中小学生英语语法大全
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What与how的感叹句
感叹句一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用\和\引导,\和\与所修饰的词置于句首,其它部分用陈述句语序。
一、 由\引导的感叹句:\意为\多么\用作定语,修饰名词(被强调部分),单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。这类句子的结构形式是:
what+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主语+谓语+(it is). 如:
① What a clever girl she is! 多么聪明的姑娘呀!
② What an interesting story it is! 多么有趣的故事呀!
③ What good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子呀!
④ What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花呀!
⑤ What delicious food it is! 多么有味的食物呀! 二、由\引导的感叹句:\意为\多么\,用作状语,修饰形容词或副词(被强调部分)。如果修饰形容词,则句中的谓语动词用系动词;如果how修饰副词,则句中的谓语动词用行为动词,这类句子的结构形式是: How+adj.(adv.)+主语+谓语+(it is). 如:① How cold it is today! 今天多么冷呀!
② How nice the pictures are! 多么漂亮的图画呀! ③ How happy they look! 他们显得多么高兴呀! ④ How well she sings! 她唱得多好呀!
⑤ How hard they are working now! 他们干得多么起劲呀!
三、在表示同一意义时,英语感叹既可用\引导,也可用\引导。如: ① What a hot day it is! How hot the day is ! 多么热的天气呀!
② What tall buildings they are! How tall the buildings are! 多么高的楼房呀!
③ What bad weather it is! How bad the weather is! 多么糟糕的天气呀!
④ What bright sunshine it is! How bright the sunshine is!
多么明亮的阳光呀! 感叹句练习题
( )1._______a clever girl she is ! A. What B. How C. What’s ( )2._______she sings!
A. How good B. How well C. What well ( )3._______ exciting the news is! A. What a B. How C. How a ( )4._____his sister works!
A. How careful B. How carefully C. What careful ( )5._____noisy the students are making! A. What B. How C. How a ( )6.______delicious fish! A. How B. What C. What a ( )7.______heavy rain!
A. What a B. What C. How ( )8.____old bike Tim is riding! A. What a B. What an C. How ( )9.______exciting moment it is! A. How B. How an C. What an ( )10.______ dinner we’re having today!
A. What a delicious B. How delicious C. What delicious ( )11.________ bad weather it is today! A. How B. What a C. What
( )12._____fast the runners are running! A. What B. What a C. How ( )13._______the hamburgers are!
A. How delicious B. What delicious C. What a delicious ( )14.____surprising news it is! A. How B. What C. What a
( )15.____time they’re having today!
A. What a good B. How good C. What good ( )16._______I miss you !
A. What B. How C. How do
( )17.Look! ______beautiful that sea is! A. How B. What C. What a ( )18. ________ slowly Mike runs! A. How B. What C. What a ( )19._____lovely the baby looks! A. What B. How C. What a
( )20.________useful information it is! A. What an B. How C. What
( )21._______beautiful flowers they are! A. How B. What C. What a
( )22._______lovely a girl she is! A. What B. How C. What a ( )23._______they love their country! A. What B. How C. What a ()24._______long hair she has! A. What a B. What C. How
( )25._______beautiful music the students are listening to! A. How B. What a C. What
( )26._______exciting a basketball match it is! A. What B. How C. What an
( )27._______hard-working Chinese people! A. How B. What C. How do
( )28._______time they had yesterday!
A. How wonderful B. What wonderful C. What a wonderful ( )29.______worried they looked! A. What B. How C. How are
( )30.__________ good advice the teacher gives us! A. What B. How C. What a
冠词
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面帮助指明名词的含义。冠词分为不定冠词a(an)和定冠词the两种。不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前面,表示“一”的意义,但不强调数目观念,只表示名词为不特定者。定冠词则表示名词为特定者,表示“这”、“那”、“这些”、“那些”的意思,在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用。 I 不定冠词
We need an apple and a knife. 我们需要一个苹果和一把刀子。 1.a和an的区别
不定冠词有a[+]和an[+Q]两种形式,a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。
a boy, a university, a European country u是元音字母,但发音是[U(],是辅音。 an hour ,an honor ,an island
h是辅音字母,但它不发音,它的音标是是元音。 an elephant, an umbrella, an egg 2(1)不定冠词的用法 ①泛指—类人或物。 eg. This is a pencil case.
