初二年级下学期语法总结

初二年级下学期语法总结

一．一般将来时

表示一般将来时在八年级中我们已经学习了以下几种表现形式：

1．用现在进行时表将来时（表示按计划安排要发生的事件。）

What are you doing this weekend?

I’m playing soccer with Jim.

Are you visiting the aquarium tomorrow? Yes, we are.

2．用be going to do表将来时（表示明确的打算或用来表示必然，很可能发生的事或自然现象。）

It is going to rain this afternoon.

We’re going to have a new subject this year.

3．用will do表示将来时（表示单纯的将来概念或表示“意愿”。）

I will see you tomorrow.

Will you please open the door?

二．交际用语——寻求/提出建议

Ask for advice 寻求建议

（1）What shall I do?

（2）Can you help me?/Can you give me a hand?

（3）What should he do?

（4）Could you give me some advice?(a piece of advice, some pieces of advice)

Give suggestions 提出建议

（1）You should say you are sorry.

（2）You could write him a letter.

（3）They shouldn’t argue.

（4）Maybe you should call him up.

（5）I think Evin should tell her friend to get different clothes. （6）Why don’t you tell him the truth?

（7）Why not borrow one?

（8）Let’s go shopping.

（9）Shall we play soccer?

（10）How about /What about seeing a movie?

（11）You’d better not go out now.

（12）It’s best to wear warm clothes.

三、语法点拨—过去进行时的用法

1．过去进行时的构成：动词be的过去式was /were＋动词的现在分词构成。

（1）过去进行时的否定式是在动词be后加not构成。例如：

He wasn’t watching TV when his mother came back.

妈妈回来的时候他没在看电视。

We weren’t playing basketball when he arrived.

他到的时候我们没有打篮球。

（2）过去进行时的疑问句是将动词be（were, was）移至句首。例如：Were you playing the computer games at 10 last night?

昨天晚上10点你在玩电脑游戏吗？

Was your brother doing his homework at this time yesterday?

你哥哥昨天这个时候在做作业吗？

注意：

①I was 不能缩写成I’s ; They were, We were不能缩写成They’ere, We’ere

②有些表示感情知觉和状态的动词一般不用于进行时态，如：see, hear, love, like，know, remember, understand，have等。

2．过去进行时的用法：表示在过去某一时间内正在进行的动作。例如：I was watching TV at that time.

那时我正在看电视。

He was cooking at 12 o’clock yesterday.

昨天12点时他正在做饭。

When I came in, she was writing a letter.

我进来时她正在写信。

The students were talking about the movie when the teacher came in.

老师进来时学生们正在谈论那部影片。

3．过去进行时还可以用来表示在过去某阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。例如：

They were waiting for you yesterday.

昨天他们在等你。

He was studying in a middle school at that time.

那时他在中学念书。

4．过去进行时行时与一般过去时的区别：

过去进行时表示在过去某时间里正在进行的动作或存在的状态，一般过去时则表示一个发生在过去的动作或状态，一般说来该动作已完成。例如：

They were writing a letter to their pen-pals last night.

（表示他们在昨晚某时刻正在做的动作，但不强调信是否写完）

They wrote a letter yesterday.（表示一个完整的动作）

辨析：when与while

（1）when adv. （关系副词）当…… 时；（疑问副词）什么时候，何时

When will he come? 他什么时候来？

It was raining when they started. 他们动身时正下着雨。

We’ll start when the team leader comes. 队长一来，我们就出发。（2）while conj. 当……的时候，和……同时

While he was eating, I asked him to lend me $ 2.

当他正在吃饭时，我请他借给我2美元。

when=at that time 当……的时候，其动作可以是延续性动作，也可以是瞬间的动作。

e.g. When I came in, he was reading.

When I was a child, I liked soccer very much.

while=during the time that… 在……期间，与其连用的动作通常是延续性的动作，不与瞬间的动词连用（其引导的从句通常用过去进行时）。

While her children were doing their homework, she was doing some housework.

当她的孩子们在做作业时，她在做家务活。

While the students were reading the new words, the teacher walked around in the classroom.

