

在那里服务工作者及其家属挤在过于狭小的公寓里，大学毕业生不得不借宿在父母家，而消防队员、

警察和教师在他们所服务的社区也买不起房。

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Home ownership is near an all-time high, but the gap is growing between the Owns and the Own-Nots

房拥有率接近历史最高位，但有房户和无房户之间的差距越来越大 —as well as the Owns and the Own-80-Miles-From-Work. 住有房户和房子离工作单位80英里远的有房户之间的差距也越来越大。

One-third of Americans now spend at least 30% of their income on housing, 现在，1／3的美国人花费至少30％的收入用于住房 the federal definition of an \ 联邦政府将这种情况定义为“无力支付”的负担

and half the working poor spend at least 50% of their income on rent, a \burden.

而有一半的穷打工仔花费至少50％的收入用于租房，这种情况被称为“极其严重”的负担。 The real estate boom of the past decade has produced windfalls [ n. 意外之财] for Americans who owned before it began,

在过去10年里，房地产迅猛发展，这使得在此之前就已经购置房产的美国人大赚特赚了一把 but affordable housing is now a serious problem for more low- and moderate-income Americans than taxes, Social Security or gas prices.

但现在廉价房对中、低收入的美国人来说，是一个比税收、社会保险、汽油价格更严重的问题。

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America used to care a lot about affordable housing. 美国曾经非常关注廉价房问题。

Roosevelt signed housing legislation in 1934 and 1937, providing mortgages [ n. 抵押贷

way

为促进廉价房，地方官员最好不要挡在路上 —stop requiring one-acre lots

[ n. 一块地]

and two-car garages, and stop blocking

low-income and high-density projects.

—不要要求一英亩最小面积和两车位的车库、不要阻止低收入和高密度的项目。

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Washington politicians, on the other hand, have the federal budget at their disposal

[ 供某人支配 ].

另一方面，联邦预算由华盛顿政界人士决定。

But Congress hasn't supported new construction since the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit of 1986,

但是，美国国会自1986年施行低收入住房税收抵免政策以来没有再支持过新的建设项目

which creates nearly 100,000 units of affordable housing a year, enough to replace half the units that are torn down [ 拆毁] or converted to market rents.

该政策每年造就近100,000套廉价住房，足以取代被拆除或被转变为市场化招租的那些住房总数的一半。

Bush proposed a home-ownership tax credit during his 2000 and 2004 campaigns, 布什在2000年和2004年的竞选中提出了房屋所有权税收抵免政策，这是一项极好的政策 but it turned out to be the rare tax cut he didn't pursue. 但是他最终竟然没有实行

A bill pending [ adj. 未定的，待决的] in Congress would divert [ v. 改变 ] a percentage of profits from federally chartered institutions such as Fannie Mae to a national affordable-housing trust fund, but it seems stalled [ v. 停滞不前 ].

一项等待国会投票的法案可能会把一些联邦特许机构—如房利美—的利润按照一定的百分比转移到

国家廉价房信托基金名下，但这项法案似乎停滞不前。

The only affordability ideas with any traction[ n. 牵引力] at the national level are not really housing ideas;

唯一的用国家力量促进支付能力的办法并不是有关住房的办法；

for example, one way to make housing more affordable to workers would be to raise their incomes

例如，有一个方法可以让劳动者更能够负担得起住房费用，那就是提高他们的收入

—through higher minimum wages, lower payroll taxes or an expanded Earned Income Tax Credit.

—通过提高最低工资、降低工资税或扩大收入税收抵免等方式。

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There is one clear solution to the affordable-housing crisis: a real estate crash. 解决廉价房危机的一个明确办法：房地产市场崩溃。

It's the one housing issue that attracts media attention—because it would hurt the Owns.

这是一个能够吸引媒体关注的住房问题—因为这会伤害有房户。

But while an easing of prices could be devastating for lower-income Owns with risky mortgages,

但是对于使用风险贷款的低收入房屋所有人来说放松价格可能是毁灭性的

it probably wouldn't bring home ownership within reach for many Own- Nots. 另一方面对于无房者来说，它也不会带来居者有其屋的结果。 Prices have too far to fall; 价格下降还有很大的空间

in 2000, two-thirds of the home sales in Fairfax were for $250,000 or less,

在2000年，费尔法克斯2／3的房屋销售价格不高于$250,000 but last year, fewer than one-twentieth were. 但去年只有不到1／20的房屋以此价格出售。

And even a modest price slump [ v. 暴跌] could trigger a construction slowdown that would make shortages of affordable housing for moderate-income families even worse.

