2018年英语高考话题历史与地理 - 图文

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[话题解读] “历史与地理”是高中英语课程标准24个话题之一,也是高考常考话题。本话题包括中国历史与地理的基本知识、世界历史与地理的基本知识、重大历史事件以及与历史活动有关的重要历史人物、政治、经济、宗教活动等。通过“历史与地理”这一话题的学习和高考考查,增强学生学习历史与地理的兴趣,提高学生的历史底蕴和文化修养,促进学生的身心健康。

[高考探究] 近几年的高考英语中,“历史与地理”这个话题屡见不鲜。在阅读理解、完形填空以及写作中,出题者常会涉及某个地方的史地概况、风土人情等,例如2016年江苏卷阅读理解D篇、2016年四川卷阅读理解C篇、2016年北京卷书面表达、2015年四川卷阅读理解E篇和2012年四川卷完形填空等。

假如你是李明,你正在陕西省省会西安旅游。你的朋友彼得发来电子邮件,让你介绍一下当地情况。请根据下表所提供的要点作出回复,并希望他也能来此旅游。

基本情况 1.历史悠久,华夏文明的发源地,号称“自然历史博物馆”; 2.四面临山傍水,风景优美。 1.秦始皇兵马俑(世界第八大奇迹); 重要名胜古迹 2.周边有华山(五岳之一)、渭河、秦岭山脉等; 3.?? 参考词汇:秦始皇兵马俑TerraCottaWarriorsandHorses 佳作欣赏 DearPeter,

IamverygladtotellyouaboutmytripinXi’an

mpressedmesomuch.

ThereisnodenyingthatXi’anistheoriginofChinesecivilization.Maybe“theeighthmajormir

acleoftheworld”alone

TerraCottaWarriorsandHorses

,,,,

thecapitalcityofShaanxiProvince.Itsbeautifulsceneryisreallyafeastfortheeyesanditslonghistoryhasi

isenoughtoexplainwhyitenjoysthetitleof“NaturalHistoryMuseum”nottomentionothernumeroushistoricalsites

suchasFamenTempleandtheCityWalloftheMingDynastyandsoon.Furthermore,

withQinlingMountainstothesouthandtheWeiheRivertothenorthitisinafavorablegeographicallocationsurroundedbywaterandhills.HuashanMountaininparticularmakesmeloveitatthefirstsightwithitsbreath-takingcliffsanduniquecharacteristics.Nowonderthatitisregardedasoneofthefivebest-knownmountainsinChina.

Xi’anisreallyworthyourvisiting.Ilookforwardtoyourcoming.

Yours, LiMing

名师点睛

本文结构完整,思路清晰,字里行间体现并符合了描写地点类说明文的基本格式和要求。文章分为两部分来介绍西安——风景和历史古迹,条理很清晰。短文中运用了宾语从句、过去分词短语作定语等复杂句式以及Thereisnodenyingthat...,Nowonderthat...等固定句式和afeastfortheeyes,nottomention,atthefirstsight,beregardedas等高级词汇,使得文章语言地道而丰富。

Ⅰ.写作必记单词 1.attackvt.进攻;袭击

2.disappearvi.消失→disappearancen.消失;失踪 3.escapevi.逃跑

4.feedvt.喂养;饲养;靠??为生;向??提供

5.localadj.当地的→locatevt.把??设置(在);使??坐落(于) →locationn.地点;位置 6.nativeadj.本地的;本国的 7.raisevt.饲养;提高

8.rangen.山脉;vi.排列;延伸 9.ruinvt.毁坏;毁灭;n.废墟;毁灭

10.strikev.突然侵袭;打击;打动;突然想到 11.threatenvt.威胁;恐吓→threatn.威胁 Ⅱ.阅读识记单词 12.abolishvt.废除

13.aggressionn.侵略→aggressiveadj.侵略的;具有攻击性的 14.betrayvt.出卖;泄露机密 15.distributevt.发放;分发→distributionn.分配;配给 16.droughtn.干旱 17.dynastyn.朝代

18.eruptvi.(火山)爆发;喷发→eruptionn.爆发

19.frightenvt.使惊恐→frighteningadj.令人惊恐的,骇人的→frightenedadj.害怕的;受惊的 20.foggyadj.有雾的→fogn.雾

