心理学专业英语复习材料

心理学专业英语复习资料

I.

Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese

1. Research Methods 研究方法 2. Psychophysics 心理物理学

3. Theories of Learning 学习理论 4. Social Cognition 社会认知 5． Personality Test 人格测试 6. Extraneous Variable 无关变量 7. Longitudinal Study 纵向研究

8. Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力 9. Motor control 运动控制 10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体 11. Group Thinking 群体思维 12. Social Loafing 社会懈怠 13. Social Exchange 社会交换 14. Social Approval 社会赞许

15. Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散 16. Recency Effec 近因效应 17． Trace Decay 痕迹消退 18. Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘 19. Social Support 社会支持 20. Self-efficacy 自我效能 21. Case Study 个案研究

II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English

1. 机能主义 functionalism 2. 自我实现 self—actualization

3． 一般规律研究法 nomothetic method 4. 分层抽样 stratified sampling 5. 外在信度 external reliability 6. 选择性注意 selective attention 7. 知觉恒常性 perceptual constancy 8. 自我概念 self concept 9. 液体智力 fluid intelligence 10. 安全型依恋 secure attachment 11. 性别图示 gender schema

12. 亲社会行为pro social behavior 13. 从众实验 conformity experiment 14. 头脑风暴 brain storming 15. 社会助长 social facilitation 16. 旁观者效应bystander effect 17. 标准差 standard deviation 18. 柱状图 bar chart

19. 正态分布 normal distribution 20. 临界值 critical value

21. 知觉适应 perceptual adaptation

III. Multiple Choices

1. Like Carl Rogers, I believe people choose to live more creative and meaningful lives. My name is

a. Wertheimer. b. Washburn. c. Skinner. d. Maslow.

2. The goals of psychology are to

a. develop effective methods of psychotherapy.

b. describe, predict, understand, and control behavior. c. explain the functioning of the human mind. d. compare, analyze, and control human behavior.

3. The \a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. Sigmund Freud. c. John B. Watson. d. B. F. Skinner.

4. You see a psychologist and tell her that you are feeling depressed. She talks to you about the goals you have for yourself, about your image of yourself, and about the choices that you make in your life and that you could make in your life. This psychologist would probably belong to the __________ school of psychology. a. humanistic b. psychodynamic c. behavioristic d. Gestalt

5. Biopsychologists

a. limit the scope of their study to animals.

b. are concerned with self-actualization and free will. c. stress the unconscious aspect of behavior.

d. attempt to explain behavior in terms of biological or physical mechanisms.

6. In a study of effects of alcohol on driving ability, the control group should be given a. a high dosage of alcohol.

b. one-half the dosage given the experimental group. c. a driving test before and after drinking alcohol. d. no alcohol at all.

7. The phrase \a. researchers misrepresent their data.

b. a theory must be defined so it can be disconfirmed.

c. theories are a rich array of observations regarding behavior but with few facts to support them. d. nothing.

8. A common method for selecting representative samples is to select them a. randomly from the larger population. b. strictly from volunteers.

c. by threatening or coercing institutionalized populations. d. from confidential lists of mail order firms.

9. The chief function of the control group in an experiment is that it a. allows mathematical relationships to be established.

b. provides a point of reference against which the behavior of the experimental group can be compared.

c. balances the experiment to eliminate all extraneous variables. d. is not really necessary.

10. Which of the following best describes a double-blind experimental procedure? a. All subjects get the experimental procedure.

b. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is known only to the experimenter.

c. Half the subjects get the experimental procedure, half the placebo; which they receive is not known to subjects or experimenters. d. All subjects get the control procedure.

11. A simple experiment has two groups of subjects called a. the dependent group and the independent group. b. the extraneous group and the independent group. c. the before group and the after group.

d. the control group and the experimental group.

12. One of the limitations of the survey method is a. observer bias.

b. that it sets up an artificial situation. c. that replies may not be accurate. d. the self-fulfilling prophecy.

13. To replicate an experiment means to

a. use control groups and experimental groups. b. use statistics to determine the effect of chance. c. control for the effects of extraneous variables.

d. repeat the experiment using either identical or improved research methods.

