自考现代英语语法重点

Chapter 1 The Structure

of the English Sentence

(第一章 绪 论)

一、 难点、重点

1. Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order. (指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)

英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)，图示如下： 高级层次 句子(由一个或多个分句组成) 分句(由一个或多个词组组成) 词组(由一个或多个词组成) 低级层次 词 如果从语义的角度来考虑，单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes)；句子以上还有更大的语言单位，即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。所以，从超语法的角度来看，语法层次结构可以如下图所示：

高级层次 语篇(由广个或多个句子组成) 句子(由一个或多个分句组成) 分句(由一个或多个扣组组成) 词组(由一个或多个词组成) 词(由一个或多个词素组成) 低级层次 词素

2． Morphemes词素 (Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme) （注：此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容，然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。）

什么是词素(morpheme)?词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。

词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。词素是一种抽象形式的成分，在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现，如英语中的复数词素可以表现为／s，z，iz／。

某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体，几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。

词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。自由词素(free morpheme)是指本身具有完整意义，可以独立使用的词素。它可以是简单的单词，如boy，girl，do，so等，也可以是派生词的词根，如im-polite，self-ish等。自由词素具有较强的构词能力。

粘附词素 (bound morpheme)是指没有完整意义不能独立使用的词素。粘附词素只表示一种附加意义或语法意义，这种词素不能单独存在和使用，只有粘附在其他词素(主要是自由词素)上才能表示出它的意义。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词中充当词缀，如unfriendliness中的un-，-ly，-ness等。

3.Finite clauses and infinite clauses (限定性分句与非限定性分句,定义参见下面的简答题部分)

注意这里分句的概念与传统语法的区别，特别是非限定性分句。 Finite Clauses (1)名词性分句

What he said was incredible. (2)关系分句

This is one of the best books I?ve ever read. (3)状语分句

If I were in your shoes, I wouldn?t quit.

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Non-finite clauses： (1) 非限定性名词性分句：

She didn?t know what to say． (2)非限定性关系分句：

The man standing by the window is her brother. (3) 非限定性状语分句：

Published ten years ago，this is still the best dictionary． 二、 重要概念

1. morpheme (参见第一部分测试题)

2. parsing：Breaking a sentence into smaller components for analysis and then grouping them into various classes in a systematic way.

把一个句子中的各种词按语法范畴给出名称一如主语、宾语、动词、性、数、格等一叫做句子成分分析(parsing)。 3. Define the complex sentence

The complex sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause that are joined together by subordinating one to another．[复杂句是用 从属连词(如if, when, though等)连接的一个以上分句的句子.]

三、 典型考题 I. 选择题

1. There are ( ) morphemes in “gunfighter”. A. two B. three C. four D. one

2. In “He downed his beer and punched me on the nose. ” “downed” belongs to ( ) . (P13) A. backformation B. clipping C. conversion D. blending 3. Suffixes basically change ( ) . A. word meaning B. word class C. nothing D. word formation 4. The prefix“uni-” means ( ) . A. without B. self C. false D. one

Key: 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D II. 简答题

1. In terms of which three factors are words classified?

The three factors are: the environment where words occur, their internal structure and their meaning.

2. Define the finite clauses and the non-finite clauses.

The finite clauses are the ones that have subjects and finite verbs as predicates．The non-finite clauses are the ones that leave subjects unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms．(限定分句是主语加限定动词作谓语的

分句。非限定分句是省略主语而动词以非限定形式出现(主语省略是因为其前面或 后面已有主语。)

Chapter 2 Sentence Types

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(第二章 句子类型)

一、 难点、重点

1．英语句子四大类型为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句；这四种句型分别表示提供信息，寻求

信息，要求动作进行和表达说话者的情感.

1. Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in questions. (解释在肯定句中使用非肯定词和在疑问句中使用肯定句的情况。)

When a positive answer is expected, assertive words can be used in

questions, such as: Would you like some more coffee? Is somebody waiting for me? And in affirmative sentences in which there are negative import, if-clauses,

putative should-clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertive words can be used, such as:

He is too young to take any job.

If anyone calls me at this moment, it must be Xiao Zhang. It?s odd that the hero should say anything like that. He?s better than anyone else in this company.

疑问句中如期望肯定回答,可用肯定词，在含有带否定含义的词，If-分句,should 推定分句,比较分句中也可用非肯定词.

3．Explain the difference between a tag question with a final rising tone and one with a final falling tone．(解释附加疑问句结尾升调与降调的区别。) With a rising tone，the question expresses the speaker?s neutral

expectation of the hearer?s response and invites the hearer to verify the truth of the proposition in the statement．With a falling tone，the

speaker asks for the hearer?s confirmation of the statement．It can be regarded as similar to an exclamation．(念升调，附加疑问句的说话者对对方

的回答不是很确定；念降调，说话者期望对方证实他的陈述，有点类似于感叹句。) Examples:

Lovely weather, isn?t it?