②指不具体的某个人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home. ③用在序数词前,相当于another. eg. There’s a third boy near the shop. ④表示“每—(个)”,相当于every. eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
(2)不定冠词的位置
①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。 eg, a bike, an egg
②当名词被such, what, many修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。 eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework. He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door. What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
③当名词前的形容词前有so, how, too等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。 Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station. How nice a film this is!
④当名词前面有形容词和quite, rather, very时,不定冠词放在quite, rather之后,very之前。 eg.It is quite a good book. That is rather a useful too1. This is a very interesting story.
表示某一类人或事物时,以下三种方法都可以。如: The horse is a useful animal.(用定冠词)
A horse is a useful animal.(用不定冠词) Horses are useful animals.(用复数) 马是一种有用的动物。
III.不用冠词的情况:
(1)名词前有指示代词this, that, these, those时不用冠词。 eg. That girl is my friend.
(2)名词前有物主代词my, your, his her, their等时不用冠词。 eg. Lucy is her sister.
(3)名词前有whose, which, any, each, every等代词时不用冠词。 eg. Which man is Mr Green?
Each student has a beautiful picture.
(4)复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。 eg. Those young men are teachers, not students. (5)物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。 eg. Snow is white.
(6)抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。 eg.Does she like music?
(7)在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。 eg.play basketball/soccer/chess (8)在三餐前不用冠词。
eg. have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner
(9)在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。
eg.Tina, China, Tiananmen Square, New Year’s Day, Tuesday, January National Day 国庆节 注意
在民间节日,即以Festival 组成的节日名称前要加the 。 如:the Spring festival 春节
(10)在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。
(11)家庭成员的名称、称呼语或只有一人担任的职务的名词前不用冠词。 注意
此时要用大写Mother
Father is at home, but Mother isn't. 此时要用大写Mother 爸爸在家,妈妈不在家。 We'll make you monitor. 我们会让你当上班长的。
Sir, may you answer me a question? 先生,您能回答我一个问题吗? My favorite is English.
(12)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。
eg.at noon, at work, at home, by bus, by air, on foot, from morning till night, at night, go to school, go to bed, at last
介词 I介词的功能
介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语) The girl will be back in two hours. (状语) Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语) Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语) II表示时间的介词
表示“时间”的介词如下:
1.表示年、月、日、时刻等用at,in,on 2.表示时间的前后用 before, after 3.表示期限等用by,until,till
4.表示期间等用for,during,through 5.表示时间的起点等用 from, since 6.表示时间的经过等用in,within (1) at,on,in
1)at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点
at noon正午时 at night在夜间 at present目前 at nine(o’clock)在九点钟
We usually have lunch at noon(at twelve). 我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)。
(2)on:用于某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一天时,一律用on) 注意 :
泛指一般的上午(下午)时用in,但特指某日的上午(下午)时用on。 in the morning在早上
on sun day morning在周日早上 on Monday在周一
on Tuesday morning在周二早上 on June 6在6月6日
on May 4,1996在1996年5月4日 on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚 on the night of July(the) first 在七月一日的夜晚
We didn't listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon 上周三下午我们没去听演讲。
(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指的上午、下午、晚上。 注意:
在this,last,next,every等词前面不能再加介词。
this morning今天上午last Friday 上周五 next Sunday下周日 every Monday(week, spring?) 每周一(每星期,每个春季??)
in the week在这周 in May在五月 in spring在春季
in 1995在1995年 in September,1995在1995年9月 in the morning在上午 in the afternoon在下午 in the evening在晚上
People go skating in winter人们冬天去滑冰。 (2)before,after 1)before:在?之前
Wash your hands before dinner.(before作介词) 吃饭前请洗手。
He will call me before he leaves here.(before作连词) 他离开这儿之前,他将给我打电话。 2)after:在??之后 注意:
before和after这两个词都是既可作介词,又可作连词。 Let's Sing some songs after school.(after作介饲) 放学后咱们唱歌吧!
