有医学词义的普通英语词汇

第1章 有医学词义的普通英语词汇

随着生产、科技、社会的发展，英语词汇也发生着变化。某些词，从其本义或第一义来看，是普通英语词汇，或者说是非医学词汇，但在使用中，其词义经过扩大、缩小或转义，而有了医学词义。也有一些本是医学词汇，但经过词义演变已带有普通词汇的属性。

后一种的例子有： 词 汇 artery ataxia cancer capsule germ nerve symptomatic syndrome ulcer vein virus

本义（医学词义） 动脉

运动（机能）失调 癌（症），肿瘤 囊，被膜，胶囊 微生物，细菌，胚芽 神经

(有)症状的，根据症状的 综合病症，症侯群 溃疡 静脉 病毒

干线

混乱，无秩序 弊端，社会恶习 容器，小皿 萌芽，起源

勇敢；中枢，核心；力量 有代表性的，表明的 同时存在的事物

腐烂的事物，腐败的根源 矿脉；纹理；才干，情绪

(精神、道德方面的)毒素;恶意,恶毒

普通（非医学）词义

这类词，因是英语医学词汇，我们将重点从构词方面讨论它们，这里就不多论述。

具有医学意义的普通英语词汇对刚接触医学英语的人来说，似曾相识，但用以前掌握的词义来理解他们，却不能正确理解句子和文章。

例如：Of these previously untreated cases, 15 have died of seminoma.(精原细胞瘤)，句中cases如理解为―箱子，盒子；框架；诉讼；情况‖，那是不能解释句子的，而应当理解为―病例，患者。‖

这些词并非生词。如果根据其本义利用上下文的线索，结合医学背景知识大

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多是可推断出他们医学涵义。上例中的case就可从―情况‖引申，求知它的意义。

为了提高读者推断这类词汇医学涵义的技巧，早日扫除类似阅读障碍，本书编选练习若干组，并收集这种词汇约900个，列表于后，以便读者尽早掌握它们。

第1节 词义的选择与引申

含有医学意义的普通英语词汇基本上是多义词。处理它们最好懂得词义应如何选择和引申。

一、词义的选择

词义的选择，一般要考虑词性、搭配、语境等特点。 1.根据词性确定词义。

多义词常属几个词性。词性不同，意义就有差异。 Round

A tubercle（结节）is a small, round bone process.结节是小的骨突起，呈圆形。（a.圆的）

Red rash developed round the neck in the wake of two days' fever. 发热两天，紧接着在颈项周围出现红疹.（prep.在…周转）

The doctors begin their rounds of the wards at half past six in the morning. 六点半钟，医生们开始查病房。(n.医生或送报人来往各处执行任务)。

We round our lips to say ―oo‖.我们两唇成圆形，发―O‖的声音（v.使……成圆形）

Well

Shake the bottle well before taking the medicine.服药前，把药瓶彻底地摇一摇。（adv.充分地）

The general rule can be laid down that majority of cases of severe abdominal pain which ensue in patients who have been previously fairly well, and which last as long as six hours, are caused by conditions of surgical import. 可以确定这样一条标准；凡是以前一直比较健康的人，发生严重腹痛长达6小时，大都说明是需要手

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术的疾病。（a. 身体健康的）

2．根据词的搭配确定词义

同一个词与不同的词搭配可以有不同的意义或译法。其原因可能是：该词本身具有几个意义，与之搭配的词限制它所表达的意义；也可能原文搭配的习惯不同于译文，根据译入语的要求而改变译法。

General

general anesthesia全身麻醉

general check-up普查

general health condition一般健康情况 general hospital 总医院 general knowledge 常识，一般知识 general perionitis弥漫性腹膜炎

general outline 大纲

general practitioner全科医生，通看各科

疾病的开业医生

general program[me]总纲 make general round总查房

Profuse

He was so profuse in his money that he is now poor.过去他挥金如土，现在穷了。（浪费金钱）

In one case, profuse bleeding occurred during surgery,and the external carotid artery was ligated.一次手术发生了大出血，于是结扎了患者的外颈动脉。

