专八改错练习及答案

2011年5月

1.

One important outcome of the work on the expression of genes in developing embryos is sure to be knowledge that can help preventing birth defects. Just as promising (26) is the possibility of unraveling the complicated writing (27) of the brain. A mechanic gets valuable insight how an (28) automobile works by rebuilding car engines; similarly, neuroscientists can learn how the brain functions from (29) the way it is put together. The next step pursuing the (30) goal is to find out how the blueprint genes, the home box genes, control the expression of other genes that create the valves and piston of the working cerebral engine.

The protein encoded by the latter genes could change the (31) stickiness of the cell surface, the shape of the cell or its metabolism to create the characteristic peculiar to, say, neurons or neural-crest cell. Surface proteins may be the (32) mechanism, whereby similar programmed cells stick together to form specific structures; they might also sense (33) the local environment to help the cell decide what is to do.

Clarifying those mechanisms will engage the best talents in(34) embryology and molecular biology for some times to come. (35) What is perhaps the most intriguing question of all is if the brain is powerful enough to solve the puzzle of its own creation.

2.

Cities can be frightened places. The majority of the population live in noisy massive tower blocks. __1__

The sense of belonging to a community tends to appear when you live thirty floors up in a skyscraper. __2__

Strange enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, __3__

nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks even say hello to each other. __4__

Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally keep the inhabitants of a small village together. __5__

People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help.

So country life has disadvantages too. For example, shopping becomes a major problem and __6__for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go for an expedition to the nearest large town. __7__

The country has the advantage of peaceful and quiet, but suffers from the is advantages of being cut off. __8__

The city has noise and population which do harm to human health. But one of their main advantages is that __9__ you are at the centre of things and that life doesn?t come to an end even at ten at night. Some people have found a compromise be-tween the two: they expressed their preference for the quiet life by leaving for the city and moving to the __10__country within commuting distance of the large city. 3、

Successful aging is a psychological feat. Fear for death, for example, may sometimes oppress you.__1__

even when this is successfully overcome, there is still something for you to deal with-loneliness.

Loneliness can speed your demise no matter conscientiously you care for your body. __2__

“We go through life surrounded by protective convoys of others,” says Robert Kahn,

a psychologist of the University of Michigan who studied the health effects of companionship. __3__

“People who manage to maintain a network of social support do best.” One study of elderly

heart-attack patients found that those with two or more close associations enjoyed twice __4__

the one-year survival rate of those who were completely alone.Companionship aside,

healthy oldsters seem to share a knack for managing stress, poison that contributesmeasurably to heart disease, __5__

cancer and accidents. Researchers have also been kinked successful aging to mental stimulation.__6__

An idle brain will deteriorate just as sure as an unused leg, __7__

notes Dr. Gene Cohen, Head of the gerontology center at George ashington University.

But just as exercise can prevent muscle atrophy, mental challenges seem to preserve __8__

both the mind and the immune system. But what most impresses researchers

who study the oldest old is his simple drive and resilience. “People who reach 100 are not quitters,”__9__

says Adler of the National Centenarian Awareness Project. “They share a remarkable

ability to renegotiate life in every turn, to accept the inevitable losses And move on.” __10__ 4

In the United States there are, strict speaking, __1__

no national holiday, for each state must, through legislative enactment or executive proclamation, __2__

appoint the day which each holiday is celebrated. Congress and the president may establish legal holidays__3__

for the District of Columbia and for federal employees throughout the states and territories;

and by long custom,days that receive nationwide observation, such as Christmas, Thanksgiving, __4__

Labor Day, Independent Day, and New Year?s Day, are uniformly set __5__

apart by all states as legal, or public holidays. In 1968, federal legislation established Columbia Day __6__

as a legal holiday for the District of Columbia and for the federal government beginning at 1971. __7__

The law also provided begun in 1971 federal employees would be granted__8__

three-days weekends by observing Washington?s Birthday on the third Monday in February, __9__

Memorial Day on the last Monday in May, Columbus Day on the second Monday in October,

and Veteran Day on the forth Monday on October. By 1971, most of the states also adopted the new dates. __10__ 5、

