2016GRE阅读机经 - -经典反复重现题整理（附答案）

Passage1

Adividebetweenaestheticandtechnicalconsiderationshasplayedacrucialroleinmapmakingandcartographicscholarship.Sincenineteenthcenturycartographers,forinstance,understoodthemselvesastechnicianswhodidnotcareaboutvisualeffects,whileotherssawthemselvesaslandscapepainters.Thatdichotomystructuredthedisciplineofthehistoryofcartography.Untilthe1980s,inwhatBlakemoreandHarleycalled“theOldisBeautifulParadigm,”scholarslargelyfocusedonmapsmadebefore1800,marvelingattheirbeautyandsometimesregrettingthedeclineofthepre-technicalage.Earlymapmakingwasconsideredartwhilemoderncartographywaslocatedwithintherealmofengineeringutility.Alpers,however,hasarguedthatthisboundarywouldhavepuzzledmapmakersintheseventeenthcentury,becausetheyconsideredthemselvestobevisualengineers.

1.Accordingtothepassage,Alperswouldsaythattheassumptionsunderlyingthe“paradigm”were

A.inconsistentwiththewaysomemapmakerspriorto1800understandtheirownwork

B.dependentonaseventeenth-centuryconceptionofmapmakingvisualengineering

C.unconcernedwiththedifferencebetweentheaestheticandtechnicalquestionsofmapmaking

D.insensitivetodivisionsamongcartographersworkingintheperiodafter1800

E.supportedbythedemonstrabletechnicalsuperiorityofmapmakingmadeafter1800

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beginninginthe1980s,historiansofcartography

A.placedgreateremphasisonthebeautyofmapsmadeafter1800

B.expandedtheirrangeofstudytoincludemorematerialcreatedafter1800

C.grewmoresensitivetothewaymapmakerspriorto1800conceivedoftheirwork

D.cametoseethevisualdetailsofmapsasaestheticobjectsratherthanpracticalcartographicaids

E.reducedtheattentiontheypaidtothetechnicalaspectsofmapmaking答案：AB

Passage2

Mostmammalsreachsexualmaturitywhentheirgrowthratesareindecline,whereashumansexperienceagrowthspurtduringadolescence.

1Whetherapesexperienceanadolescentgrowthspurtisstillundecided.Inthe1950s,dataoncaptivechimpanzeescollectedbyJamesGavanappeareddevoidofevidenceofanadolescentgrowthspurtintheseapes.InarecentreanalysisofGavan’sdata,however,zoologistElizabethWattshasfoundthataschimpanzeesreachsexualmaturity,thegrowthrateoftheirlimbsaccelerates.Mostbiologists,however,areskepticalthatthisisahumanlikeadolescentgrowthspurt.Whilethehumanadolescentgrowthspurtisphysicallyobviousandaffectsvirtuallytheentirebody,thechimpanzee’sincreasedgrowthrateisdetectableonlythroughsophisticatedmathematicalanalysis.Moreover,accordingtoscientistHollySmith,thegrowthrateincreaseinchimpanzeesbeginswhen86%offullskeletalgrowthhasbeenattained,whereashumanadolescencegenerallycommenceswhen77percentoffullskeletalgrowthhasoccurred.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaofthepassage?A.Researchershavelongdisagreedaboutwhetherdatacollectedinthe1950sindicatethatchimpanzeesandotherapesexperienceanadolescentgrowthspurt.

B.Researchdatacollectedonchimpanzeeslivingincaptivityareinconclusivewithrespecttochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.

C.Thenotionthatapesdonotexperienceanadolescentgrowthspurthasbeenconfirmedbyresearchconductedsince.

D.Althoughtheideathatapesexperienceanadolescentgrowthhasreceivedsomesupport,mostbiologistsremainunconvinced.

E.Althoughresearchersagreethatchimpanzeesdonotexperienceanadolescentgrowthspurt,theyaredividedintheiropinionsofwhetherthisistrueofotherapes.

2.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasoneofthereasonswhymostbiologistsremainskepticalthatchimpanzeesexperienceahumanlikeadolescentgrowthspurt?

A.Chimpanzeesdonotexperienceademonstrableincreaseingrowthrateuntiltheyarefullysexuallymature.

B.Theincreaseingrowthratethatchimpanzeesundergoatsexualmaturityislessapparentthanthatofhumans.

C.Theincreaseingrowthrateonceregardedasahumanlikeadolescentgrowthspurtinchimpanzeesistoosporadictoberegardedassignificant.

D.Notallchimpanzeesundergoacalculablegrowthspurt.

E.Watt’sapproachtoanalyzingdataisconsideredtobehighlyunorthodox.

3.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheadolescentgrowthspurtthattakesplaceinhumans?

A.Itsprimaryeffectsarefoundinpartsofthebodyotherthanthelimbs.

B.Itisgenerallycompletedbythetime77percentoffullskeletalgrowthisattained.

2C.Itisnormallydetectablewithouttheassistanceofsophisticatedmathematicalanalysis.

D.Therateofgrowthismuchfasteratthebeginningofpubertythanatanyothertime.

E.Theestimatedgrowthratevariesdependingonthemethodsofmeasurementthatareused.

答案：D

B

C

Passage3

Manyculturalanthropologistshavecometorejectthescientificframeworkofempiricismthatdominatedthefielduntilthe1970sandnowregardallscientificknowledgeassociallyconstructed.Theyarguethatinformationaboutculturesduringtheempiricisteratypicallycamefromanthropologistswhobroughtwiththemaprepackagedsetofconsciousandunconsciousbiases.Culturalanthropology,accordingtothepost-1970scritique,isunavoidablysubjective,andtheanthropologistshouldbeexplicitinacknowledgingthatfact.Anthropologyshouldstopstrivingtobuildabetterdatabaseaboutculturalbehaviorandshouldturntodevelopingamorehumanisticinterpretationofcultures.Thenewframeworkholdsthatitmaybemoreenlighteningtoinvestigatethebiasesofearliertextsthantocontinuewithempiricalmethodologies.

1.Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutmostculturalanthropologistsworkingpriortothe1970s?

A.Theyarguedthatscientificknowledgewassociallyconstructed.

B.Theywereexplicitinacknowledgingthebiasesinherentinscientificinvestigation.

C.Theyregardedscientificknowledgeasconsistingofempiricaltruths.

D.Theysharedthesameconsciousandunconsciousbiases.E.Theyacknowledgedtheneedforanewscientificframework.

2.Accordingtothepassage,“manyculturalanthropologists”todaywouldagreethatanthropologistsshould

A.buildabetter,lesssubjectivedatabaseaboutculturalbehaviorB.strivetoimprovetheempiricalmethodologiesuseduntilthe1970sC.rejectthenotionthatscientificknowledgeissociallyconstructedD.turntoexaminingolderanthropologicaltextsforunacknowledgedbiases

E.integratehumanisticinterpretationswithempiricalmethodologies

答案：CD

Passage4

Writingaboutnineteenth-centurywomen’stravelwriting,LilaHarper

3notesthatthefourwomenshediscussedusedtheirownnames,incontrastwiththenineteenth-centuryfemalenovelistswhoeitherpublishedanonymouslyorusedmalepseudonyms.Thenovelistsdoubtlessrealizedthattheywerebreakingboundaries,whereasthreeofthefourdaring,solitarytravelersespousedtraditionalvalues,eschewingradicalismandwomen’smovements.Whereasthefemalenovelistscriticizedtheirsociety,thefemaletravelersseemedcontenttoleavesocietyasitwaswhileaccomplishingtheirownliberation.Inotherwords,theylivedacontradiction.ForthesubjectsofHarper’sstudy,solitudeinboththeprivateandpublicspheresprevailed—asolitudethatconferredauthority,hithertoamaleprerogative,butthatalsoprecludedanycollectiveactionorfemalesolidarity.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthe“contradiction”thattheauthorrefersto?

A.ThesubjectsofHarper’sstudyenjoyedsolitude,andyetastravelerstheywereoftenamongpeople.

B.Nineteenth-centurytravelwritersusedtheirownnames,butnineteenth-centurynovelistsusedpseudonyms.

C.Women’smovementsinthenineteenth-centurywerenotveryradicalincomparisonwiththoseofthetwentieth-century.

D.Nineteenth-centuryfemalenoveliststhoughttheywerebreakingboundaries,butitwasthenineteenth-centurywomenwhotraveledalonewhowerereallydoingso.

E.Whiletravelingaloneinthenineteenth-centurywasconsideredaradicalactforawoman,thenineteenth-centurysolitaryfemaletravelersgenerallyheldconventionalviews.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.Accordingtothepassage,solitudehadwhichofthefollowingeffectsforthenineteenthcenturyfemaletravelers?

A.Itconferredanauthoritytypicallyenjoyedonlybymen.B.Itpreventedformationofallianceswithotherwomen.C.Itrelievedpeerpressuretoconformtotraditionalvalues.

答案：ABE

Passage5

Althoughvastlypopularduringitstime,muchnineteenth-centurywomen’sfictionintheUnitedStateswentunreadbythetwentieth-centuryeducatedelite,whoweretaughttoignoreitasdidactic.However,AmericanliteraturehasatraditionofdidacticismgoingbacktoitsPuritanroots,shiftingovertimefromsermonsandpoetictranscriptsintonovels,whichprovedtobeperfectvehiclesforconveyingsocialvalues.Inthenineteenthcentury,criticsreviledPoeforneglectingtoconcludehisstorieswithpithy

4moraltags,whileLongfellowwascanonizedforhisdidacticverse.Althoughrhetoricalchangesfavoringtheanti-didacticcanbedetectedasnineteenth-centuryAmericantransformeditselfintoasecularsociety,itwastwentieth-centurycriticism,whichplacedaestheticvalueaboveeverythingelse,thathadnoplaceinitsdoctrineforthedidacticismofothers.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentence?

A.Itexplainswhythefictionmentionedinthefirstsentencewasnotpopularinthetwentiethcentury.

B.Itassistsindrawingacontrastbetweennineteenth-centuryandtwentieth-centurycritics.

C.Itprovidesanexampleofhowtwentieth–centuryreadersweretaughttoignorecertainliterature.

D.ItquestionstheusefulnessofaparticulardistinctionbetweenPoeandLongfellowmadebycritics.

E.ItexplainswhyPoe’sstoriesweremorepopularthanLongfellow’sverseduringthenineteenthcentury.

