21世纪研究生英语综合教程课后翻译

综合教程1 第一单元

Because of the sizable colonial trades with many overseas areas，the gold and silver coins of all the important commercial countries of Europe and their dependencies in the Western Hemisphere were freely exchanged throughout the eastern seaboard. More important than English coins，which could not be legally exported from Britain to the colonies，were the sliver coins of the Spanish mint. These were struck in Mexico City and Lima and introduced into the Spanish colonies. Spanish dollars were so common in the colonies that the coin was eventually adopted as the monetary unit of the United States．

Although Massachusetts first attempted to mint coins of low bullion content as early as 1652, the colonies eventually turned to paper to increase their meager and undependable money supply。The promissory notes of well—known individuals and bills of exchange drawn on English merchants readily exchanged hands for several months．In addition，treasures of the various colonies began to issue promissory notes in advance of tax collection and issue written orders to town officers requiring the payments of obligations from local stores，like other negotiable instruments，these pieces of paper were exchanged on endorsement as money．

由于殖民地与许多海外地区的大量贸易，所有欧洲的重要商业国及其在西半球的附属国的金银铸币在北美东海岸都可以自由交易。由于法律不允许英国货币从英国流向殖民地，相比之下，西班牙货币显得更加重要。这些货币在墨西哥城几利马铸造，再流入西班牙殖民地。西班牙币在殖民地被普遍使用，以至这种货币最终成为美国的货币单位。

虽然早在1652年马萨诸塞首先铸造低含金量的硬币，但殖民地最后转而用纸币来提高短缺且不可靠的货币供给。著名人士的期票与签发给英国商人的汇票在几个月内就能顺利转手。此外．各殖民地的财政部门开始在税收前签发期票，同时向城镇官员下达书面命令，要求当地店铺履行付款义务，如其他可转让的单据一样，这些票据经签注后可作为货币进行交换。

B．Translate the following sentences into English．

(1)随着我国加入世界贸易组织，国有银行面临的压力越来越大，为了尽快解决资本充足率以及扩大规模，这家大银行打算与其他两家小银行合并。(merge)

With China’s successful entry into the WTO，state—owned banks are faced with more and more pressure．The big bank intends to merge with two small banks so as to quickly solve the problem of capital sufficiency and enlarge its scale.

(2)受全球经济衰退和通货膨胀的影响，这个城市的许多小企业已经破产或者被大公司兼并，导致大量工人面临失业的困境。(swallow up)

Because of the recessionary effect on global economy and inflation，many small businesses in this city have gone bankrupt or have been swallowed up by giant corporations. It leads to a large number of workers facing unemployment．

(3)他没有娶她。他认为尽管怜悯近于爱，但是不同的。他希望为爱情而结婚，而不是为了怜悯。(akin to)

He didn’t marry her，because he thought that although sympathy was closely akin to love，they were still different．What he hoped was marry for love，not for sympathy.

(4)网络教育似乎是一种极好的教育方式，它能够触及到一大批潜在的学生，而且可以减少传统学校教育所需要的高额的基础设施及人力费用。(infrastructure；curtail)

Web—based training and learning seems to be a perfect way to reach a huge pool of potential students，as well as curtail the high infrastructure and personnel costs of traditional schooling．

(5)随着这个城镇经济的发展，当地政府打算为老年人建立一所一流的养老院。(tailor for／to)

1

With the development of this town’s economy，local government intends to tailor a first class nursing home for the needs of the elderly．

(6)政府撤销对金融市场的管制有利于经济全球化的发展，但同时也给国内经济造成了一些负面影响。(deregulation)

The deregulation of financial markets taken by government 1S very helpful to economical globalization, but, at the same time, it brings some unpleasant influences on domestic economy．

(7)但愿我的弟弟别再整天玩网络游戏了。否则。他将无法完成学业。(desist from)

I wish my younger brother would desist from playing network games all day，otherwise he would have to discontinue his studies．

(8)一家店铺开始延长营业时间。同一条街上的其他商店也都跟着敛。(follow suit) One shop began to prolong the business hours，and all other shops along the same street followed suit．

(9)随着1997年许多东亚国家经济中出现的戏剧性的货币贬值。这些国家遭受了急剧而且徘徊不去的经济衰退：这种结果违更了贬值使国内生产的商品更便宜而应当提高产量的观点。(deprecation)

Following the dramatic currency depreciations in many East Asian economies in 1997．these countries suffered sharp and lingering recessions．This outcome runs counter to the notion that depreciations ought to boost output because they make domestically produced goods cheaper.

第二单元

(1)Not all regions will experience equal warming．Some areas may become much hotter and drier，while others actually experience colder weather. Other predicted effects of global warming include melting of the polar ice caps, flooding of coastlines，severe storms，changes in precipitation patterns, and widespread changes in the existing ecological balance. Current models predict a rise in global sea levels of 15—95 centimeters over the next century，high enough to put the homes of a third of the world’S population underwater．Infectious diseases may increase due to an expansion of habitat for disease vectors like mosquitoes．Many species may be unable to adapt to such swift changes in the climate，and may become extinct． 并非所有的地区都会经历气候变暖的情况。有些地区会变得更热更于燥，而另外一些地区则会遭遇较冷的天气。全球变暖产生的预期结果包括极地冰盖融化，海洋沿线地区被淹，剧烈的暴风雨，降雨模式的改变，以及现有生态平衡的广泛变化等等。根据现有的模式，估计下个世纪全球海平面将上升15～95厘米。这足以将全球1／3人口的家园淹没。由于像蚊子这类传播疾病的昆虫的栖息地的扩大，传染性疾病的数日也将日益上升。许多物种也许无法适应如此居IJ烈的气候变化而最终灭绝。

(2)At the end of the day，however，the only real，long-term“solution”to the climate crisis has been overlooked by all our leaders．Without adapting our economics，we will simply be greening individual leaves on a dying tree．Our government，in line with its predecessors，is wedded to the belief that increased global trade is automatically a good thing．Thus，it has supported endless subsidies，both direct and indirect，that can benefit only the big corporations producing for long—distance export．

然而，一切都号虑到了之后，那个真正能够解决气候危机的长期方法却被所有的领导人忽视了。倘若不凋整我们的经济，我们所做的一切努力就如同即将垂死的朽树上的个别绿叶。我们的政府，和它们的前任一样，坚持认为持续增长的全球贸易是理所当然的一件好事。因此，政府给予了尤数直接或问接的资助。这些资助只能使那些生产远距离出口商品的大公司获益。

2

B．

(1)在环境危机问题上，与其拿出一个不怎么有效的提案，还不如没有提案，因为提案一旦做出，政治家们就会在其后一段时间内把环境问题放在一边。(be better off；clean slate)

As to the climate crisis。we are better off with a clean slate than a weak proposal．Because once the proposal is made，politicians will close the climate chapter for some time.

(2)她开始意识到，她的持续的腹痛是由于食用了上周在当地超市贱卖的熏肉而引起的。(cotton on；on offer)

She’s cottoned on that her constant stomachache was caused by the bacon on offer last week at the local market．

(3)那位超级明星突然造访一座海滨小城，第二天这则消息在当地报纸的头版显著刊登。(descend on；splash across)

That superstar descended on a small costal town．which was splashed across the front page of the local newspaper．

(4)他立足商界的最后一搏失败了，这似乎令人沮丧，但从长远来看，这也未尝不是一件好事，他可以从中学到很多。(1ast-ditch effort；be for the best)

It seemed frustrating that his last—ditch effort to win a place in he business world collapsed．But it was also for the best．From the tong term，he could learn a lot．

(5)父母把自己的爱和关怀无私慷慨地给予了孩子。然而，当他们年迈之时，其中一些却只能无奈地独自生活。(1avish on；be condemned to)

Parents lavish their love and care on their children．However，when they become old，some of them are condemned to live alone．

(6)我国现任的政治领导和他们的前任们一样坚信，在反腐问题上没有退缩。(in line with；be wedded to)

The present political leaders of our country．in line with their predecessors．were wedded to the belief that we should not retreat in the action against corruption．

(7)多亏了政府的资助和好心人的捐款，那些贫困地区失学的孩子们才得以重返校园。(by courtesy of) The school dropouts in poverty—stricken areas came back to school by courtesy of the subsidies from government and donations from the kind people．

(8)在当地政府的有效组织之下，洪灾所造成的损失被降到了最低程度。(water down)

Under the effective organization of the local government．the damage caused by the flood has been watered down to the minimum．

(9)在经济发展上，超级大国走在了前面，把其他国家远远甩在了后面，但这并不是说，他们在一切问题上都说了算。（forge ahead）

Superpower forge ahead in economic development．1eaving other countries far behind．But it doesn’t necessarily follow that they can determine everything．

第三单元

According to researchers from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases(NIAID)，monkeys can be protected against the SARS virus using a single dose of a test vaccine sprayed into the nose．Meanwhile，a team of scientists in Holland has successfully

3

protected ferrets from the virus by treating them with human antibodies．The NIAID research team，led by Alexander Bukreyev，treated four monkeys with a test vaccine produced by inserting the gene responsible for producing a key SARS protein(known as SARS—S)into a weakened version of a human influenza virus．A further four monkeys received an inactive placebo vaccine；in all eight monkeys，the treatments were sp rayed directly into the monkeys’nostrils． One month after immunizations，both groups were deliberately infected with the SARS virus．The researchers found replicated virus in samples taken from the respiratory tracts of the animals that had received the placebo vaccine，a sign that immunization had failed．In contrast，animals that had received the full vaccine showed no such signs．

据美国国家过敏和传染病中心(NIAID)的研究人员说，往猴子的鼻子里喷一次测试疫苗, 猴子就可以免得非典。同时一些荷兰的科学家已经成功地利用人类抗体使白鼬免于病毒的侵袭。由亚历山大·博克乐耶夫领导的NIAID科研小组把引起非典的主要蛋白的基因(SARS—S)注入一种削弱的人类流感病毒，并用这样培养出来的试验疫苗治疗4只猴子。另外的4只猴子接受了安慰性疫苗。在这所有的8只猴子中，药物都直接喷入了它们的鼻腔。免疫接种后的一个月，两组猴子都被特意染上非典。研究人员发现，从接受安慰剂的猴子的呼吸道的取样中有复制的病毒，这表明免疫接种失败。而在接受正常疫苗的猴子身上却没有这种症状。

(1)尽管他的科研工作不断出现困难，但他都一一克服了，并最终发现了这种新的元素。(crop up) Though difficulties kept cropping up in his work，he still succeeded in finding this new element after solving all the problems．

(2)火车以飞快的速度行驶，一天的旅行就把他从白雪皑皑的北国带到了赤日炎炎的南方。(at a good clip) The 1 rain was moving at such a good clip that one day’s travel has brought him from the northern Dart of the country covered with white snow to the south with scorching sun．

(3)在第一次出海航行时，由于发动机出现了故障，这艘船在大海中由风浪任意摆布。(at the mercy of) During her first voyage to the sea，the breakdown of the ship’s engine left her at the mercy of the rough sea．

(4)一些公司贪求利润而置农民工的利益于不顾，政府部门最近收到许多拖欠工资的投诉。(bombard) While seeking after their own profits，some companies ignore the farmers’interest。Recently，the government has been bombarded with the complaints about delayed payments.

(5)随着亚洲的一些国家发生禽流感，我国加强了对从这些国家进口食品的严格监控。(surveillance) With the bird flu emerging in some Asian countries，our government has placed the imported food under close surveillance．

(6)虽然经济全球化给一些中国人带来了绝对的机遇，但它给其他人所带来的挑战也是很明显的。(unmistakable) While economic globalization has brought absolute opportunities to some Chinese, the cha11enges it causes to others are also unmistakable.