14. Information picked up by the body's receptor cells is termed a. cognition b. perception. c. adaptation. d. sensation.

15. The incoming flow of information from our sensory systems is referred to as a. sensation. b. perception.

c. adaptation. d. cognition.

16. A researcher presents two lights of varying brightness to a subject who is asked to respond \a. just noticeable difference. b. absolute threshold. c. subliminal threshold. d. minimal threshold.

17. Film is to camera as __________ is to eye. a. retina b. iris c. lens d. pupil

18. Black and white vision with greatest sensitivity under low levels of illumination describes the function of a. the cones.

b. the visual pigments. c. the rods.

d. the phosphenes.

19. Unpleasant stimuli may raise the threshold for recognition. This phenomenon is called a. aversive stimulation. b. absolute threshold. c. perceptual defense. d. unconscious guard.

20. When infants are placed in the middle of a visual cliff, they usually a. remain still.

b. move to the shallow side of the apparatus. c. move to the deep side of the apparatus.

d. approach their mothers when called, whether that requires moving to the shallow or deep side.

21.The fact that objects that are near each other tend to be grouped together is known as a. closure.

b. continuation. c. similarity. d. nearness.

22. An ability to \a. clairvoyance. b. telepathy. c. precognition. d. psychokinesis.

23. The fact that infants will often crawl off tables or beds shows that

a. depth perception is completely learned.

b. human depth perception emerges at about 4 months of age.

c. integration of depth perception with motor skills has not yet been accomplished. d. depth perception is completely innate.

24. Sensations are organized into meaningful perceptions by a. perceptual constancies. b. localization of meaning.

c. perceptual grouping (Gestalt) principles. d. sensory adaptation.

25. The analysis of information starting with features and building into a complete perception is known as

a. perceptual expectancy. b. top-down processing. c. bottom-up processing. d. Gregory's phenomenon.

26. One recommended way for parents to handle problems of occasional bed wetting in children is to

a. limit the amount of water they drink in the evening. b. punish them for \

c. wake them up during the night to use the toilet. d. consider medication or psychotherapy.

27. Teachers, peers, and adults outside the home become important in shaping attitudes toward oneself in Erikson's stage of a. trust versus mistrust. b. initiative versus guilt. c. industry versus inferiority. d. integrity versus despair.

28. With aging there is a decline of __________ intelligence, but not of __________ intelligence. a. fluid; fixed b. fixed; fluid

c. fluid; crystallized d. crystallized; fluid

29. The single most important thing you might do for a dying person is to a. avoid disturbing that person by not mentioning death. b. allow that person to talk about death with you. c. tell that person about the stages of dying.

d. keep your visits short and infrequent in order to avoid tiring that person.

30. The five-factor model of personality includes a. social interactionism. b. neuroticism. c. agreeableness.

d. sense of humor.

31. An adjective checklist would most likely be used by a a. psychodynamic therapist. b. behaviorist.

c. humanistic therapist. d. trait theorist.

32. Jung believed that there are basic universal concepts in all people regardless of culture called a. persona.

b. collective consciousness. c. archetypes. d. mandalas.

33. Behaviorists are to the external environment as humanists are to a. stress.

b. personal growth. c. humankind.

d. internal conflicts.

34. Self-actualization refers to

a. a tendency that causes human personality problems. b. what it is that makes certain men and women famous. c. anyone who is making full use of his or her potentials.

d. the requirements necessary for becoming famous, academically distinguished, or rich.

35. If you were asked to describe the personality of your best friend, and you said she was optimistic, reserved, and friendly, you would be using the __________ approach. a. psychodynamic b. analytical c. humanistic d. trait

36. The halo effect refers to

a. the technique in which the frequency of various behaviors is recorded. b. the use of ambiguous or unstructured stimuli.

c. the process of admitting experience into consciousness.

d. the tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to unrelated details of personality.

37.A truck gets stuck under a bridge. Several tow-trucks are unable to pull it out. At last a little boy walks up and asks the red-faced adults trying to free the truck why they haven't let the air out of the truck's tires. Their oversight was due to a. divergent thinking. b. cognitive style. c. synesthesia. d. fixation.