Pleas close the door after you leave the room.(after作连词) 离开房间后请关门。 (3) by,until(till)
1)by:在??前(时间);截至(到)?? 注意:
由until(till)形成的句子,句中的动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句。 How many English books had you read by the end of last year? 到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书? 2)until(till):直到??为止(时间) 比较
by和until by seven o'clock截至(到)7点钟(一般和完成时连用) until seven o'clock直到7点(7点以前)
We didn't begin to watch TV until(till) nine o'clock.(begin是点动词,所以用否定式) 一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。 I'll wait for him until he comes here 我将在这儿一直等到他来。(wait是延续动词,用肯定式) 注意
until和till可以通用。它们可以作连词(见上例)而by不能作连词。 (4) for,during,through
1)for:达??之久(表示经过了多少时间) 常用的短语
for a year 一年 for a few days几天 for twenty weeks 二十周 during the lesson 上课期间
during the war (the night)战争期间,夜间 (一整夜)
可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。 He has lived here for 20 years. 他在这儿已经住了二十年了。 We will stay in the city for two days. 我们要在那里呆两天。
2)during: 在?期间
They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays. 暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。 比较:
for和 during
for之后大多跟表示时间、天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。 3 )through:一直??(从开始到结束) They played the cards through the night. 他们打了一整夜的牌。 (5) from,since
1)from:从??起(时间)
表示从??开始时,一般都是用词组from?to?,而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时用at。 The meeting will be held from eight to ten. 这个会议将从8点开到10点。
The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。 比较:
since和from since表示时间时,一般只用于完成时的句子;而from也用于现在时、过去时及将来时态。
另外since还可以作连词(见下例);而from则不可以,它只能作介词。 2)since:自从??以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续) I have been sick since yesterday. 我从昨天就病了。(一直到现在)
The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since作连词) 这个医生自当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。 (6 )in,within
1)in:过??后(未来时间) 注意:
如果用于过去时,用after +时间。
She went to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month. 去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。 大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。 in an hour 一小时之后
in a week or so 一个多星期之后
He will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。 They said they would arrive here in a week. 他们说他们一周后到达。 2)within:不超过??的范围 比较:
within和in with in强调在??时间之内,没有时态的限制。
in是以现在为基准,in an hour是指从现在起1小时之后,所以一般只用于将来时。 within 3 hours 3小时之内
I must finish painting the cat within five minutes. 我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。
They worked hard. They finished the work
within 2 days at last.
他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。 III 表示场所、方向的介词
1.表示场所的介词:at,in,on,under,by,near,between. 2.表示方向的介词:into,out of,along,across,through. (1 )at,in
1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所) at school 上学 at home 在家 at 2 Baker Street 在贝克街2号 at a factory 在一家工厂
I'll meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。 2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所) in Beijing 在北京 in China 在中国
in the world 在世界上 in the street 在街上 (2) on,under,over,above,below 1)on:a.在??上面,有接触面 a. )on the desk 在桌子上面
There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。 b.)在??靠近??的地方 on the right 在右边 2)above:在??上方
Our plane flew above the clouds. 我们的飞机在云端上飞行。
3)over在??正上方,是under的反义词 There is a light over Li Ming. 李明的正上方有一盏灯。
A few birds were flying over the sea. 有几只鸟在海上飞。 注意:
over的其他意思
a.遍及 all over the world 全世界
b.超过(=more than)We have over(=more than)40 books. 我们有四十多本书。 c.越过,在那边
over there在那边 over the wall越过墙 比较
over与above的区别 over是“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不定在“正上方”。 4)under:在??下面;在??之内
under the table 桌子下面 under the jacket 在夹克内 The dog is under the table. 这只狗在桌子下面。 5)below:在??下方(不一定是正下方) 正下方是under,below是above的反义词。
There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.
水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。 (3)near,by
1)near:近的,不远的
near =not far是far的反义词。
near还可以指时间。in the near future在不久的将来。 Is there a bus stop near here? 这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?
2)by:在??旁边距离比near要近 注意:在??旁边,有时也用 beside。 by the window 在窗户旁边
by me 我旁边 The boy is standing by the window. (4) between,among,around 1)between:在两者之间
My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike. 我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。 What's the difference between A and B? A和B之间有什么区别?