One of our main arguments is that we in Western countries actually have part to play in causing the __1__

problems of the Third World. Many Third World countries are saddle with immense debt burdens, for __2__

example. They were lent money with low interest rates in the 1970s, when money flooded into Western banks__3__

from the oil-producing countries and was lent out to the Third World. The interest rates have then been risen __4__

dramatically. So you have a situation where a country in many cases can?t even repay the interest, letting alone__5__

the capital, on the debt. And I suppose the best example from what I have come across is a country in

West Africa where the consumption, the local consumption of peanuts was banned, because peanuts,

if they are imported can bring in a great deal of foreign income. The peanut is a major source of __6__

protein in this country.So you have people go hungry as a result of that. __7__

The peanuts were exported to Great Britain and the United States to feed our cattle.Those cattle then produced

a surplus of milk which we do not know what to do with.We have enough milk, more milk than we can cope

with in the Western World.And also that milk was transformed into dried milk powder and then taken back to this country __8__

to help feed children who were suffering from malnutrition. So that?s the kind of insanely economic relationship__9__

that we have got ourselves in the Third World. __10__

6

Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately,

that message has not gotten through to the average American, that would rather try switching to __1__

\beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example,

found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults were trying to shed __2__

pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.

In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by calorie-expending charts; __3__

for example, one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work the 275 calories in one __4__

delicious Danish pastry. Even exercise professionals concede half a point here.

\in itself is a very tough way to lose weight,\says York Onnen, __5__

the program director of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. __6__

Therefore, exercise's supporting role in weight reduction is vital. __7__

A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public

employees confirmed that those who diet without exercise regained almost all their old weight, __8__

while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.

If you decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn

an extra 100 calories daily. In a year's time, assumed no increase in __9__

food taken, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks gradually __10__

and making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight 7

Henry Fielding, the famous novelist who was also

26) a London magistrate, once made a night raid to two known hideouts in this city-within-a-city; he found seven men, women, and children packed away in a few tiny

27) stinking rooms. All of these people, included little children of five and six who were trained as pick-pockets, were wanted for crime. Conditions like these bred more criminals. One of the

28) typical cases was that Jack Shepard, whose execution in 1724 was watched by two hundred thousand people. Shepard, the son of honest working people, was an

29) apprentice in a respectful trade. He ran away from it because he fancied that he had been ill-treated, and soon

30) found it was easy to make more money by thieving

31) as his father had done by a lifetime of honest work.

32) In Shepard?s day highwaymen committed robberies at broad daylight, in sight of a crowd, and rode solemnly and

33) triumphantly through the town with danger of molestation. If they were chased, twenty or thirty armed men were ready

34) to come to their assistance. Murder was a everyday affair,

35) and there were many people who made heroes from the murderers. 8

I think it is true to saying that, in general, language teachers (26)

have paid little attention to the way sentences are used in combination to form stretches of disconnected discourse. They have tended to take (27)

their cue from the grammarian and have concentrated to the teaching (28)

of sentences as self-contained units. It is true that these are often represented in \exts\and strung together in dialogues and (29)

reading passages, but these are essentially setting to make the formal properties of the sentences stand out more clearly, properties which are then established in the learners brain(30)

by means of practice drill and exercises. Basically, the language teaching unit is the (31)

sentence as a formal linguistic object. The language teachers view of what that constitutes knowledge of a language is essentially the same (32)

as Chomskys knowledge of a syntactic structure of sentences, (33)

and of the transformational relations which hold them. Sentences are seen as paradigmatically rather than syntagmatically related. Such a knowledge \the basis for the actual use of language by the speaker-hearer\

The assumption that the language appears to make (34)

is that once this basis is provided, then the learner will have no difficulty in the dealing with the actual use of language. (35) 9

What is corporate culture? At its most basic, it?s described like the personality of an organization, __1__

or simply as “how things are done around here.” It guides what employees think, act, and feel. __2__