(7)令我们欣慰的是，这次大会中的投票表决挫败了某些国家遏制中国的企图。(contain)

To our relief，the vote in this assembly stopped certain countries from containing China．

(8)在有些人，谚语“三岁看到老”的说法是真的，但有许多人不是这种经历。(seal) With some people，the old saying“One’s character in three years old seals his fate．”is true，

4

hut there are many people with different experiences·

第四单元

What is feminism? By general definition，feminism is a philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued．It is based on social，political and economic equality for women．Feminists can be anyone in the population，men，women，girls or boys．Feminism can also be described as a movement。a revolution that includes women and men who wish the world to be equal without boundaries．These boundaries or blockades are better known as discrimination and biases against gender，sexual orientation，age，marital status and economic status．Everyone views the world with his or her own sense of gender and equality．Feminists view the world as being unequal．They wish to see the gender gap and the idea that men are superior to women decreased or even abolished．

何谓女权主义?就广义的定义而言，女权主义是女性及其贡献得到重视的哲学。它是建立在女性的社会、政治、经济权利平等的基础上的。任何人，男人、女人、男孩、女孩，都可以成自女权主义者。女权主义也可以被描述成一种运动，一场革命。在这种运动或革命中，男人女人们希望世界平等无界。这些界限或障碍就是人们所熟知的对性别、性取向、年龄、婚姻状况和经济状况的歧视和偏见。每个人都以自己的性别观、平等观来观察这个世界。女权主义者认为这个世界是不平等的。他们希望看到性别差异的减小，男性优于女性的观念削弱，甚至消失。

B

(1)赛珍珠(Pearl Sydenstricker Buck)生于传教士家庭，随父母在中国生活了17年，深受中国文化的熏陶。(be saturated with／in)

Pearl Sydenstricker Buck was born in a missionary family．She lived in China for seventeen years，and was saturated in Chinese culture．

(2)你父母那么爱你，你竞这样粗暴地对待他们，你如何能为自己的行为辩解?(justify) How can you justify your rude behavior to your parents who love you so much?

(3)他已经长大了，不再有青春期抽烟喝酒的习惯了。(outgrow)

He has grown up and has outgrown the bad habits of smoking and drinking in adolescence．

(4)我们认为这是不言自明的：任何国家都不应该干涉他国内政，大国尤其如此。(be true of)

We hold this to be self evident that no state is in the position to interfere with the domestic affairs of other nations．This is especially true of great powers．

(5)家道中落之前，．他们无法想象自己会对住小房子、吃干面包、喝白开水的简朴生活也很知足。(content with)

Before they came down in the world，they couldn’t imagine that they would content themselves with the simple life：a small room，dry bread and plain boiled water．

(6)虽然歹徒夸口绝不会给活捉，但是被围之后，他毫不反抗就屈服了。(submit to)

Though he boasted he would never be taken alive。the outlaw submitted to the police without a struggle when surrounded．

(7)为了接受高等教育，她激烈地与父亲认为女人注定一生围着厨房转的观念抗争。(be doomed to) In order to have her higher education，she has to contend fiercely with her father who believes that women are doomed to spending their life at the kitchen sink．

5

(8)这位单身母亲给女儿灌输的都是些女权主义观点。(instill in)

It is feminism that the single mother has instilled in her daughter．

第五单元

The fact that OU r computer network is SO advanced will also soon give US the opportunity to share our teaching expertise with local companies and even other universities；a dedicated center for distance learning is al ready under discussion．We will increasingly use internet—based computer courses，to enhance OU r own teaching and also to reach students outside the University．That doesn’t mean computer terminals will displace people；students are always going to need advice and high—quality tuition on the spot．But it does mean we can refine our teaching courses over time and make them available in the manner of textbooks．Within the university itself，access is going to remain our key priority．We’re striving to demystify Cambridge and increase the proportion 0f state school students we take．We want to ensure that ethnic minority，overseas and disabled applicants are encouraged and supported．We want to secure women’s full participation in the university and increase their representation in top academic posts．We want to encourage alumni to take more interest in Cambridge SO we can d raw on their expertise and experience．

我们的计算机网络已经相当发达，不久就会使我们有机会和地方公司甚至和其他大学共享我们的专长。一个专门致力于远程学习的中心正在酝酿之中。我们将越来越多地利用以因特网为基础的计算机课程，以此来提高我们的教学水平，同时也使校外的学生有机会学习。这并不意味着计算机终端将会取代人，学生永远需要面对面的建议和高质量的面授。但这的确意味着我们可以逐步改进我们的教学课程，并以书本的形式呈现给大家。就大学自身而言，能够接纳更多的学生仍是我们的头等大事。我们正在努力消除剑桥的神秘感，增加录取公立中学毕业生的比率。我们要确保鼓励和支持少数民族、外国学生和残疾学生申请上剑桥，确保妇女全面参与大学事务，增加她们在高端学术方面的职位。我们要鼓励校友们更加关心剑桥，用他们的专长和经验为母校服务。

B．Translate the following sentences into English．

(1)按照我朋友的建议，这个房间由一个单人卧室改成了一间书房。(convert from ?to 7 into?) According to my friend’S suggestion．this room was converted from a single bedroom to a bathroom．

(2)人们一提到西安就会联想到大雁塔和兵马俑。(connect with)

People always connect Xi’an with the Big Goose Pagoda and Terracotta Warriors and Horses．

(3)大学生要有使用好图书馆的条件，只有这样，他们的知识面才会拓宽。(access to) College students must have access to a good library，through which their knowledge and experience can be broadened．

(4)水坝不太坚固，挡不住洪水，结果河水冲破堤岸，淹没了河边的房子。(hold back)

The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters．So that the river had burst its banks and folded the houses by the river．

(5)她的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。同时，她父母的话对她也是极大的鼓舞。(due to)

Her SUCCESS was largely due to her efforts．Also her parents’words were a great encouragement to her．

(6)通过参与制定实习计划的过程，我和我的小组成员不得不为学生确定意向学习目标。(field trip) Through participating in the process of planning our field trip．my group members and I had to identify out intended learning goals for the students．

6

(7)在报复心的驱使下。我给办公室的每个人发了一封电子邮件，信的开头如下：“很抱歉地通知你，你已经错过了这次机会。??”(as follow)

I did in the spirit of revenge by sending an e—mail to everyone in the office which began as follow：“We regret to inform you that you have missed this opportunity，?”

(8)尽管期望这种集成电路作为一种锁存器电路，它也可以当作推荐的标准触发器。(function as) Even though this IC(integrated circuit)is supposed to work as a latch circuit．it can also be made to function as RS(recommended standard)flip flop

第六单元 (1)The United States didn’t initiate c rude forms of ethnic and racist hatred，which constitute some of terrorism’S roots，but neither is it completely innocent．In the Middle East，geopolitical and economic considerations supposedly dictate U．S．support of both Israeli democracy and the“moderate”state of Saudi Arabia．Yet such support does more to sustain and intensify destructive forms of nationalism than to ensure economic and military security．Israeli domination of the occupied territories fuels Arab militancy The Saudi regime survives in Part by tacitly encouraging its fundamentalist critics to vent their domestic political anger on the United States and Israel．

(1)美国虽未激起产生恐怖主义根源的原始的民族和种族仇恨，但也难脱干系。在中东，基于地理和经济上的考虑，美国不得不既支持以色列的民主形式，又得支持沙特阿拉伯的温和立场。然而，这种支持更多地促使和加剧了灾难性的民族主义，而没有使经济和军事得到安全保证。以色列对占领区的控制使得阿拉伯人越来越多地采取暴力手段。沙特政府之所以能够幸存下来的一部分原因是由于政府总在默默地鼓励基督教原教旨主义者把他们对国内政治的不满发泄在美国和以色列身上。

(2)Patricia Hewitt speaks softly．She constructs her sentences carefully．When she gets passionate，her voice tends to quiver．“After September11，we began to make quite a powerful coalition around the world against terrorism．But if we are going to have a durable，a really powerful international coalition against terrorism and for greater security，then we have to have an equally powerful economic coalition——in other words，a coalition for free and fair trade around the world，because we will never deal with terrorism and other threats to world peace if we don’t deal with the hunger and misery and frustration across the developing world．’’

(2)帕蒂西·赫威特轻声地说着，她措辞相当谨慎。当她激动的时候，她的声音有些颤抖。“在9·11事件之后，我们开始在全球范围内建立一个强有力的反恐联盟。但是如果我们要建立一个持久的、真正强有力的国际反恐联盟来确保安全，那么我们就得建立一个同样强有力的经济联盟 换句话来说，全世界范围内自由、公平的贸易联盟。因为倘若我们不去解决整个发展中国家所面临的饥饿、苦难、挫折等问题，我们就永远解决不了恐怖主义以及其他危及世界和平的问题。”

B．Translate the following sentences into English．

(1)大城市的第三产业越来越多地依赖于外来务工人员，这种情况已经形成。如果没有大批务工人员参加到城市的建设中来，许多城市的发展将逐渐趋于停滞。(grind to a halt)

The situation that the third industry in megapolis increasingly relies on guest workers has entrenched．Without legions of them to participate in the cities’construction， the development of many cities would grind to a halt．

(2)经济的发展更多地依赖于社会的稳定。因此，当前压倒一切的问题是保持稳定。(hinge on)

Economical development mainly hinges on social stability．Therefore，the overwhelming issue nowadays is to maintain stability．

7

(3 )一个开放的国际大都市应当是实行文化多元主义。在那里，拥有不同文化背景的人们之间和平相处，共同发展。(cultural pluralism)

An open international metropolis should be one with cultural pluralism，where people with different cultural backgrounds live peacefully and develop together．

(4)由于吸毒，他和周围的人们疏远了。慢慢地，他对吸毒怀有强烈的道德上的厌恶，决心戒毒。(embrace) Due to drug abuse，he was detached from the people around him．Gradually，he embraced a moral revulsion towards drug abuse and was determined to give it up。

(5)他拥有一辆宽敞的车，一座乡间别墅，以及其它被认为是成功的标志的东西，但他并不真正幸福。(trappings)

He possesses of a big car，a country villa，and all other trappings of success．But， he was not happy at a11．

(6)有些人对和自己意见相左的人采取仇视的态度。这并不是心胸宽阔的人所应有的。(turn a hostile eye)

Some people turn a hostile eye toward those who dissent from their view，which doesn’t agree with what an open minded person should do．

(7)和他所期望的相反，这次他并没有得到升职。回家之后他把怒火发泄在妻子头上。(contrary f0；vent on)

Contrary to his expectation，he failed to be promoted this time．After returning home，he vented his anger on his wife

(8)美国的生活方式以对物质充足的尊崇为典型。(be characterized by)

The American life style is characterized by reverence for material abundance

第七单元 Discipline does not need 10 be punitive，coercive，manipulative or negative．Children can learn in a positive，upbeat，firm and kind environment much better than a negative one．The parents set the tone for the family environment and so parents have great influence over the nature of that environment．Dream big，children are capable of so much more and so much better than we give them the chance to express! While I do not believe in“parent bashing”with problematic kids．1 do believe that we parents have so much more infIuence in our families than we realize．We need i0 take this influence to heart and strive to do and be our very best and to never give up on our kids!

