《研究生英语综合教程》参考翻译

it Four

我国在世界上的竞争力

很高兴有机会为贵校系列经济研讨会举行开幕式，因为我认为，在经济飞速变化的当今时代，教育界起着至关重要的作用。我国的企业和工人面临一系列强大力量，这些力量将影响今后我国在世界上的竞争能力。成功地使工人和管理人员做好准备，驾驭这些力量，将是决定结果的一个重要因素。

其中最核心的力量，是计算机和电信技术的加速发展。人们有理由地期望，这种发展将使我们在21世纪的生活水平显著提高。但是，在短期内，飞速的科技变革产生这样一种情况，其中多数管理人员与工人借以工作的工厂和设备的更迭速度加快，给人这样一种感觉，即人的技能正以美国历史上前所未有的速度老化过时。我将设法把这一极不寻常的现象放在我国经济大变革的背景下来探讨，并希望说明，教育，尤其是提高高级技能，对今后我国经济的增长为何如此重要。

几乎可以肯定，财富的创造都是伴随着人们利用日益增长的知识和不断增长的资本，生产出有价值的商品和服务。借助各种市场价格，企业家们竭力弄清那些人们看重的各类产品和服务。

一个世纪之前，至少我们许多的努力是用于生产衣食住行方面的产品。只有当农作物产量提高，蒸汽动力得以开发，纺织业效率提高时，现有的工作时间才能腾出来进行提供和消费选择性较大的商品和服务。我们制造汽车和冰箱，学会如何用越来越少的投入生产这些产品。随着这些商品进入大多数家庭，人们转而将精力用于创造较少受体积限制的高价值商品，如体积较小的晶体管电器，并进而提供各种无形服务——医疗、教育、娱乐和旅行等。

对每种商品或服务的各种特性分类定价，有助于其对每个人产生最大价值的价值最大化。努力扩大选择，以满足个人的特定需求，必将导致从比较直接地利用物质资源和劳动力，转变为利用思想和概念——或更笼统地说利用信息——去创造价值。

因此，毫不奇怪，在过去这个世纪中，美国实物实际国内总产值的最大一部分增长，归因于新的见解，更宽泛地说，归因于新的知识—如何重新安排客观物质，以实现更高的生活水平。自本世纪以来，我国实物实际国内总产值中的物质实物投入，不论以体积或重量论，对经济增长的贡献都很有限。例如，我们用晶体管取代真空电子管，使收音机的体积大为缩小。细小的光纤电缆取代了巨大的成吨重的铜线。有了新的建筑技术、工程技术和材料技术，建造相同建筑面积的楼房所用的材料比五十年或一百年前少得多。最近，由于移动手机的改进，其体积大为缩小。

由于在技术上已可以细分使产品互有区别，以符合消费者经常提出的越来越细的选择，知识创造和转让的价值已提高。因此，我国先进的计算机及电信产品具有极高的价值，在知识领域成功创新的计算机公司及电信公司的股市价值特别高的原因，都是不难理解的。 可以期待，信息和其他技术的普及和有效应用，将使生产率大幅提高，使企业成本大为降低。当然，我们已经可以看到，质量控制的明显改进，已大幅减少代价极高的废品率和因此而损失的时间。而运用计算机和卫星技术研发出的更为复杂而精准盘存系统明显提高了货物流通的效率。新技术已广泛用于服务部门，例如在保健服务方面，诊断和治疗的改进特别令人难忘，还有在航空效率和安全方面，以及目前由文字处理、电传及语音邮件和电子邮件为主要设备的办公服务方面等。

技术的加速发展还与金融创新的迅速增加相辅相成，现在，通过全球网络几乎可以瞬间传

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递商业服务和金融交易。金融设备日益多样化，产品日益个性化以符合客户要求，市场竞争更加激烈。我国金融领域的范围和规模迅速扩大，这缘于其能够迅速为具有很高市场价值的产品和服务融资。

在此背景下，美国经济增长的前景，将在很大程度上取决于我国开发和应用新技术的能力。遗憾的是，我们发现，我们永远无法准确地预测哪种技术或哪几种技术，会极大地增长我们知识和从中获益的能力。

美国是否能继续成功地从技术进步中获益，这将取决于我们的企业处理风险和不确定性的能力。此外，由于科技在世界的迅速传播，我国将比以往任何时候都难以保持新思想和产品的领先。不过，在将科技突破转化为商品方面，我们尚未落后。

近来各种暂时的迹象表明，生产率增长可能在加快。即使结果并非像我们希望的那么好，但今后仍有可能因采用计算机和通讯系统而大幅提高效率。而过去的创新，例如电力的问世或汽油发动机的发明，需要建设大量基础设施，其潜力才能得到充分发挥。

此外，要充分有效地实现科技进步的效益，要求对管理人员和工人进行大量的人员培训投入，因为他们必将运用各种创新；他们必须一生准备好适应创新带来的不断变化。

广博的人力资本技能历来与高等教育有关，因此，对受过大学教育的工人的需求一直在迅速增长。结果是，在过去十五年中，仅有中学以下文凭就停止正规教育的工人的收入，与大学毕业生的收入相比，有了巨大的差距。不过，在教育程度相同的工人群体中，工资的差距也在扩大。这说明，较高的认识技能和领悟能力在广大的领域越来越重要，而基本的证书其本身不足以保证取得工作成功。

显然，我们的教育机构将继续在培养工人达到这些需求方面起重要作用。重返正规教育的人数正在增加。针对这种强大的信号，向社会提供受过大学教育的劳动力一直在增加。传统的大学学龄青年的入学率，在上世纪70年代变化很小，但此后已急剧上升。同时，二十五岁和二十五岁以上的人，入学率明显上升。在这些年龄较大的学生中，许多人可能是在力图跟上就业市场不断变化的新要求。

实际上，工作性质不断变化，其重要的一个方面是，越来越多的工人可能必须在职业生涯中学习操作新工具。任何一级正规学位课程都可以精心设计以完全满足一生工作的要求，这种观念已受到挑战。因此，教育日益成为一项终身活动；各企业正在物色准备继续学习的雇员，许多行业的工人和管理人员已开始认识到，要保持他们的人力资本，就需要持之以恒的艰苦努力和灵活适应性。

在私营部门，一些大公司投资开办内部训练中心，即所谓的公司大学。从长远看，好的家教和中小学基础教育很重要，可为终身学习奠定基础。同时，我们一定要认识到，必须提高落伍者的技能和挣钱的能力。我们还必须拟订策略，克服为数太多的年轻人在教育方面的缺陷，并使那些不能适应变化的工作要求的工人更新技能。

工人生产率的提高与学习密不可分，这一认识在学校和工作场所体现得最为明显，应鼓励企业与教育在教育系统各级扩大联系。教育机构与私营部门建立桥梁，其回报是毕业生面对全球知识经济的挑战，他们准备的优劣程度。

21世纪的来临，必将给我们的企业、工人和教育系统带来新的挑战和新的可能性。我们无法知道，技术变革究竟会把我们引向何方。我们的经济体制和劳动力队伍将一如往昔努力做出调整，但我们必须认识到，调整并不是自动的。经济结构的种种转变自然会产生磨擦和精神压力，至少暂时会这样。但是，如果我们能够增加对人、思想、工艺和机器的投资，我国经济就能迅速适应变化，并支撑不断提高的生活水平。

Key to the exercises

Text Analysis and Comprehension

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1. inaugurate the economic seminar series; education

2. the accelerated expansion of computer and telecommunications technologies; our standard of living; the stock of plant and equipment; obsolete at a higher rate.

3. cars (or other modern products); refrigerators(or other modern products); crop yields increased, steam power was developed, textile fabrication became more efficient, and available work hours were freed; less constrained by limits of physical bulk; medical care; education; entertainment; travel

4. physical resources and manual labor; ideas and concepts; information; how to rearrange physical reality to achieve ever-higher standards of living

5. vacuum tubes; transistors; thin fiber optic cable; less physical material than was required 50 or 100 years ago; downsize

6. costly product rejects and lost time; improve the efficiencies of moving goods through more sophisticated, just-in-time, inventory systems.

7. business services and financial transactions now are transmitted almost instantaneously across global network.

8. develop and to apply new technology; the forefront of new ideas and products; the rapid international diffusion of technology.