Corporate culture is a wide term used to define the unique personality __3__

or character of a particular company or organization, and include such elements as core values __4__

and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior. Corporate culture can be expressed in the

company?s mission statement and other communications, in the architectural style or interior decoration,

by what people wear to work, by how people address to each other, and in the titles given to various __5__

employees. How do you uncover the corporate culture of a potential employer? The truth is that you will never really know the corporate culture after you have worked at the company for a number of months, __6__

but you can get close to it through research and observation. Understanding culture is a

two-step process, starting with the research before the interview and ending with observation __7__

at the interview. The bottom line is that you are going to spend a lot of time on the work environment- __8__

and to be happy, successful, and productive, you will want to be ina place where you fit for the culture, __9__

a place where you can have voice, be respected, and have opportunities for growth. __10__

10

Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents,

heis fed, looked after and loved, what he may do, It is improbable that he will ever again in his life __1__

be given so much without having to do anything in turn. In addition, life is always presenting __2__

new things to the child—things that have lost their interesting for older people because __3__

they are too well-known. A child finds pleasure in playing in the rain, or in the snow.

His first visit to the seaside is a marvelous adventure. But a child has his pains:He is not so free to do__4__

as he wishes as he thinks old people do; he is continually being told not to do things,

or being punished for that he has done wrong. His life is therefore __5__

not longer perfectly happy. When the young man starts to earn his own living, __6__

he becomes free from the discipline of school and parents;but at the same time he

is forced to accept responsibilities.He can not longer expect others to pay for his food, his clothes,

and his room,but has to work if he wants to live comfortable. If he spends most of his time playing about in __7__

the way that he used to as a child, he will suffer hungry. __8__

And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break

the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. If, therefore, __9__

he works hard, keeps out of trouble and has good health,

he can have the great happiness of seeing himself making steady progress in his job __10__

and of building up for himself his own position in society. 11

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose

productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States

and Europe.But increasingly the Japanese is seeing a decline __1__

of their traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young

people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their

primary reason for being,but now Japan has large __2__

fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.

The coming of the age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into __3__

the male-dominated job market has limited the opportunities of teen-agers who __4__

are already questioning the heavy personalsacrifices involved climbing __5__

Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey,

it was found that only 24.5percent Japanese students were fully satisfied with__6__

school life,compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States.

In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than

did their counterparts in the 10 countries surveyed. While often__7__

praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics.

Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanic learning __8__

over creativity and self-expression. Last year Japan experienced 2,125incidents

of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers.

Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar

emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Detoyama,who was then education

minister, raised his eyebrow when he argued that liberal reforms introduced__9__

by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened

the \morality of respect of parents.\__10__

12

About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____

pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____

University.

The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____

within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____

families to moderate size.

This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal

deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____

the United Nation?s Children?s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control

respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____

risk categories.

The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____

maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____

pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____

mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____

two years apart. 13

“Home, sweet home” is a phrase that express an essential

attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the

family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1_____

has great importance for many people.

This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream,

dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers

of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2_____

for one?s family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3_____

portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,

even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to _____4_____

support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5_____

of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the

United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6_____

is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.

When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7_____

they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8_____

a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in

the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9_____

a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their _____10_____

way of life.

14

The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1__

have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2__

monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one

occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3__

found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from

one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.

Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4__

“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England

was designated “the King?s fish” because it automatically belonged

to the Crown.

Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5__

wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and

exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6__

Even though some species are protected by the regulations of

the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale

hunting is regulated, but the earth?s stock of whales is still being __7__

depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8__

there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will

be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9__

awe-inspiring creature that always fed man?s imagination and __10__

made the world a more exciting place

15

We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1__

languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2__

more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3__

is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4__

animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5__

and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6__

understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, __7__

language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when

language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language

is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8__

Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9__

of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the

necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people

have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than

some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which __10__

takes language as its object of investigation. 16

The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1__

have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2__

monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one

occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3__

found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from

one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.

Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4__

“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England

was designated “the King?s fish” because it automatically belonged to the Crown.

Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5__

wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and

exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6__

Even though some species are protected by the regulations of

the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale

hunting is regulated, but the earth?s stock of whales is still being __7__

depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8__

there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will

be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9__

awe-inspiring creature that always fed man?s imagination and __10__

made the world a more exciting place 17

We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1__

languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2__

more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3__

is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4__

animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5__

and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6__

understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, __7__

language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when

language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language

is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8__

Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9__

of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the

necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people

have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than

some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which __10__

takes language as its object of investigation.