2)among:在三者或更多的之中
There is a beautiful house among the trees. 在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。 He is very popular among the students. 他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。
3)around:环绕,在??周围,在??四周 We sat around the table. 我们在桌子四周坐下来。 They walked around the street. 他们在街上到处走。 (5) in front of,behind
1)in front of:在??的前面;在??的前部 注意
in front of和 before均是“在??之前”的意思,但表示场所时要用in front of而不用before。 (○)in front of the room (×)before the room There is a tree in front of the house. 在房屋前面有一棵树。
There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom. 在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。 2)behind:在??后面
behind是in front of的反义词。 There is a tree behind the house. 房子后面有一棵树。
at the back of my house 在我家房屋的后面 注意
可以用 at the back of?=behind? ()6 in,into,out of
1)in:在??之内,用于表示静止的位置 The students are in the classroom. 学生们在教室里。 注意
out of?与from的区别
表示“由内往外”的动作时’用out of;表示“从??起”(起点)时,使用from。 Tom went out of the room with Li Ming. 汤姆和李明走出房间。
The train is from Boston.这辆火车是从波士顿开来的。 2)into:进入
用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如:go,come,walk,run ??
The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。 He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。
3)out of:和into 一样,也表示有一定的运动方向 The students rushed out of the room. 学生们冲出房间。
(7 )along,across,through 1)along:沿着
I was walking along the river when it began to rain, 我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来了。 2)across:横过
I often swim across the river. 我常游泳横渡这条河。 3)through:贯穿,通过
The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。 (8 )to,for,from
1)to:到达??地点(目的地) 注意:
to与towards的区别 to:表示到达某地,(一般指目的地) towards:指方向、朝向,而不是目的地。 He walked to wards the gate of the park. 他朝着公园大门走去。(大门不是目的地)。 He came to Japan in 1980. 他1980年来到日本。 Tom has gone to school. 汤姆已经去学校了。 2)for:表示目的地,“向??” I'll leave for America next week. 下周我将动身去美国。
for表目的时,一般是和固定词搭配。 leave for 动身去?? start for 出发去??
3)from:从??地点起??
It's about ten minutes 'walk from here to the cinema.
从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。
How tar is it from our school to the hospital? 从我们学校到医院有多远? IV其他介词
介词除了表示“时间”、“场所”以外,也表示“手段”、“材料”??等 (1 )表示手段和材料的介词用 with,in,by 1)with:和??在一起 比较
in和 with
用in,with表工具或方法时,在译成中文时区别不大,但在英语上的用法却不大相同。 a.用“with”时,后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。 with my ear用我的耳朵with a pencil用一支铅笔 b.用in时,后面加物质名词,不能加冠词。 in ink 用墨水 in pencil 用铅笔
Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗? c.具有、带有
He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes. 他是有着一双大眼睛的英俊男孩子。 d.用某工具或方法
Li Li cut her hand with a knife. 莉莉用刀把手弄破了。
I see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。 He wrote the letter with a new pen. 他用一支新钢笔写这封信。
2)in:表示用什么材料(例如用墨水、铅笔)等,或用什么语言,或者表示衣着、声调特点时,不用with,而用in。 She wrote a letter in black ink. 她用黑色的墨水写信。
Don't write it in pencil but in ink. 别用铅笔写,用钢笔(水)写。 3)by:通过??方法、手段 He goes to school by bicycle. 他骑自行车上学。
(2 )of,from 1)of:(属于)??的;表示??的数量或种类 This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。 Will you please give me a cup of tea? 请您给我一杯茶好吗?
2)from:来自(某地、某人);以??起始;(时间或地点) I'm from Nanjing.我是南京人。
I have got a letter from my friend.我收到了一封我朋友的来信。 比较:
make?of?与make?from?这两个词组都是“由?制成”的意思,它们的区别在于:如果
制造出来的东西还看得出原料是什么,用“make?of?”;看不出原料是什么,用“make?from?”。
The box is made of wood.这箱子是木料做的。
The paper is made from rice straw.这纸是用稻草造的。 (3) without,like,as
1)without:没有,是with的反义词 Men can't live without air and water. 人类没有空气和水不能生存。
I can't read the book without using a dictionary. 不用字典,我看不了这本书。
Please give me a cup of coffee without milk. 请给我一杯不加奶的咖啡。
Please give me a cup of coffee with milk. 请给我一杯加奶的咖啡。 2)like:像??一样
Nancy is just like her mother. 南希和她的妈妈一样。
前句还可写成 Nancy looks like her mother.(南希和她妈妈长得一样)。用look时,强调外表。 (3)as:作为
He is famous as a scientist here.
