语言学第四单元课后答案 syntax 树状图 the s rule
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1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V
b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A
2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.
a) full of people AP
A P N full of people
b) a story about a sentimental girl
NP
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det A N
a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP
Qual V NP
A N
often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals
NP
NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
the argument against the proposals
e) move towards the window VP
V PP
P Det N
move towards the window
3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst V AP
Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S
N Infl NP Infl VP
VP NP
V P N
What will you e talk about e d) The apple might hit the man. S
NP VP
Det N Aux V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
2
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
e) He often reads detective stories. S
NP VP
N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP Pres N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories
4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.
a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V NP
Det A N
A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane
3
b) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP Det A N
A huge moon hung in the black sky
c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP
Det N
An unusual event occurred before the meeting
d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A NP Pst V PP
A N P NP Det A N
A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill
5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S)
NP VP
N Aux V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
4
OR
InflP(=S)
NP VP
N Infl V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S
NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
V P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S
NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
5
Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
N Infl V NP
CP
Det N S C
NP Infl VP
NP NP N V
N N Herbert found the man (whom) she loved e
d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V PP
P NP C Infl S
N NP VP
PP
N Qual VP NP V P N
The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics
11
Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V PP
P NP C S
N NP NP Infl VP
PP
N N Qual VP NP V P N
The girl whom he often quarrels with e majors in linguistics
8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. a) Would you come tomorrow? Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP AdvP
N Infl V Adv
you would come tomorrow
Surface structure
CP
C S
VP
NP AdvP Infl N Infl V Adv
would you e come tomorrow
12
b) Can you pass me the newspaper?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP NP NP N Infl V N Det N
you can pass me the newspaper
Surface structure
CP
C S
VP
Infl NP NP NP N Infl V N Det N
Can you e pass me the newspaper
c) Should the students report the incident? Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP NP Det N Infl V Det N
the students should report the incident
Surface structure
CP
C S
VP
Infl NP NP Det N Infl V Det N
should the students e report the incident
13
d) What did you eat for lunch?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP PP
NP NP N Infl V P
N N
you did eat what for lunch
Surface structure
CP
NP C S
VP
Infl NP PP
NP NP N N Infl V P
N N
what did you e eat e for lunch
e) Who should this be reported to ?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP PP
VP NP N Infl V V P
N
this should be reported to whom
14
Surface structure
CP
NP C S
VP
N Infl NP PP
VP NP N Infl V V P
N
whom should this e be reported to e
f) What was Helen bringing to the party?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP PP
NP NP N Infl V P
N Det N
Helen was bringing what to the party
Surface structure
CP
NP C S
VP
N Infl NP PP
NP NP N Infl V P
N Det N
what was Helen e bringing e to the party
15
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