18

Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can?t help being strucked by the __1__appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.

The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year, a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8__decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial.

Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__ 19

Demographic indicators show that Americans in the post war period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women

and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height __1___

after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” __2__

These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but temporary __3__

reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early

1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than their __4__

Europe counterparts. __5__

Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who formed __6__

families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a __7__

postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of __8__

couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United States __9__

maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world,

the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. __10__

Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.

20

When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately start meeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the __1__

way they occupied the space around them—for example, when such a person walks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never __2__

bump into other people.

However, a second person thought that this was more a question of civilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, __3__

it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited __4__

to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American __5__

hasn?t been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had __6__

known about American food, he might have behaved better. __7__

Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, to

him, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that __8__

it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, __9__

said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. __10__

And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.

21

A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their

original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is __1__

going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of __2__

prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the

edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of __3__

seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is __4__

the scale. Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of

Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very __5__

dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today—the poor can still be numbered __6__

in millions.

The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies __7__

two myths; the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants __8__

from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the __9__

country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them flood __10__

-ing out again to the suburbs.

22

Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect, __1__

while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence __2__

of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact __3__

the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.

From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through __4__

the eighteenth and nineteenth century, becoming enormously popular in __5__

the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially,

this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and __6__

magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his __7__

portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was __8__

close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the __9__

string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended __10__

by amiable attacks. 23

Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They __1__

would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid called

ice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. __2__

However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned that water consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen __3__

and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.

This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam.

Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and

the solid, all of which is made up of molecules with the formula H2O. __4__

This is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist as

gases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as a

solid, but if we will heat it in a furnace, it will melt and become a __5__

liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. Nothing

very permanent occurs when a gas changes into a liquid or a solid.

Everyone knows that ice, which has been made by freezing water,

can be melted again by warmed and that steam can be condensed __6__

on a cold surface to become liquid water. In fact, it is only because

water is so a familiar substance that different names are used for __7__

the solid, liquid and gas. Most substances are only familiar with __8__

us in one state, because the temperatures requiring to turn them __9__

into gases are very high, or the temperatures necessary to turn them

into solids are so low. Water is an exception in this respect, which

is another reason why its three states have given three different names. __10__

24

Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They __1__

would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid called

ice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. __2__

However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned that water consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen __3__

and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.

This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam. Classic Intention Movement

In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is “the

chair-grasp”. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. His urge __1__

to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest. If he did __2__

not care of his guest?s feelings he would simply get up out of his chair __3__

and to announce his departure. This is what his body wants to do, __4__

therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him __5__

raise. It is at this point that he performs the chair-grasp Intention __6__

Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans

forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. __7__

This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not __8__

hesitating, it would only last the fraction of the second. He would lean, __9__

push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He

holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. It is as if his __10__

body had frozen at the get-ready moment.

25

The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human __1__

ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods __2__

An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize gathering plants foods, one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,

Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer?s calories come from __3__

plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University

of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food

than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible __4__

calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. __5__

Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no __6__

one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections

or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence __7__

of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little

dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood

cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). __8__

If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly __9__

could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. __10__ 26

There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt ?naturally? and unconsciously, and orthography __1__

is learnt deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds __2__

like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when we __3__

firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, __4__

whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We __5__

begin the ?natural? learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to

read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and __6__

practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every __7__

day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling.

This is ? natural?, therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our im- __8__

mediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates a means of holding a

community and to give a sense of ?belonging?. We learn quite early to recognize a __9__

?stranger?, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community—perhaps

only a few miles far. __10__

27

Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised __1__

hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, __2__

enjoys the hunter?s triumph of killing his prey. __3__

To understand how this transformation has taken place we

must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million __4__

year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success __5__

in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their __6__

bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers,

aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group __7__

attackers.

Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative __8__

period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence,

so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use—that of penning, __9__

controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms,

awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer __10__

essential for survival. 28

During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. The marketing of wheat __1__

became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. __2__

War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop.