9. considerable infrastructure; the part of managers and workers who have to implement new processes and who must be prepared to adapt, over their lifetimes, to the ongoing change that innovations bring

10. cognitive skills; conceptual abilities; lifelong; keep pace with the new demands evolving in the job market

11. child-rearing; basic education at the elementary and secondary school levels; the education deficiencies of all too many of our young people; the skills of workers who have not kept up with the changing demands of the workplace; business; education 12. C

13. people, ideas, and processes

Cloze

1. defined 2. wealth 3. exchange 4. economic 5. because 6. needs 7. infinite 8. automobile 9. commodities 10.Common 11. that 12. satisfied 13. same 14. feed 15. desires

Writing

I. Error Correction

1. A pen can be defined as something with which we can write.

2. When I want to get away from it all, there are three solitary pleasures I enjoy: walking quietly in the country, reading a good book, and listening to fine music.

3. Another reason why modern toys soon lose their appeal is that they are made of plastic commonly.

4. Jack was so drunk that he fell off the bike and lay by the road until the next morning.

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5. By the time the applicant makes up his mind, the offer will have been cancelled. 6. You would be irritated if you watched the mail pile up on your desk every day. 7. To be qualified for the job, one needs to have profound knowledge in electronics. 8. The decision having been made, what is to be done now is how to carry it out. 9. It has been proved that once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.

10. He warned his son not to go into the forest alone because he was fearful that some wild animals might hurt him.

II. Sentence Refining

A) Refining by Combining

1. We could spend our day off together shopping at the mall, or fishing.

2. After keeping an item for just a few months, children want to throw it away and get something new.

3. My sister, who is trying to teach me to play tennis, says that my forehand and serve are all right, but I need to work on strengthening my backhand.

4. Toni knows that she is not likely to get the vice-president’s job, but she wants the experience of applying for it.

5. The boy kept his electric train carefully boxed so that he could give it to his cousin.

6. Plastic costs almost nothing to make; and when painted in bright, vivid colors, it can see shiny and desirable.

7. Pirates cove, a small town on the coast of Maine, resembles the old New England seaports depicted in paintings hanging in country inns and seafood restaurants.

8. She had just arrived from a little town in the eastern Oregon, filled with ambition and dreaming of a great career in the theater.

B) Refining by Eliminating Wordiness

1. We must take a stand on this pressing issue.

2. Mr. Henderson arrived late for work because he stopped at many red lights. 3. The recently released report shows that many students like reading.

4. Before the travel agent finished explaining the differences among the unique vacation packages his travel agency was offering, the customer changed her plan.

III. Paragraph Editing

In modern society, more and more people think that the university should not provide so much theoretical knowledge but give students more practical training. In my opinion, it is necessary for the university o offer students with more opportunities of practical training.

University education aims at bringing up people well prepared for the society, which demands more practical ability now. However, many universities, without awareness of this fact, do not attach great importance to practical training, nor do they provide students with chances to practice what they have learnt. Students have to focus their study on books. Therefore after graduation, many students feel frustrated when they find it hard to get a job or to adapt to the

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working requirements. This is the failure of university education.

翻译技能要略之七：含义的反面表达 1. 我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。

2. 当纳赛尔由别人介绍与海卡尔见面时，他只简单地说：―我读过你写的文章，想不到你这样年轻。‖

3. 正如没有经历过大事的人一样，他是经不起成功也经不起失败的。

4. 她的注意力集中得过分了；她做这工作，精神上和肉体上都用不着那样紧张。 5. 我愿意接受你的建议。实际上，我太赞成你的看法了。 6. 趁他还没来得及阻拦我，我已经跑出了教室。

7. 我将诸位聚集一起的目的是，我们共同努力来解决危机影响的必要性远远没有结束。 8. 通常，我们读书时并没有一个明确统一的思想：要求小说要真实，诗歌可虚构，传记应颂扬，历史则应强化我们的成见。

9. 多年来，我们取得了巨大的成就，比任何其他人都繁荣昌盛，如果要找这其中的答案，那就是在这片土地上我们最大限度地解放了人的能量和才华，这是前所未有的。

10. 我想让你们毫无疑虑地明白在我任总统期间，无论涉及到谁，正义将得到公正地、完全地、客观地伸张。这个职务是一种神圣的信任，我下定决心不辜负这种信任。 11. Such a tour will be a most rewarding experience.

12. The old lady fell down from the stairs before she knew it. 13. I am afraid the matter has quite escaped his memory.

14. These basic principles must be kept in mind in our discussion.

15. This organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world place in it. 16. Sometimes the wronged forgets more easily than the wrongdoer.

17. No one of us should ever forget this bitter lesson and we must all take warning from it.

18. We cannot fail to realize that the later developments in Chinese painting, especially those made by the poetic and idealistic landscape painters, have been great advances over the Tang artists.

19. Yu Nan had a problem he couldn’t talk about. His wife, Wanying, was just too virtuous; she gave him no pretext for divorcing her.

20. The dethronement of Confucianism, therefore, will be assured when it is regarded not as the solitary source of spiritual, moral, and philosophical authority, but merely as one star in a great galaxy of philosophical luminaries.

21. Great scientists of the past produced scientific ideas which were the basis for human advances, but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before they were fully understood.

22. More than sixty years have passed, and what happened in this drawing class is deeply engraved on my memory. Though Mr. Hu is no longer around, his smiles are still vivid in my mind’s eye and his voice still ringing in my ears.

翻译技能要略之八：词语的单译成句

1. ??冬夜漫长，白昼苦短而多风雪，这种生活真是够他忍受的。 2. 他在化学方面有许多发现，但是他生性超脱，并未发表其研究成果。

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战”，他们的“辩论”变成了“大规模冲突”，在冲突中，马萨里斯“击败”了科利尔（不是他的论点，而是他这个人）。而评论员所遗憾的是“观众们杀戮的欲望”，观众们的情绪被辩论会进行的方式所感染，他们只想看到科利尔的惨败。

这就是把交流不同观点看成是一场斗争最危险的一面。它会引发敌对情绪，而这种情绪会像高烧一样蔓延开去。在一个人们用枪击来发泄愤怒的社会中，如果把与我们持不同见解的人都妖魔化，那么后果将是悲剧性的。

观众们的心中真的有“杀戮欲”吗，还是他们所观看的表演激发了他们的“杀戮欲”呢？另一个发生在艺术界的事件是一个剧作家和一个话剧总监之间的辩论。这次，辩论不是被比喻成战争，而是被比喻成一场拳击赛 ---- 这项运动，和辩论一样，从本质上来说就是一场战斗，需要你全身心地投入战斗才能取胜。报道这件事的新闻大标题为“拳击场一角”，副标题为“黑人剧作家和白人评论家的角斗”。新闻是这样写的：

??这是一场奥古斯特·威尔逊与罗伯特·布鲁斯汀之间的对峙。威尔逊是美国话剧史上最杰出的黑人剧作家，而布鲁斯汀则长期担任《新共和国》的剧评人和马萨诸塞州剑桥美国保留剧目剧院的艺术总监。这两个重量级选手从去年六月以来一直在文章中唇枪舌剑?? 只见他二人从拳台的两侧入场，握了握手，开始拳击 ---- 至少是轻拳出击。 威尔逊，文章解释道，曾发表演说反对黑人演员在没有种族歧视的影片中扮演“白人”的角色；布鲁斯汀则写了一篇专栏文章反驳他；接着两人便你来我往地辩论起来。 根据文章所述，“威尔逊和布鲁斯汀对峙的戏剧性在于二人互不妥协的态度。”没有人会质疑观众对戏剧性事件的喜爱有什么不妥。但二人互不妥协的态度真的是这一事件中最富戏剧性的地方吗？我碰巧在广播里听到了他们俩的这场辩论。赢得最多掌声的却是最后主持人安娜·狄阿弗拉·史密斯对他俩的一句提问，她问：“你们俩在这场辩论中都从对方那儿学到了什么？”观众响亮的掌声充分说明了他们并不崇尚互不让步的态度，他们想要看到不是互不妥协的双方在僵局中那短时间的戏剧性场面，他们想要看的是另一种戏剧性：变化 ----虚心地听取别人不同观点而带来的变化。

现在关于战争和拳击赛的隐喻无处不在，我们理所当然地认为它们是我们表达思想最恰当的方式，然而为了鼓励刚才所说的那种变化，并减少互不让步的态度，我们还需要新的隐喻来填补空白。