Bowel

Evaluation of the status of the patient must include an appraisal of bowel function.对病人状况的评估必须包括对肠功能的估计。

The medicine is used to move the bowels.此药用于通便。

（bowel n. 1. the intestine or a part of the intestine 2.the inward or interior parts 3.feelings of pity or compassion vt. 4.to disembowel. Bowel的4个意义：第1个是本意―肠‖，第2个是喻意，―内部的部分‖，第3个也是喻意，―同情、怜悯的心肠‖，第4个是动词，还是与肠有关：―将肠[从体内]取出‖，为什么第2句译为―[大]便‖呢？因为它和下列这些词连用，汉译只能用意译：

general –purpose通用的，多用途的 speak in general terms笼统地讲

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To have loose bowels 腹泻 to bind the bowels 引起便秘to move /loosen the bowels=to have bowel movements 大便 to keep the bowels open保持大便通畅

3．根据词的语境确定词义

词在话语或文章中，不是孤立的，它与上下文，即语境，有着各种联系。结合语境来选择词义，是处理多义词常用的方法，也是最佳的方法。

case

In regard to the development of chronic airways obstrucrion, it may be worth mentioning a few anecdotes, such as the case of David Bates who maintained normal spirometric tests for many years,then showed some fluctuating values before quite abruptly becoming persistently disabled by a chronic airways obstructive disordor.关于慢性气道阻塞的发生，有几件轶事值得提及。如戴维·贝茨的病例，他的肺量测定多年一直维持正常，在显示出若干波动数值后，因慢性气道阻塞性疾病而变成了永久性残废。（在case前有anecdotes,显示后面谈的是轶事。case后叙述的是戴维·贝茨病情的经过。所以case译为―病例‖，比―病人‖要贴切。）

Although it is attractive to view acute myocardial infarction as the direct result of a sudden obstruction of a major coronary artery,current pathologic studies indicate that this is not alweys the case.Infarction without occlusion and occlusion without infarction may be observed patholoyically.虽然把心肌梗塞看作是较大冠状动脉急性阻塞的直接结果,不无道理，但现代病理学研究认为，情况并非总是如此。病理研究可见到，有些心肌梗塞并无管腔闭塞,也有某些管腔闭塞并未引起心肌梗塞。（case前后是不同的情况，因而它只能译为―情况‖，而不能译为―病人‖、―病例‖、―盒子‖或其他。）

语境即语言环境。广泛地讲，术语语境应包括术语所叙述的学科，所用的文体等。很明显，alveolus在口腔科学里多译―牙槽‖，在呼吸内科学常译为―肺泡‖。又如：combination of elements into a compound 几种元素化合为化合物combination with/without repetition有复/无复配合，这说明combination在化学里的译法不同于数学。Complex在心理学常译―情结‖，在俚语中多译成―心结‖；这

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就是学科术语与通俗语言的不同。

二、词义的引申

引申是词由原义产生新义。将它移植到翻译中，就是从词的本义或原义之一出发，综合上下文所给的信息，进行逻辑推理，寻觅能忠实传达原语的词来。这主要是处理难译的词语的方法，但翻译含有医学意义的普通词汇，如果藉助词典也不能译好，便可使用引申这一方法。词义引申译法可分为四种。

1.词义具体化 英语中一些代表抽象概念或属性的词汇，常用来指代具体事物，汉译时，可引申译为具体的词，往往收到意义准确、形象鲜明、自然流畅的效果。下列例句译文后括号里的字是词典上的释义。