For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn,

so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that __3__

they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, __4__

just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producers __5__

groups asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become __6__

involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. __7__

Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed __8__

a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917

and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices

fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government appointed __9__

the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. __10__

29

you have on view. When i was a boy i was tortured by shyness, __4__

and middle age has to a great extent brought me a relief of this. I __5__

have now no such feeling and i save myself much discomfort. I always

hated cold water, but for many years i bath in cold seas because __6__

i wanted to be like everybody. __7__

It was until quite late in life that i discovered how easy it was __8__

to say:\don't know.\i find with middle age no one expects me to

walk twenty-five miles, or to play a scratch game of golf, or to dive

from a height of thirty feet. This is all to the good and makes life

pleasant, but i should no longer care if they do. That is what makes __9__

youth unhappy, the vehement anxiety to be like other people, and

that is what makes middle age intolerable, the reconciliation with __10__oneself. 33

Whether the eyes are \windows of the soul\is debatable;

they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a __1__

fact. During the first two months of a baby's life, the stimuli that __2__

produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not to be real: a __3__

mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human

face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, or will the sight of __4__

only one eye when the face is presented on profile. This attraction to __5__

eyes opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. __6__

In one study, when American four-year-old were asked to draw __7__

people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, and 99 percent __8__

of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, furthermore, where babies __9__

are carried on their mother's back, infants do not acquire as much

attachment to eyes like they do in other cultures. As a result, __10__

Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode

meaning. 34

Culture in general is concerned about beliefs and values on the __1__

basis of which peope interpret experiences and behave, individually

and in groups. Broadly and simply putting, \refers to a __2__

group or community with that you share common experiences that __3__

shape the way how you understand the world. Culture is the \__4__

through which you view the world, it is central to what you see,

how you make sense of what you see, and how you express yourself.

Culture is often at the root of communication challenges. Exploring

historical experiences and the ways in which various cultural

groups have related to each other is key to open channels for cross- __5__

cultural communication. Becoming more beware of cultural differences, __6__

as well as exploring cultural similarities, can help you comminicate

with the others more effectively. Next time you find yourself __7__

a confusing situation, ask yourself how culture may be shaping your __8__

own reactions, and try to see the world from the other's point of

view. Anthropologists discovered that, when faced by interaction

that we do not understand, people tend to interpret the others

involved as \\or \wrong\Awareness of cultureal

differences and recognizing where cultural differences are in work __9__

is the first step toward understanding each other and establish your __10__

own assumptions about the \way of doing things and as a

chance to learn new ways to solve problems.

35

Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as

ten years before, you can't help being strucked by the __1__

appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and

make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__

short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicurous.

The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__

There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that

they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__

by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__

have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__

style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,

a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__

on the law and women whole world over run to obey. The __8__

decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial.

Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__

waist will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__

36

The tendency nowadays to wander in wildernesses is delightful

to see. Thousands of tired, nerve-shaking, over-civilized people are __1__

beginning to find out that going to mountains is going home; that wildness is a necessity; and mountain parks and reservations are __2__

useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, and as __3__

fountains of life. Awakening from the stupefying effects of the

vicious of over-industry and the deadly apathy of luxury, they are __4__

trying as best they can to mix and enrich their own little ongoings

with that of Nature, and to get rid of rust and disease. Briskly __5__

venturing and roaming, some are washing off sins and cares of the

devil's spinning in storms on mountains, bending down and parting

sweet, flowery sprays; tracing rivers back their sources, getting in __6__

touch with the nerves of Mother Earth; jumping from rock to rock, panting in whole-souled exercise, and rejoicing in deep, long-drawn

breathes of pure wildness. This is fine and natural and full of promise. __7__

So also was the growing interest in the care and preservation of __8__

forests and wild places in general, and in the half wild parks and gardens of towns. Even the scenery exists in its most artificial forms, mixed with spectacles, silliness, and kodaks; its devotees

arrayed gorgeously than scarlet tanagers, frightening the wild game __9__

with red umbrellas,--even this is encouraging, and may well be

regarded as a hopeful sign of times. __10__

参考答案：

1、 26.preventing改为prevent

27.complicated改为complexion 28.sight后加into

29.neuroscientist改为a neuroscientist 30.pursuing后加in 31.later改为latter 32.similar改为similarly 33.去掉is 34.times改为time 35.if改为whether

2、

1.把frightened改为frightening。frightened是“受到惊吓的”，表明心理状态，而frightening表示“令人害怕的”，表示事物性质。