战争隐喻的替代者：身体里的国家 如果说我们把每一件事物都看成战争的做法促成、并巩固了我们现有的这种争执型的文化，那么别的文化也许能为我们提供新的隐喻，以及处理信息和争端的另一种方法。金伯利·琼斯正开始向一个强调统一协调，反对对抗的文化学习如何处理争端。她发现，日本人在某些情况下，特别是在办公室同事间，往往尽量避免公开的冲突，但在其他情况下，比如电视政治辩论中，冲突则很普遍。但这种冲突在大多数美国人眼中还是很“柔和”的。举个例子来说，辩论双方很快就能就小的问题达成一致，这样他们在更重要的问题上就能措辞更加强烈。除此之外，他们表达不同立场的方法也不同于我们的思维定式。 听一听别的语言表达思想的方式，你就会发现语言的世界是多么的不同。在美语中，我们用战争和体育隐喻谈论那么多的事物，于是我们很难想象还能怎样来表达同样的想法。美国人谈论疾病时频繁地将人体比作战场，而日本专家却能将经济比作是人体 ---- 一个“身体里的国家”。 比如，日本语言学家阿苏库·宏达曾分析过一个电视谈话节目。节目中的两名客人对日本的经济形势有不同的评估：铃木对经济形势很乐观，而塔卡哈史则很悲观。主持人使用了医学隐喻；当他问铃木是什么引起了经济的衰退，他用了“yamu”这个词，即“疼痛”（动词，意为“遭受病痛的折磨”），并且他向铃木询问“诊断结果”（shindan）。铃木说，

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他认为这是一个消化系统的问题：“由于过度饮食，消化器官出了问题。所以需要静养一段时间。”他的评论暗示了当前的形势就像是一顿大餐后轻微的消化不良一样，并无大碍。他解释说：“这并不严重，不像肝或肾这些内部的重要器官，如果这些器官出了问题，病人就必须住院治疗了。” 塔卡哈史接受了过度饮食的隐喻，但却用它来解释情况的严重性：“所以，这就是说肌肉已经很疲惫了。换句话说，因为体重超重，身体机能已经衰退十分严重了。”他的描述说明我们必须付出更多的关注和努力，经济才能复苏。塔卡哈史认为，“循环系统正在出现问题”。他继续使用了医疗隐喻，用它做了一件让美国人大吃一惊的事，---- 他承认自己也没有解决方法：“至于我们要怎样做才能让商业重现生机，我们也没有什么好的药物。”

Key to the exercises

Text analysis and comprehension

1. novel/new; calcified; their metaphorical implications

2. cat; pussyfoot; the movements of a cat cautiously circling a suspicious object

3. Americans talk about almost everything as if it were a war; breast cancer detection; Party Wars; ―battle‖, ―conquer‖, and ―shot‖

4. a loaded gun; wound or kill just as surely; the terms in which we talk about something shape the way we think about it

5. bumped; smashed; smashed; say having seen broken glass; the power of words to shape perception/ that the terms in which people are asked to recall something affect what they recall 6. they train us to think about everything in terms of fighting , conflict and war, which limits our imaginations when we consider what we can do about the situations

7. what triggers aggregation/ what makes the single cells join together; there must exists a pacemaker cell; such a cell doesn’t exist and the aggregation is just a reaction of the cells to their environment; that we tend to view nature through our understanding of human relations as hierarchical/ the conceptual metaphor of hierarchical governance; common metaphors that are taken for granted influence how researchers think about natural phenomena

8. the metaphors we use in our language not only shed light on how we think about the people and the world around, but also shape the way we think about them 9. warriors; a fight between two opponents

10. Mr. Wynton Marsalis, the trumpeter, defeated Mr. John Lincoln Collier, the writer, in their debate in August at Lincoln Center about their different opinions on Jazz which they had held for several years. What was unpleasant was that the audience liked the humiliation in the debate rather than the elucidation

11. a fight; animosity; we demonize those with whom we disagree

12. Black performers taking ―white‖ roles in color-blind casting; boxing; duke it out; to fight with fists

13. intransigence; listening to someone with a different point of view 14. argument; emphasize harmony and discourage confrontation 15. fight, bullet, weapon, war, battle 16. You’re wasting my time. This gadget will save your time.

How do you spend your time these days? That flat tire cost me an hour.

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You’re running out of time. You need to budget your time. Put aside some time for ping pong. Is that worth your time?

You don’t use your time profitably. I lost a lot of time when I got sick.

Cloze

1. shapes 2. as 3. expression 4. in that 5. explicit 6. assumption 7. extensive

8. provides 9. convey 10. based 11. or 12. toward 13. cycle 14. coined 15. proposed

Error Correction

1. Vancouver is a wonderful city to live in for anyone who likes rain and dog.

2. Driving recklessly and without lights, Gina was stopped by the police at a road block. 3. In a hurry to get to the interview on time, I left my resume at home.

4. Tanya had obviously drunk too much, so I drove her to her apartment, made her a pot of coffee, and called her mother.

5. In order to succeed in this economy, small businesses must be creative, innovative and flexible.

6. The old house on the bay at St. Anthony’s island looks just as good as it was twenty years ago.

7. What the heroes seek is not wealth nor peaceful life, but the undying fame. 8. I wish I were a piece of cloud giving them cool shade.

9. No matter what difficulties they may come across, they will help one another to get over them.

10. The mathematician had spoken about his research for two hours, but not a word could we understand.

I. Sentence refining A) Combining

1. John O’Hra is said to have disregarded revision altogether in his later years, for he typed his pages and mailed them unrevised to his publisher.

2. Joseph P. Kennedy, father of President John F. Kennedy, made a fortune in banking and real estate.

3. She achieved her goal in 1920 when Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote.

4. It is so strange that everytime I see roses, my nose starts to itch.

5. Though Frank Waters was a powerful man, he could not lift the big stove, which weighed over four hundred pounds.

6. Although Custer’s extraordinary exploits in the Civil War made him the youngest general in the Union Army, most people only know that he was the central figure in ―Custer’s last stand‖. 7. Unlike ants or bees which live in colonies, the young walk away and live alone when

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hatched.

8. When the snow melts in the spring, the dirt roads in the region turn into muddy streams, so people who live in isolated houses use old footpaths to reach Bridgeton, which has two grocery stores and one gas pump.

B) Refining by eliminating wordiness

1. Some of the compact cars sold by American companies are manufactured in Japan.

2. In French, a computer is called an ordinateur, software le logiciel, and data processing I’informatique.

3. I feel that there is no basis in fact for the existence of UFOs.

4. In my view, an English program that teaches the fundamentals is prerequisite to one’s success in college and society.

III. Paragraph Editing:

On the opening night of our school play, I was more nervous than I had ever been in my life, not because I didn’t know the lines for my insignificant part in the play, but because I knew that our crew was not well prepared. I was terrified that something would go wrong while I was on stage, and that I would look like a fool in front of all my family and friends who sat in the front seats. As it turned out, my fears were justified that the performance was a complete disaster.

翻译技能要略之十一：定语从句的译法

1. 对任何市场的控制达到这样的地步都不可避免会给社会带来负担，这负担虽然隐藏不露，其代价却可能是难以估量的。

2. 这个措词温和、审慎草拟的决议草案基本上是一项呼吁，尽管它有缺点，我们仍然要支持。

3. 伊丽莎白不肯再和这样一个女人说话，这个女人现在异常无礼，十分令人反感。 4. 它符合宪章精神，因为宪章承认由地区进行排解纠纷的作用。

5. 为了确保数字时代的语言——软件能一如既往地保持富有创新性，我们今天所采取的行动将对二十一世纪我们的生活和经济产生深远的影响。

6. 历史上每个时刻转瞬即逝，因而既珍贵又独特。但是有一些时刻却标志启元，其间确定了未来几十年乃至几百年的发展道路。

7. 我很庆幸自己出生在英国，在诸多理由中，首要原因的是我能够用我的母语阅读莎士比亚。

8. 1991年，本世纪最多事的年份之一，世界目睹了卫星现场直播电视对这些事件所产生的影响。连新闻定义本身也被改写了，从已发生的故事变为收看时正在发生的事。

9. 于是，就出现了这样的情况，正当新办的工厂纷纷成立需要劳动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、肌肠辘辘的从事农业的劳动者，携妻带儿，被迫流入城市。他们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不讲什么条件，只要不让他们饿死就行。

10. 当时，有教养的人家对于女子至多不过让她们对艺术稍有涉猎，并不鼓励她们去做更有抱负的事。但她不受旧思想的约束，担任了一家名叫《家庭通杂志》的编辑。她在这个刊物上大胆发表革命社会主义者朱尔瓦莱斯的文章。

11. 跟在她后面的是她的女儿，一种惧畏和羞怯使她躲缩在后边，眼睛不敢正视前方，这种神情是谁都看的出她是从那儿得来的。原来她的母亲虽然没有受过教育，却具有诗人般的情怀，拥有幻想、感情和天生的仁厚，她的父亲呢，又特具一种沉着和稳重的性格，两下

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结合起来造成她这样一个人了。

12. In 1905, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history.

13. Good clocks have pendulums which are automatically compensated for temperature changes. 14. Albert Einstein, whose theories on space, time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen ―Person of the Century‖ by Times magazine on Sunday. 15. He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.