Finally, there seems to be a tendency to ignore an entity which in my current experience is even more common than what I would call ―chronic obstrutive lung disease‖. It is associated with some degree of chronic cough and wheeze but manifests extremely variable lung function. Even after maximum therapy, a mild degree of airways obstruction may persist, but the major problem is episodic bronchoconstriction. The long-range prognosis for this type of patient is totally unknown. It is evident, however, that prognosis would not be predictable from a single lung function test in such an individul. 最后，现在似乎有忽视一种病的倾向；但是，根据我现在的经验，这种病比我们称之为―慢阻肺（全‖称是―慢性阻塞性肺病）‖要常见得多。这种疾病伴有某种程度的慢性咳嗽和喘鸣。但肺功能表现极其多变。即使经过最大努力的治疗，轻度的气道阻塞仍然持续存在，而主要的问题则是发作性支气管收缩。这类病人的远期预后完全不清楚。不过，显然，这样的病人，仅根据一次肺功能试验不能预言他的预后。（entity 统一体；maximum最大量；episodic插曲的；individual个人，个体）

词典的译文，代替参考译文中黑线上的词，确实有点费解。现在说明参考译文是如何引申的。

Entity的英语释义是somethiny that has a real existence;thing ―真实存在的事物，‖看来,entity有指代作用。在原文中，entity是…lung disease的比较对象。同

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complement, ……

25. The most important complication, however, is that large numbers of worms(蠕虫) present in the intestine may produce intestinal obstruction.

26. If infection is present, the bronchial wall is infiltrated（浸润）with inflammatory(发炎的) cells and congested by dilated capillaries(毛细管) and lymphatics（淋巴管）and if severe, small abscesses may form.

27. The lungs should be carefully examined at frequent intervals for signs of pulmonary(肺的) consolidation.

28. The pre-icteric phase(黄疸前期) of nonspecific constitutional and gastrointestinal(胃肠的) symptoms varies in duration from a few days to several weeks, is usually abrupt in onset in patients with IH(甲型肝炎) but vague in those with SH(乙型肝炎), and may mimic other viral infections of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract.

29. These victims of HIV-1 are heterosexual(异性恋爱的) females whose sexual partners have contracted AIDS. 30. Vague abdominal pain and changes in bowel habit are sometimes noted in the history, but control populations, similar in age and sex to patients with adenomas(腺瘤), have the same frequency of these complaints.

（4）

31.convulsion 32.cortex 33.course 34.delivery 35.depression 36.discharge 37.dislocate 38.disorder

震动，骚动 外皮

过程，道路，课程 交货，交付，投递 降低，沮丧，不景气 卸（货），射出 使离开原来位置 混乱

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痉挛，抽搐 皮质 病程，疗程 分娩

抑郁症，机能降低 让…出院；排出物 使脱臼

（身心，机能）失调，轻病

39.disturbance 40.dominant

骚动，动乱 支配的

（身心等方面的）障碍，失调 显性的

31.Nevertheless, in infants with a personal or family history of convulsions or other neurologic disorders(神经疾病), pertussis(百日咳) immunization should be deferred, or very small doses should be cautiously administered.

32. Most forms of glomerular(肾小球的) disease are macroscopically(肉眼可见地)diffuse, affecting equally the cortex of both kidneys.

33. The course of this infection is healing and calcification(钙化), but attention shoule be paid to prevent some diseases which may occur and complicate its course. 34. Puerperal(产褥期的) infections are much more frequent after abortions(流产) than after delivery at term. 35. Frequently, a great physical and mental depression accompanies influenza, often persisting long after the infection itself is over.

36-1. After the peritoneal exudates（腹膜渗出物）were resorbed, treatment of ulcer（溃疡） by combined traditional Chinese and Western medicine was started and patients were usually discharged from the hospital for outpatient care. 36-2. The wound discharges pus 37. Physical examination revealed his shoulder was dislocated. 38. These diseases include the allergic(变应性的) disorders in which the immunologic alterations involved are relatively clear.

39.These persons often have ―fullness‖, nausea, anorexia, diffuse epigastric heaviness(上腹弥漫性沉重感), etc., based on motility(蠕动) disturbances of the upper gastrointestinal tract (often, too, they have irritable colon 过敏的结肠).