The times of parental frustration should be used as times to re—group，re．think，and re—evaluate．Attempting any form of thoughtful discipline takes time，thought and a relaxed environment．If you’re stressed out，give yourself and you r child a cooling off period．Often the answers will come during the break．

没有必要惩罚，强迫或在严厉的气氛中管教孩子。孩子在轻松，愉快，严格但又和谐的气氛里学得会更好。父母决定家庭的气氛，所以父母对家庭气氛的好坏有很大的影响。梦想越大,孩子的表现无论在量上还是质上都会比我们预期的要更加的好!虽然我认为家长不应该责备有问题的孩子，但我确信我们家长对家庭的影响的程度要远远超出我们想象。我们必须牢记这种影响，积极实施这种影响，而永远不要对失望!家长在烦恼的时候重整旗鼓，调整自己的认识，重新评价孩子。实施任何一种考虑周全的家庭教育是需要时间，精力，还需要一个轻松的环境。如果你情绪不好，要腾出来点时问让你和孩子冷静下来，解决问题的办法通常是在情绪平静时想出来的。

8

B．Translate the following sentences into English．

(1)为了照看这个婴儿她已辞职，无论是好是坏，她顾不了太多。(for better or worse) In order to take care of her baby，she quit her job，and，for better or worse，she can’t afford to think of too much．

(2)指出一个孩子有学习障碍并不能解释他不能学习的问题。重要的是找出问题在哪里。(account for) To point out that a child has learning disability does not account for why he is having trouble learning．The point is to find out exactly where the problem is．

(3)对于有些女性，生孩子并不会导致非此即彼的结果——辞职在家带孩子，或继续工作而不带孩子。(black-and-white)

For some women， bearing a child does not have to result in a black—and white situation——一having to quit work to stay home with the baby or not．

(4)在这篇小说中，瑞谱是这样一个人物：除了偶然为他所惧怕的妻子跑腿以外，终日带着他的狗在村子里游荡。(run errands)

In this novel，Rip is such a character that，except occasionally running errands for his wife，whom he feared，idled away with his dog all day long in the village．

(5)这个艺术团的演出吸引了这么多的工人，大礼堂及其外围的地方都围满了观众。(spill over)

The art group’s performance attracted SO many workers that the audience spilt over from the auditorium to the surrounding areas．

(6)为了加快发展的速度，我国已和许多国家签订了互惠协约。(reciprocal)

In order to achieve a faster development，our country has reached reciprocal agreements with many other countries．

(7)他们认为民主的一个重要体现就是人民可以享受言论自由。(voice)

They think that one important manifestations of democracy is all the people Call enjoy the freedom of voicing their minds．

(8)儿时的贫寒和艰难激励着这位总统毫不动摇地走自学成才的道路，以致在这方面成为世人的楷模。(waver)

The poverty and hardships during his childhood encouraged this president never to waver in his determination to be a self made man，which has been a model for the world．

第八单元

There in the mist，enormous，majestic，silent，and terrible，stood the Great Wall of China．Solitarily．with the indifference of nature herself。it crept up the mountain side and silpped down to the depth of the valley．Menacingly，the g rim watchtowers，stark and foursquare，at due intervals stood at their posts．Ruthlessly，for it was built at the cost of a million lives and each one of those great gray stones has been stained with the bloody tears of tile captive and the outcast，it forged its dark way through a sea of rugged mountains．Fearlessly，it went on its endless journey，league upon league to the furthermost regions of Asia，in utter solitude，mysterious like the great empire it guarded．There in the mist，enormous，majestic，silent，and terrible，stood the Great Wall of China．

9

朦胧中显现出来的那个庞然大物，十分壮观，寂然不动而气度非凡，那就是中国的长城。它孤独地沿着山的一侧蜿蜒而上，再往下进入山谷深处，带着它与世无争的特性。每隔一定的距离就有一座森严的嘹望台，冷峻挺立，十分威严。它铁面无情。建造它，付出了千百万生命，每一块灰色的砖石上都染满了那离乡背井犹如囚徒者的斑斑血泪。它跨越崇山峻岭毅然向前。它具有大无畏的精神，漫漫征途无尽头，走了一程又一程，一直走到亚洲最边远的地方，茕茕孑立，神秘莫测，犹如它所捍卫的大帝国一样。中国的长城就是那样的庞然大物，在朦胧中寂然不动，气度非凡，十分壮观。

B．Translate the following sentences into English．

(1)清晨新鲜的空气。鸟儿的歌唱，街道两旁的花草树木，夜晚的星辰，所有这一切都会使人感到生活是无限美好的。(conspire)

The fresh morning air，the singings of birds，the trees and flowers on the sides of the street，and the stars at night conspire to make you feel how beautiful the life is．

(2)一些中国品牌以富有竞争力的价位为后盾，已经挤身于国际市场，同时他们也未忽略产品的质量，高效的销售以及售后服务等战略的运用。(ignore)

Some Chinese brands have nudged into the international market on the back of competitive pricing． At the same time they haven’t ignored such strategies as product quality，an efficient distribution and after sales service．

(3)我妹妹玛丽的几个朋友不断地告诉她．她的好朋友卡罗尔在她背后说她的坏话。玛丽经过她们的洗脑也就相信了她们的话。后来她发现事实并非如此时，感到非常抱歉。(brainwash)

Several of her friends brainwashed my sister Mary into believing that her best friend Carol has saying nasty things about her behind her back． Mary was as sorry as she could be when she found out it wasn’t true．

(4)如果政治家想赢得选举胜利必须努力表现自己。(project)

A politician must project himself if he wants to win an election．

(5)随着生活节奏的加快，人们感到时间的紧迫，驾车的速度越来越快。马路就像赛场跑道，高速行驶的汽车严重威胁着行人的安全。(race track；sorely)

With the quicken pace of life，people feel time presses and drive their cars faster and faster，which makes t he roadway look like a race track．The automobiles running at a high speed sorely threaten the safety of pedestrians．

(6)现如今人们对汽车的依赖性越来越强，即便是上下班只有1英里的路程，也要驱车前往。(a round trip to work; resort to)

Nowadays people become increasingly dependent on automobiles．Despite one mile round trip to work，they will resort to automobiles．

(7)中国制造的商品以其物美价廉赢得了世界各国消费者的青睐。(win one’s heart) Low in price and good in quality，the commodities made in China have won heart s of the consumers all over the world．

(8)中国的汽车工业白手起家，逐渐发展到如今这样的规模。但是，它仍然处于初级阶段，对其设定过高的质量标准是不切合实际的。(from scratch) Starting from scratch， Chinese automobile industry has gradually developed into what it is．But with it at the preliminary stage，if is impractical to set an exorbitant quality standard for it．

10

第九单元

(1)But if private space agencies would eschew manned space travel for show purposes，there is ample reason to believe that they would do a wonderful job of serving people who，for personal，commercial，scientific or any other reasons．want o r need to go into space．At a host of American and international companies，at the Russian paid—travel program—in fact, everywhere except at NASA-space tourism is rapidly becoming a reality Now that it is becoming a reality，we have to ask why it took so long. People have been going into space for more than four decades now．Forty years after the Wright Brother’s first flight, by contrast, commercial air travel was a dauntingly expensive but widespread and growing industry．While it’s absurd to expect a comparable version of commercial space travel。it is fair to ask how NASA has welcomed an evolution of its responsibilities into the private sector．

(1)但是，如果私人太空机构回避是出于以炫耀为目的的太空载人旅行，那么，有充分的理由相信，他们将为那些出于私人、商业、科学以及其他原因想要或需要去太空旅行的人们提供良好的服务。在许多美国及国际公司，在俄罗斯出资的旅行项目中 实际上，除美国航空航天局外的其他任何地方 太空旅行正在成为现实。既然太空旅行正在成为现实，我们就要问为什么这之间经历了如此漫长的过程。在40年的时间里，人们一直没有停止过太空之旅。在莱特兄弟第一次飞行之后的40年，相比之下，商业化的太空旅行是一项昂贵的令人发怵的行业，同时也是一项广泛和正在发展的行业。尽管期望建立和商业化的太空旅行互应的其他旅行形式有些荒唐，同样的，质问美国航空航天局居然乐意把自己的责任让私人太空机构来承担是不为过的。

(2)Yet of all the landmarks that line the route of the space age’s death march like so many stations of the cross，perhaps the most disturbing is the first，which came in 1969，minutes after Nell Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin touched down on the mood’’s surface for the very first time．Norman Mailer，in Houston to witness the Eagle’S landing，recorded the switch—blade moment when he voiced his own incredulity at seeing reporters file out of the live telecasts in droves．Al ready bored with foot—printing and flag— planting，they weren’t going to hang a round to see Neil and Buzz scamper around collecting rocks．That’S how early ennui set in． 然而，在那些见证了太空时代逝去的所有咀程碑式的事件中，有许多令人担忧的问题。或许最令人担忧的是1969年在尼尔·阿姆斯特朗和布兹·阿尔德林首次登月后的前儿分钟。诺垃·米勒在休斯敦等待目睹“鹰号”的着陆。他记录_r当他看到记者们从电视直播车里蜂拥而出的那一激动瞬间。他说自己简直难以置信。已经厌倦_r印脚印和插旗帜，他们不再有耐心等待看尼尔和布兹蹦蹦跳跳地搜集岩石了。对于太空项目的厌倦就这样悄然而至. B．

(1)经历了这场战争，问题非但没有得到解决，两种文明之间的深深的敌意却逐渐产生。(in the wake of；set in；over and above)

Previous problems remain unsolved in the wake of the war．Over and above，deep enmity has set in between two civilizations．

(2 )这次行动的一个持久影响就是它给我们提了一个独特的视角，让我们意识到了良好环境的珍贵。(1egacy)

One of the lasting legacies of this activity is that it gave us a singular insight into the preciousness of the good environment．

(3)首先，在夸张的溢美之词面前．我们绝不骄傲，这样我们才能战胜困难，取得更大的成功。(first and foremost; triumph over) First and foremost，in the face of hyperbolic tributes，we should never be proud．Only by doing

11

this，can we triumph over difficulties for greater success?

(4)记者们蜂拥而上，前去欢迎载誉归来的英雄。在一片鲜花和掌声面前，英雄激动地畅说了自己的这次太空之旅。(in droves；wax eloquent)

The reporters came in droves to welcome the hero returning home with high praise．In the face of flowers and applause，he waxed eloquent excitedly about his space trip．

(5)置身于群山之中，他诧异于自然的奇美，完全忘却了尘世的烦恼。(marvel at：be oblivious of) Surrounded by the mountains，he marveled at the transcendental beauty of nature, totally oblivious of the secular unhappiness．

(6)多么遗憾，他到来的时候，正好我们又要走了。(coincide with) It is a pity that his arrival coincided with our departure!

(7)不愿再整日无所事事，只是沉溺于昔日的成功，他决定开始一项新的事业。(hang around；embark on) Not willing to hang around and only indulge himself in past success，he decided to embark on a new career．

(8)我们坐在那里，完全被她的美貌迷住了，忽视了她话中的言外之意。(be entranced by；import) We sat entranced by her beauty，not realizing the hidden import of her words．

(9)咖整个事件意味着什么，仍然不清楚。(be up for grabs)

We sat entranced by her beauty, not realizing the hidden import of her words.

