非谓语动词写作中的运用

非谓语动词

一、非谓语动词作状语

1．动词不定式作状语

①I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.(2013·高考)

由于感到累了，我就停下车稍微休息了一下。

②George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.(2012·高考)

乔治战后归来，却被告知他的妻子已经离他而去。

③You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.

你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。

④This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.(2012·高考)

这台机器很容易操作。在几分钟任何人都能学会使用。

[规律总结]

(1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。

(2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。

(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy, lucky, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased, fortunate, right等。

(4)在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous等。

2．分词作状语

①One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.(2014·模拟)

一天晚上哈里给我打，要求我尽快去他家。

②Having arrived early for his date, Mark spent time reading the newspaper.(2014·一模)

因为约会到的早了些，马克读报纸来打发时间。

③Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.(2012·高考)

我那天晚上因为被要求加班而错过了一场精彩的电影。

word版本.

④Seen from the top of the mountain, the city is very beautiful.

从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。

⑤Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful.

从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。

[规律总结]

(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。

(2)如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)。

(3)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(having doing)。

(4)若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成时的被动形式(having been done)。

(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。

3．独立成分作状语

Judging from his accent, he is from Hong Kong.

从口音判断，他是人。

Considering your health, you'd better have a rest.

考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。

[规律总结]

有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：

generally speaking 一般来说

frankly speaking 坦白地说

judging from/by ... 根据……来判断

considering .../taking ... into consideration

考虑到……

to tell you the truth 说实话

seeing ... 鉴于/由于……

supposing 假设，如果

assuming 假使

given 考虑到，鉴于

provided (that ...) 如果

二、非谓语动词作宾语

①She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

当我经过时，她假装没看见我。

②He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.

word版本.

word 版本. 他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。

③I had great difficulty finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.(2010·高考)

在那个餐馆，我很难从菜单上找到合适的食物。

④I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.

我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，并记得在那里所看到的一切。

⑤I remembered to lock the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.(2012·高考)

在离开办公室前我记着去锁门，但是忘记了关灯。

[规律总结]

1．下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：

决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。

主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。

decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help 。

此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten 等也要用不定式作宾语。

2．下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：

考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。

避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。

禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。

consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy (想象，设想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can't help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape 。

3．be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank ... for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语。

4．下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：

forget ????? to do sth.忘记要做某事doing sth.忘记已经做过某事

regret ????? to do sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾未做doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔已做

try ????? to do sth.尽力去做某事doing sth.试着做某事

word 版本. go on ?

???? to do sth.继续做另一件事doing sth.继续做原来做的事 remember ?

???? to do sth.记着去做某事未做doing sth.记着做了某事已做 mean ?????

to do sth.打算做某事doing sth. 意味着做某事 三、非谓语动词作宾补

①I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.(2012·高考)

我抬头看，注意到一条蛇正沿树蜿蜒而上，捕捉它的早餐。

②I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.

发现我的家乡变化如此之大我感到很惊奇。

③Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.(2013·高考) 让那些需要(帮助)的人明白我们会尽全力去帮他们。

④Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.(2011·高考) 克莱儿在飞机起飞一小时前对行进行了安检。

⑤He had the light burning all night, which made his parents very angry. 他让灯着了整晚，这使他父母很生气。

⑥Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.(2010·高考) 亚历山大试图使他的工作被医学界认可。

[规律总结]

1．感官动词(词组)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel 的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see 为例：

see ＋宾语＋??? ?????doing 看见……正做．．……do 看见……做了．．

……宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系 ?????being done 看见……正在被做．．．．done 看见……被做．．宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系

2．使役动词make, let, have, get 后加复合宾语的情况：

(1)make ＋宾语＋????? do 让……做……宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系done 让……被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系

word 版本. (2)let ＋宾语＋????? do 让……做……宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系be done 让……被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系

(3)have ＋ 宾语＋???

?????do sth.使……做某事doing sth.使……持续做某事宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系done 使……被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系 [点津] ①have sth. to do 有事情要做 ②have sb. doing 若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。 (4)get ＋ 宾语＋???

??

???to do 使……做……doing 使……开始做……宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系done 使……被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系 四、非谓语动词作定语

①Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail waiting for her .(2013·高考)

劳拉去巴黎待了一周多的时间。当她返回家的时候，有一大堆等着她(处理)。

②Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.(2011·高考)

建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。

③His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.

他下月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。

[规律总结]

1．现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。

2．过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动和完成。

[点津] 表示心理状态的动词-ing 形式，意为“令人……的”；动词-ed 形式，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice 等名词。

3．不定式作定语表示未做的事情。

五、非谓语动词作主语和表语

①Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.(2013·高考)

聆听别人对你刚才所读的书的反应会增加额外的乐趣。

word 版本. ②It is no use crying over spilt milk.

覆水难收。(动名词短语作主语，it 作形式主语)

③To see is to believe/Seeing is believing .

眼见为实。

④His ambition is to go to Harvard University.

他的梦想就是上哈佛大学。

⑤The queen's work is laying eggs.

蚁后的工作就是产卵。

[规律总结]

1．不定式、动名词都可作主语，但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。

2．下列句型中常用动名词作主语：

It is/was ＋??????

????no use/good not any use/good of little use/good worth ＋doing sth. 3．不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。

4．动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质或特征。

六、with 复合结构

①John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.

约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。

②With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.

因为有很多难题要解决，这位新任总统的日子不好过。

③With the little boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village. 有小男孩带路，我们找到这个村庄没费劲。

[规律总结] with 复合结构常用形式：

with ????? sb./sth. doing 表主动且进行，或表特征sth. done 表被动且完成，或表状态

sth. to do 表示将来

七、独立主格

①Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你，你迟早会成功的。

②The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。

word 版本. ③Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it. 吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。

④He came out of the library, (with )a large book under his arm.

他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。

[规律总结] 独立主格结构的构成形式：

名词或代词＋????? 不定式表示动作未发生v .-ing形式表示主动、进行过去分词表示被动、完成形容词/副词/介词短语

[点津] 独立主格结构从语法上来讲不是句子，在句常作状语。具有以下特点：

1．独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物；

2．独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时也置于句中或句末。

考点一 非谓语动词作状语

1．(2013·高考)________ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.

A ．Not knowing

B ．Knowing not

C ．Not known

D ．Known not

解析：选 A 句意：由于不知道上哪所大学，那个女孩向她的老师征求意见。分析句子成分可知，the girl 与know 之间是逻辑上的主动关系，所以用现在分词作原因状语，且分词的否定式是在分词前加not 。

2．(2013·高考)________ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.

A ．Staying

B ．Stayed

C ．To stay

D ．Stay

解析：选 C 句意：为了晚上保暖，我往火炉中添了木柴，又设置了午夜的闹钟以便再次添加。此处“保暖”是“添加木柴”的目的，所以用动词不定式作目的状语。

3．(2013·高考)________ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.

A ．To found

B ．Founding

C ．Founded

D ．Having founded

解析：选C 句意：这所学校创建于20世纪初期，它一直激励着孩子们对于艺术的热爱。found 与the school 之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词。故选C 。

考点二 非谓语动词作定语

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