2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“conveying”mostnearlymeansA.carryingB.transferringC.grantingD.impartingE.projecting

答案：DB

Passage6

DuringthePleistoceneepoch,severalspeciesofelephantsisolatedonislandsunderwentrapiddwarfing.ThisphenomenonwasnotnecessarilyconfinedtothePleistocene,butmayhaveoccurredmuchearlierintheSoutheasternAsianislands,althoughevidenceisfragmentary.Severalexplanationsarepossibleforthisdwarfing.Forexample,islandsoftenhavenotbeencolonizedbylargepredatorsoraretoosmalltoholdviablepredatorpopulations.Oncefreefrompredationpressure,largebodysizeisoflittleadvantagetoherbivores.Additionally,islandhabitatshavelimitedfoodresources,asmallerbodysizeandaneedforfewerresourceswouldthusbefavored.Interestingly,theislandruleisreversedforsmallmammalssuchasrodents,forwhichgigantismisfavoredunderinsularconditions.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.questiontheplausibilityofoneexplanationsometimesofferedforthedwarfingofcertainspecieslivingonislands

B.arguethatdwarfingofcertainspecieslivingonislandsoccurred

5

priortothePleistocene

C.citeevidencesuggestingthatdwarfingmayhaveadverseconsequencesforsomespecieslivingonislands

D.presentsomepossibleexplanationsforthedwarfingofcertainspecieslivingonislands

E.contrasttheeffectsofinsularconditionsonspecieswithlargebodysizeandspecieswithsmallbody

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutbodysizeinmammalsistrue?

A.Alargebodyisunfavorabletomammalianspecies’survivalundermostconditions.

B.Alargebodytendstobenefitsmallmammalslivingonislands.

C.Formostherbivorousmammals,alargebodysizeiseasiertosustainintheabsenceoflargepredators.

D.Undermostconditions,asmallbodyislessbeneficialtoherbivorousmammalsthantononherbivorousmammals.

E.Amongnonherbivorousmammals,asmallbodyismorebeneficialonanislandthanonamainland.

答案：DB

Passage7

Intheearlytwentiethcentury,smallmagazinesandtheinnovativegraphicsusedonthemcreatedthefaceoftheavant-guard.Itwasalookthatsignaledprogressiveideasandunconventionalitybecauseitdispensedwiththecardinalruleofgraphicdesign:totakeanideaandmakeitvisuallyclear,concise,andinstantlyunderstood.Instead,graphicsproducedbyavant-guardartistsexclusivelyfortheavant-guard(asopposedtotheiradvertisingwork)wereusuallydifficulttodecipher,ambiguous,ornonsensical.Thisoverturningofconvention,thisassailingofstandardgraphicandtypographicformats,waspartofasearchforintellectualfreedom.Theimpulsetowardliberationenabledavant-guardiststoseewithfresheyesuntriedpossibilitiesforarrangingandrelatingwordsandimagesonpaper.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theprimarypurposeofconventionalgraphicdesignisto

A.renderunpopularideaspalatabletoawideraudienceB.capturereaders’attentionwithboldfonts

C.communicatenonsensicalnotionstoawidepublic

D.communicateideasasefficientlyandunambiguouslyaspossibleE.introducepreviouslyunknownideastothegeneralpublic

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

62.Accordingtothepassage,avant-guardartistsoftheearlytwentieth-centurycreatedambiguousornonsensicalgraphicsaspartofanattemptto

A.expandthepotentialforexpressionthroughvisualartB.competewithadvertisementsforreader’sattentionC.encouragetheexpansionofsmallmagazines

答案：DA

Passage8

AccordingtoHillandSpicer,theterm“nation-state”isamisnomer,sincetheidealmodelofamonolingual,culturallyhomogeneousstatehasneverexisted,notevenamongEuropeans,whoinventedthenation-stateconceptandintroducedittotherestoftheworld.ModernEuropeanstates,theyargue,emergedaftertheRenaissancethroughtheriseofnations(i.e.,specificethnicgroups)topositionsofpoliticalandeconomicdominanceoveranumberofotherethnicgroupswithintheboundedpoliticalterritories.Theterm“nation-state”,HillandSpicerargue,obscurestheinternalculturalandlinguisticdiversityofstatesthatcouldmoreaccuratelybecalled“conqueststates.”Theresurgenceofmultipleethnicgroupswithinasinglestate,Hillsays,isnot“potentiallythreatingtothesovereignjurisdictionofthestate,”asUrbanandSherzersuggest;rather,theassertionofculturaldifferencesthreatenstorevealethnocentricbeliefsandpracticesuponwhichconqueststateswerehistoricallyfoundedandthustoopenupthepossibilityfora“nations-state”inwhichconqueredethnicgroupsenjoyequalrightswiththeconqueringethnicgroupbutdonotfacethethreatofpersecutionorculturalassimilationintothedominantethnicgroup.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.discussissuesrelatingtoaformofpoliticalorganizationbyraisingdoubtsabouttheterminologyusedtorefertoit

B.tracechangesinaformofpoliticalorganizationbyexaminingtheevolutionoftheterminologyusedtoreferto

C.justifythecontinueduseofanestablishedtermforanevolvingformofpoliticalorganization

D.questiontheaccuracyofanewtermforaformofpoliticalorganization

E.comparetwotermsforaformofpoliticalorganization

2.TheauthorofthepassagequotesUrbanandSherzermostprobablyinorderto

A.introduceadiscussionofthelegalramificationsofexpandingthenation-stateconcept

B.summarizeaclaimaboutonepossibleeffectofassertingcultural

7differenceswithinastate

C.shiftthefocusofdiscussionfrominternalthreatsthatstatesfacetoexternalthreatsthattheyface

D.pointoutsimilaritiesbetweenthethreatstostatesseenbyUrbanandSherzerandthoseseenbyHill

E.describeonewayanethnocentricpracticehasaffectedattemptstoassertculturaldifferenceswithinastate

3.Accordingtothepassage,HillandSpicerdefinenationsaswhichofthefollowing?

A.coalitionsofdistinctethnicgroupswithsimilarconcernsB.Distinctethnicgroups

C.CulturallyhomogeneousstatesD.LinguisticallydiversestatesE.Territoriallyboundedstates

答案：ABB

Passage9

From1910to1913,womensuffragistsintheUnitedStatesorganizedannualparades—activitytraditionallyconductedbymentoproclaimsolidarityinsomecause—notonlyasapublicexpressionofsuffragistsolidaritybutalsoaconscioustransgressionoftherulesofsocialorder:women’sverypresenceinthestreetschallengedtraditionalnotionsoffemininityandrestrictionsonwomen’sconduct.Whilerecognizingtheparade’srhetoricalforceasavehicleforsocialchange,scholarshaverecentlybeguntoexamineitsdrawbacksasaformofprotest.LumsdencharacterizestheAmericansuffrageparadeasa“double-edgedsword”,arguingthatwomen’seffortstoproclaimtheirsolidarityleftthemopentopatronizingcommentaryfrompressandpublicandtoorganizedoppositionfromantisuffragists.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmen’sandwomen’sparadesweresimilarinthatboth

A.wereemployedasrhetoricalvehiclesforsocialchange

B.wereregardedasviolatingcontemporarystandardsofpublicdecorum

C.madeparticipantsvulnerabletoorganizedoppositionD.werelargelyineffectiveasformsofprotest

E.wereintendedbytheirparticipantsaspublicdeclarationsofsolidarity

2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutproponentsofthe“rulesofsocialorder?”

A.Theyfrowneduponpublicdisplayssuchasparades.

B.Theyhadulteriormotivesforobjectingtowomen’sparticipationin

8suffrageparades.

C.Theyformedthecoreoftheorganizedoppositiontowomensuffrage.

D.Theybelievedthatitwasunfeminineforwomentomarchinsuffrageparades.

E.Theysupportedwomen’srightstovotebutdisapprovesomeofthemethodsthatsuffragistsemployedtogainthatright.

答案：ED

Passage10

UnlikemostJaneAustenscholarshipbefore1980,muchrecentscholarshipanalyzesthenovelsofAusten,wholivedfrom1775to1817,inthecontextofAusten’stumultuoustimes,whichsawtheFrenchandAmericanrevolutionsandtheNapoleonicWars.YetFrantznotesanotherrevolution,rarelymentionedinAustenscholarship:theGreatMasculineRenunciationthatalteredconventionsinmen’sdressandbehavior.Duringthelatereighteenthcentury,wealthygentlemenexchangedthevelvetsandsatinslonginfashionforsomberwoolensuits.Frantzcontendsthatthischangereflecteddeeperculturalchanges.Thevalueonceplacedonmen’sexpressiveness,reflectedinMackenzie’snovelTheManofFeeling(1771),gavewaytoapreferenceforemotionalrestraint.InAusten’snovels,theheroineoftenstrugglestoglimpsethetruenatureofherobeneathhisreservedexterior.

1.TheauthorofthepassagementionsTheManofFeeling(1771)inorderto

A.contrastMackenzie’sreasonsforwritingnovelswiththoseofAusten

B.introduceevidenceregardingtheinfluenceofparticularwritersonAusten

C.corroborateaclaimthataconventionofmasculinebehaviorchangedduringAusten’slifetime

D.suggestthatAusten’snovelsweremorereflectiveoftheirhistoricalcontextthanMackenzie’shadbeen

E.challengeaparticularmisconceptionaboutthemodesofbehaviorcommonamonggentlemeninthelatereighteenthcentury

2.ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutscholarshiponJaneAusten?

A.Muchrecentscholarshiphasbeguntoplacegreateremphasisongenderconventionsgoverningmen’sbehaviorduringAusten’slifetime.

B.SomescholarshiphasdebatedwhetherAusten’snovelsdepictemotionalrestraintasanadmiralquality.

9C.CertainscholarsarguethatAusten’snovelsdonotaccuratelyreflectculturalchangesduringAusten’slifetimethatchangedthewaygentlemendressedandbehaved.

D.After1980,scholarshiponAustenshiftedtowardagreateremphasisonthehistoricalcontextinwhichshewrote.

E.Withfewexceptions,recentscholarshipdepictsAustenasawriterwhohadlittleinterestinthetumultuouseventsofhertime.

答案：CD

Passage11

WhereasCarlosBulosanaimedthroughfictionandpersonaltestimonytoadvancebothFilipinocivilrightsintheUnitedStatesandthesocialtransformationofthePhilippines,YenLeEspirituhassetherselfthetaskofrecoveringlifehistoriesofFilipinoAmericans.HerworkbringsFilipinoAmericansofthegenerationfollowingthe1934-1965immigrationhiatusgraphicallytolife.AspecialstrengthistherepresentationofFilipinoAmericanwomen,whowerescarceamongimmigrantsbeforethe1934AmericancurbonFilipinoimmigrationbutcomposedmorethanhalfoftheimmigrantstoAmericasinceliberalizationin1965.Espiritu’ssubjectsdocumenttheirchangingsenseofFilipinoidentityintheUnitedStates,muchasBulosandidasamemberofthefirstsubstantialwaveofimmigrants.

1.Accordingtothepassage,bothBulosanandEspiritudowhichofthefollowingintheirwork?