第十单元

Language learning strategies are the often—conscious steps or behaviors used by language learners to enhance the acquisition，storage，recall and，use of new information．Strategies can be assessed in a variety of ways，such as diaries，think—aloud procedures，observations，and surveys．Research both outside the language field and investigations with language learners frequently show that the most successful learners tend to use learning strategies that are appropriate 10 the material，to the task，and to their own goals，needs。And stage of learning．More proficient learners appear to use a wider range of strategies in a greater number of situations than do less proficient learners．But the relationship between strategy use and proficiency is complex．Research indicates that language learners at all levels use strategies，but that some or most learners are not fully aware of the strategies they use or the strategies that might be most beneficial to employ．

语言学习策略是语言学习者用来加强新信息的获取、储存、保留、回忆和使用的有意识的(通常情况下)步骤或行为。学习策略可以有多种方式来评估，比如日记、大声说出思考过程、观察和调查。无论是语言领域之外的研究还是对语言学习者的调查都经常表明，最成功的学习者常常使用与阅读材料、任务、读者的目标、需求和学习相适应的学习策略。比起学习能力弱的人来说，学习能力强的人能够在更多的情况下使用范围更大的策略。但策略的使用和学 习能力之间的关系很复杂。研究表明，任何水平的语言学习者都使用策略，但有些或大多数并没有完全意识到他们使用的是什么样的策略，也没有意识到可行的最有益的策略是什么。 B．

(1)归结起来，这场争执只是东西方不同的爱情表达方式的问题。(boil down to)

The conflict boils down to the different ways in which eastern and western people express their love．

12

(2)政府开始征求大众对征收遗产税的意见。遗产税是社会财富再分配的有效措施。(seek out)

The government begins to seek out public opinions about inheritance tax，which is an effective measure to redistribute social wealth．

(3)与总统的意料恰恰相反，他针对反恐的讲话在德法反应平平。(home in on)

Contrary to the president’s expectation，his speech homing in on anti-terrorism received a far from warm response in Germany and France．

(4)一些专家认为母语的学习与第二语言的获取没有任何相似之处。(analogous to／with) Some experts argue that mother language learning is not analogous to second language acquisition at a11．

(5)年青一代渴望即时的满足，什么都想要，而且马上就想得到。(propensity)

The younger generation has a strong propensity for instant gratification．wanting it all and wanting it fast．

(6)一旦事件的车轮启动，人物无法对其进程或结果做任何改变。(derail)

Once the wheels of evens have been set in motion，characters are powerless to derail their course or effect of any kind．

(7)她因导演背弃诺言不给她出演女主人公的机会而对其心怀怨恨。(harbor)

She harbored resentment towards the director because he went back on his words and denied her chance to star the heroine．

(8)虽然一般情况下孩子到年龄就会学习，但认识能力的出现并非永远一帆风顺。(without a hitch) Although，generally speaking，kids learn when they are old enough．the cognition doesn’t emerge without a hitch．

第十一单元

(1)As we have seen，when supplies of fuel，food or domestic necessities threaten to become scarce，people stockpile them，to make sure their standard of living will be maintained，however their neighbors may suffer。When huge transnational organizations are discontented with their profits，they merge with their competitors to form even mightier ones，to the extent that governments have to bow to their demands and our talk of democratic decisions g rows meaningless．1 n matters of health and medical treatment，both doctors and patients increase their demands for remedies．When the demand becomes immoderate，consumption of drugs increases and the incidence of adverse effects and waste follows suit。 With moderation，all these crises may be avoided．

(1)正如我们所看到的，当燃料、食品或家用必须品供应减少时，人们就把它们储备起来以确保他们维持正常生活，而不管邻居会怎样的缺乏。当大的跨国组织满足不了他们的利益的时候，他们就和竞争者们合并成更大的集团，以至政府都顺从他们的需要，此时，我们谈论的民主决定也变得毫无意义。在医疗保健方面，医生和病人都要求提高治愈率。当这种要求过高时，服药率上升，副作用的几率也随之升高。若懂得适可而止，所有的危机就都可以避免了。

(2)“Political education evolved out of the concept of the ‘deal’ teaching of natural law．Its pivot was human dignity．Indeed，it is only because of human dignity that any responsibility for the person exists at a11．This word expresses the fact that the person is，but not exclusively，

13

to be understood in a‘naturalistic’sense and，SO，unlike nature，cannot be regarded as an object of trade．Rather dignity should be regarded and respected as a subject．The political result of this was to demand freedom as a precondition for each person to develop equally his／her best abilities．Therefore，the highest principle of political enlightenment reads as follows：Each person has an equal right to freedom and human dignity．”

(2)“政治教育来源于自然法则的理想教学的概念。它的核心是人类的尊严。确实，人类的尊严是一个人的责任心存在的唯一理由。这个词表达了这样的事实——应该以自然主义的实质去对待所有的人，去理解所有的人。因此，与对待自然界不同，不能将它视为可交易的物品。的确，尊严应当受到重视和尊重。其政治结果是要求把自由作为每个人能平等地最大限度的发展自我的先决条件。所以，政治启蒙运动的最高原则这样写道：每个人都享有自由和人类尊严的平等权利。” B．

(1)从生物学上否定我们的人性与有秩序的自由的概念相违背，在我国深远丰富的历史上也前所未闻。(denials；be reflective of)

Denial of our biological humanity are not implicit in the concept of ordered liberty nor are they reflective of the deep and rich history of our nation．

(2)尊严不会从天降。尊严买不来，也造不出。尊严专为那些辛勤劳动的人们保留。(dignity) Dignity does not float down from heaven．It cannot be purchased nor manufactured．It is a reward reserved for those who labor with diligence．

(3)我们必须言行一致。语言上的巨人，行动上的矮子，对我们多年来声称热爱的道德观是一种嘲弄。(mockery)

What we do must be consistent with what we say．Words without deeds make a mockery of the moral values we have claimed to love for so many years．

(4)对自己天生的性别不满者建议工作单位为反性别穿戴和其他发泄方式提供方便。(accommodate) The people having on internal battle with sexual identity suggested that their working places accommodate their cross—dressing and other expression．

(5)如果你怀着远大理想，你就把自己置身于通向你的目标的条件下了。(be conducive to)

If you cherish great expectations in your mind，you put yourself into a condition that is conducive to your goal．

(6)他之所以成为一位著名的天文学家是因为他从小就对太空和星球有很强的好奇心。(by virtue of) He became a famous astronomer by virtue of is strong curiosity about the space and stars since he was very young．

(7)他想把他们的公司发展成一个多国公司的想法立即得到全体委员的支持。(espouse)

His ides of developing their corporation to a multi—national one was at once espoused by the whole committee．

(8)有些人认为要求在该校就读的港台学生交高额学费是不公平的政策。(discriminatory)

Some people think it is discriminatory policy to ask the students from Hong Kong and Taiwan to pay high tuition to study in this schoo1.

第十二单元 A hero，it is said，is someone who is“larger than life，”whom we can admire for great qualities

14

or abilities that we may never have．Heroes have included political and religious leaders，athletes，movie stars，and musicians．Today，however，many people say they do not have heroes．Political figures in today’S world of leaders rarely，if ever，appear larger than?e to US．In today’S world of curious journalists and a television—age public，it seems difficult for anyone to attain heroic status．

With the loss of our heroes，then，what is left for US to look up to? The popular word in today’S language is“role model．’’someone whose behavior is“imitated，’’but not necessarily“courageous’’or“heroic．”Sports players continue to be regarded as role models by their fans．Business leaders who have stood up to economic pressure to save American industry from failure have also been considered role models．

人们说，英雄是超凡之人。他们因具备常人所没有的伟大品格或卓越能力而令我们崇拜。

英雄包括政治和宗教领袖、运动员、电影明星和音乐家。然而，然而许多人说他们心目中没有英雄。当今世界上的政治任务很少有超凡脱俗的，即便有，也只是凤毛麟角。在当今世界上，面对爱打探的记者和电视时代的公众，似乎任何人都很难成为英雄。

随着英雄们的逝去，那么，还有谁让我们敬佩呢？现代语言中流行词是“偶像”，他们的行为被人们模仿，但却不一定是“英勇的”或是“崇高的”。运动员仍然被狂热的支持者们视为偶像。那些承受了经济压力，挽救了美国工业免于崩溃的商界领袖们也被视为偶像。

B．

(1)最近一项调查表明，当地多数儿童都希望能有一个与他们一起玩耍的真正的朋友。而此愿望却带来了与父母的对立，父母希望孩子能跟朋友们一起学习，而不是一起疯跑。(tear around)

A recent survey indicates most local children desire a true friend who can frequently play with them，a wish that often creates conflicts with parents who want to see their kids studying，not tearing around with their friends．

(2)他因为参加了示威游行而被指责为捣乱分子。(brand as)

He was branded as a trouble maker for taking part in the demonstration．

(3)数字技术的发展将极大的有助于教育事业，比如，电子化学习。(e—learning)。

Advances in digital technology will greatly benefit education，such as e-learning．

(4)爱丽丝工作了十年之后，无缘无故被炒鱿鱼。他们怎么可以这样对待她呢?(for no apparent reason) After working in the office for ten years，Alice was fired for no apparent reason．How can they treat her like that?

(5)我的学校里有个女孩，每个人都找她的错，就因为她穿的衣服和,别人都不同——他们对她可坏了。(pick on／upon)-

There is one girl at my school whom everybody picks on because she doesn’t wear what everybody else wears they’--re horrible to her．

(6)他们应该对报刊的读者来信及时做出反应，以防止动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行，从而获得一幅真正的面容。(lest)

They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor，lest animal right misinformation to unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth．

(7)二十年后，我们将能够听到火星上朋友的问候，但是我们所听到的至少是他三分钟之前讲的话，同时，我们的回答也需要相同的时间才能让他听到。(at the very least)

Twenty years from now we will be able to listen to a friend on Mars，but the words we hear

15

will have left his mouth three minutes earlier at the very least，and our reply will take a corresponding time to reach him.

综合教程2 UNIT 1

To be happy，a man must feel，firstly，free and，secondly，important．He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing，or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or Importance．A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest t0 himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family．A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do．Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends，not on the job itself，but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it．The difference does not coincide With the difference between a manual and a mental job．Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure．To a worker，leisure means Simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently．He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much．To the laborer，On the other hand，leisure means freedom from compulsion，SO that lt is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring，and the more hours he is free to play，the better．

人要想快乐，首先必须感到自由，其次，必须意识到自己的重要性。如果迫于社会压力而做自己不乐意的事，或乐于做的事被视为一文不值，毫不重要，得不到社会的承认，那么这样的人是不可能真正快乐的。倘若一个人对社会给予的差事并不感兴趣，从是为了谋生和养家糊口而继续做下去，那么这个人就只是受雇的劳动者。倘若一个人对社会掏钱让他干的差事打心眼里感兴趣，那么他就是一个工作者。一件差事是劳动还是工作并不取决于差事本身，而在于干这个差事的人的喜好。这种差异并不等同于体力劳动和脑力劳动之间的区别。从一个人对休闲的态度可以看出他属于哪类人。对于工作者而言，休闲不过是放松休息几个小时，为的是工作起来效率更高。所以他很可能花很少而不是很多的时间来休息。对劳动者而言恰恰相反，休闲意味着摆脱了束缚，他盼着少干多玩，工作时间越短越好，这种想法也在情理之中。

(1)当真相大白的时候，人们呼吁政府要给英雄正名。(put in a good ward for)

People appealed to the government to put in a good word for the real hero after truth came out．

(2)新年到了，山姆意识到是该暂时把工作放到一边，给父母打个电话的时候了。(occur to)

16

When the New Year is coming，it occurred to Sam that he should put aside his work of a while and call his parents．

(3)在这个瞬息万变的时代，年轻人常常把个人利益放在首位而将社会责任抛在脑后。(tune out)

In such a changeable time，young people often put self—interest in the first p1ace and tune out social responsibilities．

(4)政府已经意识到贫富分化可能导致严重的社会问题，并且已采取措施来缩小这种差距。(arise from) The government has realized that serious social problems may arise from wealth polarization，and measures have been taken to shorten the gap between the poor and the rich．

(5)作为成名的代价，明星们尤其容易受到批评的攻击，因为人们总是对他们期望更高。(be vulnerable to)

As the cost of being famous，stars are particularly vulnerable to be criticized，Because they are always highly expected．

(6)恐怖袭击被成功镇压之后，惊魂未定的人质们被引领着穿过一个秘密通道，来到安全地带。(shepherd)

After the terrorist attack was successfully suppressed，the horror- stricken hostages were shepherded across a secret passage to the safety zone．

(7)最终，作者选择反驳谣言，倒不是因为个人受到了冒犯，更多的是因为这给别人造成了伤害。(inflict)

Finally，the author chose to retort the rumor not because of any personal offense，but rather in response to injuries inflicted on others．

(8)罪犯向律师解释到，他天生意志薄弱，物质欲望经常会战胜情感，所以才会去偷熟人的东西。(overpower)

The criminal explains to his lawyer that his will is so naturally fragile that his physical needs often overpower his feeling，which leads to the theft of his acquaintance．

(9)当她的奶奶，也是这个世界上唯一爱她的人离世时，她心中除了深深的悲伤和遗憾之外，再也没有其它感受。(nothing else but)

When her grandma，the only person who loved her in the world，passed away，her heart was filled with nothing else but deep sorrow and regret.