16. One who has accumulated moral power will certainly also possess eloquence; but he who has eloquence does not necessarily possess moral power.

17. This strength and confidence demonstrates our national cohesion with which China will march into the new century, a century of challenges and hopes.

18. Computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out creative work and replace man. 19. Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable computers.

20. Those that have gone have gone for good, those to come keep coming; yet in between how swift is the shift, in such a rush?

21. The inevitable consequence of tardiness or infrequence in answering letters is a corresponding reduction, and ultimate cessation of, the pleasure of receiving letters, in which case friendship is prematurely broken off, until the day in sackcloth and ashes you summon up the willpower to put pen to paper again.

22. Those who you really put out of your mind, and do so without qualm, are those friends who have already been replied to.

23. For the sake of a better world and our offspring, we should follow a path of development driven by science and technology that is economically viable, resource conserving and environmentally friendly. Supplementary Reading New words in Context

1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. B 8.D 9. C 10. D

Translation

对多数人来说，隐喻是诗歌想象和修辞华丽的工具，是不凡而非平凡的语言。此外，隐喻通常仅仅被看作是语言特色而已，事及词汇而非思想或行为。因此，多数人认为没有隐喻他们依然相安无事。不过，我们发现，隐喻在日常生活中无所不在，不仅存在于语言中，也存在于思想与行为中。我们平时赖以思考和行动的概念系统在本质上具有隐喻性。

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Unit Seven 麦当劳与热带雨林

你好，快餐连锁店。 再见，热带雨林。

这两者有联系吗？听上去很奇怪吧。“自由市场”经济带来的结果比这更奇怪，只是对环境的危害没有那么大罢了。

严峻的事实是：每年因为商业原因而被砍伐的热带雨林达到150，000平方公里，这相当于英格兰和威尔士面积的总和。

如果按这个速度，全世界的热带雨林将在七十三年内全部消失。广阔的亚马逊雨林已有五分之一到四分之一的面积被毁，这相当于全世界三分之一的雨林面积。不仅如此，亚马逊雨林的毁灭速度还在逐年加快。自1950年以来，中美洲雨林有近三分之一被砍伐或严重破坏。

热带雨林只占地球陆地面积的百分之七（过去占到百分之十二），但却为地球上一半的生命物种提供了生存环境。 “地球上（至少）有五百万物种”， 由于热带雨林的消失，“现在每天都至少有一个物种灭绝。”诺曼·梅尔斯说道。梅尔斯先生著有许多雨林研究方面的文章和书籍，还是世界银行和世界野生动物保护基金会的顾问。“在恢复生态平衡之前，至少有四分之一的物种将灭绝，这一数字可能更高, …… 如果这种情况继续下去，那么到下世纪中叶将有两百万物种灭绝。”梅尔斯把热带雨林的毁灭称作“地球表面发生的最严重的生态灾难之一。”关于热带雨林的毁灭将对生物进化过程所产生的影响，梅尔斯是这样评述的：

“在进化过程中即将发生巨大的变化，它将和古生物纪中最重要的几次生物革命齐名。无论从规模，还是重要性来讲，它都将毫不逊色于需氧呼吸的发展，有花植物的出现，和有肢动物时代的到来。但是，它对未来物种进化的影响显然不是创造性的，而是毁灭性的。” 换句话说，如此迅速的物种灭绝将使生物链中突然增加许多空位，有利于产生一种“害虫杂草”式的生态系统。某些特别能够适应环境变化的物种，（例如，老鼠、蟑螂之类）将迅速繁衍。

比这更糟的是，热带雨林的毁灭还将对地球的气候模式带来灾难性的影响。例如，它将引起北美粮食产区的沙漠化，而且这种沙漠化进程还具有不可逆转性。此外，大气中二氧化碳的含量越来越高，红外辐射受到阻挡，无法进入太空，从而使地球变得越来越热。这就是所谓的温室效应。仅管科学界现在还在争论温室效应的严重程度，但有一点可以肯定的是，用来摧毁热带雨林的大火将极大地增加大气中二氧化碳的含量，从而对世界气候造成无法预测的变化，但这种变化很可能是毁灭性的。

麦当劳的进攻

牛肉是快餐连锁店的主打食品，也是北美大众的基本主食。那么，牛肉和雨林的毁灭又有什么关系呢？

在1960年时，美国几乎不进口牛肉。那时北美人均每年“仅”消费85磅牛肉。到1980年，这一数字上升至每人每年134磅。随着牛肉消费的增长，美国开始进口牛肉。1981年，美国共进口了800，000吨牛肉，百分之十七来自位于热带的拉丁美洲国家，而这其中又有四分之三来自于中美洲。快餐连锁业多年以来不断扩张，现在已成为一个年营业额五十亿美元的产业，消费了美国百分之二十五的牛肉。因此，快餐王国和热带地区生产的牛肉之间有着明显的联系。

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牧牛业是“到目前为止造成拉丁美洲热带雨林毁灭的最大原因，”梅尔斯说，“快餐业在美国和欧洲的巨大市场促使人们砍伐森林，来生产价格低廉的牛肉。”

与北美牛肉相比，中美洲的牛肉价格确实很低：1978年，北美牛肉的均价是每公斤3.30美元，而从中美洲进口的牛肉均价为每公斤1.47美元。

对北美人民而言，牛肉的价格确实低廉，但是对中美洲人民来说，并非如此。那里的人民买不起他们自己生产的牛肉。哥斯达黎加的牛肉产值在1959年和1972年间增加了两倍，但人均牛肉消费量在此期间却从一年30磅降到了一年19磅。在洪都拉斯，牛肉的产值在1965年到1975年间增长了百分之三百，但人均牛肉消费量却从一年12磅下降到10磅。所以，虽然中美洲有三分之二的耕地用于牧牛，当地的牛肉消费量却一直持续下降；现在，美国家猫的平均牛肉消费量都比中美洲的人均牛肉消费量要大。

巴西政府的数据显示，在1966年到1975年间，巴西对亚马逊森林的采伐中有百分之三十八是为了开辟大规模的牧牛场。尽管巴西牛群中口蹄疫的蔓延促使美国的立法机构颁布禁令，禁止进口巴西的冷冻牛肉，但美国还是每年从巴西进口460万美元的罐装成品牛肉；巴西牛肉依然有百分之八十用于出口，大多出口到没有颁发此项禁令的西欧国家。

中美洲的雨林如果按照现有速度进行采伐，那么它将在1990年之前全部消失。从很大程度上来说，牧牛业是造成这一现象的主要原因，但是牧牛业本身的效率却十分低下。水土流失使土地日益贫瘠。牧场的产量原本就很低，约为平均每公顷一头牛，然而在五到十年间，就会下降到可怜的每五至七公顷一头牛。一个典型热带牧牛场的用人标准是每2000头牛雇佣一个工人，而牛肉产量只能勉强达到每年每公顷50磅。北欧的牧场即使不用进口饲料，每年每公顷的牛肉产量也能超过500磅。

然而，还是有很多人热衷于投资这样低效的产业。有一些人买下牧场只是作为炫耀财富的资本，他们既不住在牧场，也不期望牧场能给他们带来高额的利润；但更多的人投资牧场是因为经营牛肉产业很容易取得银行贷款，而且能得到许多组织的帮助和鼓励，例如泛美国卫生组织，美洲国家组织，美国农业部和美国国际开发署。没有他们的技术援助，“美洲热带地区的牧牛业很可能将毫无利润可言。”而最后，美国似乎是最大的赢家。它从中美洲进口的牛肉量不断增加，据说这比其他任何一项遏制通货膨胀的国家举策都更有效。