A.ConsidergenerationaldifferencesinFilipinoimmigrants’responsestolifeintheUnitedStates

B.AttempttomakeallowanceforthedemographicvariationsamongFilipinoimmigrantstotheUnitedStates

C.EmployfictioninadditiontodocumentingactuallifehistoriesofFilipinoimmigrantstotheUnitedStates

D.RepresenthowlifeintheUnitedStateshasaffectedimmigrants’senseofFilipinoidentity

E.ExaminetheeffectsonFilipinosintheUnitedStatesofthe1934AmericancurbonFilipinoimmigration

2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“graphically”mostnearlymeansA.inwriting

B.bymeansofdrawingC.impressionisticallyD.diagrammaticallyE.vividly

答案：DE

10

Passage12

1800ThomasDilworth’sNewGuidetotheEnglishDialoguewasbeingwidelyusedtoteachreadingintheUnitedStates.Dilworth'sprimer,unlikeearlierones,stressedtheimportanceofchildren’sunderstandingwhattheyread.WhileitisinfactunlikelythatchildrenwouldhaverecognizedallthevocabularyDilworthused,thatwasatleasthisstatedgoal.Dilworthrecognizedthatprimersshouldenablechildrentodecodewordsfromprintwiththeformoflanguagetheyalreadyknew:speech.Incontrast,manyearlierauthorsassumedthat,justasintroductoryLatintextstaughtchildrenanunknownlanguage,introductoryEnglishtextsshouldteachEnglishasifit,too,wereanunknownlanguage—suchtheiresotericchoiceofvocabulary,itineffectbecameunknown.

1.Accordingtothepassage,the“earlierauthors”adoptedamodelforEnglishinstructionthat

A.mirroredthepracticeusedinLatininstructionB.wasoriginallyformulatedbyDilworth

C.waslessesotericthanthatadoptedbyDilworth

D.stressedfamiliaritywiththepeculiaritiesofEnglishspellingE.emphasizedtheimportanceoffluentandarticulatespeech

2.TheauthorofthepassagewouldprobablyagreewithwhichofthefollowingcriticismsofEnglishprimerspredatingDilworth’s?

A.TheirLatinategrammaticaltermspoorlydescribedthestructuresofEnglish.

B.Theyfailedtomakeeffectiveuseoftheknowledgeoflanguageachildalreadypossessed.

C.Theirtextstypicallyfocusedonsubjectmatterthatheldlittleintrinsicinterestfortheirreaders.

D.Theyneglectedtoteachthelanguageinasufficientlysystematicway.

E.TheyrequiredapedagogicalmethodthatfewAmericanteachersoftheerapossessed.

答案：AB

Passage13

Manyscholarshavearguedthatgovernmentinvestmentin

manufacturinginthesouthernUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWarspurredaregionaleconomicboomthatlastedintothepostwarperiod.Butmuchofthisinvestmentwenttospecializedplants,manyofthemunsuitableforpostwarproduction.Large-scale,wartimegovernmentfundingledtoamassiveincreaseinthenumberandscaleofmunitionsfacilities.Bythewar’send,216munitionsestablishmentcostingmorethan$3.5billionhadbeenbuilt,manyofthemlocatedinthesouth.Indeed,accordingtooneestimate,morethan70percentoffederallyfinancedmanufacturingconstructioncapitalinAlabama,Arkansas,Mississippi,andTennesseewent

11intomunitionsplants.

Eveninthenorthernregionswithstrongprewarmanufacturingeconomics,theseplantsweredifficulttodealwithoncetheimperativeofwarhadbeenremoved.Inthesouthfewindustrialistshadthecapacityordesiretotransformthesefactoriestoapeacetimefunction.Accordingly,atwar’sendalmostallofthesouthernmunitionsfacilitieswereshutdown,placedonstandby,operatedataverylowcapacity,orconvertedtononmanufacturingfunctions,usuallystorage.AlthoughsomereopenedafewyearslaterforuseduringtheKoreanWar,theimpactofthespecialplantsontheSouth’spostwareconomywasmarginalatbest.

1.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.proposeanalternativeexplanationB.challengeawidelyheldpositionC.contrasttwoviewsofaphenomenon

D.explainwhyaparticularclaimhasbeeninfluentialE.evaluateevidenceusedtosupportaparticularview

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.Accordingtothepassage,somesouthernmunitionsplantsbuiltintheSouthduringtheSecondWorldWarwere

A.laterreopenedandusedoncemoreasmunitionsplantsB.usedfornonmanufacturingpurposesafterthewar

C.originallyenvisionedascontinuingtomanufacturemunitionsathighcapacityevenafterthewarhadended

3.Inthepassage,thementionof“Alabama,Arkansas,Mississippi,andTennessee”servesprimarilyto

A.suggestthatsomestateswerebetterthanothersatanticipatingpostwareconomicneeds

B.identifyevidenceusedtosupportaviewheldbyscholarsmentionedatthebeginningofthepassage

C.suggestthatfederalinvestmentinsomekindsofmanufacturingwasexcessive

D.identifythestatesthatreceivedthelargestallocationsoffederalfunds

E.provideinformationtosupportapointaboutthenatureofgovernmentinvestmentmadeearlierintheparagraph

答案：BABE

Passage14

Althoughthepassengerpigeons,nowextinct,wereabundantineighteenth-andnineteenth-centuryAmerica,archaeologicalstudiesattwelfth-centuryCahokiansitesinthepresentdayUnitedStatesexaminedhouseholdfoodtrashandfoundthattracesofpassengerpigeonwerequiterare.GiventhatthesiteswereclosetoahugepassengerpigeonroostdocumentedbyJohnJamesAuduboninthenineteenthcenturyandthat

12Cahokiansconsumedalmosteveryotheranimalproteinsourceavailable,（Q2）thearchaeologistsconductingthestudiesconcludedthepassengerpigeonpopulationhadoncebeenverylimitedbeforeincreasingdramaticallyinpost-ColumbianAmerica.Otherarchaeologistshavecriticizedthoseconclusionsonthegroundsthatpassengerpigeonboneswouldnotbelikelytobepreserved.Butallthearchaeologicalprojectsfoundplentyofbirdbones-andeven（Q1）tinybonesfromfish.

1.Theauthorofthepassagementions“tinybonesfromfish”primarilyinorderto

A.explainwhytracesofpassengerpigeonarerareatCahokiansitesB.supportaclaimaboutthewidevarietyofanimalproteinsintheCahokiandiet

C.provideevidencethatconfirmsatheoryabouttheextinctionofthepassengerpigeon

D.castdoubtontheconclusionreachedbythearchaeologistswhoconductedthestudiesdiscussedinthepassage

E.counteranobjectiontoaninterpretationofthedataobtainedfromCahokiansites

2.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostcallintoquestionthereasoningof“thearchaeologistsconductingthestudies”?

A.Audubonwasunabletocorrectlyidentifytwelfth-centuryCahokiansites

B.Audubonmadehisobservationsbeforepassengerpigeon

populationsbegantodecline.

C.Passengerpigeonswouldhavebeenattractedtohouseholdfoodtrash

D.Archaeologisthavefoundpassengerpigeonremainsamongfoodwasteateighteenth-centuryhumansettlements

E.Passengerpigeonstendednottoroostatthesamesitesforverymanygenerations

答案：EE

Passage15

Feministscholarshavetendedtoregardwomeninthe

nineteenth-centuryUnitedStateswhoelectedtoremainsingleaschampionsofwomen’sautonomyandascriticsofmarriageasanoppressiveinstitution.Indeed,manynineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenwhoparticipatedinreformmovementsorwhodistinguishedthemselvesaswritersandprofessionalsweresingle.Yetthisviewofsinglewomentendstodistortthemeaningoftheirchoices.Thenineteenthcenturysawtheelevationofmarriageforloveasaspiritualideal.Consequently,itbecamesociallyacceptableforwomennottomarryifsuchanidealmarriagecouldnotbe

13realizedwithanavailablesuitor.Thus,manywomen’schoicetoremainsinglereflectednotanegativeviewofmarriagebutahighlyidealisticone.

1.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthatmanynineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenchosetoremainsinglebecausethey

A.believedthatmarriagerequiredthemtogiveupmuchoftheirautonomy

B.hadattitudestowardmarriagethatwereinfluencedbycontemporaryreformmovements

C.wantedtotakeadvantageofincreasingopportunitiestodistinguishthemselvesasprofessionals

D.doubtedthattheirownmarriagewouldliveuptotheirnotionofwhatamarriageoughttobe

E.hadanegativeviewofmarriagefosteredbyachangeinsocialattitudesduringthenineteenthcentury

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.Theauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatthefeministscholarsmentionedinthefirstsentencedistortthemeaningofcertainnineteenth-centuryAmericanwomen’schoicesby

A.ascribingthosechoicestoaparticularattitudetowardmarriage

B.ignoringevidenceaboutsinglewomen’smotivesforbecomingwritersorprofessionals

C.overestimatingthenumberofnineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenwhoweresinglebychoice.

答案：DA

Passage16

Manyresearchersattributethelargenumberofphysiologicalandbehavioralsimilaritiesbetweenbirdsandmammals,whichhaveseparateevolutionaryhistories,toendothermy(athermoregulatorystrategywherebywarmbodytemperatureismaintainedthroughinternalheatsources).However,Farmerarguesthatparentalcareratherthanendothermyisthekeytounderstandingthesimilaritiesbetweenmammalsandbirds.AccordingtoFarmer,whileendothermyprovidesanexplanationforafewsimilarities,suchasthepresenceofbodyinsulation,endothermyisjustonecharacteristicamongmanyrelatedtoparentalcare.Thetwopurportedadvantagesofendothermythathavebeenmostfrequentlycitedbyresearchersareanexpandedrangeofinhabitableenvironmentsandtheabilitytosustainvigorousexercise.Butmetabolismhastoincreasesubstantially(atgreatenergycost)thereforeconferringanysignificantthermoregulatoryadvantageintermsoftheformer,andthereisnocausalbiologicallinkagetoexplainwhyendothermywouldbeessentialtosustainexercise.Farmerarguesinsteadthatendothermyevolvedasameanstocontrolincubationtemperatureandthattheabilitytosustainexerciseevolvedseparately,asameanstoimproveaparent’sabilitytoforageand

14provisionitsyoung.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.presentascientifictheorythatchallengesawidelyheldtheoryB.summarizethebasisforalargebodyofscientificresearch

C.defendanestablishedscientifictheoryinlightofrecentcriticismD.expressskepticismabouttheresultsobtainedbyaparticularresearcher

E.comparetheresultsoftwoparticularscientificstudies

2.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizestheorganizationofthepassageasawhole?

A.Apositionisnoted,analternativetothatpositionisintroduced,andthenseveralpointsinsupportofthealternativearediscussed.

B.Atheoryisdiscussed,aninconsistencywithinthattheoryisillustrated,andthenarecommendationismadeforfurtherinquiry.

C.Certainresearchresultsaredescribed,thesignificanceofthoseresultsisexplained,andthenanovelinterpretationofthoseresultsissummarized.

D.Aquestionisposed,apossibleanswertothatquestionissuggested,andthenevidenceisprovidedtocorroboratethatanswer.

E.Adebateisoutlined,contrastingviewpointswithinthedebatearediscussed,andthenoneviewpointisdemonstratedtobecorrect.

3.Accordingtothepassage,Farmerconcedesthatendothermyprovidesanexplanationforwhichofthefollowingfeaturessharedbybirdsandmammals?