即便价格小幅下滑都可能引发建设减速，从而使中等收入家庭缺乏廉价房的局面变得更糟糕。

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Eventually, politicians may rediscover housing—not as an urban poverty issue, 最终，政治家可能重新发现住房问题不是一个城市贫困问题

but as a middle-class quality-of-life issue, like gas prices or health care. 而是一个中产阶级的生活质量问题，正如燃油价格或医疗保健一样。 Home ownership is often described as the American dream, 居者有其屋通常被称为是美国梦

but these days many workers would settle for a decent rental that won't bankrupt their families.

但如今许多劳动者为了使他们的家人不至于破产，宁愿租一所体面的房子居住。

Unit 10

ACADEMY IN TIMES OF CRISIS （危机时代，大学该扮演的角色）

Shirley M.Tilghman

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Today the academy holds a highly privileged place in American society because of a

about the long-standing[ adj.长期存在的 ] national consensus[ n. 意见一致 ] about the value of education.

今天，由于长期以来美国人对教育价值的共识，大学在美国社会中占有得天独厚的地位。 One of my predecessors[

n. 前辈，前任 ],

President Harold Dodds, said in his

inaugural[ adj. 就职的，开始的 ] address in 1933

一位前任校长哈罗德·多兹1933年在就职演说中曾提到

that \lavishly[ adv. 过分慷慨

的 ] as does the United States.

“没有哪个国家像美国这样，不论对公立教育还是私立教育的投入都是如此地慷慨大方。 Americans have an almost childlike faith in what formal education can do for them.\美国人民对正规教育所能起到的作用抱有一种近乎天真的信念。”

That faith is based on a conviction that the vitality of the United States, its creative and diverse cultural life, its staggeringly[ adv. 令人吃惊的 ]inventive economy, its national security and the robustness[ n. 健全，稳固 ] of its democratic institutions owe much to the quality of institutions of higher education.

这一信念是在这样一个深信不疑的基础上确立的，即美国的活力、它富有创造性和多样化的文化生活、它具有惊人独创力的经济、它的国家安全以及它健全的民主制度—极大地依赖于其高等教育机构的质量。

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Our society’s confidence in its institutions of higher education is expressed through the generous investments of the federal and state government in basic and applied research,

我国社会对高等教育机构的信心通过以下几点表现出来：联邦政府和州政府对基础研究和应用研究给予大量投资

investment that wisely couple support for research with[ 并提，加上 ] support for graduate education.

这些投资明智地将对研究的支持与对研究生教育的支持结合起来

It is also expresses through federal and state investments that subsidize [资助] the cost of higher education for those who cannot afford to pay, 联邦政府和州政府对无力负担高等教育学费的学生给予资助

investments by private foundations and charities who see colleges and universities as the best routes for achieving their strategic goals,

一些私人基金会和慈善机构给予投资，他们认为高等院校是达成其战略目标的最佳途径

and investments by individuals and by the private sector, who see universities as the incubators[孵化器] of future health and prosperity.

一些个人和私人部门给予投资，他们认为高等院校是未来健康发展和富裕繁荣的孵化器 In return for this broad support, society rightfully expects certain things from us. 社会当然期望我们能有所作为以回报这种广泛的支持。

It expects the generation of new ideas and the discovery of new knowledge, the exploration of complex issues in an open and collegial[ adj. 大学的，学院的 ] manner and the preparation of the next generation of citizens and leaders.

社会期望我们产生新思想，开发新知识，以一种开放和共同协作的方式探索复杂的问题，培养未来一代公民和领导者。

In times of trouble, it is especially important that we live up to[ 符合，不负 ] these expectations.

当处于困境的时候，我们不辜负这些期望就尤为重要。

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The medieval image of the university as an ivory tower, with scholars turned inward in

solitary[ adj. 单独的，独自的 ]contemplation[ n. 沉思 ], immunized[ v. 使免疫 ] from the cares

of the day,

中世纪大学的形象是一座象牙塔，学者们远离社会进行孤独的沉思，不关心窗外之事

is an image that has been superseded[ v. 代替，取代 ] by the modern university constructed not of ivory, but of a highly porous[ adj. 可渗透的，多孔的 ] material, one that allows free diffusion[ n. 传播，散播 ] in both directions.

—这一形象已被现代大学所取代—现代大学不是象牙塔，而是高度开放的机构，允许内外自由交流。 The academy is of the world, not apart from it. 高校是属于社会的，而不是游离于社会之外的。

Its ideals, crafted over many generations, are meant to suffuse[ v. 弥漫，充满 ] the national consciousness.