四、语法点拨——直接引语与间接引语（Direct speech and Indirect Speech）

1．直接引语与间接引语

当我们引用别人的话时，我们可以用别人的原话，也可以用自己的

话把意思转述出来。如果是引用原话，被引用的部分被称为直接引语(Direct Speech)。如果转述别人的话，就被称为间接引语（Indirect Speech）

57230adf376baf1ffd4fadd2na said,“I’m not going to her house on Friday night.”（直接引语）

Lana said (that) she was not going to her house on Friday night. （间接引语）

直接宾语通常都用引号“”括起来，间接引语多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。

如果引用的句子原来是个陈述句，我们在间接引语中就要注意以下几点：

（1）在引语的开头用连词that：

（2）根据句意改变人称：

（3）注意引语中的谓语与主句的谓语在时态上的一致：

※这个句子中因为有明显的过去时间状语，可以不改。

（4）根据句意将指示代词、地点、时间状语等作必要的改动：

一般情况下，通常有以下的变化：

在直接引语中在间接引语中

指示代词

this

these that those

表时间的

词now

today

this week (month,

etc)

yesterday

last week (month,

etc)

three days(a year

etc) ago

tomorrow

next week(month,

etc)

then

that day

that week (month, etc)

the day before

the week (month etc)

before

three days (a year, etc)

before

the next (fallowing) day

the next (following) week

表地点的

词

here there

动词

come

bring go take

2．当直接引语为一般疑问句时，间接引语由if或whether引导。其人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语等的变化与陈述句的变化相同，另还要注意将疑问句的语序变成陈述句。

※在这种情况下，通常将say改成ask，在后面可以加上一个间接宾语(me, him, us等)。

3．当直接引语为特殊疑问句时，将其改成由原来的特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，将其语序改变成陈述句的语序。（其它变化与前面的两种句型相同。）

4．当直接引语为祈使句时，我们通常用一个简单句来转述，这个请求或命令通常由一个复合宾语来表示；其动词通常用tell, ask, order 等。

五．if引导的条件状语从句：

If you go to the party,you’ll have a great time.

这是一个含有的复合句。主句用将来时或含有情态动词的句子，从句的将来时用现在时表示。如：

If you study hard, you can pass the examination.

如果你努力学习，你就能通过考试的。

If you wait a minute, I shall go and find him.

请等一会儿，我就去把他找来。

if引导的条件状语从句是本单元的重点语法项目，也是中考的考点，请同学们多加注意。

六、语法点拨——现在完成进行时

※构成：have/has＋been＋现在分词

※用法：用来表示某一动作在过去开始，一直延续到现在，有可能刚刚结束，也有可能还要继续下去。

※与其连用的时间状语：

现在完成进行时常与for 2 hours, since 1986, all this morning, these few days 等表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

How long have you been skating?

What book have you been reading these days?

I’ve been sitting here for 3 hours. (I’ve=I have)

I have been collecting stamps since I was 10.

How long has he been collecting kites?

We haven’t been seeing movies for a long time.

She has been waiting for you all this morning.

七、现在完成时

现在完成时表示在说话时刚刚结束的某一动作或状态，强调对现在的影响，由“助动词have/has +动词的过去分词”构成。翻译成汉语时通常会用到“已经”等字样。

We have learned five English songs this term.

这学期我们已经学了五首英文歌曲。

I have seen this movie.

我已经看过这部电影。

注意have /has been to; have /has/ gone to ;have / has been in 的区别。

I have been to Beijing three times.

我去过北京三次。（曾经去过某地现在已回来）

－Where is Linda? I haven’t seen her for two days.

－She has gone to London for holiday. She will be back next week. －琳达哪儿去了？我两天没看见她了。

－她到伦敦度假去了。下周回来。（某人到某地去了，现在不在这里）We have been in this city for 10 years.

我们在这个城市里生活了10年了。（表示状态）

辨析：have been in, have gone to 与have been to

been是系动词be的过去分词形式。be有多种形式：一般现在时态形式是am, is, are,过去式是was, were, 现在分词形式是being。

have been in… 在……多长时间了

I have been in the cinema for three hours.

我在电影院里待了3个小时。

三者都是现在完成时态，“h ave been to＋地点”表示去过某处，现在已经回来，不在那里了；而“have gone to＋地点”则表示到某处去了，现在还没有回来，可能在去的途中，也可能在那里或返回的途中；“have been in＋地点”表示某人在某处待了多长时间。试比较：

He has been to Beijing. 他去过北京。（现在不在北京）

He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。（现在在北京或在途中）

He has been in Beijing for two years. 他在北京两年了。

八、Would you mind…?你介意做……吗?

这是英语中委婉请求的表达方式，语气委婉、客气、礼貌，易于对方接受。

其结构是would you mind＋动名词＋其他?

注意针对该句型的回答，英汉有别。如果表示“不介意”，常说“No, not at all／please do／go ahead／certainly not”；表示“介意”，则用“I’m sorry, but I do／I’d rather you didn’t／you’d better not”等。如：

—Would you mind my asking you a few questions? 请教您几个问题好吗？

—No, please do. 不介意，请讲。

又如：

—Would you mind if I took this seat? 我可以坐这个座位吗？—Sorry, but it’s been taken.对不起，这个位置有人坐。

在3a中小结了几种请求帮助的句子结构，请注意。

肯定结构：

Would you mind＋doing…?

