外文翻译 - 相控阵和雷达技术的突破

毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译

翻译（1）题目 翻译（2）题目

学 院

相控阵和雷达技术的突破

发射KU-波段的相控阵天线在FSS通信系统中的应用

电子信息学院

专 业

英文译文1：

相控阵和雷达技术的突破

【摘要】 许多人认为雷达是一个成熟的领域，不会发生任何新的变化，这种看法存在很久了，没有比这个看法更错误的了。当我1950年参与到雷达领域的时候，我也有过同样的看法，例如，我认为麻省理工学院的雷达丛书已经是包罗万象了，不需要增加任何新的内容。然而我是多么的错啊，从那时起雷达技术领域中已经发生了许多令人眼花缭乱的发展，雷达一直受益于Moore s定律和许多新的技术上的成果，例如，MMIC GaAs T／R组件和相控阵组件。现在雷达技术发展得更快了，在这篇文章里，我将给出某些最近突破的例子。 【关键词】 雷达；有源相控阵；MMIC；MEMS；T／R组件；相控阵；AESA；电扫；GaAs；GaN；SiC；CMOS；数字波束形成；自适应阵列；旁瓣对消器；超宽带天线；金属材料；电子管；真空电子器件；回旋管；磁控管；速调管；行波管；微波功率组件；MPM；功率放大组件；SBX；GBR—P 0：SEA-BASED X-波段雷达

24层楼高的SEA-BASED X-波段相控阵雷达是一个世界奇迹。 1：GaAs MMIC T／R模块（单片微波集成电路）

在过去的十年成功和广泛的应用了MMIC和AESA(有源电子扫描阵) 2：低成本 ￥19K AESA

谁说AESA是非常昂贵的，在DARPA（Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency美国国防部先进研究项目局）的低资金￥19K资助下使35GHZ相控阵成为可能。DARPA已经资助发展了￥10 X-band,10’smW,单T/R芯片模块。 3：低成本的MEMS(微机电系统)相控阵

即使我们只有一个低损耗的移相器，那么就能够用在一个模块上安装很多的移相而MEMS提供了这个可能。MEMS开关已经提高了3个数量级的可靠性，在2003年10月报道，开关寿命已经达到6000亿.这还有降低损耗的需要，通过4位移相器用RADANT透镜在1维空间扫描的天线损耗是1.25dB.2维扫描需要2个镜头，所以2维的RADANT阵列扫描对于2路的损耗就是5Db,但是正在取得进展。 4：GaN(氮化镓，属第三代半导体材料)，SIC(碳化硅)

宽禁带的GaN和SIC MMIC 芯片，使，在T/R模块电源上提高1-2个数量级，成为可能。这项技术将有可能在未来通过升级现有的AESA替换GaAs T/R 组件或SIC T/R与GaN模块，提高10倍电源。这个提供了10倍的改善在搜索整个或者78%轨道范围中。 5：SiGe

SiGe具有使用Si为基质的优势，对集成电路产业的技术，其丰富的资源，可以借鉴。它以较低的成本提供了较高的性能潜能。SiGe 在微波输出功率和噪声系数与GaAs竞争中没有优势。它提供了低成本和在单芯片上整合多种功能的能力。在一个芯片上可以增加微波功率放大器和低噪声的数字接收机也可以是增加A/D和数字电路。

6：CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor互补金属氧化物半导体)

目前CMOS主要用在微波频率，它也使用在Si基材，这个技术还广泛使用在计算

机产业。它拥有低成本的保证，低功耗的T/R模块接收组件。像SiGe它有允许许多功能集成在一块芯片上的优势，甚至超过SiGe.一块芯片上可以有射频，中频基带，微处理器，内存。可调谐滤波器和A/D转换系统在SOC（系统集成芯片）上。它可由GaAs或者GaN结合制作出微波功率放大器和低噪声的数字接收机。利用GaN有足够强大到不受限制的优势。 7：数字波束形成（DBF）