40. Instances of ―vaccine failure‖ have usually been shown to be due to the use of preparations of low potency. However, it has recently been suggested that a change in the dominant serotype(血清型) causing disease, unrepresented in vaccine preparations, may be of importance.

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（5）

41.drainage 42.dress 43.effusion 44.elevation 45.embolism 46.enlarge 47.entity 48.episode 49.erupt 50.essential

排水，下水道 给……穿衣 流出，喷出 高度，标高，高地 （历法中的）加闰（日） 扩大，扩展，放大 存在，实体 一段情节，插曲 爆发，迸出 本质的，必要的

导液法，引流（法） 敷裹（伤口） 渗出（物） （皮肤上的）隆肿 栓塞，栓子 肿大，肥大 病（种）；本质 （一次）发作

（牙）冒出，（疹）发出 特发的，原发的

41. In deep-seated abscesses, pus can be obtained by needle aspiration or at the time of definitive drainage.

42. They hand out medicines for common ailments such as colds, headaches, enteritis（肠炎） or indigestion and dress minor injuries on the spot.

43. About one third of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia(慢性淋巴细胞性白血病) have symptoms from mediastinal（纵隔的） lymph node enlargement, pulmonary infiltration(肺浸润), or pleural effusion; these changes are much less common in the chronic myelocytic（髓细胞性的）form of the disease.

44. The flattened papules(丘疹) can be felt as distinct elevation of the skin, disappearing on pressure.

45. Except for acute pulmonary edema, narcotics(麻醉剂) are rarely needed in heart failure. Excessive sedation(镇静), to the point of immobilizing the patient, enhances the risk of venous thrombosis(血栓形成) and embolism, particularly in the elderly.

46. Enlarged mediastinal nodes may cause pressure symptoms.

47. One might question whether a useful purpose is served by including under

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the one label such diverse entities as diseases produced by protozoa (原虫)and those caused by smallest viruses.

48. A history of an episode of stupor (昏迷) or unconsciousness is often obtained.

49. When the baby was seven months old, its teeth started to erupt. 50. Hypertension for which no recognizable cause can be found is called essential or idiopathic. （6）

51.excision 52.extract 53.extremities 54.failure 55.fatality 56.filling 57.film

删除

摘录，抽出物 末端，极度 失败，缺乏，衰退 命运决定的事物,灾祸 填补，充满 薄层，薄膜

切除，切除术 提取物，浸膏 （人的）手、足 衰竭

死亡，致命性 填补物

胶片；（眼的）薄翳 病灶

随访（诊断/治疗后，病人定期复查或与医生保持联系）

60.foreign

外国的，外地的

外来的， 异质的

58.focus(pl.foci) 焦点，（活动）中心 59.follow-up

补充报道

51. Here it is that a frozen-section （冰冻切片）examination is most helpful so that if the biopsy（活组织检查） is positive the surgeon may proceed without delay to an immediate radical excision. 52. Certain soluble extracts of B . pertussis(百日咳杆菌) may prove to be effective without engendering serious side effects.

53. The rash is most abundant upon the abdomen and lower thoracic zone, often abounds upon the back, and may spread to the extremities or even to the face. 54. Heart failure is said to occur when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate 14

sufficient to meet the requirements of the tissues（组织）.

55. Case fatality rates are highest in children less than five years of age, and are also relatively high in the aged.

56-1. A dentist fills decayed teeth with a special filling.

56-2. Sessile, lobulated(无蒂，分叶状的) and asymmetrical filling defects are less assuredly benign.

57. Calculi(结石) may be apparent on a flat film of the abdomen or by cholecystography(胆囊摄影) with iodopanoic acid(碘番酸), or even by intravenous cholangiograph(静脉胆管造影).

58. All surgeons have observed progressive and fatal infections arising from simple foci in chronically ill, debilitated （虚弱的）persons.