38. __________ thinking goes from specific facts to general principles. a. Deductive b. Inductive c. Divergent d. Convergent

39. In most anxiety disorders, the person's distress is a. focused on a specific situation. b. related to ordinary life stresses.

c. greatly out of proportion to the situation. d. based on a physical cause.

40. The antisocial personality

a. avoids other people as much as possible.

b. is relatively easy to treat effectively by psychotherapy. c. tends to be selfish and lacking remorse. d. usually gives a bad first impression.

41. One who is quite concerned with orderliness, perfectionism, and a rigid routine might be classified as a(n) __________ personality. a. histrionic

b. obsessive-compulsive c. schizoid d. avoidant

42. In psychoanalysis, patients avoid talking about certain subjects. This is called a. avoidance. b. transference. c. analysis. d. resistance.

43. In psychoanalysis, an emotional attachment to the therapist that symbolically represents other important relationships is called a. resistance. b. transference. c. identification. d. empathy.

44. In aversion therapy a person __________ to associate a strong aversion with an undesirable habit. a. knows b. learns c. wants d. hopes

45. Behavior modification involves

a. applying non-directive techniques such as unconditional positive regard to clients. b. psychoanalytic approaches to specific behavior disturbances.

c. the use of learning principles to change behavior.

d. the use of insight therapy to change upsetting thoughts and beliefs.

46. A cognitive therapist is concerned primarily with helping clients change their a. thinking patterns. b. behaviors. c. life-styles. d. habits.

47.__________ is best known for his research on conformity. a. Asch b. Rubin c. Schachter d. Zimbardo

48. Solomon Asch's classic experiment (in which subjects judged a standard line and comparison lines) was arranged to test the limits of a. social perception. b. indoctrination. c. coercive power. d. conformity.

49. Aggression is best defined as a. hostility. b. anger.

c. any action carried out with the intent of harming another person. d. none of these

50. Which of the following is the longest stage of grieving for most people? a. shock b. anger c. depression d. agitation

51. Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of psychology? A) science B) therapy C) behavior

D) mental process

52．The term psychopathology refers to A) the study of psychology.

B) study of psychological disorders.

C) the distinction between psychologists and psychiatrists. D) the focus of counseling psychology.

53. In which area of psychology would a researcher interested in how individuals persist to attain a difficult goal (like graduating from college) most likely specialize?

A) motivation and emotion B) physiological psychology C) social psychology

D) community psychology

54. A psychologist who focused on the ways in which people's family background related to their current functioning would be associated with which psychological approach? A) the behavioral approach B) the psychodynamic approach C) the humanistic approach D) the cognitive approach

55. The researcher most associated with functionalism is A) William James. B) Wilhelm Wundt. C) Charles Darwin. D) E. B. Titchener.

56. A psychologist is attempting to understand why certain physical characteristics are rated as attractive. The psychologist explains that certain characteristics have been historically adaptive, and thus are considered attractive. This explanation is consistent with which of the following approaches?

A) the sociocultural approach B) the humanistic approach C) the cognitive approach D) the evolutionary approach

57. Which approach would explain depression in terms of disordered thinking? A) the humanistic approach B) the evolutionary approach C) the cognitive approach D) the sociocultural approach

58. Which of the following would a sociocultural psychologist be likely to study? A) the impact of media messages on women's body image

B) the way in which neurotransmitters are implicated in the development of eating disorders C) the impact of thinking patterns on weight management D) the benefits of exercise in preventing obesity

59. Why is psychology considered a science? A) It focuses on internal mental processes. B) It classifies mental disorders.

C) It focuses on observation, drawing conclusions, and prediction. D) It focuses on behavior.

60. Why is it important to study positive psychology?

A) Psychologists are only interested in the experiences of healthy persons.

B) We get a fuller understanding of human experience by focusing on both positive and negative

aspects of life.

C) Negative experiences in people's lives tell us little about people's mental processes. D) Psychology has been too focused on the negative

IV. Blank filling

1. 2. 3. 4.

