初中语法-陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

鸣志教育-初中语法之陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

在英语中，句子按使用目可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。

一、陈述句

陈述句用来说明一个事实或是陈述说话人的看法，句末用句号。 （一）五种基本句型

基本句型一：主语+不及物动词

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Great changes have taken place. We all breathe, eat and drink.

The blind study in special schools.

Fighting broke out between the South and North. To tell the truth always pays. What he said doesn’t matter.

以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的主语。主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词化的名词、动名词、不定式、从句等等。谓语动词说明主语的动作和状态。以上例句中， 我们不难看出，句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，这些不及物动词可以是单个的动词，也可以是短语。

由此，可以归纳出句型一：主语+不及物动词。

基本句型二：主语+系动词+表语

1. He is a teacher.

2. The best composition is hers. 3. Five and five is ten. 4. He is asleep. 5. His father is in.

6. The picture is on the wall. 7. My watch is gone \\ missing\\lost. 8. To see is to believe.

9. The question is whether they will come.

以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的表语。表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或

身分，通常有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、形容词化的分词、不定式或者从句充当。句子中的be 是系动词。

由此可以总结出句型二：主语+系动词+表语。 除了be动词，系动词还包括： “似乎类”：seem, appear

“感觉类”：feel, look, sound, smell, taste “变成类”：become, come, go, get, grow, fall, turn

- 1 -

鸣志教育-初中语法之陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

“仍然类”：remain, continue, stay, keep “证明是”：prove

基本句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语

1. I like China. （名词） 2. He hates you. （代词）

3. How many do you need? We need two. （数词）

4. We should help the old and the poor. （名词化的形容词） 5. I enjoy working with you. （动名词） 6. I hope to see you again. （不定式）

7. Did you write down what he said （宾语从句）

分析以上例句，可以看出斜体部分是句子的宾语。句子的宾语可以由名词、代词、数词、形容词化的名词、动名词、不定式、从句充当，宾语表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容， 或者用于介词后构成介词短语。句中的谓语动词可以是单个的动词，也可以是短语，如look forward to, adapt to, look after等等。

由此可以总结出句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语。

基本句型四：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 3. He brought you a dictionary. 4. He denies her nothing. 5. I showed him my pictures. 6. I gave my car a wash. 7. I told him the bus was late. 8. He showed me how to run the machine. 仔细观察以上例句，可以看出，斜体部分是句子的宾语，下划线部分也是句子的宾语，也就是一个句子中有两个宾语。不难发现，斜体部分为“人或者物等”，称为间接宾语； 下划线部分为“物或者事”，称为直接宾语。

至此，可以总结出句型四：主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。

有的动词可用介词to或介词for引出间接宾语

1. 双宾语易位时在间接宾语前面加介词to的常用动词有： award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人 hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人 lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人 mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人 offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人 owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物

pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人

- 2 -

鸣志教育-初中语法之陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物（钱） post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人 read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物读给某人听 return sb.sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物还给某人 send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送给某人 sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物卖给某人 serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人 show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物给某人看 take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿给某人 teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物 tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某情况

throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔给某人 write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 给某人写信

2. 双宾语易位时在间接宾语前面加介词for的常用动词有： book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物 buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物

choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物 cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物 draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物 fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物 find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物 fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物 get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物 make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物 order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物 pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物

prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物 save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物

sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物（歌） spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物 steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物

3. 双宾语易位时在间接宾语前面既可用介词to也可用介词for的动词有： （1）bring，play等（其含义相同）

Bring me today’s paper. = Bring today’s paper to/for me. 把今天的报纸拿给我。 He played us the record he had just bought.= He played the record he had just bought for/to us. 他放了他刚买的唱片给我们听。 （2）leave等（其含义不同）

They left me no food. = They left no food for me.他们没给我留一点食物。

My uncle left me a large fortune.= My uncle left a large fortune to me. 叔叔死后留下一大笔财产给我。

有的动词后接双宾语时，既不能用介词to引出间接宾语，也不能用介词for引出间接宾语。如allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse等：

- 3 -

鸣志教育-初中语法之陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

He allows his son too much money.他给他儿子的钱太多。 He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。

This caused me much trouble. 这给我带来了许多麻烦。

He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.他一杯茶向我要了5美元。 His mistake cost him his job. 他的错误让他丢了工作。 I envy you your good luck. 我羡慕你的好运。

They forgave him his rudeness. 他们原谅了他的鲁莽。 He refused her nothing. 她要什么他就给什么。

基本句型五：主语+及物动词+宾语+补语

1. They named the child Jim. 2. He boiled the egg hard. 3. He painted the door green.

4. I found the book very interesting. 5. We saw him out.

6. The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.

7. I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。 8. Don’t take his kindness for granted.

分析以上句子，可以看出，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，这个补充成分叫宾语补足语。（斜体部分即宾语的补足语）才能使意思完整。可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 。

由此归纳，基本句型五：主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语。

复合宾语主要有以下几种类型：

1. 宾语+名词（或代词）

该结构常用到的动词有：name, find, call, make, elect, choose, think, leave, keep, consider等。如：

We call this kind of flower rose. 我们管这种花叫玫瑰。 They made/elected him monitor. 他们选他当班长。

We found him a suitable man for the job. 我们发现他就是这工作的合适人选。

You must keep it a secret. 你得保密。

His mother died, leaving him an orphan. 他母亲死了，使他成了孤儿。 2. 宾语+形容词

常用于该结构的动词有：think, believe, find, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, get等。例如：

Who left/kept the door open/closed? 谁让门开(关)着?

Let’s get everything ready in time. 我们按时把一切都准备好吧。

- 4 -

鸣志教育-初中语法之陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

I found him dead the next morning. 次日早晨我发现他死了。 3. 宾语+副词

副词用作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的表语关系，即宾语的表语。常用于该结构的副词有：up, down, here, there, out, in, home, upstairs等。例如： Show/Let him in/ out. 带(让)他进来(出去)。

Kate drove us home after dinner. 饭后凯特驱车送我们回家。 4. 宾语+介词短语

介词短语用作宾补常表示宾语所处的状态，它们之间亦具有逻辑主表关系。如：

Make yourself at home. 请随便点(别拘束)。

They found everything in good order. 他们发现一切井然有序。 5. 宾语+不定式

充当宾语的不定式有以下三种类型：

（1）动词不定式必须带to。这类动词有tell, ask, order, like, wish, want, expect, invite等等。如：

Jim asked/ told/ ordered me to keep the room clean and orderly. 吉姆请（叫/命令）我将房间收拾干净整齐。

We invited him to visit our school. 我们邀请他访问了我校。

（2）动词不定式省略动词不定式符号to。这类动词有： 一感：feel 二听：listen to, hear 三让：let, make, have

五看：look at, see, watch, notice, observe 例如：

I often hear him sing in the next room. 我经常听见他在隔壁唱歌。 I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一收到她的信就通知你。

The story made us laugh. 故事逗得我们笑了。

注意：这类动词在变被动时，要加上动词不定式符号to

（3）动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留。例如： Could you help me (to) carry this box? 您能帮我扛一下这箱子吗? 6. 宾语+现在分词

可跟现在分词作宾补的动词多为感官动词和某些使役动词。感官动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，表示宾语和宾补动作的全过程，即不定式这一动作发生过或发生了；而现在分词作宾补则表示宾语和宾补动作正在进行。

试比较：

- 5 -

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/gxzv.html