Could you please＋do…?

Would you please＋do?

Please＋do…

否定结构：

Would you mind not doing…?

Could you please not do…?

Would you please not do…?

Please don’t do…

九、如何给别人提出建议和意见

1、Why don’t you do sth.?为什么不做某事呢？

表示商量或给对方的建议，否定式疑问显得更委婉，更容易为对方所接受。通常也可以用Why not do sth.?来表达。如：

I can’t answer it, either. Why don't you ask Mr. Liu?

=I can't answer it, either. Why not ask Mr. Liu?

我也不会回答。为什么不问一下刘老师呢？

Why don' we go shopping together?

=Why not go shopping together?

为什么不一起去购物呢？(意同：Let's go shopping together.) 2、How about a scarf? 一条围巾怎么样？

How about…? =What about…?……怎么样？

提出一种可能性，询问对方意见。

I am a student. What about you? 我是个学生。你呢？

注意：无论是How about…? 还是What about…? 因有介词about，后跟名词或代词。若跟动词，则用动名词形式。

It is Sunday tomorrow. What about going swimming?

明天是星期天，去游泳怎么样？

十、语法点拨——反意疑问句

The pictures are beautiful, aren’t they? Yes, they are.

It’s a nice day, isn’t it? Yes, it is.

You like sports, don’t you? Yes, I do.

It looks like rain, doesn’t it? No, it doesn’t.

以上疑问句表示说话者对某事已有看法，为了可靠或出于礼貌发问，以求得确切答案，称为反意疑问句。反意疑问句由两个部分组成：陈述句＋附加疑问句。

注意：

1．前一部分肯定，后一部分否定；前一部分否定，后一部分肯定。如：Henry is a good boy, isn’t he?

She cant’ drive, can she?

2．除there be句型之外，疑问句的主语必须与陈述部分的主语在人称、数、性方面保持一致。如：

She went there last Sunday, didn’t she?

Mr. White was careless, wasn’t he?

The kite flies very high, doesn’t it?

They study hard, don’t they?

We won’t go there, will we?

3．如果陈述句有一个助动词（包括情态动词），其疑问句用同一助动词（情态动词）。如：

You can swim, can’t you?

He hasn’t met my sister, has he?

4．当陈述句是“I’m ＋表语”时，由于“am not”无省略形式，附加疑问句用“aren’t I”代替。如：

I’m late, aren’t I?

I’m a student, aren’t I?

5．当陈述部分是祈使句时，后面的附加疑问句用will you? /won’t you?/can you? /can’t you?祈使句的否定结构后只能用will you? 如：Open the window, won’t you?

Sit down, can you?

Don’t forget, will you?

6．如果陈述句是there be结构，在附加疑问句中用 be not there结构? 如：

There is something wrong, isn’t there?

There won’t be any trouble, will there?

7．当前面的陈述句中有含否定意义的如no, never, hardly等词时，应视为否定句，其后的附加疑问句应用肯定。如：

He has few friends, does he?

You have never been here, have you?

She can hardly write her name, can she?

8．当陈述部分是let’s…时，其后附加疑问句用shall we?

当陈述句部分是let us…时，其后附加疑问句用will you?

Let’s go home together, shall we?

Let us go home, will you?

9．反意疑问句要用yes, no来回答。只要事实是肯定的，用yes；事实是否定的，用no.不管提问时是肯定还是否定。

如：你现在正站着，对下面疑问句的回答完全是一样的。

注意几种时态的区别：

到目前为止，我们已经学习了以下几种时态：

（1）一般现在时：表示经常、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。

We study hard at school every day.

He goes to school by bike.

（2）一般过去时：表示在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。

Did you go there last week?

I went to see my uncle yesterday.

（3）一般将来时：表示在将来会发生的动作或存在的状态。

I’ll come to see you next Sunday.

She is babysitting her sister this weekend.

We are going to Wuhan next Monday.

（4）现在进行时：表示在说话时或现阶段正在发生的动作或存在的状态。

Is she listening to music?

He is having a meeting.

（5）过去进行时：表示在过去某个时间正在发生的动作或存在的状态。What was she doing when you came in?

They were watching TV when I went into the room.

（6）现在完成时：表示在说话时刚刚结束的某一动作或状态。

I have learned English for 5 years.

Have you ever been to Singapore?

（7）现在完成进行时：表示某一在过去开始，一直延续到现在，有可能刚刚结束，也有可能要继续下去的动作。

We have been skating for two hours.

She has been learning Chinese since she came to China.

注意各种时态的构成形式和不同功能。

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