高校的理想，经由多少代人的铸造，旨在渗入国民意识之中。

Its scholars and teachers are meant to move in and out of the academy in pursuit of opportunities to use their expertise in public service,

学者和教师必定要周旋于学院内外以寻觅运用他们的才能为公众服务的机会

in pursuit of creative work that will give us illumination[ n. 阐明 ] and insight 寻觅能给我们带来启发和见识的创造性工作

and in pursuit of ways to turn laboratory discoveries into useful things. 寻觅把实验室的研究发现转化为实际应用的途径。

Our students engage the world with a strong sense of civic responsibility, 我们的学生在从事社会活动时怀有一种强烈的公民责任意识

and when they graduate they become alumni who do the same. This is as it should be. 并且当他们毕业若干年后成为老校友时仍然会这样做。这些都是理所当然的。

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The search for new ideas and knowledge is not and cannot be motivated by

utilitarian[ adj. 功利的，实用的 ] concerns.

探索新思想和新知识不是依靠也不应该依靠功利主义动机

Rather it depends on the ability to think in new and creative ways. 而是依靠以新颖的和创造性的方式进行思考的能力。

When the Nobel laureate[ n. 获奖者 ]John Nash developed the mathematical concepts

underlying[ v. 成为…的基础 ] non- cooperative game theory8 as a graduate student at

Princeton,

当诺贝尔奖获得者约翰·纳什在普林斯顿大学读研究生时推动了构成“非合作博弈论”基础的数学概念的发展时

he could not foresee that those concepts would be used today to analyze election strategies and the causes of war and to make predictions about how people will act. 他可能根本不会想到这些概念会在今天被用于分析选举策略、战争起因及预测人的行为表现等方面。 When Professor of Molecular Biology Eric Wieschaus' set out as a young scientist to identify genes that pattern the body plan of the fruit fly embryo[ n. 胚胎 ],

当还是年轻科学家的分子生物学教授埃里克·维绍斯着手识别决定果蝇胚胎身体结构模式的基因时 he could not know that he would identify genes that play a central role in the development of human cancer.

他可能不知道他会识别出在推动对人类癌症的研究中起到关键性作用的基因。

We have learned that we cannot predict with any accuracy how discoveries and scholarship will influence future generations.

由此得知，我们无法准确地预测科学发现及学术成就将如何影响未来一代又一代的人们。 We also have learned that it is unwise to search only in predictable places, 同时，我们也得知，只在可预知的领域来挖掘知识是不明智的

for new knowledge often depends upon preparing fertile ground in obscure places where serendipity[ n. 善于无意中发现有趣或珍奇事物的天赋 ] and good luck, as well as deep intelligence, can sprout.

因为新知识往往依赖于在未知领域准备好肥沃的土壤，在那些领域，好运气同深奥的智慧一样能开花结果。

Freedom of inquiry, which is one of our most cherished organizing principles, is not just a moral imperative[ n. 需要 ], it is a practical necessity.

我们最珍视的组织原则之一—探索的自由，不仅仅从道德上说是必需的，而且它也是一个实际需要。

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Just as we have an obligation to search widely for knowledge, 就像我们有义务广泛寻求新知识一样

so we also have an obligation to ensure that the scholarly[ adj. 学术性的 ] work of the academy is widely disseminated[ v. 传播，散播 ], 我们也有义务确保我们的学术研究能够被广泛地传播。

so that others can correct it when necessary, or build on it, or use it to make better decisions, develop better products or construct better plans.

只有这样，别人才能对其做出必要的修正，或将其发扬光大，或依据它来做出更好的决定，开发出更好的产品，或构建出更好的规划。

In the days ahead, I hope that our country's decision-makers will draw on the knowledge that resides on our campuses,

在日后的岁月中，我希望我们国家的决策者根据留存于大学的知识来做决定

on historians who can inform the present through deep understanding of the past, 咨询能通过对过去的深刻理解而洞悉现在的历史学家

philosophers who can provide frameworks for working through issues of right and

wrong,

咨询能提供明辨是非原则的哲学家们

economists whose insights can help to get the economy back on track, 咨询能以其洞察力使经济回归正轨的经济学家们

engineers who know how to build safer buildings, 咨询知道如何建造更安全建筑的工程师们

scientists who can analyze our vulnerabilities to future attack and develop strategies for reducing those vulnerabilities[ adj. 脆弱的，易受伤的 ],

咨询能分析我们容易招致未来袭击的软肋并能制订出弥补这些弱点的战略的科学家们

and scholars in many fields who can help us understand the motivations of those who would commit acts of terrorism here and throughout the world.

以及咨询能帮助我们弄清恐怖分子在我国及世界各地实施恐怖行动的动机的多个领域的学者们。

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Let me now turn to the third obligation that we have to society: the education of the next generation of citizens and leaders.

