高三英语语法总复习《句子成分和基本句型的讲解》

高三英语总复习语法

句子成分 和 基本句型

什么是句子？

句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？ ！ I am a teacher. Are you a student?

How beautiful the girl is !

句子包括哪些成分？

现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。

英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

? １．主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，

动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首．

The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. They are good friends.

谓语：

? 谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．

They are teachers. She looks well. He studies hard.

He laughed at his classmates. He can speak English.

表语：

? 表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动

名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．

I am a teacher. She is happy.

Everybody is here.

They are at home now. My job is to teach English. Seeing is believing.

宾语

? 宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和

及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后．

She plays the piano. He often helps me. I like watching TV.

She likes to go to shop this afternoon. I think that he is good guy.

宾语补足语

? 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补

足语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．

? 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当． ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

If you let me go, I’ll make you king. Leave the door open.

We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I saw him enter the hall.

The boss keeps them working all day. I heard my name called.

状语

? 状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程

度．一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当．

He did it carefully.

Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.

In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi. He is writing with a pen.

定语

? 定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，

分词，从句都可以充当定语． ? ? ? ? ? ?

The black bike is mine.

What’s your name? A broken vase. I have 5 books. A sleeping boy. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do.

? It is a swimming pool. 种类 第1种 第２种 第３种 第４种 第５种 类型 S+V Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０ Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐ S+v+IO+DO S+V+O+OC 主语S We He We she He 谓语动词 v work plays are gave made 表语/宾语 宾语 p 0 violin. students me me a pen. 宾补oc laugh

基本句型 一： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ

1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。 3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。

4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。 5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮

6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。 7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。

系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。

一、系动词的分类：

常见的系动词大致可分为三类。

第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be， look， feel， seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， turn out（结果是、证明是）等。

You’ll be all right soon.

You don’t look very well.

I feel rather cold.

He seems to be ill.

It appears that he is unhappy.

The roses smell sweet.

The mixture tasted horrible.

How sweet the music sounds!

The day turned out (to be) a fine one.

第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become， get， grow， turn， fall， go， come， run等。

He became a world-famous scientist.

It is getting warmer and warmer.

It grew dark.

The food has turned bad.

Yesterday he suddenly fell ill.

Mary’s face went red.

His dream has come true.

The boy’s blood ran cold.

第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep， remain， continue，stay等。

Keep quiet, children!

The weather continued fine for a long time.

It remains to be proved.

系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。

The news was surprising.（分词）

His job is teaching English.（动名词）

The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式） I must be off now.（副词）

The bridge is under construction.（介词短语）

That would be a great weight off my mind.（词组） This is why he was late.（从句）

所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。 Our future will be beautiful. She looks unhappy today. Do you feel cold？ You seem/appear ill.

The food tastes delicious.

The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold. He often went hungry.

3.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear， seem， get， prove， remain，等。

She appears/ seems to be very young.

He appears/ seems to have caught cold.

They got to be friends。

The meeting turned out to be successful.

The theory proved to be right.

Much remains to be done.

4. 能接从句的有：be， seem， appear， sound， look等。

That’s why he fell ill.

My idea is that we should help him.

It seems/ appears to me that something is wrong.

It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house. Your voice sounds as if you had a cold. It looks as if it is going to rain.

5. 能接介词短语的有：be， feel， look， sound， taste，remain等。

be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。

turn out

1. She went home very late yesterday evening.

2. The meeting will last two hours.

3. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.

4. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.

5. Classes begin at eight every day.

巩固练习：

6．这个重五公斤。

7．五年前我住在北京。

8．秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。

9．我的爷爷早晨起得很早。

10. 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。

6. This box weighs five kilos.

7.I lived in Beijing five years ago.

8.In autumn, some birds fly to the south.

9. My grandfather gets up early in the morning.

10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.

基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾） 构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ

1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。

3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。 4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。

5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。 6. He │said │\他说：\早上好！\7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。

8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。

巩固练习：

1．昨晚我写了一封信。

2．今天下午我想同你谈谈。

3．这本书他读过多次了。

4．他们成功地完成了计划。

5．那位先生能流利地说三种语言。

I wrote a letter last night.

I want to talk with you this afternoon. He has read this book many times.

They have carried out the plan successfully.

That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.

巩固练习：

6．我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。

7．Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。

8．我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。

9. 他不知道说什麽好。

10. 我开窗户你在意吗？

I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia. Jim cannot dress himself.

All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. He did not know what to say.

Do you mind my opening the window?

基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）

1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。

2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。 3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。 4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。

5. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 6. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。

但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.

用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。 常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；

（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。

巩固练习：

1．Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。

2．奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

3．请把那本字典递给我好吗？

4．他把车票给列车员看。

Mr Johnson taught us German last year.

Grandma told me an interesting story last night. Would you please pass me the dictionary? He showed the ticket to the conductor.

巩固练习：

5．我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？

6．新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。

7．他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。 Shall I call you a taxi?

The new machine will save you a lot of labour.

7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first month’s salary.

基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。 The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.

You must get your hair cut.

Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补） 名词/代词宾格 + 名词

The war| made| him |a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士. 名词/代词宾格 + 形容词

New methods |make |the job| easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语

I |often find| him |at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式

The teacher| ask |the students |to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词

I |saw |a cat |running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.

用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family.

巩固练习： 1．我们叫她Alice.

2．我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3．他们把小偷释放了。 4．我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。

6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7．他每个月理一次发

8．我们不会让她在晚上外出的。

We call her Alice.

All of us considered him honest. They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth.

The guards ordered us to leave at once.

Every morning we hear him read English aloud.

He has his hair cut every month.

We won’t let her go out at night.

9．那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了 10．她正在听人家讲故事。

11．我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 12．他感到很难跟你交谈。

13．我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。

14．学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。

The terrible sound made the children frightened.

She is listening to someone telling stories.

I have never seen the word used that way before.

He felt it very difficult to talk with you.

I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.

The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.

英语基本句型6 There be 句型 说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“??有??”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。

此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如：

There stands a hill in the middle of the park.

Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.

Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are ? 过去有 there was/were?

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