他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。 (4 )against,about 1)against:反对;靠着
He is against the plan.(Li Ming) 他反对这个计划。(他反对李明)。
The teacher is standing against the blackboard. 老师正靠着黑板站着。
2)about:a.关于;各处;身旁 Tell me something about your life. 告诉我你的生活情况。 He looked about himself. 他向四处张望。
I have no money about(=with)me. 我身上没带钱。
b.询问某人某物的情况或提出建议 What about your sister? 你姐姐情况如何?
How about going to the park? 去公园怎么样? 注意
What about ??与How about??的用法没有区别。 (5)for , to
for表示“为了.”
to 表示动作对象, “对, 向”, 如:
He would do anything for his motherland.
Did you mention this to my father? 你对我父亲提起过这件事吗? for 表示“就某情况而说 ”, to 表示“对某对象而言”如: It’s quite warm today for February.就二月的天气,今天够暖和的。
What he told you just now was not new to me。他刚才对你所说的话对我并不新鲜。 for 表示“目的,用途”。与go, come 动词连用。 (6)except , besides
except 表示“从总体中排除一部分”, 与but 同义, besides 表示“除了一部分还有另一部分”
We all failed except him. 我们都失败了,但他没有。
He speaks German besides French.. 除法语外, 他还会讲英语。
(2)介词短语
介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后,形成复合词,有特定的意思,应一一背诵。将介词短语分类如下:
3.介词+名词 (at home,on foot,in time) 1)动词+介词 talk about(sth.):谈论某事
They are talking about their school. 他们正在谈论他们的学校。 2)talk to sb.(=talk with sb.):和某人谈论 Don't talk to your desk mate,Li Ming. 李明,不要和你的同桌说话。 3)look at:注视
She looked at the blackboard,but saw nothing. 4)listen to:倾听
I listened to him,but heard nothing. 我注意听他说话,但什么也听不见。 5)call on(sb.):拜访
He called on his uncle yesterday. 昨天他看望了他的叔叔。 6)arrive at(in):到达
We arrived at the station at noon.我们中午到达车站。 We arrived in Beijing last year.我们去年到(达)北京。 注意
arrive at(in)中的介词at用于比较小的地方。in用于比较大的地方。 口语中常用get to代替arrive at(in)。
I'll get to the factory at three.我将在三点钟到工厂。 7)take care of:照顾
The old men were taken good care of. 老人们受到了很好的照顾。 8)wait for:等待
I'll wait for you until eight o'clock. 我等你到八点钟。
9)look for:寻找
I looked for my watch every place but I didn't find it. 我到处找我的表,但是没找到。 其他重要的介词短语
speak to 和??说话 stay with 和某人呆在一起 think about 考虑有关?? write to 给某人写信 2 )be动词+形容词+介词 1.be kind to:对某人亲切
His step-mother was kind to him. 他的继母对他很好。
2.be good at:在??做得好;擅长于??
Are you good at speaking English?你英语说得好吗? 3.be late for:迟到
He is always late for school.他上学总是迟到。
4.be afraid of:害怕??The boy isn't afraid of big dogs. 5.be sorry for(sth.):为??抱歉
I'm sorry for being late.抱歉,我迟到了。
3) 介词+名词
1.at:at home 在家 at school 在学校
at least 至少 at present 目前 at first 起初 at once 立刻 at last 最后(终于) at night 夜晚 语词互换
be good at=can?well他游泳游得很好。 He is good at swimming.