DBF是被应用在微波AESAs雷达，我们看到它被用的越来越广泛；和模拟波束形成有许多明显的优势。对于目前正在实施的大型阵列是指数组的水平，但最终还是会在元素级别上进行。这样做消除了模拟硬件相结合，模拟下变频和所有与他们相关的错误。反过来这将导致超低副瓣。这将允许多种光束指向不同方向的实现，它将能够在同一时刻用天线的不同部分实行不同的应用程序。它允许在降低3dB发射功率的情况能够搜索。现在，随着摩尔定律规律的不断前进，由于增加信号处理所需的成本远远小于减少3dB发射功率的获得成本。DBF能够减少搜索占用的空间（1/2），并且搜索精度能达到40%。DBF也将允许更好的自适应阵列进程。事实上，一个完全的自适应阵列与没有它的计算和瞬间处罚是一样可以实现的。这可以实现自调谐-自调谐阵列处理。这个涉及到干扰器是否干扰了数字定位，然后指向这些干扰器束（这些光束是有效地特征波束），并利用这些作为主瓣。我们拥有10个干扰器，现在必须转换为11*11的矩阵，而不是1000*1000的矩阵和瞬间时间减少100倍。传统的自适应完全阵列，不能确定干扰器的位置，我们可以很容易的确定，不至于使我们被蒙蔽。此方法等效于确定主要成分的方法。 8：超带宽阵列

由于有超带宽的阵列，可以使一个天线在不同的地带有各种不同的应用。 9：电子管的进展（TUBE ADVANCEMENTS）

电子管取得了重大的进展；其中有一些是因为有强大的可用的软件，允许电子管的设计不需要实验和纠错。 10：致谢

我想谢谢Raymond Hale 和 John DeFalco,还有Raytheon 公司提供的GaN,SiC,SiGe和CMOS。

英文原文1：

Phased-Array and Radar Breakthroughs Dr．Eli Brookner Raytheon Comp

(M／S 3—1—162 528 Boston Post Rd．，Sudbury，MA 01776 Te1．：978—440—4007；ELI_BROOKNER@RAYTHEON．COM)

【Abstract】 Many think that radar is a mature field，nothing new to happen，it having been around a long time. Nothing can be further from the truth．When I entered the field in the 50`s I thought the same thing．The MIT Radiation

Lab．Series was the definitive volume and there was to be nothing more．How wrong 1

was．Since then many amazing new developments have taken place，radar having benefiting from Moore`s law and the incorporation of new technology developments such as MMIC GaAs T／R modules and electronically steered phased array．Things are moving even faster now. In this paper I shall give examples of some of the recent breakthroughs．The topics to be covered are indicated in Fig．1．

【Key words】 Radar，active—phased arrays；MMIC；MEMS；T／R module；phased array；AESA；electronic scanning；GaAs；GaN；SiC；SiGe；CMOS；digital beam forming；adaptive arrays；sidelobe canceler；Ultra—Wideband Antenna；metal materials；tube；Vacuum Electron Device；gyroklystron；gyrotwystron；magnetron；klystron；traveling wave tube； T；microwave power modules；MPM；power amplifier module(PAM)；SBX；GBR—P

0 SEA—BASED X—BAND RADAR

The Sea Based X—Band(SBX)24 story high phased array radar shown is a new wonder of the world．

1 GaAs MMIC T／R MODULES

The last decade has seen the successful and extensive application of Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits(MMICS)to active electronically steered arrays (AESAs). 2 LOW COST，$19K，AESA

Who said AESAs have to be expensive．On DARPA funding the feasibility of a low cost，$19 K．35 GHz array was demonstrated ；see Figs．6 and 7．DARPA has also funded the development of a $10 X-band．10`smW ，single chip T／R module. 3 LOW COST MEMS PHASED ARRAYS