UNIT 2

A silicon-chip agnosticism can be shaken by many puzzles besides the creation．Almost as mysterious are the circumstances that led，billions of years ago，to the creation of the first molecule that could reproduce itself．That step made possible the development of all the forms of life that spread over the earth．Why did it occur just then?

A religious enthusiasm for the apparent convergence of science and theology in the Big Bang cosmology is understandable．Since the Enlightenment，the scriptural versions of creation or of other“events，”like the fall of man or the miracles of Jesus Christ，have suffered the condescension of science；they were regarded as mere myth，superstition．Now the faithful are tempted to believe that science has performed a laborious validation of at least one biblical“myth”：that of creation．

硅芯片时代的不可知论可被除了造物之外的许多疑惑所动摇。几乎同样具有神秘色彩的问题是，在几十亿年前，是在什么样的条件下产生了第一个能够自我复制的分于。这一步使得遍布地球的所有生命

17

形式的发展成为了可能为什么恰好在那个时候呢?

对于科学和神学在宇宙大爆炸学上的表面趋同，宗教界表现出来的热情是可以理解的。自启蒙运动以来，《圣经》所述的创世纪故事或其他“事件”，如人的堕落和耶酥基督的奇迹，屡屡遭遇科学的贬抑；它们仅仅被当做是神话、迷信而已。现在信徒们不由得要相信科学已费力地证实了至少一个圣经“神话”：创世说。

(2)So far，popular reaction to NASA’s announcement that its scientists have discovered evidence of life in a meteorite from Mars has been pretty positive．But that may change as the implications sink in．The announcement is the biggest insult to the human species in almost 500 years．This discovery suggests that life is probably a pretty ordinary phenomenon that occurs any place you give it half a chance．Earth isn’t special．The alien life．forms aren’t special either．Instead of highly logical humanoids with pointy ears or other endearing characteristics, they seem to be a lot like simple bacteria．Life on Earth was special because it was the only life we knew．In this case，however，the dogma being shattered is based fundamental ly on ignorance．Biology has rested precariously on a single data point—life on Earth．

美国国家航空和航天局宣布科学家已经发现来自火星的陨石中有生命的迹象。到目前为止．公众的反响相当积极。不过随着人们研究的进一步深入，这种积极的反响可能会改变。来自国家宇航局的这一消息是近500年来对人类的最大冒犯。这个新发现说明生命很可能是相当普遍的现象，只要有点机会，在任何地方都可能孕育生命。地球并不特殊，异类的生命形式也不特别。它们不是人们通常合情合理想象的长着尖尖耳朵或其他可爱特点的人形生命。它们很可能更像简单的细菌。地球上的生命之所以特别是因为我们只了解这一种生命形式。那么就这一点来说，现在行将破碎的那类教条根本就是建立在无知的基础上的。生物学的根基非常薄弱，它只有一个数据点，即地球上的生命。 B．

(1)我的祖母对电器一无所知，所以她总是对任何一种电器敬而远之。(stay clear of)

Since my grandma knows nothing about electrical appliance．she always stays clear of any of them with fear．

(2)尽管已经被包围了将近一周，战士们发誓绝不将阵地放弃给敌人。(yield to)

Although they have been sieged for almost a week．the soldiers swear never to yield the ground to the enemy．

(3)他尴尬地发现他的新老板就是那个他曾常常戏弄的小学同学。(turn out)

He found embarrassedly that his new boss turned out to be his primary school classmate，on whom he used to play tricks．

(4)当社会责任和个人利益发生冲突的时候，每个人都应该清楚该如何抉择。 (clash with) Everyone should know how to choose when their social responsibilities clash with their personal interests．

(5)来自世界各地的游客都为这座宫殿所展示出来的美丽与智慧而着迷。 (be taken with)

Tourists from a11 over the world are really taken by the beauty and intelligence shown in this palace．

(6)这本书以尖锐的视角展示了中产阶级的非洲裔美国人的国内生活，以及奴隶制与种族歧视的残余影响。(residual)

This book provides a sharp look at the domestic lives of middle—class African Americans and the residual impacts of slavery and racial discrimination．

18

(7)那天早上在亚洲最大的农贸集市上，我看见至少有十万人相互推挤着购买牲畜，这种情景令我难忘。(jostle)

That morning in the largest rural market in Asian，I saw at least a hundred thousand people jostled with one another to buy livestock，which is so unforgettable to me

(8)这篇叙述开始还延续着早期小说的轻松的描述语气，但是随着故事的展开，这种语气变得模糊了，这偶尔蹦出一些幽默的字词。（recede） The narration at first continues the light spoken tone of the earlier novel，but as it develops，this tone recedes，only occasionally bursting forth in humorous words． (9)两派都认为在利害的枪支法对降低犯罪率也是无能为力的，关键是对人的教育。（concur）

The two groups concurred that even the toughest gun laws would have no effect on crime rate；the key lies in the education of people．

(10)没有人能想到，这位伟大作家的坟墓只有一小块木板作标记，上面写着他的名字，字迹几乎被岁月磨掉了。（obliterate）

No one could expect that the great writer’s grave was marked by a small wooden board，bearing his name，the letters of which ere nearly obliterated by time.

UNIT 3

(A)What is the optimal design for such a multi．tiered confidentiality system? Would there be unintended consequences? Would it be acceptable to the public? Without good answers to such questions，information technology could fall under the same cloud of public suspicion that hangs over nuclear power and genetic engineering．Al ready，aggressive telemarketing has made people very reluctant to answer scientific surveys administered by telephone．Internet-based surveys have promise，but they typically lack the reliability of traditional random—sample polling．Another challenge is that impartial research on the real consequences of government security-motivated data fusion and mining may not be possible within the government security regime itself，because impartiality in science requires the research to be made public．

这样一个多层保密系统的理想构思是什么呢?是否会出现意外的结果?公众是否能接受?如果不能很好地回答这些问题，信息技术将会像核能和基因工程一样笼罩在大众的疑云之中。现在无处不在的电话销售已经让人们变的对通过电话进行调查产生了抵触情绪。网络调查倒是大有前途，但显然缺乏传统的随机抽样调查的可信度。另一个问题是，政府以安全为目的进行的数据收集和整合，其真实结果的研究在政府的安全机构内部是不可能工公正的。因为要想获得科学的公正性，研究就必须公开。

(2)Internet use appears to cause a decline in psychological well—being, according to research at Carnegie Mellon University．Even people who spent Just a few hours a week on the internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on less frequently．the two-year study showed．And it wasn’t that people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the Internet，but that using the Net actually appeared to cause the bad feelings．The fact that Internet use reduces time available for family and friends may account for the drop in well-being，researchers hypothesized．Faceless，bodiless“virtual” communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversation，and the relationships formed through it may be shallower． Another possibility is that exposure to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives．

根据卡内基·麦伦大学的研究表明，使用因特网可能会导致心理健康状况的下降。两年的研究表明，上网次数多的人与较少的人相比，即使是l周仅几个小时也会经常感觉到沮丧和孤独。这并不是说已经有了不良感觉的人在网上花费的时间更多，而是说使用因特网似乎的确诱发了人们的不良感觉。研究者推测说，实际情况是上网使网民减少了和家人及朋友共度的时光，这也许可以解释他们心理健康状况下降的原因。和面对面的交谈相比，这种见不着面、看不见人的“虚拟”的交流可能会使人从心理上缺乏

19

满足感。人们通过这种交流方式结下的友谊也不会太深。还有一种可能是，网民通过因特网所了解到的广阔世界使他们对自己的生活不那么满意了。

(1)我们的选手获得大赛冠军，这个消息使大家变得异常兴奋。( render )

The news that our contestant had won the championship in the contest rendered us extremely excited．

(2)每年春节过后，全国各地到处都是找工作的大学毕业生。( in the pursuit of)

After every Spring Festival graduate travel around the country in the pursuit of job.

(3)在缺乏确凿证据的情况下你怎能说他谋杀了邻居?( in the absence of)

How can you say he murdered his neighbor in the absence of any specific proof?

(4)恐怖袭击的威胁令政府不得不每天仔细审查成堆的邮件。( sift through) Under the threat of terrorists ’ attacks，government has to sift through heaps of mails every day．

(5)大会委员会成员正在讨论是否将这一议题列入本次大会的主题之内。(fall under)

The conference committees’ members are discussing whether the topic should fall under this session’ s theme．

(6)在知道自己的病情不断恶化的情况下，这位曾雄心勃勃的企业家不得不将掌管公司的大权移交给儿子。(relinquish)

When he was aware that his health was deteriorating，the once ambitious entrepreneur relinquished all control over the business to his son．

(7)市政府下定决心在全市范围内拓宽道路并积极筹划修建地铁，这些举措都是为给市民出行提供方便。(facilitate) The municipal government has determined to broaden all the roads within the city and is actively planning to build the underground system as well．All this aims at facilitating citizens’ transportation．

(8)警察在调查一起造成两人死亡的银行抢劫案时，发现了一封信，这封信把约翰牵连到该案中。(implicate)

When investigating a bank robbery resulting in two deaths，the police found a letter，which implicated John in the robbery．

UNIT4

Over the past thirty years，the influx of Asian immigrants，which cuts across all levels of cultural，ethnic，and class identifications，has transformed the Asian—American community，making it predominantly first．generation and highly diverse．The effect of such massive and extremely diversified immigration on Asian Americans is manifold．The rapid growth of the population has boosted the political and economic power of Asian Americans and provided a critical mass for the development of Asian—American studies．Slnce Asian Americans are either the largest or fastest—g rowing minority group on campuses across the nation．their strong interest in Asian．American studies heIps build up the discipline at a time when financial difficulty constrains curriculum development in institutions of higher education

在过去的30年，拥有截然不同的文化、种族及阶级层次的大批亚洲移民涌入美国，改变了亚裔美国

20

人的群体结构，使第一代移民占据绝对优势，呈现出多样化的趋势。如此大量及多样化的移民潮对亚裔美国人的影响是多方面的。人口的迅速增长加强了亚裔的政治经济权力，同时也为亚裔研究的发展提供了具有批判眼光的大众。在全美各校园里，亚裔要么是人数最多、要么是人数增长最快的少数民族群体。对亚裔美国人研究的强烈兴趣使即便当时财政有限的各高校开设了这门课程。

(1)许多老年人都有一种自然倾向，那就是不停地谈论自己。(inclination) There is a natural inclination in old men to be talking of them．

（2)我们相信他们这样做看起来很残酷，但其用意是好的。(credit)

We must credit them with our good intentions in doing such a seemingly cruel thing．

（3)由于昨天是母亲节，他对母亲隐瞒了这个坏消息。(conceal)

He concealed the bad news from his mother because it is the Mother’s Day． （4）我觉得他不会受欢迎的，因为每次他做了不合格的事情甚至是错事，他都要给自己找出借口。( come up with)

I don’t think he will be a popular figure，because he always comes up with an excuse whenever he has done something inappropriately or even wrongly．

(5)在美丽的金秋时节，我很高兴能在这座既古老神秘又充满现代活力的城市迎来参加本次会议的各位嘉宾。(dynamism)

In the golden autumn，I am very happy to welcome the distinguished guests to the conference in this age—old and mysterious city full of dynamism of the modern era.