He can swim well be full of=be filled with 箱子里都是(装满了)苹果。 The box is full of apples. The box is filled with apples. 2.on:
on foot 步行 on one’s way 在去某地的路上 on the telephone 用电话 on time 准时 3.for:
for a while 一会儿 for example 例如for oneself 为了自己 for hours(days, years)有好几小时(天,年) 4.in:
in English 用英语 in those days在当时 in class 课上 in time 及时 5.by:
by the way 顺便说 by oneself 独自地
A:形容词
1、 形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。
2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。 (错) He is an ill man. (对) The man is ill.
(错) She is an afraid girl. (对) The girl is afraid.
这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。 3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如: something nice 2. 以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。 改错:(错) She sang lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely.
(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poor are losing hope.
2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题:
1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
(1)表示“终极”意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如:back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如:atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。 (4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容词。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。
B: 副词及其基本用法
1 副词的种类、用法和位置
副词在句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。用来表示时间、场所、状态及程度。 1 副词的种类 1.副词的种类
(1)时间副词
①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far ②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally (2)地点副词
①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere, nowhere,somewhere.
②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):
above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over, away,near,off,past
(3)方式副词表示谓语动词\怎样地\,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成): badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently, politely,sadly,properly,rapidly, wrongly,suddenly.
(4)程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly (5)疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why
(6)连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why (7)关系副词 引导定语从句:when,where,why
(8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开: frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等。
1.地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末 注意
地点副词作定语时要后置,不属于这种情况。有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定语,放在所修饰词的后边。
The students here are all from China.
I'll wait for you here.(地点副词) 我将在这儿等你。
I'll meet him at the station tomorrow.(时间副词) 明天我将去车站接他。
Tomorrow I'll meet him at the station. 注意
有时为了强调时间,也可把时间副词放在句首。 The boy wrote the homework quickly. (方式副词)
这个男孩子写作业很快。
They did their experiments carefully in the labyesterday.方式 地点时间 昨天他们在实验室认真地做实验。
The students all worked well here last week 这些学生上周在这里都做得很好。
b.修饰形容词、副词时,放在它所修饰的词的前面。 He studies much harder now. 现在他学习努力多了。
The room is big enough to hold fifty persons. (enough修饰形容词)
这个房间够大的可以容纳50人。
He runs fast enough.(enough修饰副词) 他跑得够快的。
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 6 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closely
close意思是\近\; closely 意思是\仔细地\ He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. 2) late 与lately
late意思是\晚\; lately 意思是\最近\ You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately? 3) deep与deeply
deep意思是\深\,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,\深深地\ He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4)high与highly
high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是\广泛地\,\在许多地方\ He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world. 6) free与freely
free的意思是\免费\;freely 的意思是\无限制地\ You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.
7某些副词在用法上的区别 (1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已经发生,主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事发生,主要用于否定句和疑问句;still表示某事还在进行,主要用于肯定句和疑问句,有时也可用于否定句。如: We've already watched that film. I haven't finished my homework yet. He still works until late every night. (2) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句,too和as well多用于口语,一般放在句末,而also多用于书面语,一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句,往往放在句末。
8 形容词与副词的比较级 ⑴ 规则变化
1.一般在词尾直接加-er或-est Tall-taller-tallest, long-longer-longest
2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的单词在词尾直接加-r 或- st Nice-nicer-nicest, large-larger-largest 3.以辅音字母+ 结尾的词,把 y变为i ,再加er 或 est Heavy-heavier-heaviest Happy-happier-happiest 4.重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加er 或 est Big-bigger-biggest Fat-fatter-fattest
5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more 构成比较级和most 构成最高级 Slowly-more slowly-most slowly Beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
⑵ 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 Good/well better best Bad/ill/badly worse Worst Many/much more most little less least
far Farther/further Farther/further
old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
典型例题:
1) ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes,I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better
2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better. 答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。 答案:D。
13. the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。 形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示\非常\。 It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem.
注意: 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意:
a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest continent.
4) \否定词语+比较级\,\否定词语+ so? as\结构表示最高级含义。 Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this. =This is the easiest thing. 14. 和more有关的词组
1) the more? the more? 越??就越??
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more? than? 与??一样??,不比??多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. no less? than? 与??一样?? He is no less diligent than you. 4) more than 不只是,非常
She is more than kind to us all.