21.freezingadj.冰冻的;极冷的→freezevi.&vt.将??冷冻,冻僵→frozenadj.结冰的,冷冻的 22.geographyn.地理

23.historicadj.历史的;有历史意义的→historyn.历史→historicaladj.历史(上)的;与历史有关的

24.historicaladj.与历史有关的 25.incidentn.事变 26.independencen.独立 27.invadevt.侵略 28.monumentn.纪念碑 29.mountainousadj.多山的 30.occupyvt.占领;使忙碌 31.originn.起源;由来 32.religionn.宗教 33.religiousadj.宗教的 34.remoteadj.偏远的;偏僻的 35.racialadj.种族的 36.revolutionn.革命 37.sacrificevt.牺牲 38.shortagen.缺乏 39.showern.阵雨;淋浴 40.supplyvt.提供;供应;n.供应;供给 41.terrifyvt.使恐怖 42.urbanadj.城市的;都市的 43.weaponn.武器

语境活用 [用所给词的正确形式填空]

1.Thesebirdshaveawidegeographicaldistribution(distribute).

2.IshowedthemIwasindependent(independence) bywearingstrangeclothes.(2016·全国Ⅲ) 3

Asuddenstopcanbeaveryfrightening(frighten) experience

especiallyifyouaretravellingathighspeed.(2016·浙江) 4

Manyoftheimageswerestoredinanicechest

underfreezing(freeze) water

inthedamagedwoodenship.(2016·全国Ⅱ)

5.Withoutcreativehumanoccupation(occupy),peoplebecamedisconnectedfromlife.(2014·浙江) 6.Itwasalsomuchmorethanwecouldafford,butfarlessthantheoriginal(origin) askingprice.(2015·天津)

7.Twain’smysterynovelPudd’nheadWilsonstoodasachallengetotheracial(race)beliefsofevenmanyoftheliberalsofhisday.

8.Hewaspreparedtogivehislifetotherevolutionary(revolution) cause.

1.atwar在交战中

2.belocatedin/liein坐落于/位于 3.berichin富含;盛产 4.beseparatefrom与??分离 5.besurroundedby被??包围/环绕着 6.breakout(战争、火灾等)爆发 7.clearup清理;清除;天气转晴 8.datefrom起源于;追溯到;始于 9.declarewaron对??宣战 10.defendagainst抵御 11.inpeace和平地

12.inthelongrun从长远来看

13.takeon呈现;接受(工作);开始雇用 14.turnagainst背叛

15.votefor/against投票支持/反对 语境活用 [运用上述短语完成片段] Thetown

which1.islocatedin/liesinthesouthofthatcountry,2.isrichin(盛

)

gold.It3.issurroundedby(被??包围) highmountains.Inordertooccupythatplace,

warsoften4.tookplace,andseveralcountriesusedtobe5.atwar(在交战中).Later,thetown6.wasseparatedfrom(与

??

)

thatcountry.Nowpeopleinthattownarelivingthere7.inpeace(和平地).Thetownhas8.takenon(呈现) anewlook.

1.so...that...

Sometimesasmileissopowerfulthatitgivespeoplesufferingfromdisastersgreatcourage. 有时候,微笑的力量会如此强大以至于它给遭受灾难的人以巨大的勇气。

仿写 它的困难显得这么大,因此无论我们多么努力都一次次地失败。(2016·天津) Itsdifficultiesappearsogreatthat,howeverhardwework,wefailagainandagain. 2.Thereisnodoubtthat...

Thereisnodoubtthattheearthisbecomingwarmerandthatitishumanactivitiesthathavecausedthisglobalwarming.

毫无疑问,地球正变得更加暖和,全球变暖正是人类活动所致。

仿写 这并不意味着我们正变得更聪明或相反,但是毫无疑问,我们利用记忆的方式在变。(2015·安徽)

Thisdoesn’tmeanwearebecomingeithermoreorlessintelligentbutthereisnodoubtthatthewayweusememoryischanging. 3.完全倒装句

Standingonthetopofthehillisamonument,datingbacktohundredsofyearsago. 矗立在山顶上的是一座纪念碑,它可以追溯到几百年前。

仿写 纸的下方有这样一句话:继续努力看看你能做什么?(2015·重庆) Atthebottomofthepaperwerethesewords:“Seewhatyoucandowhenyoukeeptrying?”