(6)四位前总统与现任总统乔治·布什一起参加了里根总统图书馆的开馆．典礼。(dedication)

Four former Presidents joined incumbent President George Bush at the dedication ceremony for the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library．

(7)那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。(equate．．。with)

Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocates that cultural environment will attract more tourists，which will bring huge profits to local residents．Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction．

(8)根据约翰·莫奈(John Money)教授的研究，在影响我们择偶的诸多因素中，最说明问题的是一种被称为“爱图”的东西，他是我们大脑中的一组编码信息，记载着我们的爱憎。(telling)

Among all the many factors influencing our idea of the perfect mate，one of the most telling，according to John Money，is what he calls our“love map”---a group of messages encoded in our brains that describes our likes and dislikes．

UNIT 5

After a bitter divorce．a custody battle that resulted in total estrangement from his teenage daughter and a mid—life crisis，Steven Dworman decided to produce and direct a funny movie based on his troubles．The film depicts the wife as having a lizard’s face．And he premiered the movie in a theater five blocks from his ex—wife’s Santa Monica，California，home。Now after selling half his infomercial(资讯广告节目)and advertising consulting business to finance“Divorce．the Musical．” Dworman hopes he will break even and maybe even make some money．“This certainly wasn’t a revenge story．That was the farthest thing from my mind，”said Dworman，

21

46．

经历了一次痛苦的离婚，一场使得10多岁的女儿对自己形同陌路的监护权争夺战以及一次中年危机之后，斯蒂芬·德沃曼决定以自己遭遇的麻烦为原形制作并导演一部电影。影片中的妻子有一张丑陋无比的面孔。他在加利福尼亚州圣莫尼市距他前妻的住所仅5个街区的一个影院里首映了这部电影。德沃曼为了筹拍《离婚，音乐喜剧》卖掉了他的商业电视及广告咨询生意的一半，现在他希望保本甚至赚点钱。46岁的德沃曼说：“这绝不是为了报复，我压根儿从来没有这种念头。”

(2)Yet，the heroes，as removed as they are from ordinary experience．Give voice to feelings we can hardly recognize．James Dean，in“Rebel Without a Cause，”is certainly larger than life，but the teenage angst that he articulates speaks to the confusion almost all adolescents feel in the journey from childhood to adulthood．Compared to the futile words of advice handed out to teens(I am speaking here as the admittedly inept father of two)，his portrayal assures them that they are not the only ones to have known these troubling feelings．Knowing that makes life far more manageable．

然而，正如电影里的主人公的生活远离现实生活一样，他们所表露的感情有时我们几乎无法认同。电影《无因的反抗》中的主人公詹姆斯·迪恩在剧中的表现是高于生活的，但是这个十几岁的青少年清楚地表露出来的焦虑与不安表达了所有处在青春期成长阶段的青少年的困惑，并与他们产生了共鸣。与那些“施舍”给孩子们的琐碎无用的说教相比(在这里，我作为一个确实不称职的两个孩子的父亲)，詹姆斯·迪恩在影片中的表演使青少年相信他们不是唯一一群有烦恼的人。明白了这一点，生活就会变得更容易掌控了。

(1)这位傲慢的年轻人太挑剔了，他对这本小说中的任何人物角色都难以认同。(identify with)

The arrogant young man is so fastidious that he found it hard to identify with any of the characters in this novel．

(2)这家制药厂和一所医学院的研究所已经合作研制一种新的咳嗽药。(team up)

The pharmaceutical factory has teamed up with a research institute of a medical college to develop a new cough medicine．

(3)这位著名导演最近的一部电影是关于晚婚问题的。(be concerned with) The famous director’s latest film is concerned with later marriage．

(4)总统死后，他们开始开始酝酿一场军事政变。(set the stage for)

They set the stage for a military coup after the president’s death．

(5)我哥哥认为他的成功是靠自己的能力，而不是因为父母的支持。(owe．．． to)

My elder brother owes his Success more to his ability than to my parents’ support．

(6)我为了增加收入，对于做零活总是来者不拒——多多益善。(grist to the mill) I never refuse odd jobs to supplement my income it’s all grist to the mill．

(7)一个小男孩让恐怖分子绑架了，警方让男孩的母亲放心，这个孩子很安全。(reassure about) A little boy had been kidnapped by terrorists．The police reassured his mother about the child’s safety．

(8)讨论会漫无边际地进行了几小时，讨论的结果有负我的期望。(measure up)

The discussion meandered on for hours，and its results didn’t measure up to my expectations．

22

UNIT 6

Humor is the wisdom that alleviates an awkward situation．It can help to reduce distress and unhappiness by creating a pleasant and friendly atmosphere，so that better communication and understanding are fostered．However，no one has an innate sense of humor．In order to develop a sense of humor，one must first have an open mind and the ability to deal with unpleasant events．Undoubtedly，great knowledge and optimistic thinking are also very essential．Another point in developing a sense of humor is to have a rich imagination．Nothing can be worse than the tack of imagination to kill a funny joke，

Wherever you go，you meet people who think that foreigners have no sense of humor．or at best a crude one．But of course humor is universal—it is just that language is not similar，nor are frames of reference．Puns that play on Chinese pictograms are hard to render in English．Similarly，punch lines that assume an intimate knowledge of Italian politics earn few guffaws outside Rome． 幽默是缓和尴尬局面的智慧。幽默通过创造一种愉快而友好的气氛来减轻不幸和苦恼，增进共同和理解。然而，没有人是生来就有幽默感的。培养幽默感首先需要的是开阔的心胸和接受不愉快事物的能力。当然，丰富的知识和乐观的心态也是不可或缺的。第三就是还要有丰富的想象力。缺乏想象力会使幽默枯竭。

不论你到哪里，都能碰上这种人——他们认为凡是外国人都没有幽默感，即使有，最多也是一点无趣的笑话。其实，幽默是普遍存在的，只不过语言不同，其意义和内容不同罢了。中国文字的双关游戏用语就难以用英语表达出来，同样的，你要是出了罗马再讲和意大利政治有关的笑话，就难以博得别人的笑声了。

(1)我非常理解他在学习英语方面的困难，但却爱莫能助。(appreciate)

I really appreciate his difficulties in learning，but I can do nothing to help him．

(2)由于父亲远在美国．所以他以父亲的名义参加了此次聚会。(in the name of)

He took part in the party in the name of his father because father was far away in the U．S．

(3)史密斯尽力回想到底发生了什么事情，但是什么也想不起来。(suggest itself to)

Smith tried hard to recall what had happened，but nothing suggested itself to him．

(4)这个仆人无意中侮辱了主人，所以被轰了出去。(show sb．the door)

Having insulted his host unconsciously，the servant was shown the door．

(5)希拉尔·贝洛克(Hilai re Belloc)认为“一个人永远不可能认识事物自身的本质．因为思想无法超越现象”。(transcend) Hilaire Belloc thinks，“one can never see the thing in itself，because the mind does not transcend phenomena．”

(6)据目击者说．一个年龄大一点的男孩吓唬那些小孩子．还抢走了他们身上所有的钱，(intimidate) According to the witness，an older boy intimidated the little children and took all their money．

(7)每个人的生命中都会有一些失败，但整天生活在痛苦中是没有用的，只者正视现实、仔细分析失败原因才有可能取得成功。(envisage) There is failure in everyone’s life，but living in anguish wh01e day in nothing useful．Success will come only if one can envisage realities and carefully analysis the previous failure．

(8)蠕虫病毒越来越流行，其中Sircam、红色代码和坏透了三种病毒带来的问题最多。(prevalence)

23

Worms increase in prevalence with Sircam，CodeRed，and BadTrans creating the most problems.

UNIT 7

A man in China in the past was usually subjected to the domination of 3 systems of authority(political authority，clan authority and religious authority)···As for women, in addition to being dominated by these 3 systems of authority，they were also dominated by the men(the authority of the husband)．These 4 authorities--political，clan，religious．and spousal—were the 4 thick ropes binding the Chinese people，particularly the peasants．But women in today’s world have the right to conduct state affairs，manage economic and cultural undertakings，and administer social affairs through various channels and in various ways．They enjoy equal rights with men，to vote and to stand for election．

在过去，中国的男性普遍要受到三种系统权力(政权、族权、神权)的支配??至于女性，除了要受上述三种权力的支配外，还要受男性的支配(夫权)。这四种权力——政权、族权、神权、夫权，代表了整个封建宗法的思想和制度，是束缚中国人特别是农民的四根极粗的绳索。但是，现今世界的女性，有权通过各种途径和形式，掌管国家大事，管理经济文化事业，处理社会事务。她们享有和男性一样平等的选举权与被选举权。

(1)表演人员应该始终面带笑容，要在工作日，星期天，甚至是有些假期里上班，即使劳累、心情不好，甚至是只有五位观众的时候，也应同样如此。(don on a smile)

The actors are expected to don on a smile and work weekdays，weekends，and some holidays，through fatigue and bad moods，even when there are only five people in the audience．

(2)虽然有些人曾经对有关这个国家的巨大发展速度的数据持怀疑态度。但是大多数人现在开始承认此国在许多方面都是世界经济的生力军。由于整个国家的坚定不移的努力，即使那年夏天爆发的大面积洪水灾害也没有影响到这种地位。(skeptical about)

Some people used to be skeptical about this country’s dramatic growth figures, but most people now regard it as a driving force in the economy of many parts of the glove．Even the outbreak of flooding in the summer did not destroy the momentum，thanks to the determined efforts of the whole nation．

(3)现在，她的整个家庭已经解散，变得四分五裂，而她非常想重新找回这些已经失去的东西。对她来说，现在唯一的问题是，少儿服务中心作为监护人显得过分热情，以她吸毒作为理由，而将她的孩子从她身边带走，使孩子疏远了她。(est~nge from)

Her whole family has been disbanded and torn apart and she absolutely wants them back．The sole issue to her at present is that the Children Services is overzealous as a watchdog，and wants to use her smoking drug as an excuse to remove and estrange the children from her．

(4)分析家认为，这笔生意与当地的任何外国个人投资者在本地保险企业的投资产权不超过百分之二十的要求发生了冲突。(clash)

Analysts said that the deal appears to clash with the local rules，which require any individual foreign investor’s ownership in their insurers to be no more than 20 per cent．

(5)在他1875年去世的时候，他的作品已经使他从贫穷境地转变为世界著名，这使人们想起了《丑小鸭》里小鸭变成天鹅的故事。(reminiscent of)

By the time he died in 1875，his writing had lifted him from poverty to word recognition in a social journey reminiscent of the duck who became a swam in The Ugly Duckling．

(6)由于受到威胁，百货公司和超级市场的经营者们不得不应对营业损失和加强安保措施带来的经济负

24

担等问题。从长远来讲，炸弹威胁会影响一个商店的声誉，甚至会使它的客户转向其他”安全”商店。(contend with)

As a result of the threats，department store and supermarket operators have had to contend with lost sales and the financial burden of improving their security．Bomb threats could affect a store’s reputation over the long term，and might cause its customers to switch to ＂safer stores.＂

(7)她丈夫的凶暴、辱骂行为将她逼到了几乎绝望的境地。(on the verge of)

Her husband’s violent and abusive behavior drove her to the verge of despair．

UNIT 8

(1) Why “copy’’ people in the first place? Couples unable to have children might choose to have a copy of one of them rather than accept the intrusion of genes from a donor。My wife and I have two children of our own and an adopted child，but I find it helpful to consider what might have happened in my own marriage if a copy of me had been made to overcome infertility. My wife and I met in high schoo1．How would she react to a physical copy of the young man she fell in love with? How would any of us find living with ourselves? Surely the older clone-I，in this case --would believe that he understood how the copy should behave and so be even more likely than the average father to impose expectations upon his child．Above all，how would a teenager cope with looking at me，a balding，aging man and seeing the physical future ahead of him?

