2007年本科英语美国文学史复习资料

殖民主义时期的文学★3、清教徒的想法：①Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices.净化信仰和行为方式②wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位③look upon themselves as a chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God’s will and is not to be accepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝。④Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步。⑤religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘

Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the Church should be restored to the ―purity‖ of the first-century Church as established by Jesus Christ Himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meant to prove that were God’s chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in heaven.

2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.

3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.

4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 理性和革命时期文学

Representatives： Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography

Prose \ essay Thomas Paine: Common Sense

Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence

Philip Freneau: poet \ journalist

启蒙运动对美国的影响 oppose coliral order and religious obscurantism. Secular education and literature → Franklin

1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗兰克林 ①代表作：―Poor Richard’s Almanac‖穷人理查德的年鉴 ⑦―Autobiography‖ 自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传

2、Thomas Paine 托马斯.佩因 ―Great Commoner of Mankind‖ 最平凡的人 ①famous pamphlet ―Common Sense‖ 著名的政治小册子《常识》， ②―American Crisis‖《美国危机》, signed ―Common Sense‖.署名为―常识‖。 3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰弗逊 ①drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言。

4、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者。 ①perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period.可能是革命战争后期最杰出的作家。 ②has been called the ―Father of American Poetry‖ 美国诗歌之父学习指南：

1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.

2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit.

现实主义文学

1、Realism 特征：①Mechanization 机器化

②urbanization 城市化，许多人涌入城市，阶级差异明显

③induseridization 工业化

④federal government (race种族平等进入宪法)标志着马克.吐温的《镀金时代》开始 ⑤railway system 工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用发挥了重大作用。 wrence的作品中突出了对铁路的描写。

2、文化特征：①女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多。②开始关注中产阶级。Mid class. ③现实主义 realism，New York replaced Boston as the nation’s literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。

3、Realism： Mark Twain local colorist 本土色彩浓厚

Henry James psychologist 心理描写深刻

Naturalism 自然主义 pessimistic 悲观的

Environment 环境

Heredity (lower) 底层的继承

4、Calvinist family Predestination 预知的

卡尔文主义 Pessimism 悲观的

悲观的，宿命的 tone(诗歌基调) tragic 关注死亡 Death and immortality(永恒)

5、两个作家的比较 Dickinson Whitman

关注点： inner world of individual 关注个人内心 Society / large 关注社会 形式： free verse free verse

语言： concise、direct、simple 简洁、直接的 ( diction )

1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。

3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：

19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed. 反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。

4、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点

5、自然主义：naturalism, a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ， 产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活 The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious ―truths‖ were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的，

代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯,

Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞.。

二、代表作家： 1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼

①★free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚

②―Leaves of Grass‖草叶集 1870 the first genuine epic poem. 美国历史上第一部真正的史诗

Poem’s 特点：most of the poems in ―Leaves of Grass‖are about man and nature.

③关注点：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the rugged individual

④诗人职责：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his

expressions of the truth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会发展。

2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森

①作品： ―I died for Beauty‖ 我为美而死（诗歌） Beauty / Truth / Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same

―Because I could not stop for Death‖我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径

②特点：her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.

4、Mark Twain 马克.吐温

①美国现实主义文学的代表作―Adventures of Huckleberry Finn‖哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)

②特点：local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the local character of a region.

③contribution贡献：colloquial speech accepted as literary medium口语化被文学界接受 ④代表作：―The Gilded Age‖70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。

―The Adventures of Tom Sawyer‖用词简单、幽默、使用当地语言编写

―Life on the Mississippi‖

8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞

①代表作：―Sister Carrie‖《嘉莉妹妹》 the first novel, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.

―The Financier‖、―The Titan‖、―The Stoic‖Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲

②―An American Tragedy‖《美国悲剧》，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。

二十世纪的文学

2、Imagism 意象派：present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.

1、Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.

2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a ―Lost Generation,‖ devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes

the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of ―expatriates‖ or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.

3、Modernism现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.

4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliot’s ―The Waste Land‖, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.

5、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, ―The Great Gatsby‖ 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel

Ernest Hemingway ―The Sun Also Rises‖《太阳照样升起》 ―A Farwell to Arms‖《告别了，武器》

William Faulkner ―The Sound and the Fury‖ 《喧嚣与骚动》

6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：Eugene O’Neill ―The Emperor Jones‖《琼斯国王》、―Anna Christie‖《安娜.克里斯蒂》、―The Hairy Ape‖《毛猿》 二、代表作家：

2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet

①诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead ―the old-fashioned way to be new.‖ He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.

(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.

(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.

②he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.

③―The Road Not Taken‖、―Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening‖向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑

3、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯 诗人

①His work is primarily motivated by the belief that ―ideas of order,‖ that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。 ②代表作：―The Man with the Blue Guitar‖《带蓝吉他的人》；

―Necessary Angel‖《必要的天使》，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论.

―Anecdote of the Jar‖《坛子的轶事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体

③特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。

(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。

(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds – between subject and object,

perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, ―imagination and reality‖(想象与现实)

★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人

①多重身份：poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家

②代表作：

―The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock‖poems，holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.

―Tradition and the Individual Talent‖essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。

―The Waste Land‖《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form — the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。

―Four Quartets‖《四个四重奏》poem

―Murder in the Cathedral‖，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧

③作品特点：(1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。

(2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself, whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artist’s imagination and experience with respect to that poem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关，也与诗歌相一致。

(3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the poem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。

5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家

①作品：―This Side of Paradise‖《人间天堂》，the first novel.

―The Great Gatsby‖ 《了不起的盖茨比》 novel

―Tender Is the Night‖ 《夜色温柔》 novel

②第二本小说的开展过程：dream梦想 → Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我为中心 → disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭 → sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望

Ash 灰(象征) → forest树木，西部开发，树木变成灰了

③limited point of view有限视角 → suspense悬念 + mystery神秘 真实性→reliable可信的，不偏，不评价

6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威 novelist 小说家

①写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。

(2) His primary concern was an individual’s ―moment of truth,‖ and his fascination with the threat of physical, emotional, of psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with

stories of war.主题强调换个体―真理的瞬时性‖，痴迷于描写肉体情感方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。

(3) man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure作品主题, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人.

②代表作：―The Sun Also Rises‖ Hemingway became the spokesman for ―a lost generation‖ ―A Farewell to Arms‖、―For Whom the Bell Tolls‖、―The Old Man and the Sea‖

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