The perspective that focuses on how perception is organized is called psychology. A(n) is a broad explanation and prediction concerning a phenomenon of interest. The variable is expected to change as a result of the experimenter's manipulation. Bill refuses to leave his house because he knows spiders live outside. Bill is most clearly suffering from a .

5. Learned _______ may develop when a person is repeatedly exposed to negative events over which he/she has no control.

6. Troublesome thoughts that cause a person to engage in ritualistic behaviors are called ________.

7. Psychologists consider deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressful behaviors to be ______.

8. Ken is impulsive, reckless, and shows no remorse when he hurts other people. He is often in trouble with the law. Kevin is most likely to be diagnosed with _______ personality disorder.

9. The researcher known as the \

10. Asking someone to think about their conscious experience while listening to poetry would be an example of _______.

11. The field of psychology that is interested in workplace behavior is called Industrial and ___________ psychology.

12. ________ is a statistic that measures the strength of the relationship between two variables. 13. In a set of data, the number that occurs most often is called the ______. 14. In a set of data, the average score is called the _______.

15. A study that collects data from participants over a period of time is known as a(n) ______. 16. The variable that a researcher manipulates is called the _______ variable. 17. _______statistics are used to test a hypothesis.

18. A mental framework for how a person will think about something is called a ______.

19. Rapid skeletal and sexual development that begins to occur around ages nine to eleven is called _______.

20. A generalization about a group that does not take into account differences among members of that group is called a(n) ________.

21. Feeling the same way as another, or putting yourself in someone else's shoes, is called ______.

22. Feelings or opinions about people, objects, and ideas are called _______.

23. When you saw a movie in a crowded theater you found yourself laughing out loud with everyone else. When you saw it at home, though, you still found it funny but didn't laugh as much. This is an example of ________ contagion.

24. When Carlos first sat next to Brenda in class he didn't think much of her. After sitting next to her every day for a month he really likes her. This is best explained by the ________ effect.

V．True or false (10 points, 1 point each)

1 Positive psychology is not interested in the negative things that happen in people's lives. A) True

B) False

2 The behavioral approach is interested in the ways that individuals from different cultures behave. A) True B) False

3. Developmental psychologists focus solely on the development of children. A) True B) False

4. Psychologists study behavior and mental processes. A) True B) False

5. Meta-analysis examines many studies to draw a conclusion about an effect. A) True B) False

6. The 50th percentile is the same as the median. A) True B) False

7. The standard deviation is a measure of central tendency. A) True B) False

8. Variables can only have one operational definition. A) True B) False

9. The scores for 5 participants are 3, 2, 6, 3, and 7. The range is 4. A) True B) False

10. In correlational research, variables are not manipulated by the researcher. A) True

B) False

11. The placebo effect refers to experimenter bias influencing the behavior of participants. A) True B) False

Carol and Armando work together, go to school together, and socialize together. Carol notices that Armando is always on time to work and class and is never late when they make plans. One day, Armando is late to class. It is likely that Carol would make an external attribution about Armando's lateness. A) True B) False

12. Violence in movies and television has no effect on people's levels of aggression. A) True B) False

13. Rioting behavior is usually understood to occur because of groupthink. A) True B) False

14. Small groups are more prone to social loafing than larger groups. A) True B) False

15. Piaget believed that children were active participants in their cognitive development. A) True

B) False

16 A strong ethnic identity helps to buffer the effects of discrimination on well-being. A) True B) False

17. Older adults experience more positive emotions than younger adults. A) True B) False

18. Harlow's research showed that infant monkeys preferred to spend time with the \or cloth) on which they were nursed. A) True B) False

19. To help adolescents research their full potential, parents should be effective managers of their children. A) True B) False

20. Emerging adulthood is the period between 18 and 30 years of age. A) True B) False

21. Health psychologists work only in mental health domains. A) True B) False

VI. Essays questions (20 points, 10 points each)

1. What is qualitative research interview?

2. What is bystander effect? When is it most likely to occur? How can its effects be minimized? 3. How important is fathering to children?

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