2)下列几类形容词也没有比较等级:
(1)表示\终极\意义或绝对概念的形容词或副词。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示时间、方位或方向的形容词或副词。如:back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词。如:atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。 (4)本身具有\最\或\唯一\概念的形容词。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。 题目
1. -Which is ____ season in Beijing?(2003年) -I think it's autumn.
A.good B.better C.best D.the best
2. - Which is__________ , the sun, the moon or the earth?(2004年) -- Of course, the moon is.
A.small B.smaller C.smallest D.the smallest
3. The air in Beijing is getting much _____ now than a few years ago.(2005年) A. clean B. cleaner C. cleanest D. the cleanest
4. Mobile phones are very popular now and they are _____ than before.(2005年)
A. cheap B. cheaper C. cheapest D. the cheapest
解析:正确答案为D。该题的核心词为season。根据比较级与最高级的知识,两者之间用比较级,而三者或三者以上用最高级,北京有四季,因此本题应选择最高级。又因为形容词最高级前要加定冠词the,因此答案为D。
解析:正确答案为D。该题的核心词在第一句句尾,\提问的对象为三者,应该选择最高级。
解析:正确答案为B。该题的核心词为than,than一词是比较级的标志。
解析:正确答案为B。该题与第三题相似,核心词为than。
名词
一名词的定义:表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词。 二名词的分类:
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,
名词的种类 注意
物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词。不可数名词前不能加冠词a或an来表示量。
(三)名词的数
1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式:
1.单数
英语中,如果我们要表示一本书、一只鸟、一棵树等概念时,要用名词的单数形式,表示名词的单数,要在名词前加冠词a或an。
This is a desk . 这是一张书桌。
There is an orange on the table .
注意
有时a,an后面紧接的不是单数名词,而是a (an) +形容词+单数名词的形式。这时判断用a还是an来表示“一个”的概念时,要看形容词开头字母的发音,而不是看名词。 2.复数
英语中,如果要表示两本书、三个学生、四把椅子这些两个或两个以上的概念时,要用名词的复数形式,名词的复数形式是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。变复数时情况如下: (1)一般情况下,在词尾加s.
eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys
以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s],以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。 (2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es.
eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕 (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es.
eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries, strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])
(注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days) (4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下: ①加eg.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes
②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoo—zoos,radio——radios
③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos ④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,
eg.photo(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos ⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes
(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es.
eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thieves(res读音为[vz] (注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)
(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母。
eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛)
请区别:German(德国人)—Germans (3)child—children (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。 eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish
li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 注意
这些词是可数名词,且单复数形式相同,所以可以写为: This is a fish. These are fish.
另外,fish作为鱼肉讲时是不可数的。 There is much fish on the plate.
(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。 eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors 9以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 \ <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。 9另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。 eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister 但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。 eg.two men teachers,three women doctors
②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。 eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils 可修饰名词的常用词:
1) 修饰可数名词与不可数名词:some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 2) 饰可数名词的有:many, (a)few, a large (great) number of
3)只修饰不可数名词的有:much, (a)little, a great deal of
(4)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/?+量词复数十of+不可数名词。
eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water
5.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。如:Some bread__________over there.(be) (三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)
(1) 有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 Beijing's street 北京的街道 today's newspaper 今天的报纸 ten minutes' walk 十分钟的路程
①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s. eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day
②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。 eg.teachers’office,students’rooms
③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s. eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房) ④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s.
eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车
Other及其用法
Other 及其相近的词(组),如 others, the other, the others, another,any other 等,下面是它们的一些用法:
1、other 指其余的人或物,所有格是 other's,复数形式是 others;the other
指\两个人或物中的另一个\,其复数形式是 the others;others相当于\名词\,所以不能充当定语,修饰名词。others指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分,但不是全部的,即 some...others (一些...其余的人...);the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部,即some...the others.
2、another泛指三个以上的不定数目中的\另外一个\。由 an 和 other 合 并构成,所以不能和冠词连用。another 修饰单数名词,比如:another pencil.