“平坦的土地，原来可供大批人口生活，现在却成为有钱人的牧牛场。而本应位于森林之中的陡峭山坡，现在却成为贫穷农民的耕地。”格拉多·布多斯基说。他现任哥斯达黎加特瑞阿坝市的热带农业研究和培养中心主席。他说：“砍伐原始森林，然后将土地用来养牛，五到十年后再任其荒废，这仍然是很赚钱的买卖。”

斯威夫特装甲公司的轻盈装备

雨林里的生态系统是地球上最古老的生态系统，它不仅复杂，而且十分脆弱。由于雨林植被茂密，常常给人雨林土壤肥沃的假象。实际上，雨林的土壤十分贫瘠，土壤中几乎所有的营养物质都会流失，只有溶解性最差的元素才能保留下来，（例如氧化铁，它使土壤呈现红色，这也是大部分雨林土壤是红土的缘故）。从一定程度上来说，雨林的生态系统是一个“闭合”的系统。在这个系统中，营养物质被储存在生物量中，即树冠层和由落叶在地表形成的薄薄的腐殖质层之中。所以，大多数热带雨林的植物根系都比较短小。因为土壤自身无法补充营养物质，雨林生态系统的运转就要靠营养的再循环来进行。

现在，在斯威夫特装甲肉制品包装公司、联合商标公司或金牧场的资助下，大牧场的场主们用两辆大型拖拉机牵起巨大的链条，砍伐成千上万英亩的热带雨林。之后，他们燃烧残余物，用飞机播种，在灰烬中种植羊草，然后在这片新建的草原上养牛。接下来会发生什么呢？

在最初的大约三年里，草会疯长。在原先雨林的生物残料上，草能每天长高一英寸。然

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后，情况就开始变糟：水土流失使外露的土壤变得像砖头一样坚硬，不再适合农业生产。这种变化是不可逆转的，土壤将再也不能像以前那样肥沃。森林被破坏之后，日益严重的水土流失，使得亚马逊河的水位都明显上升。

拖拉机铁链式的方法只是众多开荒方式的一种。另一个常见的技术就是使用除草剂，例如毒莠定，2，4-D（二氯苯氧乙酸）和2,4,5-T（橙剂）。橙剂中的二氧化物对动物毒性极大，而且对环境的影响时间很长。

毒莠定可使所有的阔叶植物死亡，使得这一地区只能长草，而不能生长其他的植物。所以，当农学家们推荐种植豆科植物来延长土地的使用寿命时，即使牧场主想在原森林地区种植这类植物，这些植物也不能成活。

雨林原住部落的刀耕火种的开垦规模与现在的开垦规模相比，实在是小巫见大巫，所以那时破坏雨林进行农业生产的地区很快就又会变成雨林。这里顺带说一句，这些部落被巴西和巴拉圭的牧牛集团大肆屠杀，许多传教士、人权组织和牧场主都是见证。

资本的“宿命”使人们一直以来都疏于保护树木、鸟类、印第安人或任何影响直接利益的事物。然而，最近大型农业企业对基因库的破坏似乎显得特别的短视。热带雨林拥有世界上三分之二基因资源，所以，对热带雨林的破坏将造成许多基因的消失，在基因库中留下巨大的

空洞，从而丧失了合成许多新型农作物的可能。此外，还有无数尚未被发现的植物品种 ---- 仅在南美洲，就有约15，000种未知物种，而它们有可能具有一些非凡的特质。（在马达加斯加长春花中发现的生物碱使对白血病和霍奇金病的治疗产生了革命性的突破，英国生物化学家约翰·汉弗莱在描述这种生物碱时说道：“如果我们没有分析这种植物的话，即使是凭化学家最大胆的想象，我们也不可能知道这种细胞结构有如此高的药性。”）而现在，百分之九十的马达加斯加森林都已经被毁。

印度尼西亚环境和发展部部长埃米尔·塞利姆曾抱怨道：“南方发展中国家被要求保护基因，但北方发达国家所消费的东西却促使我们去毁坏南方的基因。”此言不虚。

牛肉在哪里？

进口牛肉在美国的销售情况及其复杂。最终的牛肉制品多种多样，从热狗到牛肉罐头，应有尽有。新鲜牛肉从出口国用冷冻集装箱运货船运至美国的入境口岸，在那里接受美国农业部的检查。一旦通过检查，这批牛肉就不必再被贴上“进口”的标签。然后，牛肉再经过报关行和肉制品包装厂，这中间通常还要经过许多中间环节；最终，到达快餐连锁店或食品加工厂。这个牛肉帝国背后的金融结构还有更加复杂，牵扯到各级政府和相关公共服务机构，除了包括世界银行和美国国内发展银行这样的机构，还包括进出口银行和海外私人投资公司，所有这些机构都鼓励开垦森林地区来发展牧牛业。（巴西政府为了吸引人们在巴西投资建设养牛场，实行了许多优惠的政策，包括百分之五十的退税，高达十年的免税期，银行负利率贷款，免除商业税和进口税。由于这些政策过度优惠，从1979年起就已不再对新建的养牛场实行，但是对已有的养牛场还继续适用。这使得养牛场里每增添一个工作岗位，巴西政府就要为其花费63，000美元。）

虽然热带的牛肉生产对少数人来说可能有利可图，但它牺牲了大部分人，乃至整个地球的利益。除了环境被破坏，它还不利于能量向蛋白质的转变。对热带地区绝大多数人来说，他还减少了就业机会和粮食产量。那里的人民需要的是劳动密集型的，种植多种粮食作物的社会体系。

把短期利润放在首位的价值观念后患无穷。只要这种价值观占据主导地位，灾难就一定会发生，热带雨林将大规模毁灭，热带地区人民将持续贫穷。

Key to the exercises

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Text Analysis and Comprehension 1. McDonald’s; fast-food chains 2. free-market; the tropical forests; commercial; 150,000 square kilometers; a fifteenth or a twelfth 3. C 4. the course of biological evolution; the Earth’s weather patterns 5. half the species; the disappearance of at least a quarter of all species 6. ―The Hamburger Connection‖; the development of aerobic respiration; the emergence of flowering plants; the arrival of limbed animals; impoverishing; creative; the rapid destruction will vacate many niches for some opportunistic species such as rats, roaches and the like 7. rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere heat the planet by preventing infrared radiation from escaping into space; the fires set to clear tropical forests; carbon dioxide/CO2; devastating 8. D 9. beef consumption; Latin America and Central America; cheaper than that in North America; fast-food chains 10. B 11. dropping; five to ten; easy bank loans; much help and encouragement 12. B 13. red; the most insoluble; the living canopy; the thin layer of humus; the matter shed by the canopy; shallow 14. a meat packing corporation; quick ways to clear the land/ quick ways to destroy tropical forests 15. a huge chain between two enormous tractors; a few tens of thousands of acres of tropical forest; the debris; a plane over to seed the ash with guinea grass; thrives/ grows like crazy; eroded; leached; runoff 16. tractor-and chain; the use of herbicides; all plants except grasses; plant soil-enriching legumes 17. immediate profitability; destroy the tropical forests; new agricultural hybrids; remain unknown/remain undiscovered 18. leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease; how great our loss will be if we destroy the tropical forests and all the unknown plants there 19. once the foreign beef is inspected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it is no longer required to be labeled ―imported‖ 20. short sighted/ catastrophic; the earth/ the planet; it destroys the environment; it is a poor converter of energy to protein; it provides few benefits for the vast majority of tropical peoples in terms of employment or food 21. Possible reasons are the high demand for wood and forest products, the mechanization of the logging industry, the need for fuel, the hunger for land, etc.

Cloze

1. contribute 2. from 3. applying 4. resource 5. sources 6. successful 7. deforestation

8. toward 9. play 10. However 11. step 12. for 13. as 14. preserved 15.

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Therefore

Writing

I. Error correction

1. Since he suffered a lot from stomachache, the doctor insisted that he should not drink wine any more.

2. Though written in ancient times, the book still appeals to readers today.

3. To decide on a career, students should think closely about what they are interested in and what they are skilled at.

4. By noon on Friday, the whole dorm have left their rooms and headed for the local pubs and coffeehouses.

5. The government did not reply to my letter, nor did it offer me a job. 6. Donna laughed, her eyes flashing with mischief.

7. After checking the figures, the voters rejected the new budget.

8. Because there was little heat in the bedroom, Evans was cold most of the night. 9. It is estimated that the flat is worth 10,000 dollars in rough.