59. The patient was discharged on Dec. 6, 1999. He was advised to have follow-up examinstions after his discharge at regular intervals. 60. Once the adult worm has left the bowel, it often dies, releasing foreign protein （蛋白）that may produce a reaction in a sensitized host（宿主）.

（7）

61.frank 62.fullness 63.generalized 64.graft 65.gross 66.growth 67.history 68.host 69.immune 70.inactivate

坦白的，直率的 充满，丰富 一般化了的 嫁接，嫁接植物 总的，显著的 生长，生长物 历史 主人 免除的 使不活动

症状明显的 饭后饱胀感，饱闷 全身的 移植，移植物

（不用显微镜）肉眼能看到的 肿瘤 病史，病历 宿主 免疫的

灭活，使失去活性

61. Thus, frank haematuria(血尿) is an extremely alarming symptom, usually

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hemodynamic (血液动力学的) result may be due to restenosis (重新狭窄) of the mitral(二尖瓣的) valve, but myocardial failure or mitral regurgitation(回流) is occasionally responsible.

182. The rates of ventilator dependency, stroke, and other organ system complication are higher in the older age group undergoing CABG ( coronary artery bypass grafting 冠状动脉搭桥手术).

183. Significant coronary artery disease can usually be demonstrated in the vessel directly supplying the area of infarction. 184. Once started,most intense anginal(心胶痛的) pain may rapidly build up to the point of intolerance, forcing the victim to stop and seek immediate relief. 185-1. The tentacle-like processes(触须样的突起) embrace the secretory cells and are thought to be concerned, by virtue of their contractility, in the flow of secretion from the secretory cells.

185-2.There is little virtue in that medicine. 186. Periodontal abscesses(牙周脓肿) may occur as a direct effect of the virulence of toxic factors from plaque, or secondary to reduction in host resistance during debilitating disease.

187. The secretions from the parotid gland(腮腺) are watery while those from the submaxillary and sublingual glands(颌下腺和舌下腺) are viscid, owing to the presence of mucin.

188. The number of procedures that has been recommended by one or another organization or expert to be included in preventive visits is very large. 189. The main distinction from an apical abscess(根尖脓肿) is that a periodontal abscess (牙周脓肿) is usually associated with a vital tooth. 190. It is probable that vitamin deficiency and liver disease are the most important factors in this vulnerability of ―general debilitation‖.

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（20）

191.ward 192.warn 193.wash 194.wave 195.wheal 196.whoop 197.wind

保卫，监护 警告 洗 波浪 条痕，鞭痕 高喊，呐喊 风

病房，病室 预先通知，警告 （用药）洗

（心电图的）示波图，波 风块，荨麻疹团，水泡 发喘息声，（百日咳似的）咳嗽 肠胃中胀气 断瘾；停止服药 病情的检查 扭伤

198.withdrawal 收回，撤退 199.work-up 200.wrench

印刷物表面的污迹，印痕 猛扭

191. The patient with severe hepatitis was taken to the isolation ward. 192. One of the important warning signs of carcinoma of the stomach is persistent indigestion.

193. If an irritant poison has been swallowed, the stomach should be washed out and the appropriate antidote(解毒药) introduced.

194. The patient with a subendocardial myocardial infarction(内膜下心肌梗塞)has a small leak of myocardial enzymes not associated with a Q-wave infarction on ECG(electrocardiogram心电图).

195. The patient’s back was covered with wheals. 196. The great communicability of whooping cough, particularly during the first few wceks of illness, makes it desirable to isolate the patient for four to six weeks, or, ideally, until cultures are negative.

197. People who eat too quickly often suffer from wind. 198. In that country no substitute drugs are prescribed; addicts simply are required to abandon drugs and go through withdrawal. 199. By far the most important part of the work-up of a patient suspected of

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having a surgical infection is a careful history and physical examination.