If only we had a low loss phase shifter．Then we could go back to the passive architecture electronic scanned phased array with one module feeding many

phase shifters，like 10．This could potentially reduce the cost of an electronically scanned phased array by a factor of nearly ～ 10． Micro-ElctroMechanical systems (MEMS)offer this promise．MEMS switches have improved their reliability by 3 orders of magnitude over what was reported Oct．2003 in to a life of 600 billion switches．There is still need for improvement in the loss． The loss through a 4 bit phase shifter used in a 1-D scanned RADANT space-fed lens antenna is ～1．25 dB.Two lenses are needed for 2D scan so that the 2-way loss for a 2D scanned RADANT array would be ～5dB．but progress is being made． 4 GaN,SIC

Wide bandgapGaN and SiC MMIC chips offer the potential of one to two orders increase in T／R module power；see Fig．8．This technology would make it possible in the future to upgrade an existing AESA by replacing the GaAs T／R modules with GaN or SiC T／R modules having 10 times the et．3his provides either a 10 times improvement in search volume or a 78％ increase in track range． 5 SiGe

SiGe has the advantage of using Si as a substrate，the technology of the integrated circuit industry and whose extensive resources can draw upon．It offers the potential of higher performance at low with GaAs with respect to

cost．SiGe does not compete microwave output power or noise figure．It offers low cost and the ability to integrate many functions on a single chip．On one chip in addition to microwave power amplifiers and low noise figure receiv- er it can have A／Ds and digital circuitry．Fig．9 shows a moekup of an AESA radar using SiGe T／R modules having a 1 W peak output power． 6 CMOS

CMOS now operates at microwave frequencies．It too uses a Si subtrate and is the technology widely used in the computer industry．It holds the promise of low cost and low power for the receiver parts of T／R modules．Like SiGe it has the advantage of allowing the integration of many functions on a single chip，even more so than SiGe．One chip can have RF，IF，baseband，microprocessor，memory,tuneable filters and A／Ds—a system on a chip(SOC)．It can be combined with GaAs or GaN for the microwave power amplifier and low noise figure receiver．Using GaN has the advantage of being robust enough so that a limiter may not be needed．

7 DIGITAL BEAM FORMING(DBF)

DBF is here for microwave AESAs radars．We see it being used more and more； It provides many significant advantages over analog beam forming． For large arrays it is presently being implemented at the sub—array level but eventually it will be done at the element leve1．Doing so eliminates the analog combining hard．． ware，analog down-converting and all the errors associated with them．This in turn will lead to ultra—low side— lobes．It will allow the implementation of multiple beams pointing in different directions．It will enable the adaptive use of different parts of the antenna for different applications at the same time．It permits search with about a 3 dB reduction in transmit power ．Now with the continual advance of Moore`s law．the increased cost due to the increased signal processing needed will be far less than the gain from the 3 dB reduction of transmitter power． DBF can also reduce the search occupancy(by about a factor of two)and the search angle accuracy by about 40％．DBF will also permit better adaptive array processing．In fact the equivalence of a fully adaptive array without its computation and transient penalties can be achieved．This can be accomplished with Adaptive—Adaptive Array processing ．This involves no more than locating digitally where the jammers are，then pointing beam at these jammers(these beams are effectivelyeigenbeams)and using these beams as sidelobecancelers for the main beam; With 10 jammers we now have to invert an 11×11 matrix instead of a 1000×1000 matrix and the transient time is reduced by a factor of 100；In a classical fully adaptive array one does not make use of the location of the jammers which we can easily determine rather than putting on our blindfolders; This method is equivalent to the method of Principal Components .

8 ULTRA WIDEBAND ARRAYS

Ultra wideband arrays are here．These will allow the use of one antenna for many different applications at different bands. 9 TUBE ADVANCEMENTS

Tubes are making major advances. Some of these are because of the powerful software that permits the design of availability of tubes without the need for trial and error.

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