A.Theabilitytoforage

B.TheabilitytosustainexerciseC.TheinstincttocareforoffspringD.FlexibilityinhabitatusageE.Bodyinsulation

答案：AAE

Passage17

ProminentamongtheoriesofthefunctionofsleepisMeddis’immobilizationhypothesis,whichholdsthatsleep,ratherthanservingarestorativefunction,playsaprotectiveroleduringtimesthatanimalscannotbeusefullyengagedinotheractivities.Meddisreasonedthatanimalsnotimmediatelythreatenedbypredatorswouldbesaferiftheypassedthetimesleeping.

However,thathypothesiscannoteasilyexplainwhyoneoftenobservesareboundinsleeptimeorintensityfollowingaperiodofsleepdeprivation.Neitherdoesthehypothesisexplaintheexistenceofvariousstatesofsleep,whichthemselvesmaybeassociatedwithdifferentfunctions.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theimmobilizationhypothesisfailsto

15

accountforwhichofthefollowingfacts?

A.ThatsleepdoesnotappeartobeauniformandunchangingstateB.Thatundercertainconditionsanimalsappeartoneedmoresleepthanusual

C.Thatanimalsrarelysleepwhenapredatorhasbeendetectednearby2.Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole,thehighlightedportionservesprimarilyto

A.presentthethinkingthatledscientiststoqualifyawidelyacceptedview

B.describethebasisonwhichahypothesiswasadvanced

C.illustratethekindofreasoningthatisappliedinabranchofscienceD.explainhowahypothesiscanbetestedempiricallyE.relatetheanalysisthatrefinedatentativeexplanation

答案：ABB

Passage18

In1919Britainexperienceditslargesteverreductioninindustrialworkinghours,to48perweek.InDowie’sviewthe48-hourweekplayedacentralroleinBritain’spooreconomicperformanceduringthe1920s.Dowiearguedthatthereduction,togetherwithrapidwagegrowth,droveupprices.However,GreaslyandOxleyfoundthattheFirstWorldWar(1914-1918)constitutedamorepowerfulnegativemacroeconomicshocktoBritain’scompetitiveness.AndScottarguesthatDowie’sthesisignoresconsiderableevidencethathourlyproductivityimproveswhenhoursarereducedfromahighbaselevel.Crucially,Dowie’sthesisdoesnotacknowledgethathourswerereducedtoaround48hoursaweekforindustrialworkersinmostindustrializednationsatthistimesofar—undermininganypotentialimpactofreducedhoursonindustrialproductivityrelativetoothernations.

1.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestsupportforScott’sargument?

A.Companieshavegenerallyfoundthatpart-timeemployeesarelessproductivethanfull-timeones.

B.Whenthetotalnumberofhoursworkedatacompanyincreasesowingtotheadditionofmoreemployees,theusualresultisimprovedproductivityatthecompany.

C.Whenthetotalhoursworkedbyallemployeesperweekintwocompaniesareequivalent,hourlyproductivitytendstobeequivalentaswell.

D.Companieswhoseemployeesusuallyworkahighnumberofhourstendtohavegreatertotalcoststhandosimilarcompanieswhoseemployeesworkfewerhours.

E.Companieshavefoundthattotaloutputperemployeeisnotnecessarilychangedbyreductionsinthenumberofhoursworkedperemployee.

162.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheviewofGreasleyandOxley

A.areducedworkweekwasultimatelybeneficialtoemployees

B.theeconomiceffectsofthereductioninworkinghoursin1919werebrief

C.Britainbecamelesseconomicallycompetitiveinthe1920s

D.reducedworkinghoursweretheprimarycauseoftheeconomicchangesobservedbyDowie

E.thechangesineconomicperformanceinBritaininthe1920swereunforeseen

答案：EC

Passage19

Thefindingthattherewererock-meltingtemperaturesonasteroidsforsustainedperiodsispuzzling:asteroids’heatsourceisunknown,andunlikeplanet-sizedbodies,suchsmallbodiesquicklydissipateheat.Rubinsuggeststhatasteroids’heatcouldhavederivedfromcollisionsbetweenasteroids.Skepticshavearguedthatasingleimpactwouldraiseanasteroid’soveralltemperatureverylittleandthatasteroidswouldcooltooquicklybetweenimpactstoaccumulatemuchheat.However,theseobjectionsassumedthatasteroidsaredense,solidbodies.ArecentdiscoverythatasteroidsarehighlyporousmakesRubin’shypothesismoreplausible.Whensolidbodiescollide,muchdebrisisejected,dissipatingenergy.Impactsonporousbodiesgeneratelessdebris,somoreenergygoesintoproducingheat.Heatcouldberetainedasdebrisfallbackintoimpactcraters,creatinganinsulatingblanket.

1.Thepassagesuggeststhatonefactorthathasmadeitdifficulttoaccountforthetemperaturesoncereachedbyasteroidsis

A.amiscalculationofthefrequencyofasteroidcollisionsB.amisconceptionaboutasteroids’density

C.amistakenassumptionaboutwhattheheatsourceoftheasteroidswas

D.anunderestimationoftherateatwhichsmallbodiesloseheatE.anerroneousviewofhowasteroidswereformed

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatRubindisagreeswithskepticsmentionedinthepassageaboutwhichofthefollowing?

A.Whetherporousbodiesgeneratelessdebriswhenstruckthandosolidbodies

B.Thetemperaturesasteroidswouldhavetoreachfortheirrockstohavemelted

C.Thelikelyeffectofimpactsonasteroids’temperatures

答案：BC

17Passage20

BenjaminFranklinisportrayedinAmericanhistoryasthe

quintessentialself-mademan.In“Self-reliance”,Emersonasks,“WhereisthemasterwhocouldhaveinstructedFranklin...?”Infact,Franklintookinstructionwidely,andhisscientificworkwashighlycollaborative.FriendsinEnglandsentequipmentneededforhiselectricalexperiments,others,inPhiladelphia,helpedhimsetuphisworkshopthere.PhilipSyngconstructedadeviceforgeneratingelectricalcharges,whileTomasHopkinsondemonstratedthepotentialofpointedconductors.Franklin,inadditiontobeingthegroup’stheoretician,wroteandpublisheditsresults.Hisfameasanindividualresearcherispartlyaconsequenceoftheshorthandbywhichwhenonepersonwritesaboutagroup’sdiscoveries,historysometimesgrantssingularcreditforcollectiveeffort.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentence?

A.ItstatesaviewpointaboutFranklinwithwhichtheauthordisagrees.B.ItintroducesnewevidenceaboutFranklin’sroleinthecollaborativeprocess.

C.ItexplainsFranklin’sreputationintermsofabroadscholarlyphenomenon.

D.ItemphasizestheextenttowhichFranklinreliedonothersinhisworkshop.

E.ItdescribesFranklin’sapproachtowritingscientificresults.2.Emersonismentionedinthepassageprimarilyto

A.IdentifytheoriginofaparticularunderstandingofFranklinB.ElaborateonaviewofFranklinthattheauthortakesissuewithC.PointtoacontroversialclaimaboutFranklin’shistoricallegacy

D.IntroducethequestionofwhoFranklin’smainscientificinfluenceswere

E.SuggeststhatFranklinwasresistanttocollaborationwithotherscientists

答案：CB

Passage21

Therehavelongbeendeadzones—watertoolowinoxygentosustainmostformsoflife—intheGulfofMexico,whichreceivesthewatersoftheMississippiRiver.Scientistsstudiedsedimentcoresfromareaswherethegulf’smostrecentdeadzoneoccurred.Thescientistsdatedthesedimentandcountedspeciesofforaminifera(marineprotozoans)inthesediment;thesespeciesthriveinlow-oxygenwaters.Asfarbackas1823,theforaminiferathrivedespeciallyduringMississippiRiverfloodyears(duringwhichnutrientslevelsincrease),suggestingthatnutrientsinfloodwaterscantriggerlow-oxygenwater.Theforaminiferainthecoresamplesweremost

18abundantafter1950,whenfarmersbeganusingsomefertilizer,whichisrichinnutrients.Researchersbelievethatincreaseduseoffertilizerleadstomore-extremedeadzones.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentenceinthecontextofthepassageasawhole?

A.Itreconcilestwoopposingtheoriesthatwerediscussedearlierinthepassage.

B.Itsuggestswhattheinitialimpetuswasforthestudiesmentionedearlierinthepassage.

C.Itunderminesahypothesisthatwaspresentedintheprecedingsentence.

D.Itdescribesaproblemwiththemethodologyofthestudiesdiscussedinthepassage.

E.Itprovidesevidencesupportingthebeliefmentionedinthefinalsentenceofthepassage.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“researchers”wouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheuseoffertilizer?

A.IffarmersneartheMississippiRiverdecreasedtheamountoffertilizerthattheyused,theseverityofthedeadzonescouldbediminished.

B.IffarmersneartheMississippiRivercontinuetheirdependenceuponfertilizers,foraminiferapopulationwilleventuallydecline.

C.IffarmersneartheMississippiRiverstoppedusingfertilizersaltogether,therewouldnolongerbedeadzones.

答案：EA

Passage22

Biologistknowthatsomemarinealgaecancreatecloudsbyproducingthegasdimethylsulphide(DMS),whichreactswithoxygeninairabovetheseatoformsolidparticles.Theseparticlesprovideasurfaceonwhichwatervaporcancondensetoformclouds.Lovelockcontendsthatthisprocessispartofglobalclimatic-controlsystem.AccordingtoLovelock,Earthactslikeasuperorganism,withallitsbiologicalandphysicalsystemscooperatingtokeepithealthy.HehypothesizedthatwarmerconditionsincreasealgalactivityandDMSoutput,seedingmoreclouds,whichcooltheplanetbyblockingouttheSun.Then,astheclimatecools,algalactivityandDMSleveldecreaseandthecyclecontinues.Inresponsetobiologistswhoquestionhoworganismspresumablyworkingfortheirownselfishendscouldhaveevolvedtobehaveinawaythatbenefitsnotonlytheplanetbuttheorganismsaswell,coolingbenefitsthealgae,whichremainattheoceansurface,becauseitallowsthecooledupperlayersoftheoceantosink,andthenthecirculatingwatercarriesnutrientsupwardfromthedepthsbelow.Algaemayalsobenefitfromnitrogenrainingdownfromcloudstheyhavehelpedtoform.

191.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingoccursasaresultofcoolingintheupperlayersoftheocean?

A.Theconcentrationofoxygenintheairabovetheocean’ssurfacedecreases.

B.TheconcentrationofDMSintheairabovetheocean’ssurfaceincreases.

C.Thenutrientsupplyatthesurfaceoftheoceanisreplenished.D.Cloudformationincreasesovertheocean.

E.Marinealgaemakemoreefficientuseofnutrients.

2.WhichofthefollowingismostsimilartotheroleplayedbymarinealgaeintheglobalclimatecontrolsystemproposedbyLovelock?

A.Afanthatcontinuallyreplacesstaleairinaroomwithfreshairfromoutside.