现在，请允许我来阐述一下我们应对社会所尽的第三项义务：培育下一代的公民与领导者。 Princeton's view of what constitutes a liberal arts education was expressed well by Woodrow Wilson, our 13th President,

普林斯顿大学所提倡的对大学文科教育的见解，我校第13任校长伍德罗·威尔逊曾作过精辟的表述 whose eloquent[ adj. 雄辩的，有口才的 ] words I read at Opening Exercises: “What we should seek to impart[ v. 传授，告知 ] in our colleges, is not so much learning itself as the spirit of learning.

我在开学典礼上曾诵读过他的雄辩的语句：“在大学里我们应当努力传授的，与其说是知识本身还不如说是做学问的精神。

It consists in the power to distinguish good reasoning from bad, 它包括：辨别正确推理与错误推理的能力

in the power to digest and interpret evidence, 消化与阐释论据的能力

in the habit of catholic[ adj. 广泛的，普遍的 ] observation and a preference for the

non-partisan[ adj. 无党派的 ] point of view,

广泛观察的习惯，对于持客观见解的偏好

in an addiction to clear and logical processes of thought and yet an instinctive desire to interpret rather than to stick to the letter of reasoning,

执着于清晰有条理的思维过程，本能地热衷于阐释内涵而不拘泥于推论的字面意思

in a taste for knowledge and a deep respect for the integrity of the human mind.\对知识的鉴赏力，对人类健全心智的无限尊重。”

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Wilson, and the presidents who followed him, rejected the narrow idea of a liberal arts education as preparation for a profession.

威尔逊及其继任者们拒绝这一狭隘的观念：即大学文科教育只限于为某种职业做准备。

While understanding the importance of professional education, they made it clear that at Princeton we should first and foremost[ adj. 首要的，第一的 ]cultivate the qualities of thought and discernment[ n. 洞察力，敏锐 ] in our students in the belief that this will be most conducive to the health of our society.

他们在了解职业教育重要性的同时，更清楚在普林斯顿首先应该培养学生的思考能力和洞察力，坚信这才最有益于社会健全发展。

Thus we distinguish between the acquisition of information, something that is essential for professional training, and the development of habits of mind that can be applied in

any profession.

因此我们对以下两方面做了区分：对职业素质的培养有重要作用的信息获取和能够应用于任何职业的思维习惯的发展。

Consequently we celebrate when the classics scholar goes to medical school, the physicist becomes a member of Congress, or the historian teaches primary school. 所以，当古典文学家走进医学院、物理学家成为国会议员或历史学家执教小学的时候，我们便感到庆幸。

If we do our job well as educators, each of our students will take from a Princeton education a respect and appreciation for ideas and values, intellectual openness and

rigor[ n. 严密，严谨 ], practice in civil discourse and a sense of civic responsibility.

如果我们作为教育家做好我们的工作，我们的每一个学生将从普林斯顿的教育中学会尊重和欣赏各种理念与价值、思维的开放与严谨、社交实践与公民责任感。

During these troubled times, our students and our alumni will be called upon[ 呼吁，号

召 ] to exercise these qualities in their professions, their communities and their daily

lives.

在这困难重重的年代，我们将号召我们的学生和校友们在他们的职业中、在他们的团体和日常生活中实践这些品质。

By so doing, and through their leadership, their vision and their courage, 通过这样做，通过他们的领导力、洞察力和勇气

they will help to fulfill Princeton's obligation to society and bring true meaning to our motto, \

他们将帮助履行普林斯顿对社会的义务和实践我们的座右铭：“普林斯顿—为国家服务，为世界服务!”

any profession.

因此我们对以下两方面做了区分：对职业素质的培养有重要作用的信息获取和能够应用于任何职业的思维习惯的发展。

Consequently we celebrate when the classics scholar goes to medical school, the physicist becomes a member of Congress, or the historian teaches primary school. 所以，当古典文学家走进医学院、物理学家成为国会议员或历史学家执教小学的时候，我们便感到庆幸。

If we do our job well as educators, each of our students will take from a Princeton education a respect and appreciation for ideas and values, intellectual openness and

rigor[ n. 严密，严谨 ], practice in civil discourse and a sense of civic responsibility.

如果我们作为教育家做好我们的工作，我们的每一个学生将从普林斯顿的教育中学会尊重和欣赏各种理念与价值、思维的开放与严谨、社交实践与公民责任感。

During these troubled times, our students and our alumni will be called upon[ 呼吁，号

召 ] to exercise these qualities in their professions, their communities and their daily

lives.

在这困难重重的年代，我们将号召我们的学生和校友们在他们的职业中、在他们的团体和日常生活中实践这些品质。

By so doing, and through their leadership, their vision and their courage, 通过这样做，通过他们的领导力、洞察力和勇气

they will help to fulfill Princeton's obligation to society and bring true meaning to our motto, \

他们将帮助履行普林斯顿对社会的义务和实践我们的座右铭：“普林斯顿—为国家服务，为世界服务!”

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