10. Not only will the novel be interesting to us, but also its English will help us write compositions.

II. Sentence Refining A) Refining by Combining

1. Unlike such materials as leather and wood, plastic does not mellow with age. 2. The street vendor she saw on her way home sold wild mushrooms. 3. The village was silent, its shops closed, the streets deserted.

4. The gradual decline of College Board scores over the past twenty years indicates that American high school education is less effective than it used to be.

5. Ralph, the leader of the boys, summons them to meeting by using a large shell that makes a loud noise when he blows into it.

6. Reaching the top of a long rise, I take a short break before turning back and heading home. 7. The bird sailed for hours, searching the blanched grasses below him with his telescopic eyes. 8. By hitchhiking to the house of a friend in Salt Lake City and then borrowing his motorcycle to make the rest of the trip, Mary traveled from Denver to San Francisco.

B) Refining by eliminating wordiness

1. A clerk checks and records all incoming mail.

2. Professor Wang knows a great deal about the American history. 3. Helen always behaves respectfully towards others.

4. Baseball has a rhythm that alternates between waiting and explosive action.

III. Paragraph Editing

As we know, men play an important role in both the society and the family. However, in someone’s opinion, a good job and high social status take precedence over other things for men, and housework can always be left to their hard-working wives. Men, by succeeding in their careers, can achieve both confidence and money which is what every family needs.

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Others have a different idea. They believe while being successful in their jobs, men should also help their wives with family matters, such as doing housework, and looking after their babies. And only by this way, can a man be a perfect ―man‖.

I agree with the second view. Families are very important in our lives because they are the source of happiness. Men can’t treat their wives as all-day-long labors, leaving all the housework to them. So in my opinion, a man must take care of both his family and his career.

翻译技能要略之十二：否定的理解与翻译 1. 她给他增添了无穷的麻烦，巨大的苦恼。

2. 有时，这种自由的代价是高昂的，但是我们始终愿意付这个代价。

3. 我发现我的鼻梁长得不好，不适合戴夹鼻眼镜，于是订购了一副可用金属线牢系于两耳后面的眼镜。我一个星期还没戴完就发现它把我的耳朵都要割碎了。

4. 每当想起曾在伦敦住过的伟人以及曾在这里从事过写作的诗人、剧作家、小说家，来访者不能不感到他们给这地方带来了浪漫色彩和诱人的魅力。 5. 他根本不知道你讲的话是什么意思。 6. 我们没有因你做了说明而有所开窍。

7. 我应当看出双方的年龄相差太大，不见得会是一对夫妻。

8. 我并非不相信未来；我并不害怕我们面临的问题。我们面临的是大问题，但我们的心胸更宽大。我们面临的挑战很艰巨，但我们的意志更坚定。如果说我们的弊病层出不穷的话，那么上帝的爱是真正的广袤无边。

9. 他们大多数人认为他是个无能的、不称职的人，起不了什么作用，而且在技能方面根本不能与他们相比。

10. 他连鞋子都来不及脱就急匆匆地跟着公主进了她那最里面的闺房。

11. It is not until society accepts new thoughts that the development of economy, science and technology is made possible.

12. We all cried so instinctively, so shamelessly. That, I suppose, is a necessary experience before we grow up into true human beings.

13. It is a matter of great regret that many people mistake freedom for license. They misinterpret the meaning of freedom.

14. In fact, it is his meticulousness that is preventing him from making any progress in his research.

15. A proverb says that money moves the world, but I should think that ability moves the world. Without ability we could hardly accomplish anything.

16. He is too much of a sophisticate not to see through your fine pretensions.

17. I wrote these words almost thirty years ago, having no other purpose than to rebuild and register instants in the lives of those people who engendered and were closest to my being.

18. He was so used to her being there. When he looked up and didn't see her, he felt thoroughly ill at ease.

19. He believes that all things have their visible sides and their invisible ones and that we will know nothing about either until we manage to see both.

20． By this I do not mean arguing that artists can abandon self-discipline in morality and clear conscience in politics, nor defending the demonic and vulgar artists, but I am drawing attention to the transcendence and liberality of aesthetic pursuits. 翻译技能要略之十三：成语与四字结构的运用

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1. 大多数人面对造化弄人，人生境遇，不仅逆来顺受，甚至还能随遇而安。 2. 他坐在那儿注视着，觉得眼前的景象，既是始终如一，又是变化多端；既是光彩夺目，又是朦胧黑暗；既是庄严肃穆，又是轻松愉快。 3. 他们视而不见，充耳不闻，对所见所闻漫不经心，毫无鉴赏珍惜之意。 4. 陆军准将乔治· 莫斯利是艾森豪威尔少校的朋友。艾森豪威尔后来说他是个“才气横溢”、“生气勃勃”、“富于创见”的人。 5. 我马上注意到客人中夹杂着不少年轻的英国人，个个衣着体面，个个面露饥色，个个都在低声下气地跟殷实富裕的美国人谈话。 6. 春天处处带来赏心悦目的复苏景象，生命在继续，死亡不过是时间的匆匆过客。天道从不蹒跚踌躇，从不三心二意。一切都是有条不紊。一切的一切，从来都是这么有条不紊。 7. 他是底特律的一名律师，为人能干，事业成功。35岁时就门庭若市，收入可观，屡屡胜诉，声名昭著，前程似锦。 8. 鉴于西方文化千差万别，有些事物在某个社会的一部分地区已经完全销声匿迹，而在另一部分地区可能仍然方兴未艾。 9. 阿尔伯特思潮起伏，心情激动。他第一次意识到自然界里还有看不见、摸不着、几乎不可思议的东西。 10. 艾森豪威尔后来回忆往事时说，只要麦克阿瑟感到友人对他不够尊重，就“发起脾气来，破口大骂人家好耍权术，不懂礼貌，乱出主意，出尔反尔，狂妄自大，违反宪法，感觉迟钝，麻木不仁，如今世道真是见鬼，等等。” 11. This song has been sung all over China for 50 years; the melody still lingers in the air. 12. The valley of the Grand Bend is full of multipeaked mountains, joined canyons and turbulent waters. 13. Many of us take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. 14. The next 15 years represents an extremely important period linking the past with the future. 15. The Chinese government stands ready to further strengthen economic cooperation and trade ties with other Asian nations on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, mutual openness, long-term cooperation and common progress. 16. A scientist who braves all difficulties, keeps on working and perseveres to the end will surely achieve great successes in his work. 17. Science stresses reality. Science is honest knowledge free from falsehood, and it requires painstaking labors and efforts. 18. On the other hand, the most assertive words will lose their impact if expressed in a hesitant, indirectly manner. 19. Having been at the end of their tether just moments before, he now sensed that a catastrophe had been averted. They could press on again. So he rolled over and promptly fell sound asleep. 20. The fight against the flood brings out a noble anti-flood spirit, which is characterized as unity of mind and willpower, braving difficulty and hardship and going all out in the tenacious struggle, persistence and unyielding as well as striving for success. This is our treasured national spiritual asset.

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Supplementary Reading New words in Context

1. A 2.D 3.D 4.C 5. B 6. B 7. D 8.A 9.A 10.C

Translation

对艾尔而言，2008年既是决定命运又是遭遇敌手的时刻，他理解的敌手是我们自己对未来的冷漠和缺乏采取相应行动的信心。他强调，危机能使我们发现机遇。他的话语颇具圣经特点，不过，难道不正是《圣经》讲述了大洪水的事吗？他就像《旧约全书》中预言家，备有电脑软件和世界顶级科学家为其服务，他解释说，对全球变暖危机的正确回应将是一组解决方案，这些方案将引发全新的经济增长模式，即低碳耗与高生产率，真正实现可持续发展，并为治理地球提供了蓝图—不是运用新时代的科技而是运用古老智慧来产生可持续的解决办法。