B.Athermostatthatautomaticallycontrolsanair-conditioningsystem.C.Aninsulatingblanketthatretainsheat.D.Afilterusedtopurifywater.

E.Adehumidifierthatconstantlyremovesmoisturefromtheairinaroom.

3.Thepassagementionsthepossiblebenefittoalgaeofnitrogenfallingdownintherainmostlikelyinorderto

A.ProvidesupportforLovelock’sresponsetoanobjectionmentionedinthepassage.

B.SuggestthattheclimaticeffectsofDMSproductionhavebeenunderestimated.

C.AcknowledgethatLovelock’shypothesisisbasedinpartonspeculation.

D.DemonstratethatDMSproductionalterstheplanetinmorethanoneway.

E.AssertthatalgaearethesolebeneficiariesofDMSproduction.

答案：CBA

Passage23

WhenEarthformed4.6billionyearsago,theSunburnedonly70percentasbrightlyasitdoestoday.YetGeologicrecordcontainsnoevidenceforwidespreadglaciationuntil2.3billionyearsago.SaganandMullensuggestedinthe1970sthatammonia,agreenhousegas,warmedearlyEarth’satmosphere,butsubsequentresearchshowedthattheSun’sultravioletraysrapidlydestroyammoniainanoxygen-freeenvironment,suchasthatofearlyEarth.ManyscientistsnowattributemuchofthewarmingofearlyEarthtooxygen-intolerantmicrobes—methanogens—thatproducethegreenhousegasmethane.Themethanogenhypothesiscouldhelptoexplainthefirstglobaliceage:2.3billionyearsago,Earth’satmospherebegantofillwithoxygenproducedbyothermicrobes—cyanobacteria—causingmethanogenstodeclinerapidly.

20

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentence?

A.Itrefutesthepossibilityofaconnectionbetweentwoeventspreviouslythoughttoberelated.

B.Itdescribeshowahypothesismightaccountforthetimingofaphenomenondescribedearlierinthepassage

C.Itpresentsevidencethatcastsdoubtonastatementmadeinthefirstsentenceofthepassage

D.Itclarifiesadistinctionbetweentworelatedhypotheses

E.Itintroducesfindingsthatchallengeadominantexplanationforaparticularphenomenon

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutmethanogens?

A.MethanogensmusthaveappearedonEarthlaterthan2.3billionyearsago.

B.MethanogensmusthavebeenmuchmoreprevalentinsomeregionsoftheearlyEarththaninothers.

C.MethanogensproduceagreenhousegasthatismoresusceptibletodestructionbytheSun’sultraviolentraysthanisammonia.

D.MethanogenscouldnothavethrivedinearlyEarth’satmospherewithoutthepresenceofammonia.

E.MethanogenswouldhavehadalesssignificanteffectonearlyEarth’satmosphereiftheyhadevolvedaftertheappearanceofcyanobacteria.

答案：BE

Passage24

Someresearchersclaimthatcetaceans—whalesanddolphins—haveculture,whichtheresearchersdefineastheabilitytolearnfromoneanother.Skeptics,however,demandclearevidencethatcetaceanscanacquirenewbehaviorsthroughsomeformofsociallearning,preferablyclear-cutinstancesofimitationorteaching.Butsuchevidenceisdifficulttoobtain.Whilefewpeopledoubtthatcaptivecetaceansareadeptatimitationorthattheyreproducebehaviorstaughtbyresearchers,biologistsseekinginsightintocetaceans’behaviorintheirnaturalhabitatsmustrelyondeductionratherthanexperiments.Ifmembersofaparticulargroupsharebehaviorsthatdonotresultfromgeneticinheritanceorenvironmentalvariation,thentheyhavealmostcertainlylearnedthembywatching,following,orlisteningtootheranimals.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribethefunctionofthehighlightedsentence?

A.Itidentifiesafactorthatcomplicatesbiologists’abilitytodrawconclusionsaboutthebehaviorofcetaceansintheirnaturalenvironments.

B.Itillustratesthekindofdeductionmentionedinthepreceding

21sentence.

C.Itexplainswhyskepticshaveremainedunpersuadedbyevidencethathasbeenputforwardinsupportoftheclaimthatcetaceanshaveculture.

D.Itintroducesaclaimthatwouldbedismissedbybothsupportersandopponentsoftheviewthatcetaceanshaveculture.

E.Itnotesapreviouslyoverlookedfactorthatmightshedlightonthequestionofwhethercetaceanshaveculture.

2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcaptivecetaceans?

A.Whethertheyareengagedinsociallearningisasubjectofdisagreementamongbiologists.

B.Theirabilitytoimitatenewbehaviorsismoreextensivethanthatofnoncaptivecetaceans.

C.Theyexhibitfewbehaviorsthathavenotalsobeenobservedincetaceansintheirnaturalhabitats.

D.Theyappeartoadoptnewbehaviorsmorequicklythannoncaptivecetaceans.

E.Theyexhibittendenciesthatsuggestacapacityforthekindofbehaviorthatqualifiesascultural.

答案：BE

Passage25

HotterandmoremassivethantheSun,starscalled“stragglers”arepuzzlingtoastronomersbecausesuchrapidlyburningstarswouldnotbeexpectedtopersistinancientstarclusters.Someresearchersbelievethatthetypicalbluestragglersformedwhentwoancient,lower-massstarscollideandmergeformmoremassive,hotterstar.PeterLeonardtheorizesalternativelythatinlowdensityglobularclusters,wheremergersbetweensinglestarsoccurtooinfrequentlytoaccountfortheobservedquantityofbluestragglers,thesestragglersarecreatedinsteadbyagroupofstars.Hesuggeststhatapairofstarsalreadyorbitingeachotherpresentsalargertargetforathirdstaroranotherpair.Oncethisnewgroupingforms,closeencountersbetweenthestarscouldpromptanytwotomergeasabluestraggler.Leonard’smodelpredictsthateachbluestragglerhasadistantorbitingcompanion—asappearstrueofmanybluestragglersintheM67clusteroftheMilkyWaygalaxy.

1.Thereferencetoa“largertarget”servesprimarilytosuggestwhyaA.bluestragglerwouldbemorelikelytocollideandmergewithanotherstarthanwouldbealower-massstar

B.pairofstarswouldbemorelikelytoencounterotherstarsthanwouldthetypicalbluestraggler

C.pairofstarswouldbemorelikelytointeractwithotherstarsthanwouldasinglestar

D.bluestragglerwouldbemorelikelytointeractwithapairofstars

22thanitwouldwithathirdstar

E.thirdstarwouldbemorelikelytoencounterapairthanitwouldtoencounterabluestraggler

2.Informationpresentedinthepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutbluestragglers?

A.TheyoriginatefromstarsthatarehotterandmoremassivethantheSun.

B.Theyareburningmorerapidlythanothertypesofstarsobservedinancientstarclusters.

C.Theyareolderthanmostothertypesofstarswithinthesamestarcluster.

D.Theyarelessnumerousinlow-densityglobularclustersthanarepairsofstars.

E.Theygenerallyoriginatefromtheoldeststarsamongthosefoundinancientstarclusters.

3.Thepassageciteswhichofthefollowingasevidenceunderminingthetheorypresentedinthesecondsentence?

A.Adiscrepancybetweenthenumberofmergersbetweensinglestarsincertainlow-densityglobularclustersandthatinotherlow-densityglobularclusters

B.Adiscrepancybetweentheheatandmassofbluestragglersformedbyonetypeofprocessandtheheatandmassofbluestragglersformedbyanothertypeofprocess

C.Adiscrepancybetweenthefrequencyofstarmergersinlow-densityglobularclustersandthoseinhigh-densityglobularclusters

D.Adiscrepancybetweentheamountofheatandmassofancientsinglestarsandthatofbluestragglers

E.Adiscrepancybetweenthenumberofmergersbetweensinglestarsincertainstarclustersandthenumberofbluestragglersinthoseclusters

答案：CBE

Passage26

Mostseismologistsassumethatfollowingamajorearthquakeanditsaftershocks,thefault(abreakinEarth’scrustwherepressurecantriggeranearthquake)willremainquietuntilstresseshavetimetorebuild,typicallyoverhundredsorthousandsofyears.Recentevidenceofsubtleinteractionsbetweenearthquakesmayoverturnthisassumption,however.Accordingtothestress-triggeringhypothesis,faultsareunexpectedlyresponsivetosubtlestressestheyacquireasneighboringfaultsshift.Ratherthansimplydissipating,stressrelievedduringanearthquaketravelsalongthefault,concentratinginsitesnearby;eventhesmallestadditionalstressesmaythentriggeranotherquakealongthefaultoronanearbyfault.Althoughscientistshavelongviewedsuchsubtleinteractionsasnonexistent,thehypothesishasexplainedthelocationandfrequencyofearthquakes

23followingseveraldestructivequakesinCalifornia,Japan,andTurkey.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisanassumptionthatmaybeinvalidatedbyrecentseismologicalevidence?

A.EarthquakesarecausedbystressesbuildingupinfaultswithinEarth’scrust.

B.Mostmajorearthquakescanbepredictedwithreasonableaccuracy.C.Faultsarehighlyresponsivetoevenminorstressesinneighboringfaults.

D.Mostmajorearthquakesarefollowedbypredictableaftershocks.E.Afaultthathasresultedinamajorearthquakebecomesquietforalongperiod.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.Thepassagesuggeststhatmostseismologistsbelievewhichofthefollowingaboutfaultstresses?

A.Theyaredissipatedwhentheyresultinanearthquake.B.Theyaretransferredbetweenneighboringfaults.

C.Theywillnotcauseamajorearthquakealongthesamefaultinthespaceofafewyears.