3、any other 指除去本身以外的\任何其他的人或物\,后面要用名词的单数形式。
other可作形容词或代词,做形容词时,意思是“别的,其他”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。如: Do you have any other question(s)? 你还有其他问题吗? Ask some other people. 问问别人吧! Put it in your other hand. 把它放在你另一只手里。
2.the other指两个人或物中的一个时,只能用the other,不能用another,此时的other作代词。如: He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker. 他有两个女儿,一个是护士,另一个是工人。 the other后可加单数名词,也可加复数名词,此时的other作形容词。如: On the other side of the street,there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边,有一棵大树。 Mary is much taller than the other girls. 玛丽比其他的女孩高得多。 He lives on the other side of the river. 他住在河的对岸。
3.others是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个”,“其余的”。在句中可作主语、宾语。如: Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports. 我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞,其余的从事体育活动。 Give me some others, please. 请给我别的东西吧! There are no others. 没有别的了。
4.the others意思是“其他东西,其余的人”。特指某一范围内的“其他的(人或物)”。是the other的复数形式。如: Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home. 两个男孩将去动物园,其余的留在家里。 the others=the other 复数名词,这在第2条中已经有所介绍。
5.another=an other,既可作形容词,也可作代词,只能用于三个或更多的人或物,泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”,只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。如: I don’t like this one. Please show me another. 我不喜欢这一个,请给我看看另一个。 I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker. 我有三个女儿。一个是护士,另一个是教师,还有一个是工人
习题:
1.There’s no _____ way to do it.
A.other B.theother C.another D others
2.Some people like to rest in their freetime.______ like to travel. A.Other B.Theothers C.Others D.Another
3.This cake is delicious!Can I have_______ piece,please? A.other B.another C.others D.the other 4.Where are ______ boys?
A.the other B.the others C.others D.another 5.The supermarket is on _____ side of thestreet. A.other B.another C.the other D.others
6.There were three books on my table.Oneis here.Where are ___? A.others B.theothers C.the other D.another
7.Some of the speakers went straight tothe conference room.____ speakers are still hanging around.
A.The other B.The others C.Another D.Others
8.This is not the only answer to thequestion.There are _____. A.the others B.others C.another D.the other 9.Please give me ____ chance.
A.other B.the other C.another D.the others
10.He was a wonderful teacher.Everyoneagreed it would be hard to find ____ like him. A.another B.other C the other D.the others
11.I don’t like thoseshoes.Please show me ______. A.another B.other C.the other D.some others
12.Mary didn’t want ____of the two kinds and asked the shop assistant to show her ______. A.both; the other B.all; the others C.either; another D.other; the others
13.Great changes have taken place in China.who cantell _____ it would be like in _____ five years?
A.how; other B.what; more C.how; another D.what; another
14.Mr.Turner bought two bikes.One wasfor his wife,and ____was for his son. A.another B.other C.the other D.one
15.Tom,you should know how to get on wellwith _____. A.another B.others C.the other D.other
16.he has two sons.One is a doctor,____is a student.He is now studying at _____ university. A.another; a B.the other; an C.the other;a D.another; an 17.--- what a hot day!Have you had adrink? --- Yes.But I’d like to have _____ after work. A.it B.one c.other D.another
18.--- Would you like _____ apples? ---- ______,please.
A.some more; Another two B.any more; Two more C.another; two more D.some more; Other 19.We have ten foreign students in our school.One is from America,
____ is from Australia and
all ______ students are from England.
A.another; the others B.one; another C.another; the other D.one; other’s
20.Students are usually interested insports:some like running,some like swimming,and _____ like ball games.
A.the others B.others C.the other D.other
21.There are twenty-eight students in theclass.Ten of them are girls and _____ are boys. A.the other B.the others C.others D.other
22.I don’t like this pen.Would you pleaseshow me ___ one? A.another B.the other C.other D.others 23.These cups are ours.Those are ______. A.others B.other’s C.others’ D.others’s
24.I have six coloured pencils; one isblue,another is red,and _____ are green. A.others B.another C.others D.the others 25.---- Have you finished your report yet? ---- No.I’ll finish it in ______ ten minutes. A.another B.other C.more D.less
26.--- Did all the students in your classpass the test? ---- Some of them did.______ didn’t.
A.Another B.Theothers C.Some other D.Others
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