2.把appear改为disappear。“当你住在摩天大厦的三十层里”，可以推测这里要表达的是归属感的消失，而不是产生归属感。

3.把Strange改为Strangely。Strangely enough，是固定短语，经常用作插入语，意思是“说也奇怪，最奇怪的是”。

4.在say前面加上don?t。此处说的是，现在住在同一层楼的人甚至见面都不打招呼。

5.把keep改为keeps。in that 引导的句子主语应该是 a sense，故谓语应为单数。本句的意思是，农村生活与这种隔绝孤立的生活不同，因为一种归属感把小村里的居民联系在一起。

6.把so 改为but/yet。上文提到了乡村生活的好处，下文是转折，要用but或者yet。

7.把for改为on。“去远征”应该用go on a expedition，而go for 的意思是“去找，努力获取，拥护”。

8.把peaceful改为peace。of 后面不应该用形容词，所以应该改为peace。这里需要注意的是quiet既是名词又是形容词，不要被迷惑。

9.把their改为its。此处的代词应该指代上文的 the city。

10.删除leaving后面的for，或者把for改为from。leave表示“离开某地”，而leave for表示“离开某地去另外一个地方”，for后面接的是目的地。本句说的是离开城市，搬到乡村，所以for是多余的。 3、

1.把for改为of。与fear搭配的介词通常是of，表示对…的恐惧。

2.在no matter后面加上how

3.在studied前面加上has。本文的基调是一般现在时，此句的主语也是现在时，定语从句介绍Roberts做过的研究项目，所以用现在完成时比较合适。

4.把associations改为associates。本句的意思是：一项对高龄心脏病人的研究发现，有两个或者两个以上亲密伙伴陪同的病人在一年危险期的幸存几率是完全无人陪伴的病人的两倍。

5.在poison前面加上a。不定冠词修饰不可数名词，该名词后面再加上定语成分对该词进一步说明。

6.删除been

7.把sure改为surely

8.把but改为and。本句与上一段最后一句在结构(just as)上相似，在意义上是递进关系，不应该用转折连词衔接，用and合适。

9.把his改为their。此处的代词应该代替the oldest old， the oldest old 表示一类人可以用单数也可以用复数，但是下文提到这些年事极高的老人都用了复数，所以此处也要改为复数，使上下文一致。

10.把in改为at。词组at every turn意思为“ 时时，经常”。 4、

1.strict改为strictly

2.holiday改为holidays。因为原句的谓语动词为复数are，所以holiday必须使用复数。另外no后面可以用复数也可以用单数。

3.which前面加上on。因为先行词the day在关系从句钟做状语，还原回去应为：each holiday is celebrated on the day，所以必须加on。

4.obsevation改为observance。observation意思为“观察，观测”，observance则表示“遵守，庆祝”。

5.Independent改为Independence。独立日的说法是“Independence Day”。

6.apart改为aside。set apart 指“使分离，使分开”，语义不同，set aside表示“留出，保留”的意思。

7.at改为in

8.begun改为beginning。动词begin和分句的主语federal employees的关系是主动的，应此要用beginning。

9.three-days 改为three-day。用连字符连接起来的表示数量的名词的前置修饰语的复数概念仍然是单数，如：a million-pound banknote。

10.also前面加had。如果一个句子里面有by引导的时间状语从句则动词一般用完成体。 5、

1.在part前加上a。词组have a part to play in…的意思是“有份儿”

2.saddle改为saddled。此处为被动语态，应该把动词变为过去分词形式。

3.把with改为at。此处介词与interest rates搭配。

4.删除been(这里应该是把risen改为rising，答案应该错了)。rise是不及物动词，不用于被动语态。

5.把letting改为let。let alone 意思为“更不用提”。

6.把imported改为exported。下文说花生可以带来外汇收益，出口才会带来外汇，所以此处应用exported。

7.把have改为had。上文提到该国禁止本国消费花生这件事用的是过去时。

8.把also改为so。必须把与此相关的几个句子联系在一起理解，上文说：花生出口到英国和美国去喂了牛，而牛又产出了过剩的牛奶，我们不知道怎么处理这些牛奶。在西方世界，

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