答案：EAC

Passage27

MacArthurandWilsonsuggestedthatthebiodiversityofanislandwillvaryindirectproportiontoafunctionoftheisland’ssize(i.e.,largerislandscansupportagreaternumberofspecies)andininverseproportiontoafunctionofitsdistancefromthemainland(i.e.,manyremoteislandswilltendtosupportfewerspecies).Reducedbiodiversityinanislandcontextislikelytorequiresignificantadaptationonthepartofcolonizinghumanpopulations.Evansarguesthatthislimitationmakesislandsideallaboratoriesforthestudyofhumanadaptationstothenaturalenvironment,whilstRenfrewandWagstaff,intheintroductiontotheirstudyofMelos,focusonthislimitationinbiodiversityasa“significantcharacteristicoftheislandecosystem.”Forhumancommunities,however,thislimitationmaypotentiallybeoffsetbyotherfactors.Thereducedbiodiversityofanislandecosystemappliesonlytoterrestrialresources:theresourcesoftheseawillbeasrichasonanyothercoastalarea,andmaybeequallyimportanttohumancommunities.AsmallislandsuchasMaltaorMelosallowsallcommunitiesdirectaccesstothesea,providinganimportantnutritional“safetynet,”aswellasanelementofdietarydiversity,whichmayactuallygiveislandcommunitiesanadvantageovertheirlandlockedcounterparts.Islandsmayalsohavespecificnonbiologicalresources(suchasobsidianonMelos),whichmaybeusedinexchangewithcommunitiesonotherislandsandadjacentmainlands.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

24A.evaluatetwocontrastingapproachestoislandbiodiversity

B.discusstherelevanceofcertaindatapertainingtoislandbiodiversityC.callintoquestionaparticularunderstandingofislandbiodiversityD.considervariousreasonsforreducedbiodiversityonislandsE.contrastlargeandsmallislandsintermsofoverallbiodiversityConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,factorsofpotentialimportancetohumancommunitiesonislandsinclude

A.theaccessibilityofthesea’sresources

B.adietsuperiorinsomerespectstothedietoflandlockedcommunities

C.nonbiologicalresourcesthatcanbeexploited

3.Theauthorsuggeststhatinconsideringthebiodiversityofislands,Evans

A.focusestooexclusivelyonterrestrialresources

B.misunderstandstherelationshipbetweenanisland’ssizeanditsterrestrialresources

C.misinterpretstheworkofMacArthurandWilson

D.iswrongtoassumethatmoreremoteislandssupportfewerspeciesE.downplaysthewaysthathumancommunitiesadapttoislandbiodiversity

答案：CABCA

Passage28

AcriticalconsensushasemergedthatMaryMcCarthywillberememberedprimarilyasanessayistratherthanasanovelist.Butdespiteherformidablegiftsasapolemicalanddiscursivewriter,andforallherreputationasanintellectualwhosacrificedfeelingtointelligence,whatpowersMcCarthy’sbestessaysareherfictionalratherthanstrictlyintellectualgifts.Shemakesherpointsbytellingstoriesorbywayofvividdescription,arrestingimagesandsubtlecharacterization.Andforallherexactingsenseoffact,McCarthy’sgreatestcontributionwastoblurthedistinctionsbetweendifferentkindsofprosewriting:toshowhowfictioncouldbeopeneduptothethinkingmindandhowessayscouldprofitfromthetechniquesoffiction.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

1.TheauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatMaryMcCarthy’swritingischaracterizedby

A.TheuseinheressaysofdevicesmoretypicalinworksoffictionB.Anarrowingofthedifferencesbetweennarrativeandexpositoryprose

C.Carefulattentiontofactualaccuracy.

2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“discursive”mostnearlymeans

25

A.ProlificB.SophisticC.RamblingD.AnalyticalE.Circuitous答案：ABCD

Passage29

SomearchaeologistsspeculatethattheAmericasmighthavebeeninitiallycolonizedbetween40,000and25,000yearsago.However,tosupportthistheoryitisnecessarytoexplaintheabsenceofgenerallyacceptedhabitationsitesforthattimeintervalinwhatisnowtheUnitedStates.Australia,whichhasasmallerlandareathantheUnitedStates,hasmanysuchsites,supportingthegenerallyacceptedclaimthatthecontinentwascolonizedbyhumansatleast40,000yearsago.Australiaislessdenselypopulated(resultinginlowerchancesofdiscoveringsites)andwithitsoverallgreaterariditywouldhavepresentedconditionslessfavorableforhunter-gathereroccupation.Proportionally,atleastasmuchlandareahasbeenlostfromthecoastalregionsofAustraliabecauseofpostglacialsea-levelriseasintheUnitedStates,soanycoastalarchaeologicalrecordinAustraliashouldhavebeendepletedaboutasmuchasacoastalrecordintheUnitedStates.Sincetherearesomanyresource-richriversleadinginlandfromtheUnitedStatescoastlines,itseemsimplausiblethatagrowingpopulationofhumanswouldhaveconfineditselftocoastsforthousandsofyears.Ifinhabitantswerepresent25,000yearsago,thechancesoftheirappearinginthearchaeologicalrecordwouldseemtobegreaterthanforAustralia.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdoingwhichofthefollowing?

A.PresentinganobjectiontoaclaimB.AccountingforanapparentanomalyC.OutlininganalternativeinterpretationD.CorrectingaparticularmisconceptionE.Questioningthevalidityofacomparison

2.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingabout25,000yearsago?

A.ThecoastlineoftheregionthatisnowtheUnitedStatesislongerthanitwas40,000yearsago.

B.RiversinwhatisnowtheUnitedStateswerenumerousthantheyarenow.

C.AustraliawaslessdenselypopulatedatthattimethanwastheregionthatisnowtheUnitedStates.

D.Australia’sclimatewassignificantlydrierthanitisnow.E.Globalsealevelwaslowerthanitisnow.

263.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthat,inwhatisnowtheUnitedStates,archaeologicalevidenceofinhabitationintheperiodfrom40,000to25,000yearsagoislackingbecausethatregionis

A.haditsoldesthabitationsitesinundatedfollowingapostglacialriseinsealevel

B.hasmanyresource-richriversthatfacilitatedthedispersalofearlyinhabitantsfromaninitialconcentrationincoastalareas

C.wassparselypopulateduntilabout25,000yearsagoD.wascolonizedlessthan25,000yearsago

E.wasinhabitedonlybyhunter-gatherersuntil25,000yearsago

答案：AED

Passage30

Animalslivelongerwhentheircalorieintakeisrestrictedtotwo-thirdsofwhatisconsiderednormalfortheirspecies.Animalssorestrictedarealsogenerallyhealthier:mostdisease,includingcancer,diabetes,andneurodegenerativeillness,areforestalled.(Q2)Thisphenomenonwaslongattributedtoasimpleslowingofmetabolism(cells’productionofenergyfromfuelmolecules)andconsequentreproductionofitstoxicby-productsinresponsetolessfood.Infact,however,calorierestrictiondoesnotslowmammalianmetabolism,and(Q1)inyeastandworms,metabolismisbothspedupandaltered.Somescientistsnowtheorizethatcalorierestrictionisabiologicalstressorthat,likenaturalfoodscarcity,inducesamorecomplexdefensiveresponse,whichinmammalsincludeschangesincellulardefensesandrepair.

1.Inthepassage,thefunctionofthehighlightedportionisto

A.Providespecificexamplesoforganismswhoselongevitydoesnotincreaseinresponsetocalorierestriction.

B.Illustratetheprobablemeansbywhichorganismsplacedonacalorie-restrictiondietcompensateforthereductioninavailablefood-basedlevel.

C.Suggestthemechanismthatisresponsibleforprolongingthelifeoforganismwhosecalorieintakeissignificantlyreduced.

D.Giveanexamplethatexplainwhyscientists’thinkingaboutthephysiologicaleffectsofcalorierestrictionchanged.

E.Distinguishthedifferentwaysthatmammalianandnon-mammalianmetabolismsrespondtosignificantreductionsincalorieintake

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

2.Thepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingabouttheexplanationmentionedinthehighlightedtext?

A.Thereareempiricalfindingsthatconflictwithapresumptionoftheexplanation.

B.Theexplanationpredictsthattheeffectofcalorierestrictiononlongevitywillbethegreatestforthespecieswiththehighestrateof

27metabolism.

C.Theexplanationpredictsthattheeffectsofcalorierestrictionwillbeuniformlypositive.

答案：DA

Passage31

The“deindustrialization”thesisofBluestoneandHarrisonassertsthatthereplacementofdomesticwithforeignmanufacturingbegunbyUnitedStatescorporationsinthelate1960sresultedina“hollowingout”ofAmericanindustry,wherebyworkersdisplacedfrommanufacturingjobsthroughmassiveplantclosingsfoundthemselvesmovingmoreorlesspermanentlyintolower-paying,lesssecurejobsorintounemployment.Criticsofthedeindustrializationthesishavearguedthatnewserviceandhigh-technologysectorsoftheUnitedStateseconomyhaverecentlycreatedasubstantialnumberofjobs.Whilethesecriticsdonotdenythepainfulaspectsofthistransitionfromanindustrialtoaservice-andinformation-basedeconomy,theyarguethatitwillbeshort-term,andanecessaryeviliftheUnitedStatesistohavelong-termincreasesinlivingstandards.Criticsoftheemergingeconomy,however,pointtodisturbingevidenceofan“hourglass”effect:ashrinkingmiddletierofmanagerialandblue-collarunionizedworkersandconsequentpolarizationofincomes.Theemergenceofatechnicalandfinancialelite,theyargue,hasbroughtforthahostoflow-wagejobstoservicetheneweconomy,anditisthisservicesectorthatmanyex-industrialworkersmustseek.

1.Thepurposeofthepassageisto

A.analyzetheeventsthatcontributedtoaneconomicphenomenonB.presentdifferentviewsonthenatureandimpactofaneconomicphenomenon

C.distinguishbetweentheshort-termandlong-termeffectsofaneconomicphenomenon

D.challengeadominanttheoryabouthowtosolvetheproblemscreatedbyaneconomicphenomenon

E.presentnewevidencetosuggestthataneconomicphenomenonismorecomplexthanhadpreviouslybeenbelieved

2.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmosttendtoweakenthedeindustrializationthesisofBluestoneandHarrison?

A.asurveyofthespousesofformerindustrialworkersrevealsasignificantincreaseinthenumberofworkingspousessincethemid-1960s.

B.datafromthemostrecentUnitedStatescensusshowthatfewerindividualslisttheiroccupationasindustrialworkerthaninthecensusfromtenyearsearlier.

C.arandomsurveyofUnitedStatesconsumersindicatesthatamajorityofthosesurveyedwouldprefertobuyUnitedStates-manufacturing

28goodsifgiventheopportunity.

D.Arecentstudyindicatesthatlargenumbersofformerindustrialworkershaveretrainedandfoundemploymentasskilled,highly-paidcomputerworkers.

E.InterviewswithrepresentativesatmajoragenciesfortemporaryemploymentintheUnitedStatessuggestthattheyvaluetheskillsofformerindustrialworkers.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthehighlighted“critics”believewhichofthefollowingabout“hourglass”effect?

A.Itinvolvestherelegationofindustrialworkerstolessdesirablejobs.B.Itrequiresthatworkersmakeshort-termsacrificestoachievelong-termgains.

C.Itaffectsnon-unionizedworkersmorestronglythanitdoesunionizedworkers.

D.Itrepresentsanincreaseinunemploymentforthoseintheservicesector.

E.Itthreatensthestatusofthetechnologicalandfinancialelite.

答案：BDA

Passage32

SomehistoriansquestionthewidelyheldbeliefthatcontinuallyimprovingeducationledtogradualAfricanAmericanempowermentinthesouthernUnitedStatesfromthelatenineteenthcenturythroughthemid-twentiethcentury.TheynotethatthedevelopmentofBlackeducationalinstitutionsinthesegregatedSouthwasneverrapidorsteady:disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.AndAfricanAmericans’educationalgainsdidnotbringcommensurateeconomicgains.Startinginthe1940s,evenasBlackandWhiteschoolsintheSouthmovedsteadilytowardequality,Blacksouthernersremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscrimination.AlthoughBlackschoolshadachievednearparitywithWhiteschoolsinpercapitaspendingandteachers’salariesby1965,AfricanAmericans’incomestilllaggedbehindthatofWhites.Nonetheless,educationalprogressdidcontributetowardeconomicandpoliticalempowerment.AfricanAmericans’campaignstosupportBlackschoolsfosteredasenseofcommunity,nurturedpoliticaldetermination,andoftenincreasedliteracy.Moresignificantly,politicallyoutspokenBlacknewspapersachievedrecordcirculationduringthe1940s,justastheliteracyrateamongAfricanAmericansapproached90percent.Finally,theleadershipoftheCivilRightsmovementofthe1960swascomposedlargelyofgraduatesofBlackcolleges.