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Unit 8

生物科技的世纪

1996年，哈佛医学院神经生物学系和医德研究部的丽萨· N·格勒博士等人进行了一项关于美国基因歧视的调查。调查显示，基因歧视现象比人们所想的要普遍得多。在许多机构中都存在基因歧视现象，包括商业保险公司，社会医疗保障机构，政府部门，领养机构和学校。研究人员对患亨廷顿病、粘多糖贮积病、苯丙酮酸尿症和血色沉着病这四种遗传性疾病风险较大的人或与他们相关的人进行了调查。亨廷顿病是一种致命的紊乱性疾病，中年人发病较多。黏多糖贮积则会引起痴呆和器官肥大。苯丙酮酸尿症也会引发痴呆，但可以通过后天的特殊饮食来治疗。血色沉着病是一种铁代谢紊乱性疾病，大量多余的铁会淤积在体内组织中。 在917名被调查者中，有455名报告说他们曾经因基因构成和易患遗传性疾病的体质而受到某种歧视。商业保险公司和社会医疗保障机构的服务中最容易出现基因歧视现象。例如，如果患者被诊断为I型粘多糖贮积病，医疗保障机构就会拒绝支付专业治疗的费用，并辩解说这种病是天生的。再比如，有一个二十四岁的姑娘，因为她家有亨廷顿病史而被保险公司拒保，尽管她从未接受过有无该病的检查。《纽约周刊》就保险行业中的歧视所做的一项调查也发现了类似的案例。当保险公司发现一个家庭的四个孩子中有一个得了脆性X染色体疾病，就取消了这个家庭的所以保险项目。其他的孩子虽然没有得病，却也都被拒保。…… 想收养孩子的夫妇也一直因为他们的基因类型而受到差别对待。报道中有这么一个例子，有一对夫妻不能收养孩子，就因为那个妻子有患亨廷顿病的“可能”。又如，如果母亲患有亨廷顿病，她的孩子则不能通过国家儿童领养机构被他人收养。还有一对夫妇，因其中一人有患亨廷顿病的可能，就不能领养一个健康的婴儿，但却可以领养一个也有可能患亨廷顿病的婴儿。“有患病风险”的夫妇只能和“有患病风险”的婴儿相配对，反之亦然。这种观点也预示着在即将到来的新世纪中可能会发展出一种非正式的基因等级体系。 同样糟糕的是，在生物技术世纪可能会就不同的种族进行不同的基因归类。随着科学家们在人类染色体研究方面获得越来越多的成果，他们将能成功地辨别更多的只有某一种族才有的基因特征和先天特质，由此为可能发生的各种族间的基因歧视敞开方便之门。例如，我们已经知道亚美尼亚人更容易患家族性地中海热病。犹太人是泰-萨克斯病和高歇尔氏病的携带者，而非洲人则有携带镰状细胞的基因。这些特定种族的基因信息会不会被某些机构用作种族歧视，种族隔离，种族毁谤的工具呢？ 雇主们现在对利用基因筛选试验来选择未来雇员的方法也越来越感兴趣。他们的原因千奇百怪，无奇不有。有些化工企业就喜欢用此试验来评估工人对高毒性工作环境的基因敏感性，因为他们害怕承担高昂的医疗保险费，残疾补偿索赔和误工费。他们希望借此技术避免聘用那些更易患病的员工。如果不考虑工人患病风险的话，将工人的基因与工作环境相挂钩的做法，与清理工作场所，为工人提供安全的工作环境相比，将是一个更经济节约的选择。 生命技术能够提高人类未来的生活质量。发展此项技术，对它最热心的支持者来说，无疑是一种道德高尚的行为。而任何对这项新技术的反对都可能被大批支持者们指责为不人道的、不负责任的、应受到谴责的、甚至是可耻的行为。 然而，新的基因工程技术也带来了人类历史上最有争议的政治问题。在这个新的时代里，谁有权去决定哪一种基因是优秀的基因，应该保留，而哪一种基因是低劣的基因，应

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该被消灭呢？是政府？企业？还是大学科学家？在这个问题上，没有人能说出哪一个机构、团体或个人能有权做这样的决定。但是，当有人问我们是否应该发展新的生物技术，让它为我们子孙后代的身心健康造福时，我们大部分人都会毫不犹豫地表示支持。 人类基因筛选技术和基因疗法在历史上第一次使我们重建人类种群的基因蓝图，重新规划未来地球上生物演化的方向成为可能。创造人类新的优秀种群已不再是疯狂政客们的梦想，它在不久的将来就会成为可能，并将孕育一个潜在的有着高额利润的商业市场。 基因工程技术，从本质上来说，就是优生学的工具，因为它和优生学的观点密不可分。关于这项新技术革命有创见性的讨论，没有哪一次能避开优生学的问题。“优生学”这个词是在十九世纪由弗兰西斯·高尔顿爵士，查理斯·达尔文的表兄提出的，大致分成两个学派。消极优生学派倡导有计划地消灭所谓的低劣遗传基因。积极优生学派则提倡进行有选择的生育来“改善”种群的特质…… 美国优生运动的历史应该被公开，尤其是现在，因为许多新的科学发现和技术发明使得以前优生改革家们只有在梦想中才能实现的优生社会变成可能。每当那么多主流的政客、科学家、学者和社论作家都对二十一世纪将出现优生运动将信将疑时，美国过去的优生运动史就会严肃地提醒我们“它完全可能在这里发生。”

美国的优生运动史

“有一天，我们会意识到传宗接代是优等公民主要的，也是不可避免的责任；我们不应允许劣等人群在这个世界上继续生存下去。文明的重要任务就是要保证人群中优秀的因子比低劣的因子相对更多…… 只有充分重视遗传的巨大影响力，我们才能完成这项任务…… 我非常希望完全禁止劣等人群进行生育；当这些人邪恶的本质充分彰显的时候，我们就应该实施这样的政策。罪犯和弱智者都应该被剥夺生育能力…… 重点应放在鼓励优等人群的生育上。”

你可能会认为这段引文出自二十世纪三十年代纳粹德国的官员在政党集会中发表的言论。但是并非如此。这出自美国第二十六任总统西奥多·罗斯福之口。它代表了意识形态运动中无数美国人的“进步”思想，而美国的历史书对这段历史却毫无记载……

二十世纪九十年代初，在生物技术领域，一系列激动人心的新发现和技术应用被公布。在基因科技方面，众多新的突破对许多现有的社会习俗和传统都是巨大的挑战，而大多数人都还不确定这些技术的社会意义。如今，科学家们正在发展最有力的办法来控制所能想象到的生物世界。这个新发现的力量比地球生命力更强大，它又一次掀起了新一轮优生运动的狂潮。然而，这一令人担忧的现状却不被政策决策者，甚至是生物学家们所承认。

从根本上说，基因工程领域的新技术就是优生学的工具。每当DNA重组技术，细胞融合技术，以及其他的相关技术被用到“改善”细菌、植物、动物或人的基因结构上时，优生学说的理念就会贯穿其中。在全球的分子生物实验室中，生物学家每天都要为在不同物种的遗传代码中应改变、增加和消除何种基因而做出决定。这些都是优生学的决策。每当做出这样的基因改变时，科学家、企业或国家其实都在直接或间接地选择应该被增加和保护的优秀基因，和应该被改变或消除的低劣基因。这完全就是优生学的论调。基因工程技术就是一项通过控制生命基因代码来增强基因遗传性的技术……

……生物技术革命将影响我们生活的方方面面。饮食、恋爱、婚姻、生育、教育，以及我们感知这个世界和我们在这个世界中位置的方式 ---- 所有个人的和公共的生活都将深受生物技术世纪中新科技的影响。所以，理所当然的，在应用这些与我们生活密切相关的技术之前，我们应该进行广泛的讨论和仔细的辩论。

Key to the exercises

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Text analysis and comprehension

1. more widespread than previously thought; insurance companies, health care providers, government agencies, adoption agencies and schools 2. A

3. insurance companies; health providers; free occupational therapy; MPS-I was considered a preexisting condition; was refused life insurance; her family history of Huntington’s disease; the entire insurance coverage; one of its four children was afflicted with fragile X disease

4. adoption of a normal baby; to adopt a baby at risk of coming down with Huntington’s disease; a kind of informal genetic caste system

5. the success achieved in identifying genetic traits and predispositions that are unique to specific ethnic and racial groups will possibly facilitate racial discrimination.

6. may be more susceptible to illness; health insurance coverage, disability compensation claims, and absenteeism

7. a way to improve humanity’s own prospects/ a way to reengineer the genetic blueprints of our own species and begin to redirect the future course of our biological evolution on Earth; what is a good gene that should be added toe the gene pool and what is a bad gene that should be eliminated

8. hereditary improvement of the characteristics of an organism or species; negative and positive eugenics; negative eugenics involves the systematic elimination of so-called undesirable biological traits; while positive eugenics is concerned with the use of selective breeding.

9. Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the U.S.; America’s eugenic past; criminals and feeble minded people; be prevented entirely from breeding/be sterilized/ be forbidden to leave offspring behind them

10. it can happen now and here; the new discoveries and applications in the biotech field could become tools to realize the past eugenic ideas

11. For example, cloning has always been controversial. ―Dolly‖, the successfully cloned sheep prompts ethical debates. …

12. the technology is inseparably linked to eugenics ideas; the scientists, corporation, or state; which are good genes that should be inserted and preserved and which are bad genes that should be altered or deleted. 13. C

14. the potential for genetic discrimination and the threat of eugenics; considerable public attention/ to be widely discussed and debated by the public

Cloze

1. facility 2. cloned 3. reproduced 4. instead 5. debate 6. focused 7. despite 8. form 9. intention 10. breakthrough 11. transferring 12. characteristics 13. containing 14. exploring 15. humans

Writing Exercises I. Error Correction

1. He is exhausted from the two-hour trip through the mud.

2. I shall never allow you to marry the girl, and you are not my son if you do.

3. When hearing the bad news, she was at her wit’s end and didn’t know what to do.

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4. Twenty original African wood carvings were donated to the museum.

5. Feeling impatient for someone to return and give me an answer, I paced up and down the hall.

6. I would have written more often if I had known you cared.

7. The union workplace-climate committee found the factory to be noisy, smelly, and dirty. 8. There are two ways to make these machines, but the first one is worthy of note.

9. Meetings such as this are fine for small groups, but large groups have to be handled in a different way.

10. Crawling from my bed, I put on my black wool cycling shorts, along with my green-and-black shirt.

II. Sentence Refining

A) Refining by Combining

1. On Interstate 70 in Colorado, a stretch that extends from Idano Springs to Glenwood Springs offers tourists many attractive sights.

2. The moon may become the new playground of the superrich, if commercial airlines offer regular flights to the moon by the year 2050.

3. Red Cloud, who led the Sioux Indians, denounced Custer’s invasion because it violated the treaty.

4. The vacuum-cleaner salesman who came to our door this morning was the kind of person who won’t take no for an answer.

5. Our cafeteria, with its dreary salad bar, greasy chips, and soggy sandwiches, completely take away my appetite.

6. She waited restlessly, clutching a big white suitcase covered with stickers marked ―Broadway or Bust‖.

7. Holly Cole, who is the star headlining tonight’s show, is responsible for two albums which have been nominated for Juno awards.

8. He sang about a red-haired young woman dressed in a shiny black raincoat and standing on a crowded New York street corner.

B) Refining by Eliminating Wordiness 1. Nothing may come of these preparations.

2. During that period, many car buyers preferred pink, shiny cars.

3. A teller shortage at our branch office during rush hours has caused customer dissatisfaction. 4. American industrial productivity depends more on psychological than on technological factors.

I. Paragraph Editing

I love my major, journalism and communication. To be a good journalist is my dream.

When I entered Nanjing University last fall, I applied to Nanjing University Youth, a campus newspaper founded by the students here, for a position as a part-time journalist. I passed two interviews and got the first journalist certificate in my life. Nanjing University Youth is issued semimonthly, focusing on the news around the campus

The work for Nanjing University Youth was so exciting that even the interesting stories of such

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famous journalists as Robert Capa and Helen Tomas could not be compared with it. At the end of last September, our reporting team received our first assignment, a quarter-page news story. We decided to write about the different choices college students make after graduation, -- to find a job, to go to graduate school, or to further their study abroad. We had discussed a lot, interviewed students, and worked out a long article. But when the press day came in October, we were so disappointed to find our article unprinted. Now, after learning news writing for a year, I can easily tell the reason why it was not accepted by the editor at that time. Our ideas were too simple, lacking profundity. However, as it was our first article, I’ve been saving it in my computer till now.

翻译技能要略之十四：长句和复杂句的译法

1. 书本理应是人们观察自然的视镜，却常常被视力不够和生性懒惰的人用来遮光护眼，使他们对自然的光芒和变幻的景色视而不见。那种把学识当作常识的陪衬，以学识代替真知的人真是太多了。

2. 他立即与她攀谈起来，虽然谈的只是当晚下雨和雨季可能到来之类的话题，但他那样和颜悦色，使她不禁想到，即使最平凡、最无聊、最陈腐的话题，只要说话人卓有技巧，同样可以说得很动听。

3. 遥远的童年的回忆清晰地涌现在眼前：他又站在我身边，焕发着青春风采；我听见他的说话声；他丝毫未变。而我由于和他相隔一段恍若如烟的岁月，心想假如他知道在他死后三十年的此时此刻，他热爱的母校——一个曾让他脆弱的心灵莫名烦恼的地方——以这样的方式纪念他，给他这样高的荣誉， 他会做何感想呢？

4. 伊丽莎白尽管打心眼里厌恶他，但是能受到这样一个人的爱慕，她又不能不觉得是一种恭维。虽说她的决心不曾有过片刻的动摇，但她知道这会给对方带来痛苦，因此开头还有些过意不去。然而他后来的话激起了她的怨恨，她的怜悯之情完全化作了愤怒。

5. 关键是所有这些看法都超出了一般的反感之情，它们揭示了一种强大的全国性的观点：即城市的促进与发展无论如何都不是首要的，我们显而易见的未来在于西部那未开垦的土地，在于不断地向西拓展，在于最大限度地把大片土地分给所有人。

6. 但是，经济制度却灌输我们去购买商品，直到我们进入“金字塔之墓”而告终，这个金字塔是由转移我们对纯粹愚蠢行为注意力的分期付款、抵押贷款、怪诞的小玩意儿，以及各种玩物筑成的。

7. 我们认为人们的个性是一成不变的，一些心理学家却相信这种感觉实际上是错觉，它源于我们倾向看到人们不变的性格而不是源于他们行为真正的一致性。密歇根大学的理查德·内斯贝特是持有这种观点的主要心理学家之一。

8. 他胸怀宽广，思想高尚，具有政治家的风度和真正献身于联合国崇高原则的精神，博得人们广泛的赞赏。他曾作为大会主席和秘鲁首席代表，成绩卓著地为联合国服务。多年来，他把丰富的思想献给了联合国组织，直到他停止高贵的呼吸。

9. 纽约的特别之处在于，在这里，你既可以感受参加活动的兴奋，也能够获得隐密独处。而且，如果你想要与世隔绝的话（我们几乎都想要或需要这种隔离），它比任何人口稠密的都市都能更好地把你同周围每时每刻发生的各种重大或美妙事件隔离开来。

10. 不管是一枚钱币、一幅画，还是难得的莎士比亚作品珍本，亦或是政府中的某个职位、一个情人，一旦到手，追求时的那种殷切心情则必然有所失落。毕竟，美餐之后的满足感总没有饥饿的感觉来得那么有滋味，那么急切。

11. I put on my clothes by the light of a half-moon just setting, where rays streamed through the narrow window near my crib.

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12. The other attitude is to use our heads and learn those things which suit our conditions, that is, to absorb whatever experience is useful to us. That is the attitude we should adopt.

13. In an increasingly complex and fascinating world, we must gather our courage and use our wisdom to accept the challenge of love, which can mean life and death and, also, happiness.

14. China’s opening toward the rest of the world has become a fundamental permanent policy in our country, which opens up much broader prospects for international cultural exchange.

15. Because she had gone to school and was gradually getting older, Shantao had more and more questions about the world. Some concerned her textbook, others life. She raised some of them to the teacher and had been given satisfactory answers. However, Shantao kept others, particularly those concerning life, to herself.

16. Deed and word must be consistent, theory and practice must be closely integrated. We must reject flashiness without substance and all sorts of boasting. There must be less empty talk and more hard work. We must be steadfast and dedicated.

17. All the way along the train line from the border right up to Peking, as far as the eye could see, the countryside was literally covered up with a green carpet of growing crops, holding a promise of bumper harvest.

18. Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.

19. Although the two were kindly people, it was not a compassionate soul the prompted them to act in that way: What concerned them, without sentimentalism and rhetoric, was to protect their daily bread, as is natural for people who, to maintain their life, have not learned to think more than is needful.

20. Communication through culture and art provides opportunities for peoples of different nations to learn from each other, thereby playing a significant role in flourishing artistic understandings in different nations, enhancing mutual understanding and nurturing friendship among all peoples. Supplementary Reading New words in Context

1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A 6.D 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A

Translation

研究人员和机构难以抵御经济刺激的诱惑。动物遗传工程是一个有待开采生物金矿。希望靠发明致富的科学家迄今“创造”了自然界未曾有过的成千上万种动物。如今，待批专利中超过90%是转基因动物，约7，000个待批专利是基因工程的动植物微生物。

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