attackn.&v.攻击;袭击;进攻

(1)Thatnight,HurricaneSandyattackedtheEastCoast,andRockawaywashitespeciallyhard. 那天晚上,飓风桑迪袭击了东海岸,Rockaway受灾特别严重。(2016·北京) (2)Theymadeafierceattackontheenemy. 他们向敌人发动猛烈攻击。 attack sb.for sth.因某事而责难某人 attack sb.with sth.用某物攻击某人 be attacked with a disease患病 make an attack on...向??发动进攻

(3)Armedconflictislikelytobreakoutbetweenthetwocountries. (4)Whatifyoubreakupwithyourpartner? (5)Scientiststhinktheyarebeginningtobreakthroughinthefightagainstcancer. takein吸收;收留;接纳;理解;欺骗;观看

(1)Themorefatyoutakeinbeforebedtime,thegreaterburdenyouwillputonyourbodyatnight. 你睡觉前吸收的脂肪越多,晚上对你的身体的负担越重。(2016·四川) (2)Whenshegraduated,shetookupjournalism. 她毕业后从事新闻业。

take off起飞;脱下;迅速流行;?事业等?步入正轨,腾飞 take on呈现;开始;雇用;接受?工作? take over接管;继承;支配 take up从事;继续;拿起;占据

基础知识训练——[写出下列句子中take in的汉语意思]

(1)HecertainlytookusinwithhisstoriesabouthisexperiencesinMexico.欺骗 (2)Gazingupintohiseyes,sheseemedtotakeinallhesaid.领会,理解 (3)HepersuadedJoetotakehimin.收留

(4)Theywillcertainlyneedtotakeinplentyofliquid.吸收 (5)Iwaswonderingifyoumightwanttotakeinamoviewithmethisevening.观看 写作能力提升——[根据提示完成小片段]

(6)18岁时,他接管了父亲的公司。作为总经理,他吸纳了大量人才,这使他的公司呈现新的面貌。最终,他的事业步入正轨。

Attheageof18,hetookoverhisfather’scompany.Asachiefmanager,hetookinanumberoftalents,whichmadehiscompanytakeonanewlook.Atlast,hiscareertookoff.

raisevt.饲养;举起;提高;筹集;提出 [写出下列句子中raise的汉语意思]

(1)Alotofmoneyhasbeenraisedtohelppoorchildrentofinishschool.筹集 (2)Theteacherstoppedandagirlatthebackoftheclassraisedherhand.举起 (3)Wemustraisethelivingstandardsofthepeople.提高

(4)IwantedtoraiseaquestiontothechairmanbutinamomentIlostmycourage.提出 (5)Hehadtoraiseafamily.抚养

[用raise,arise,rise的正确形式填空] (6)Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest. (7)Thebookraisesmanyimportantissuesforourconsideration. (8)Thisisaproblemarisingoutofthelackofcommunication. 词义辨析 raise,arise,rise (1)raise为及物动词,意为“提出;提高”,说明主语的动作作用于其他事物。 (2)arise为不及物动词,意为“出现;发生”。 (3)rise为不及物动词,意为“上升;起床;升起”,说明主语自身向更高的位臵移动。 declarev.宣布;声明;表明;宣称 [单句语法填空]

(1)Onlyamonthearlier,Mr.Stenholmhaddeclaredfor/againstthetaxcut. (2)ItwastheyearwhenBritaindeclaredwaronGermany. (3)Ithasbeendeclaredalreadythatthecontractisillegal. (4)Allthekidsdeclared(declare) somethingtheycoulddoawaywithfortheweek. 名师点拨 declare表示“宣称;宣布”,其后的宾语可以是名词、代词,也可以是that从句,但习惯上不能是不定式。 inthelongrun从长远看 [单句语法填空]

(1)Biggerchangesarepossibleinthelongrun. (2)Whenthepolicearrivedhemadearunforthedoor. (3)Ihadtoeatlunchontherun. 名师点拨 on the run在逃避,在逃亡;匆忙地,繁忙地 make a run for朝??跑去

Sometimesasmileissopowerfulthatitgivespeoplesufferingfromdisastersgreatcourage. 有时候,微笑的力量会如此强大以至于它给遭受灾难的人以巨大的勇气。

句型:so...that...