为何要首先“复制”呢?不能生育的夫妇可能选择复制他们中的其中一个，而不愿接受捐献者的基因。我和妻子生了两个孩子，有领养了一个，但是假使克隆一个我来弥补不能生育的遗憾的话，那它对我的生活将意味着什么?这样的换位思考是非常有益的。我与妻子在中学相识。她将如何面对让她坠入爱河的那个年轻人的克隆呢?如果我们中的任何人和自己生活在一起，那么我们会有怎样的反应呢?当然，那个原版我，在这种情况下一将认为他理解他的复制品的行为，因而比起一般的父亲，他更有可能在孩子身上强加一些期望。但是，最重要的是，一个10多岁的孩子怎能忍受这样的情形：看着我一个秃顶，日渐衰老的人——知道这就是他将来的模样。

(2) Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from a single cell in 1997-Since then scientists have been working to explore more possibilities in the cloning world．Recently Chinese scientists have also successfuIly cloned mammals such as an ox．But，the issue has caused a debate．The United Nations passed a declaration banning all forms of human cloning in February，2005，saying it is contrary to human dignity．Supporters included the US and Germany．But not everyone agreed．China，Japan，Britain and another 32 countries believe limited cloning is helpful．China is against cloning another person，but supports limited cloning research for the treatment and prevention of diseases． 1997年克隆羊多莉成为第一个有单细胞克隆的哺乳动物。从此科学家们致力于探究这一领域更大的可能性。近来，中国的科学家也成功地克隆了哺乳动物，如牛。然而，克隆引发了争议。2005年2月联合国发表禁止任何形式的克隆人的宣言。宣言称克隆人违背人类的尊严。这一宣言的支持者包括美国和德国。但是并非所有的国家投赞成票。中国、日本、英国及其他32个国家认为限制性的克隆是有益处的。中国反对克隆人，但是支持为治疗和预防疾病进行的限制性克隆研究。

(1)万一天公不作美下雨的话，球迷期盼已久的橄榄球赛将不得不延期举行。 (in the event of) In the event of rain，the rugby game long expected by the fans will have to be put off.

(2)人们怀疑公司的这项举措是否符合绝大多数员工的利益。（in the event of)

People have doubts if the measure taken by the company is in the interests of majority of

25

employees．

(3)为了不辜负父母的期望．他尽了最大努力去实现目标——成为一名优秀的钢琴演奏家。(1ive up to) In order to live up to parent’s expectations，he did the best to achieve his goal to become an excellent pianist．

(4)你根据什么说那位官员收受贿赂?如果没有任何线索我们很难展开调查。(on．．．grounds)

On what ground did you say that the official has taken bribes? If you couldn’t offer us any clues，it would be unlikely for US to make investigations.

(5)恐怖活动日益猖獗，但是我们始终相信在世界各国建立反恐联盟的基础上和在各国人民的鼎力支持下，反恐事业定会迎来胜利的一天。 (champion) Terrorism is becoming rampant．However，we always believe that the cause of counter—terrorism will for sure succeed。n day，based on an alliance between nations and championed by people from all around the world．

(6)社会结构改变可能会间接影响到犯罪率。比如说，经济波动往往导致工作机会减少，失业增加，因而引发犯罪率上升。(incidence)

Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect crime incidences. For example economic fluctuations always lead to fewer job opportunities and rising unemployment, thus causing an increasing crime rate．

(7)周日，阿伦·艾弗森在NBA全明星赛中因成绩优异而夺得最有价值球员称号。来自费城76人队的艾弗森在比赛中共拿到15分，其中助攻得10分，抢断得5分，从而为东部明星队敲开胜利之门。(spark) Allen Iverson took the Most Valuable Player(MVP)award for his efforts during the NBA’S ALL -STAR Game on Sunday．Iverson，of the Philadelphia 76ers，collected 15 points，10 assists and 5 steals，to spark a winning performance by the Eastern Conference side．

(8)克隆的寿命是否受到被克隆的父母的年龄的影响当然不是一个在短时期内就能说得清的问题，这有待于人类长期的，不懈的努力。(1ife span)

Certainly，it is not a question likely to be answered in a short period of time. whether a clone’s life span is affected by the years its parent has already lived，but one requiring our long—term and unremitting efforts．

UNIT 9

Though society is not founded on a contract，and though no good purpose is answered by inventing a contract in order to deduce social obligations from it，every one who receives the protection of society owes a return for the benefit，and the fact of living in society renders it indispensable that each should be bound to observe a certain line of conduct towards the rest．This conduct consists，first，in not injuring the interests of one another；or rather certain interests，which，either by express legal provision or by tacit understanding，ought to be considered as rights；and secondly，in each person’s bearing his share(to be fixed on some equitable principle)of the labors and sacrifices incurred for defending the society or its members from injury and molestation．These conditions society is justified in enforcing，at all costs to those who endeavor to withhold fulfillment．Nor is this all that society may do, The acts of an individual may be hurtful to others，or wanting in due consideration for their welfare，without going to the length of violating any of their constituted rights．The offender may then be justly punished by opinion, though not by law．As soon as any part of

26

a person’s conduct affects prejudicially the interests of others，society has jurisdiction over it，and the question whether the general welfare will or will not be promoted by interfering with it，becomes open to discussion．But there is no room for entertaining any such question when a person’s conduct affects the interests of no persons besides himself，or needs not affect them unless they like(all the persons concerned being of full age，and the ordinary amount of understanding)．In all such cases there should be perfect freedom，legal and social，to do the action and stand the consequences．

尽管社会并非建立在一纸契约之上，尽管没有任何良好的目的．但可以通过制定社会契约来推定社会义务，从而确保每个得到社会保护的人都给以回报。生活在社会中这一事实决定了每个人与其他人相处势必要遵守某种行为规范。这种行为规范包括：首先，不损害他人的利益，或更确切地说，某些应当成文的立法或默许为权利的利益。其次，每个人应当承担起他的一份责任(有一些公平原则所规定的)，为保卫社会或其成员不受伤害和骚扰而付出辛劳，甚至是牺牲。社会有权不计代价强迫那些试图逃避的人接受这些条件。社会可以做的还不止下此。个人的行为也许会有损于他人，或是尽管尚未侵犯他人的法律权利，但对他人的利益缺少应有的考虑。这样的冒犯者，尽管不会受到法律的制裁，却会受到舆论应有的谴责。一旦一个人的行为的任何部分侵犯了他人的利益，社会就会讨论社会其应有的管制权与大众利益是否由于这种对个人行为的干涉得到了促进。不过，当一个人的行为影响到他本人的利益或是只有他人自愿的情况下才影响到他人的利益(所有当事人，皆为成人，具有一般的理解力)时，就没有提出这类问题的余地。在这些情况下，一个人有法律和社会的全部自由，来采取行动并承担后果。

(1)中国人民怀着全世界人民团结、友好、和平的良好愿望。(cherish)

Chinese people cherish a good will that peoples all over the world unite together，stay peacefully and get along friendly．

(2)中国政府在培育民主、发展经济、消除贫穷方面都迈出了很大的步伐。 (make strides)

The Chinese government has made great strides in nurturing democracy，developing economy，and removing poverty．

(3)我们应该不断健全法制，加强法制教育，彻底消除腐败现象。(sweep away) We should continue to improve laws，and strengthen law education so as to sweep away corruption． (4)要教育儿童不要事事都指望父母，应该培养他们自己动手的能力。(Iook to)

Children should be taught not to look on their parents for everything so as to make them form a dong—by—yourself habit．

(5)党内应该提倡民主，形成人人都能畅所欲言的气氛。(speak one’s mind)

We should create a democratic atmosphere in the Party so that everyone can speak his mind．

(6)当我们将城市居民所享有的权利也给与农民工时，我们的社会就会更加和谐、更加稳定。(extend) When we extend citizens’ rights to the peasant workers，out society will be more harmonious and stable．

(7)许多乡村儿童因贫困而被剥夺了受教育的权利，是希望工程改变了他们的命运，使得越来越多的失学儿童走进学校。(deny) Many country children，especially girls are denied the right to education．It is the Hope Project that has changed many poor children’s fate and is helping more and more out—of school children go to school．

(8)在这片历史的废墟上珍藏着一位伟大的哲学家的遗骨，这正是那么多的游客来此瞻仰的原因。(enshrine)

This historical ruin is the place where a great philosopher’s ash is enshrined．That’s why so many tourists came to warship it．

27

UNIT 10

The question that naturally a rises，in debating corporate responsibility。is what types

of checks and balances can be employed within a company to ensure that a corporation and all of its agents act in an ethical manner. Taking the example of the National Semiconductor case，one can notice many failures in moral responsibility．National Semiconductor would have to review Its employees，particularly the supervisors，for basic ethical values such as honesty．Ultimately it was the widespread falsification of the testing documentation that caused the downfall of National Semiconductor, not the integrity of its components．In the synopsis of the case it is never mentioned that the employees initiated this idea；it would seem that it was the supervisors who gave the order to falsify the documents．In order to accomplish this，the company executives would have to encourage their employees to voice their concerns in regards to the advancement of the company．Through open communication，a company can resolve a variety of its ethical dilemmas．As for the financial aspects．the corporation has to decide whether the long term effects that a reprimand from the government can have outweigh its bottom line．In other words，corporations have to start moving away from the thought of instant profit and start realizing both the long term effects and benefits．These long term benefits can include a stronger sense of ethics in the work force as well as a better overall society．

当讨论到公司的责任时，有一个问题就自然而然地出现了：在公司内部使用什么样的检查和平衡措施来确保公司及其代理商能依道德行事。从国家半导体公司的案例中，我们发现了其中存在着许多的为履行道德责任的事例。国家半导体公司必须让其员工，尤其是主管人员，重温诚实等道德价值观。毕竟最终导致公司身败名裂的是检测部门普遍存在的伪造行为，而非雇员的诚信。这一案例的概况中从没提及是员工提出的这种想法，似乎是主管人员命令篡改文件的。为了达到这一目的，公司的管理人员不得不鼓励员工表明他们对公司发展关注。经过公开交流，公司能够解决各种道德窘境。至于经济方面，公司必须权衡政府申诉带来的长期效应是否超过了盈利底线。也就是说，公司不得不开始抛开只顾眼前的短暂效益的想法，而意识到长期的效果和利益。长期利益包括一种劳动力更强的道德感以及一个整体上更健康的社会。

(2)Business ethics as an academic field emerged in the 1970s．Prior to this time there had been a handful of cou rses called by that name．For the most part ethical issues，if they were discussed，were handled in social issues courses．Theologians and religious thinkers，as well as media pundits continued writing and teaching on ethics in business；professors of management continued to write and do research on corporate social responsibility．The new ingredient and the catalyst that led to the field of business ethics as such was the entry of a significant number of philosophers，who brought ethical theory and philosophical analysis to bear on a variety of issues in business．Business ethics emerged as a result of the intersection of ethical theory with empi rical studies and the analysis of cases and issues．

商业道德作为一门学科出现于20世纪70年代。之前也有过少数以它命名的课程。大多数情况下，如果商业道德被讨论，也是归为社会问题的课程中。神学家、宗教思想家以及媒体评论家们仍就商业道德问题进行着谆谆教导；管理学的教授们继续撰写和研究公司的社会责任问题。而商业道德最终成为一门学科是因为一批重要的哲学家的加入。他们进入道德理论和哲学分析方法来看待各种商业问题。因而，商业道德成为处于经验研究性的道德理论与案例分析之间的交叉学科。

(1)我并不确切知道她对他都说了些什么，但大致是说如果他不努力的话将被辞退。(along the lines) I don’ t know exactly what she said to him，but it was something along the lined that he would lose his hob if he didn’t work harder．

(2)尽管我们的生活水平不断提高，但是总的来说购房仍是很多家庭的一大负担。(in the aggregate)

28

Although our living standard has been improving，housing purchase remains a big burden to many families in the aggregate．

(3)腐败问题日益严重，政府下定决心首先着手调查并揭露一些重大腐败行为。(bring sth．to light) Corruption is becoming increasingly serious SO the government has determined to carry out investigations in the first place to bring to light some big corrupt practices．

(4)他的出色表现使他能够免于常规训练。(excuse sb．from)

His excellent performance excused him from the regular training．

(5)由于选民表示不满，所以我们将候选人的人数从十人缩减至三人。 (narrow down)

Because voters made complaints，we narrowed the list of candidates from ten down Io three．

(6)人口的急剧增长导致了生活垃圾的增加，为了缓解对环境的影响，建造更多大型的废物处理厂已经迫在眉睫。(mitigate) Population’s dramatic increase leads to growing pining up of daily life waste．To help mitigate its effect on the environment，building more large waste disposal plants turns out to be desperately urgent.