1.Theauthorofthepassagereferstothefactthat“disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury”mostlikelyinorderto

29A.supporttheargumentthattheeconomicstrugglesofsouthernBlackswerelargelyduetoeducationalinequalities

B.giveanexampleofthedifferencesbetweenBlackschoolsintheearlypartofthetwentiethcenturyandBlackschoolsstartinginthe1940s

C.illustratetheunevennessoftheprogressmadebyBlackschoolsinthesouthernUnitedStates

D.helpexplainwhyBlackremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscriminationinthesegregatedSouth

E.provideevidencethateducationalprogresswasapreconditionforeconomicprogressinthesegregatedSouth

2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepurposeofthehighlightedsentence?

A.Itclarifiesapointintroducedintheprecedingsentence.

B.Itreiteratesapointintroducedinthefirstsentenceofthepassage.C.Itquestionstheaccuracyofsomeoftheevidenceusedtosupporttheargumentofthehistorians.

D.Itintroducesaperspectivethatrunscontrarytotheviewofthosewhoendorsethe“belief.”

E.Itqualifiestheinterpretationmadebythehistorians.

3.ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheCivilRightsmovement?

A.ItgaverisetoarapidincreaseinthenumberofBlacknewspaperspublishedintheSouth.

B.ItspoliticaleffectivenesswasgreatlyenhancedbytheincreasedcirculationofBlacknewspapers.

C.ItsleadershipbenefitedfromimprovementsineducationforAfricanAmericans.

D.ItwastheforceprimarilyresponsibleforincreasingpercapitaspendinginBlackschools.

E.Itwasresponsibleforchangingmanyhistorians’viewoftherelationbetweeneducationandAfricanAmericanempowerment.

答案：CEC

Passage33

Aninfluentialearlyviewheldthatecosystemscontainnichesforalimitednumberofspeciesandthatcompetitionforresourcesamongspecies—whethernativeornonnativeinvadingones—determinesecosystems’speciescomposition.However,factorsotherthancompetitionoftenhelpexplaininvadingspecies’success.Forexample,theAmericangreysquirrel,oftencitedasaclassicexampleofcompetitivelysuperiorinvadingspecies,wasintroducedinEnglandin1876andnowthrives,whilethenativeredsquirrelpopulationhasdeclined.Althoughscientistshavefoundgraysquirrelstobemoreefficientforagersthanredones,theyalsonotethatevenbeforethegraysquirrel’sarrival,Britain’sredsquirrel

30

populationshadaperiodictendencytodieout,onlytobesubsequentlyreintroduced.Furthermore,manygraysquirrelsaresilentcarriersofadiseasefataltoredsquirrels.

1.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagementionstheefficiencywithwhichgraysquirrelsforageprimarilyinorderto

A.identifyafactorthatexplainsacertainphenomenonB.callattentiontoaninconsistencyinaparticulartheory

C.suggestthatcompetitioncannotbethefactorresponsibleforaparticularoutcome

D.acknowledgeafactthatappearstosupportaviewthattheauthorintendstoqualify

E.citeevidencethatisnotconsistentwithanearlyinfluentialviewaboutspeciescompetition

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthe“earlyview?”

A.Itreflectsamistakenassumptionaboutthemeansbywhichnonnativespeciesareintroducedintoecosystems.

B.ItsbasicpremiseisshowntobevalidbytheeffectofAmericangraysquirrelsonBritain’sredsquirrelpopulation.

C.Itpresentsasimplisticpictureofthemeansbywhichspeciescompositionwithinecosystemsisdetermined.

D.Itcaneffectivelyexplaintheformationofecosystemsthatcontainfewspeciesbutcannotadequatelyaccountfortheformationofcomplexecosystems.

E.Itunderstatestheimportanceofcompetitionasafactordeterminingspeciescompositionwithinecosystems.

答案：DC

Passage34

TherevivalofmuralpaintingthathasoccurredinSanFranciscosincethe1970s,especiallyamongtheChicanopopulationofthecity’sMissionDistrict,hasmarkeddifferencesfromitssocialrealistforerunnerinMexicoandtheUnitedStatessome40yearsearlier.Ratherthanbeinggovernmentsponsoredandlimitedtomuralsongovernmentbuildings,thecontemporarymuralmovementsprangfromthepeoplethemselves,withmuralsappearingoncommunitybuildingsandthroughoutcollegecampuses.Perhapsthebiggestdifference,however,istheprocess.Inearliertwentieth-centuryMexico,muralsresultedfromthevisionofindividualartists.Buttoday’smuralsarecharacteristicallytheproductsofartistsworkingwithlocalresidentsondesignandcreation.

SuchcommunityengagementischaracteristicoftheChicanoartmovementasawhole,whichevolvedfromthesamefoundationsastheChicanocivilrightsmovementofthemid-1960s.BothwereadirectresponsetotheneedsofChicanosintheUnitedStates,whowerefighting

31fortherighttoadequateeducation,politicalempowerment,anddecentworkingconditions.Artistsjoinedotherculturalworkersinmakingpoliticalstatementsandplayedakeyroleintakingthesestatementstothepublic.Theydevelopedcollectivesandestablishedculturalcentersthatfunctionedasthepublic-relationsarmoftheChicanosociopoliticalmovement.

1.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.argueforthesuperiorityofastyleofartB.considertheimpactofanartmovement

C.describethepoliticalcontentofacertainworksofartD.detailthecharacteristicstyleofanartmovementE.placeanartmovementinitshistoricalcontext

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthe“culturalcenters”istrue?

A.TheywerethevenuewheremanylaterleadersoftheChicanocivilrightsmovementfirstbecamepoliticallyactive.

B.Thoughlaterwidespread,theyoriginatedinSanFranciscoarea.

C.Springingupinanumberofcommunities,theyinitiallyhadlargelyapoliticalgoalscenteredonartinstruction.

D.TheyconstitutedthenucleusfromwhichtheChicanocivilrightsmovementoriginated.

E.Foundedbyartists,theyprovidedsupportfortheChicanocivilrightsmovement.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthefirstparagraphandthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

A.Thefirstfocusesonthemuralartistsasindividuals;thesecond,ontheiractionsasagroup.

B.Thefirstcomparesthemuralrevivalwithanearlierartisticmovement;theseconddescribesthecontextcontemporarytotherevival

C.Thefirstdefinestherevivalbydistinguishingitfromanearlierartisticmovement;thesecondaddressesthepoliticalgoalsofboththerevivalanditsforerunner

D.Thefirstpresentsanapparentlyplausibleaccountoftherelationshipbetweentherevivalandisforerunner,thesecondcallsthataccountintoquestion

E.ThefirstisconcernedwiththeartisticaimsandambitionsbehindtheSanFranciscomurals;thesecondconsiderstheirpoliticalsignificance

答案：EEB

Passage35

AlthoughElizabethStuartPhelps’novelDoctorZay(1882)dominatescriticaldiscussionofPhelps’interestinwomandoctors,precedingitweremanylittle-knownwritingsbyPhelps.Thesewritingsunderscoredtheachievementsofalreadyestablishedwomendoctors,theimperativeofmedicallyeducatingandtrainingwomeninthefaceofperniciousresistance,

32andthemedicalwoman’ssymbolicvalueasanagentofhealinginpost-CivilWarAmerica.AnexplorationofthislargelyoverlookedearlyprosedemonstratesthatPhelpsplayedaninstrumentalroleinlegitimizingtheAmericanmedicalwomanduringacrucialearlierperiodwhenthenumberofwomendoctorsintheUnitedStatesincreasedsubstantially,butthewomandoctorremainedperhapsthemostcontroversialnewpresenceonthenation’soccupationallandscape.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

1.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPhelps’writing?

A.WhilePhelps’earlierworksdidagreatdealtowardlegitimizingthefigureoftheAmericanwomandoctor,hernovelDoctorZaydidnot.

B.CriticshavetendedtounderestimatetheimpactPhelps’earlierworkhadinhelpingtolegitimizethefigureoftheAmericanwomandoctorduringanimportantperiod.

C.Thesubstantialincreaseinthenumberofwomandoctorsinpost-CivilWarAmericawasamoresignificantfactorthanwasPhelps’writinginhelpingtolegitimizewomandoctorsinpost-CivilWarAmerica.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.2.Thepassageprovidesinformationonwhichofthefollowing?

A.ThepublicresponsetotheemergenceofwomendoctorsduringPhelps’lifetime

B.HowPhelps’earlierworksadvancedthecauseofAmericanwomendoctors

C.TherelativefameofDoctorZayincomparisonwithPhelps’otherwritings

答案：BABC

Passage36

Abird’splumage,whilecontributingtostructuralintegrityandparticipatinginaeriallocomotion,completelyobscuresabird’sinternalactivityfromhumanview,greatlyimpedingourattemptstounderstandbirdsasfunctioninganimals.Plumagehasevenmadeitdifficulttodescribebirdmovement.Whendescribingthemovementofmammals,writersturntowell-wornclichéslike“graceinmotion.”Amammal’sripplingmusclesslidesmoothlyoveroneanotherineye-catchingways.Withamammal,whetheramouseorhippopotamus,werecognizethattheunderlyingbodypartsaresimilartoourownandweknowthesepartswillactpredictably.Notsowithabird.Forcenturies,weknewlittlemoreaboutabird’smovementthanthatitwasamysterythatseemedtobebasedontheflappingofwings.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.

1.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasaneffectofbirdplumage?

33A.Itcontributestoabird’sabilitytofly.B.Ithidestheinnerworkingsofbirds.

C.Itcontributestothestructuralsoundnessofbirds.

2.Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutthe“underlyingbodyparts”ofnonhumanmammals?

A.Theyaremoresimilartohumans’underlyingbodypartsthanmostpeopleassume.

B.Theyaremorepredictableintheirworkingsthanaretheunderlyingbodypartsofhumans.

C.Theirsmoothandgratefulactionsbeliehowcomplicatedtheyactuallyare.

D.Theyworkinmuchdifferentwaysthandotheunderlyingbodypartsofmostbirds.

E.Theyareeasiertoobserveandunderstandthanareunderlyingpartsofbirds.