(1)ThereissomuchworktodothatIwon’tbeabletotakeoffthisyear. 有太多的工作要做,以至于我今年没有时间度假。 (2) Itwassuchbadweatherthatwestayedathomealltheday. 天气如此糟糕以至于我们一整天都待在家里。

(1)so...that...如此??以至于??,该句型的常见形式: so+adj./adv.+that...???so+adj.+a/an+n.+that...??so+many/much/few/little?少?+n.+that... (2)such...that...如此??以至于??,该句型的常见形式: ?such+a/an+adj.+n.+that...?? ?such+adj.+n.?复数或不可数?+that...? (3)当so/such放在句首时,主句要用部分倒装语序。 (4)so that...可引导结果状语从句,也可引导目的状语从句(从句中常用can/may/could/might/should等情态动词)。 (5)so that...引导目的状语从句且主从句主语一致时,可改为so as to do...。

基础知识训练——[单句改错] (1)Theyare

sosuch

littleboysandtheyknowlittleknowledgeaboutspace. suchso

写作能力提升——[句式升级]

(2)Hegotupearlysoastocatchtheearlybus.(改为复合句) Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus. (3)Heissocleveraboythatwealllikehim.(改为倒装句) Socleveraboyishethatwealllikehim. (4)Thisissointerestingabookthatallthechildrenarefondofit.

①Thisissuchaninterestingbookthatallthechildrenarefondofit.(用such...that...改写) ②Thisissointerestingabookasallthechildrenarefondof.(用as引导的定语从句改写)

Thereisnodoubtthattheearthisbecomingwarmerandthatitishumanactivitiesthathavecausedthisglobalwarming.

毫无疑问,地球正变得更加暖和,全球变暖正是人类活动所致。 句型:Thereisnodoubtthat...

(1)Thereisnodoubtthatnearsightednessisaseriousproblemamongtheyouthofourcountry.

毫无疑问,近视是我国年轻人中的一个严重的问题。 (2)Thereissomedoubtwhetherheissuitableforthejob. 他是否胜任这项工作还有一些疑问。

(1)There is no doubt意为“毫无疑问”,后接that从句或about+名词结构。There is doubt意为“??值得怀疑”,后接whether引导的从句或about+名词结构。 (2)doubt v.&n.怀疑;疑问 ①作动词时,其用法如下: a.在否定句和疑问句中,doubt后面接that引导的宾语从句。 b.在肯定句中,doubt后面一般接whether或if引导的宾语从句。 ②作名词时,用法如下: a.用于肯定句时,一般接whether引导的同位语从句。 b.用于否定句和疑问句时,一般接that引导的同位语从句。

基础知识训练——[单句语法填空] (1)Idon’tdoubtthathecanfinishthetaskontime. (2)Idoubtif/whethertheycanswimacrosstheriver. (3)Thereisnodoubtthatshewillcomeintime. (4)Ihavesomedoubtwhetherhewillbeelected. 写作能力提升——[同义句改写]

(5)Thereisnodoubtthatourexperimentwillsucceed. Thereisnodoubtaboutthesuccessofourexperiment.

(2016·江苏)

ElNi?o

aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”

,,,,,

wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwhonoticedthattheglobalweatherpatternwhichhappenseverytwotosevenyears

reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNi?oseeswarmwatercollectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific

flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.

Theweathereffects

bothgoodandbad

arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNi?os,onbalance,

thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNi?oin1997-98helpedAmerica’seconomygrowby15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharveststhanthefallinpoorones.

ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought(

) :

farmersintheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalincomesinrichcountriesisgreater

insouth-eastBrazilisbecomingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNi?omayrelievethedroughtinCalifornia,theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.

ThemostrecentpowerfulNi?o,in1997-98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNi?oscomewithmonthsofwarning

andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute

(ODI)

however

,,

just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvanceavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.

Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure(canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers(

基下

道施

ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk-reductions

) )

makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafterfloods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNi?o’sharmfuleffects—andthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationshipmaynotbecausal

helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNi?o,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority. 61.WhatcanwelearnaboutElNi?oinParagraph1? A.ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman. B.Ittakesplacealmosteveryyearallovertheworld. C.ItforcesfishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas. D.Itseesthechangesofwaterflowdirectionintheocean. 答案 D

解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“El Ni?o sees warm water,collected over several years in the western Pacific,flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken,or sometimes the other way round.”可知,在海洋厄尔尼诺现象发生时会有洋流的变化。 62.WhatmayElNi?osbringabouttothecountriesaffected? A.Agriculturalharvestsinrichcountriesfall.

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