(7)最初，当伊拉克在海湾战争中占领科威特时，约旦对伊表示支持，但后来却同意了联合国对伊——约旦主要的贸易伙伴——实施贸易制裁，从而导致国家的整体经济受到威胁。(jeopardy)

Jordan initially supported Iraq when Iraq occupied Kuwait during the Persian Gull War，but it eventually agreed to the United Nations’ trade sanctions against Iraq，its principal trading partner，and thereby put its whole economy in jeopardy．

(8)年轻一代似乎总是与各种传统思想作斗争，而那些传统在他们父母的心中是根深蒂固的。(contend with)

Young people always seem to contend with a wide variety of traditions that have had profound roots in their parents．

Unit 11

It seems an enormous sum，but the University of Oxford soaks up money． It has to maintain

not only all the educational infrastructure of a great teaching establishment but also eight centuries of accumulated marginalia，like the botanic garden，a church，a cathedral，a theater，and three museums． Some of these peripheral interests more than pay their way．Oxford University Press，the world’s largest university publisher, contributes a substantial but undisclosed sum to running costs．But most others are a cash drain．The University Church of St．Mary the Virgin，for instance，is the most visited parish church in England，but its 300，000 annual visitors leave just￡8，000 a year in the collection boxes--a fraction of the church’s running costs．

那看起来是一大笔钱，但是牛津大学需要很多的钱来发展。她不仅要供养崇高教育事业所需的教学基础设施，而且要维护8个世纪积累下来的诸如植物园、礼拜堂、大教堂、剧院、3个博物馆之类的附属设施。一些这样的外围设施是无法自己自足的。牛津大学出版社，世界上最大的大学出版社，每年能赚到相当多的未公开的资金来支付其运营成本。但其他大部分附属设施只不过是耗财机器。例如，大学的圣玛丽教堂是英国访客最多的教区教堂，但每年30万游客只给其捐款箱留下8 000英镑，这对其运营成本来说只是杯水车薪。

(2)Oxford is a unique and historic institution．As the oldest English—speaking university in the world，it can lay claim to nine centuries of continuous existence．There is no clear

29

date of foundation，but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167，when Henry·II banned English students from attending the University of Paris．

牛津大学是一所风格独特且在历史上非常有名的学府。作为世界上最古老的使用英语的大学，它已经有9个世纪了。牛津大学建立的时问不详，可追溯到1096年在那时开始的以某种形式出现的教学。亨利二世于1167年禁止学生在巴黎大学学习以后，牛津大学开始迅速发展

(1)那个国家的贫富对比非常明显；富人认为生活中必不可少的许多东西穷人则根本没有。(go without) In that country，the contrast between the lives of the poor and the rich is quite apparent；a poor man has to go without many things， which a rich man regards as almost necessaries in life．

(2)他们永远也无法忘记金融危机期间那段可怕的经历，那时他们不得不持续与通货膨胀作斗争。(be stuck with)

They will never forget the terrible experience during the financial crisis when they had to be stuck with the fight against inflation．

(3)911事件之后不久，美国国务卿就在新闻发布会上说，他们已经追查到几个参与此次袭击的恐怖分子的踪迹。(track down)

Soon after the September 11th Attack，the US State Secretary said that they had tracked down several terrorists involved in it at a press conference．

(4)有困难的时候你可以毫不犹豫地去寻求他的帮助，他总是能一下子就解决问题。(at a／one stroke) Don’t hesitate t。turn to him in time of difficulties, and he can always solve the problems at a stroke．

(5)很多名人以为正因为他们很有名气便可以为所欲为而安然无事。(get away with)

A lot of celebrities believe that just because they are SO popular that they can get away with anything．

(6)911恐怖袭击使政府官员意识到在处理公共安全事务时不可敷衍了事。(cut corners)

“9．11” Terrorist Attack made government officers aware that they could not cut corners when dealing with public safety．

(7)我们整个夏天傍晚都是在闲聊、喝红酒中消磨时光的。(while away) We whiled away all the summer evening talking and drinking wine．

(8)汤姆被邀请出席毕业晚会，他在最后时刻才找到约会的伴侣。(come up with)

Tom was invited to the reunion party and he came up with a date at the last minute． Unit 12

It has seemed to me lately more possible than I knew，to carry a friendship greatly，on one side，without due correspondence on the other．Why should I cumber myself with regrets that the receiver is not capacious? It never troubles the sun that some of his rays fall wide and vain into ungrateful space，and only a small part on the reflecting planets．Let you r greatness educate the crude and cold companion．If he is unequal，he will presently pass away；but thou art enlarged by thy own shining，and，no longer a mate for frogs and worms，dost soar and burn with the gods of the empyrean．It is thought a disgrace to love unrequited．But the great will see that true love cannot be unrequited．True love transcends the unworthy object, and dwells and broods on the eternal，and when the poor interposed mask crumbles，it is not

30

sad，but feels rid of so much earth，and feels its independency the surer．Yet these things may hardly be said without a sort of treachery to the relation．The essence of friendship is entireness，a total magnanimity and trust．It must not surmise or provide for infirmity．It treats its object as a god，that it may deify both．

在我看来很有可能一方会不遗余力地维护友谊，而另一方却没有任何相应的回应，这种可能性比我以前所了解的会更大。为什么我们要使自己烦恼。抱怨对方不够宽容?太阳从不会烦恼，它的一些光线未落在目标上，白白地落在不知感激的天空，只有一小部分落在能反射的行星上。用你自己的宽容来感化同伴的粗俗与冷漠。如果他没有同样的度量，他就会显得很渺小，但你却因自己的光芒而更加伟大。而且，你将不再是蛙类和虫类的同伴，你会与天堂中的天使一起飞翔并发光。付出爱却没有回报一般被认为是不光彩的。但是宽容会使真爱得到回报。真爱能超越那些不配得到它的物体，停留并盘旋于永恒之上，此时，其中的面具被粉碎。这并不可悲，只是让人更感到抹去的尘土，更感到了独立。这些东西说出来在一定程度上很难不背叛友谊。友谊的本质是完全、高尚和信任。友谊不容猜疑，不会懦弱。友谊将其对象视为神，友谊将把双方神圣化。

(1)他后期作品中的人物大都具有自我矛盾的性格，但其前期作品中的人物性格却一成不变。(be of a piece)

The characters in his later works are largely self—contradictory，while the characters in his early works are mainly of a piece．

(2)一些朋友我们虽认识多年，但却对他们一无所知。(know the first thing about)

We don’t know the first thing about some of our friends，though we have known each other for a long time．

(3)对于只有书本知识却无工作经历的求职者，本公司评价不高。(think no much of)

Our company thinks no much of those who have only book knowledge but no working experience．

(4)他失去了家庭、工作和自信，他在生活中出局了。(down and out)

He has lost his family，his job and confidence．He is down and out．

(5)当获知三天没有消息的儿子被恐怖分子抓为人质时，他们彻底崩溃了。(go \\be all to pieces) They went all to pieces when they knew their son，who had been out of contact for three days，was captured as a hostage by terrorists．

(6)当最终明白她想说什么时，我大吃一惊。(drive at；be taken aback)

1 was greatly taken aback when I finally got the clue about what she was driving at．

(7)他不到四十岁就死了，花天酒地的生活毁了他的身体。(ruin one’s constitution by drink and dissipation)

He died in his late thirties as he ruined his constitution by drink and dissipation．

(8)尽管他对自己的主意满怀热情，但他的客户却毫无兴致。(a glimmering of)

Although he was enthusiastic about his idea，his clients didn’ t show a glimmering of interest.

31

sad，but feels rid of so much earth，and feels its independency the surer．Yet these things may hardly be said without a sort of treachery to the relation．The essence of friendship is entireness，a total magnanimity and trust．It must not surmise or provide for infirmity．It treats its object as a god，that it may deify both．

在我看来很有可能一方会不遗余力地维护友谊，而另一方却没有任何相应的回应，这种可能性比我以前所了解的会更大。为什么我们要使自己烦恼。抱怨对方不够宽容?太阳从不会烦恼，它的一些光线未落在目标上，白白地落在不知感激的天空，只有一小部分落在能反射的行星上。用你自己的宽容来感化同伴的粗俗与冷漠。如果他没有同样的度量，他就会显得很渺小，但你却因自己的光芒而更加伟大。而且，你将不再是蛙类和虫类的同伴，你会与天堂中的天使一起飞翔并发光。付出爱却没有回报一般被认为是不光彩的。但是宽容会使真爱得到回报。真爱能超越那些不配得到它的物体，停留并盘旋于永恒之上，此时，其中的面具被粉碎。这并不可悲，只是让人更感到抹去的尘土，更感到了独立。这些东西说出来在一定程度上很难不背叛友谊。友谊的本质是完全、高尚和信任。友谊不容猜疑，不会懦弱。友谊将其对象视为神，友谊将把双方神圣化。

(1)他后期作品中的人物大都具有自我矛盾的性格，但其前期作品中的人物性格却一成不变。(be of a piece)

The characters in his later works are largely self—contradictory，while the characters in his early works are mainly of a piece．

(2)一些朋友我们虽认识多年，但却对他们一无所知。(know the first thing about)

We don’t know the first thing about some of our friends，though we have known each other for a long time．

(3)对于只有书本知识却无工作经历的求职者，本公司评价不高。(think no much of)

Our company thinks no much of those who have only book knowledge but no working experience．

(4)他失去了家庭、工作和自信，他在生活中出局了。(down and out)

He has lost his family，his job and confidence．He is down and out．

(5)当获知三天没有消息的儿子被恐怖分子抓为人质时，他们彻底崩溃了。(go \\be all to pieces) They went all to pieces when they knew their son，who had been out of contact for three days，was captured as a hostage by terrorists．

(6)当最终明白她想说什么时，我大吃一惊。(drive at；be taken aback)

1 was greatly taken aback when I finally got the clue about what she was driving at．

(7)他不到四十岁就死了，花天酒地的生活毁了他的身体。(ruin one’s constitution by drink and dissipation)

He died in his late thirties as he ruined his constitution by drink and dissipation．

(8)尽管他对自己的主意满怀热情，但他的客户却毫无兴致。(a glimmering of)

Although he was enthusiastic about his idea，his clients didn’ t show a glimmering of interest.

31

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/hkap.html