200. He wrenched his back in falling from the horse. 这些含有医学意义的普通词汇，其同根词也常含医学意义。因此，在阅读中遇见这类生词，可用构词法知识和根据语境来推断它们的词义。

例如：已知complain有―主诉‖的含义，那末根据下列句中complaint是complain的名词，便可断定全句意义了。

The patient is a 48-year-old female, admitted with the chief complaint of palpitation and dyspnea following physical exertion for six months.患者是一个48岁的妇女，入院主诉：6个月来,出力后心悸和呼吸困难。

Exercise

Study the following words and translate the sentences below, paying attention to the underlined words.

已知词 1.complication 2.congest 3.disturbance 4.dress 5.excision 6.focus 7.immune 8.indicate 9.infiltration 10.tender

医学意义 合并症 充血 障碍，失调 敷裹（伤口） 切除，切除术 病灶 免疫的

同根词 complicate congestive disturb dressing excise focal

医学意义

并发…而使…(病)恶化 充血的 使失调，搅乱 敷料 切除

病灶的，病灶性的

autoimmunity 自体免疫

适应症 浸润 触痛

表明需要…作为治疗 indication 浸润 一触即痛的

infiltrate tenderness

1. Acute and subacute hepatic necrosis(坏死) more often complicates hepatitis in the elderly.

2. These dynamic(动力的) disturbances may be classified in various ways. A

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division into congestive, constrictive, and hypertrophic(肥大的)(including obstructive) types, depending on the dominant haemodynamic derangement(紊乱), has been suggested.

3. Some patients have pain in either the upper or the lower abdomen, together with symptoms of disturbed gastrointestinal function. 4. In infants the best restraints may be bulky wet dressings of cool aluminum acetate solution (醋酸铝溶液), which will help alleviate the itching.

5. Hepatomas(肝细胞瘤) localized to one lobe of the liver have been excised successfully on several occasions.

6. Microscopically in the early stages there are congestion, edema, and focal collection of lymphocytes and plasma cells (follicles 滤泡) in the conjunctiva.

7. Interest has centered in particular on the challenging question of autoimmunity and its possible pathogenic(致病的) role in many of these disorders.

8. Painless haematuria(血尿) is rarely a symptom of infection and is not an indication for antibiotics(抗生素).

9. If infection is present, the bronchial wall(支气管壁) is infiltrated with inflammatory cells and congested by dilated capillaries and lymphatics, and, if severe, small abscesses may form.

10. During the first week fever and light abdominal tenderness may be the only findings.

常见含医学词义的普通英语词汇表

词汇 abate abduct abductor aberrant

普通词义 废除 诱拐 拐子

迷乱的，离开正路的

医学词义 减轻，减退 外展 外展肌

畸变的，异常的

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aberration ablate ablation abort abortion abrasion abscission abstract abstraction accelerator accessary accompany accrete acquired acrid activate active activity acute adduction adherence adhesion adjunct adjuvant administer administration admit

脱离常轨，过失

腐蚀掉，融化掉，蒸发掉 腐蚀，烧蚀 （使）夭折，失败 夭折，失败 擦掉，磨损 脱离

提取，提炼出，摘录 提取，抽象观念 加速器 同谋，附件 伴随，为……伴奏 生长，连生 获得的

尖刻的，辛辣的 使活泼，活动

活跃的，积极的，灵敏的 活动性，能动性 灵敏的，尖锐的 引用，引证 信奉，依附，坚持 粘着,粘着力,信奉,追随 附属品，附加语 辅助的，助手 管理，支配，执行 管理，行政机关

承认，让……进入，容纳

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畸变,心理失常，色差 切除 部分切除

堕胎，流产，早产 流产，小产 擦除，擦伤 切除，截去

分离，抽取，强散剂 抽出，抽血 加速剂，促进剂 附属的，附件 合并，伴有 增积的，附加物的 获得性的，后天的 辛辣的 活化，激活

活性的,有效的,放射性的活动,活动度,活性,效能 急性的，尖锐的 内收作用 粘着，粘合 粘连，粘着物 附属的，附件 辅药，佐药 给药

收入病人

（药的）服法，给药

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