答案：ABCE

Passage37

Inthe1920s,Gerstmanndescribedasetofproblemsfoundinpeoplewhohavesuffereddamagetothebrain’sleftparietallobe,problemsthatincludebeingunabletounderstandarithmeticandhavingdifficultyidentifyingone’sfingers.ThereisstillnoagreementonwhetherthesymptomsGerstmannnoticedconstituteasyndrome,butthepartsofthebrainusedforstoringfactsaboutnumbersandforrepresentingthefingersareclosetoeachother.Mentalrepresentationsofnumbersandoffingersmaythereforebefunctionallyconnected.A2005experimenthadpeopleperformsometasksrequiringdexterityandothersinvolvingmatchingpairsofnumbers,whileanareaoftheirparietallobes—theleftangulargyrus—wasstimulatedbyamagneticfield.Facilityatbothsetsoftaskswasimpaired.

1.Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelyagreethatthehighlightedstatementsuggests

A.aflawintheexperimentconductedin2005

B.ameansbywhichdexteritymightcompensateforalossofarithmeticability

C.anexplanationforsomeofGerstmann’sobservationsD.ananomalyinsomeofGerstmann’sresults

E.areasontodoubtdamagetotheleftparietallobeasacausalfactorincertainsymptoms

2.Theauthorofthepassagedescribesthe“2005experiment”anditsresultsprimarilyinorderto

A.establishtheproximitybetweenthepartofthebrainusedforstoringnumericalinformationandthepartusedforrepresentingthefingers

B.illustratetheimplicationsthatGerstmann’sworkmayhavefor

34experimentalresearch

C.castdoubtontheideathatdamagetotheleftparietallobecausesthesetofproblemsthatGerstmanndescribed

D.supportahypothesisaboutasignificantassociationbetweenpartsofthebrainrelatedtofingersandtonumbers

E.suggestthattheproblemsGerstmannnotedinrelationtonumbersandfingershaveadifferentcausethantheotherproblemsassociatedwithparietallobedamage

答案：CD

Passage38

AnalyzinglevelsofproportionalrepresentationofAmericanIndiansinstateandlocalgovernmentjobsisimportantforseveralreasons.First,thebasicideaunderlyingthetheoryofrepresentativebureaucracyisthatthedemographiccompositionofbureaucracyshouldmirrorthedemographiccompositionofthegeneralpublic.Thisisbecauseinadditiontoitssymbolicvalue,increasedaccesstomanagerialpositionmayleadtogreaterresponsivenessonthepartofpolicymakerstothepolicyinterestsoftraditionallydisadvantagedgroupssuchasAmericanIndians.Second,thefocusonhigherleveljobsinbureaucracies(asopposedtonon-managerialpositions)isespeciallyimportantbecausemanagerialpositionsrepresentamajorsourceofeconomicprogressformembersoftraditionallydisadvantagedgroups,asthesejobsconfergoodsalaries,benefits,status,security,andmobility.Third,itisimportanttoknowiftherehasbeengrowthintheAmericanIndianshareofmoredesirablepublicsectorpositionsoverthelasttwodecades.Forinstance,PetersonandDuncanarguethatthepopulationandpowerofAmericanIndianshavebeengrowingincertainstates.PetersonandDuncanalsosuggestthatthisgrowthmayreflectthepossibilitythatAmericanIndianpopulationarebecomingmoreactiveinnontraditionalareasofpolitics,assimilatingintomainstreamculture,andsecuringwithgreaterfrequencyleadershippositionsinnon-tribalgovernment.

1.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.SummarizeademographictrendoverttimeB.Presentfindingsonademographicgroup

C.AnalyzethedemographiccompositionofatypeofjobD.ExplaintheneedforparticularsocialresearchE.Arguefortheimplementationofasocialpolicy

2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentenceinthecontextofthepassageaswhole?

A.Ithypothesizesaphenomenonthatmightexplainapointmadeintheprecedingsentence.

B.Itprovidesevidencethatunderminesthatassertionmadeinthefirstsentence.

35

B.foraginginlandtoobtainfoodstuffsnotavailablelocallyC.someformoffertilizationtoboostagriculturalproductionD.fishandturtlesforatleastpartoftheirdietE.tradewithotherpeoplesforsomerawmaterials答案：AD

Passage44

Whenselectinganest,thefemaleoftheriverblenny(asmallfish)appearstobesensitivetobothsizeandorientation.Blenniesdeposittheireggspreferablyinnestsunderlargestonesandinnestsfacingsoutheast.Southeast-facingnestscontainlargereggclutches,afactthatcannotbecompletelyexplainedbydifferencesinneststonesizes.Moreover,inarecentstudy,currentspeedsupstreamofthenestandatthenestentranceweresimilarfornestsfacingsoutheastandthosefacinginotherdirections.Asoutheast-facingentrancepersethusseemstobethespecificnestfeaturepreferredbyfemales,ratherthantheeffectofselectivepositioningoncurrentatnestentrance.Thereasonsforthispreferenceareunclear,however.

1.Thepassageisconcernedwithwhichofthefollowing

A.Determiningthedifferentwaysinwhichcurrentspeedscaninfluencethenestingpreferencesoffemaleriverblennies

B.Establishingnestorientationasadeterminingfactorinegglayingamongfemaleriverblennies

C.Questioningtheimportanceofnestsizeasaninfluenceonegglayingamongfemaleriverblennies

D.Comparingthefeaturesoffemaleriverblenniesthatfacesoutheastwiththoseofnestsfacinginotherdirections

E.Examininghowfemaleriverblenniesdeterminetherelativeimportanceofnestsizeversusnestorientation

2.Theauthorofthepassageconsiders“currentspeeds”inorderto

A.identifyafactorthatunderminesthesignificanceofneststonesizeforfemaleriverblennies

B.indicateonepossibleadvantageofriverblennyneststhatdonotfacesoutheast

C.eliminateapossibleexplanationforanestorientationtendencyamongfemaleriverblennies

D.indicatewhyfemaleriverblenniesaresensitivetobothsizeandorientationofpossiblenests

E.suggestareasonwhymanyfemaleblenniesprefersoutheast-facingnests

答案：BC

Passage45

TheeditorsoftheessaycollectionRomanticbiographytellus

41repeatedlythatbiographyisaninventionoftheRomanticperiodinBritishliterature(lateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies),yetwearenevershownthatprocessofinventionmotion.Hazlitt,themostprominentexampleoftheRomanticbiographer,isalmostinvisible.TheRomanticperiodwasnotjusttheperiodinwhichbiographywasinvented---or,rather,theperiodinwhichsomeofitsinformingprincipleswereinvented,sincebiographycouldjustaseasilybesaidtohaveoriginatedinthescandalousmemoirsthatformedpartofthepre-Romanticcultureofthenovel.Itwasalsotheperiodinwhichbiography,throughitssheerubiquity,becameanobjectofmajorideologicalsignificancewithinBritishculture.

1.Thepassagementionsthe\memoirs”thatwerewrittenpriortotheRomanticperiodprimarilyinorderto

A.indicateanalternativeaccountoftheoriginsofbiographyB.comparethesememoirstoRomanticbiography

C.explainhowbiographybecameubiquitousinBritishcultureDquestiontheideologicalsignificanceaccordedtobiographyE.suggestthatbiographieswerenotaspopularasmemoirs

2.Accordingtothepassage,biographyattainedgreatsignificancewithinBritishcultureduringtheRomanticperiodbecausebiographies

A.wereassociatedwithscandal

B.wereeasytoreadandcomprehend

C.weresowidespreadinBritainatthetimeD.challengedconventionalBritishideologiesE.contributedtothedevelopmentofthenovel

答案：AC

Passage46

Ourstudyrevealedthatnest-guardinglong-tailedskinks(aspeciesoflizard)homed(returnedtotheirnests)moresuccessfullywhendisplacedshorterdistances.Therearetworeasonswhyhomingsuccessratesdecreasedwithincreasingdisplacementdistance.Onepossibilityisthatfemalesweresimplydisplacedtoofartofindtheirwayhome.However,thisisunlikelygiventhatsomeindividualsmanagedtofindtheirwayhomefromeachdistanceweused.Thesecondpossibilitydealswithtrade-offsbetweentherisksassociatedwithmakingalongreturntripandthebenefitsofreturning.Animalsshouldexpendenergyonlywhentheassociatedcostsarelow.Asreptilesincreasethetimespentmoving,theirdailyenergyexpenditureincreasesdramatically.Theenergeticcostsofreturninghomeandthechancesthattheeggswillhavebeenpreyeduponduringthereturntripbothincreasesubstantiallyasdisplacementdistanceincreases.Forexample,the130hours(5.5days)thatfemaleskinksspentreturningfromadistanceof300metersissufficientforanegg-eatingsnaketolocateandpreyupontheentireclutch.However,femaleswithlargerclutchesweremorelikelytohomeatdistancesover50meters.Forthesefemales,the

42relativefitnessbenefitsassociatedwithhavingmoreeggssuccessfullyhatchmayoutweightheenergeticcostsofreturningtoanestsite,evenifthenestmayhavealreadybeenpreyedupon.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.questionthevalidityofresearchonnest-guardingbehaviorinlong-tailedskinks

B.considerexplanationsforafindingregardinglong-tailedskinksC.discusstheimportanceofhomingforlong-tailedskinks

D.describetherelationshipbetweenclutchsizeandhomingsuccessinlong-tailedskinks

E.identifythebenefitsofabehaviorcommonamonglong-tailedskinks2.Theclaiminthehighlightedsentenceassumeswhichofthefollowingabouttheindividualsthatmanagedtofindtheirwayhomefromeachdistance?

A.Theywerelessabletodetectegg-eatingpredatorsthanweretheotherlong-tailedskinksstudied.

B.Theyweremoreaversetoriskthanweretheotherlong-tailedskinksstudied

C.Theyexpendedlessenergywhenhomingthandidtheotherlong-tailedskinksstudied.

D.Theydidnotpossessbetterhomingskillsthandidtheotherlong-tailedskinksstudied.

E.Theyhadsignificantlysmallerclutchesthandidtheotherlong-tailedskinksstudied.

3.The\possibility\implieswhichofthefollowingasapossibleexplanationforthefemalelong-tailedskinksthatfailedtohomefromdistancesover50meters?

A.Theyhadrelativelysmallclutches

B.Theywereunabletofindtheirwayhome

C.Theylackedsufficientenergytohomesuccessfully

D.Theyhadmalelong-tailedskinksguardingtheirclutches

E.Theydetectedevidenceofegg-eatingsnakesInthevicinityoftheirnests.

答案：BDA

Analyzingthephysicsofdancecanaddfundamentallytoadancer'sskill.Althoughdancersseldomseethemselvestotallyinphysicalterms--asbodymassmovingthroughspaceundertheinfluenceofwell-knownforcesandobeyingphysicallaws--neithercantheyaffordtoignorethephysicsofmovement.Somemovementsinvolvingprimarilyverticalorhorizontalmotionsofthebodyasawhole,inwhichrotationscanbeignored,canbestudiedusingsimpleequationsoflinearmotioninthreedimensions.However,rotationalmotionsrequiremorecomplexapproachesthatinvolve

43analysesofthewaythebody'smassisdistributed,theaxesofrotationinvolvedindifferenttypesofmovement,andthesourcesoftheforcesthatproducetherotationalmovement

44

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