(Seeing the student?s ID) You are a student, aren?t you? 以上两句，都应该念降调。

另外，在附加疑问句中，HAVE一词也是常考的重点： You have heard me, haven?t you? (Auxiliary ?have?) Mary has to live on her own, doesn?t she? Tom has coffee with milk, doesn?t he?

(In the sense of ?possess?, ?own?, etc.) You have a big house, don?t / haven?t you? 4．Commands

1) Be patient. (Command)

2) You be patient. (Emphatic effect, or to light a contrast) 3) Do be patient. (To reinforce a command)

4) Be patient, please! (To smooth away abruptness) 5) You be patient, please! (This sentence is incorrect!) So the following sentences are also commands: 1) Someone take out the rubbish. 2) Anybody help him!

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3) Everyone freeze! 二、 重要概念

1. Alternative questions: Those questions that suggest two (or more) alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true.

2. How-exclamations: Exclamations that are led by the adverb ?how?. It highlights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations.

三、 典型考题

I. 选择题

1. You have to wait a moment, ______? A. haven't you B. do you

C. don't you D. shouldn't you

2. \ A. Yes, she wasn't B. No, she was C. Yes, she was D. She wasn't Key: 1. c 2. c II. 简答题

1. What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with? What is their shared semantic feature?(转移否定经常与哪些动词同现?它们有什么共同的语义特征?)

The verbs which transferred negation often occurs with are：think，believe，suppose，imagine and expect．They are the verbs that express “opinion”．(转移否定经常与think，believe，suppose，imagine和expect等动词连用。这些动词都是表示“意见”的语义。)

2. What are the two major types of exclamations?(感叹句的两大类型是什么?)

The two major types of exclamations are WHAT—exclamations and HOW-exclamations．The former is followed by a noun phrase；the latter is followed by an adjective or adverb．感叹句分为WHAT- 感叹句和HOW-感叹句。前一种后接名词词组，后者接形容词或副词 III．完成下列句子

1. You?d rather we didn?t go there,_______ 2. I don?t think he will come,________? 3. They must have lost their way,_____? 4. Let?s talk about it later,_____? 5. Everyone is here,________?

Key: 1.hadn?t you 2. will he 3. mustn?t/ didn?t they 4. shall we 5.isn?t here/aren?t they

Chapter 3

Noun and Noun Phrase (1):

Noun and Number

(第三章 名词和名词词组(1)：名词和名词的数)

一、 难点、重点

1. The functions of noun phrases: In function, a noun phrase can play such grammatical roles as subject, object, complement, modifier and even adverbial. 名词词组的功能，可以作主语、宾语、补语、修饰语（a tea table），有些的甚至可以作状语(yesterday, last week)。 2. Noun classes

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名词可以以多种方法分类,如具体名词(table, water)与抽象名词 (happiness, hatred),可数名词(table, girl)与不可数名词(water,

money),有生物名词(boy, monkey)与无生物名词(table, water)等.但名词 通常按以下方式分类:

名词-----|专有名词Proper nouns

(nouns) |可数名词----------|普通名词(common nouns) (c. nouns) |物质名词(mass nouns)

我们在可数名词和物质名词中还可以再划分具体名词和抽象名词: 名词--|专有名词

|普通名词--|可数名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns) (common n.)| |抽象名词(abstract nouns |物质名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns) |抽象名词(abstract nouns)

3.缩略词：加-’s，-s，双写或零形式复数，首字母缩略词，

加-?s或-s：

MP(议员) MP’s／MPs POW(战犯) POW’s／POWs VIP(要人) VIP’s／VIPs laser lasers

缩略词加-s，双写或用零形式复数： 缩略词加-s

Dr．(医生) Drs．

hr(小时) hrs．(或hr．) yd．(码) yds． Yr. (年) yrs． 双写:

ex．(例子) exx．

gal．(加仑) gall． 1. (行) ll． p．(页) pp

或用零形式复数 ft．(英尺) ft kg．(公斤) kg．

km．(公里) km min．(分) min． sec．(秒) Sec

4.熟记教材（P65）单位名称表 二、 重要概念

1. Proper noun: Proper nouns are nouns referring to specific person, place or thing,such as Smith, Mark (persons), Washington D.C., London (places), NATO, United Nations (things)(专有名称是特指人,地方或事物的名词)

2. Mass noun: Those that can not take plural are mass nouns, such as butter, cheese, homework music, etc. (没有复数形式的名词叫物质名词)

3. Unit noun: It is also called \that is used to specify the quantities measures and shapes of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc. (单位名词亦称 “部分词”用于

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improvements suggested (建议的改善方法)

3.形容词sick和healthy可以用作定语，而i11和well则通常用作补语，如：

What?s the matter with Mr. White?——He?s a sick man． Tom was very ill，but he?s now a healthy man．

How are you?——I’m very well，thank you．／I’m fine，thanks． 4. 比较级结构

注意当所比较的两个称呼不属于同层次时，修饰语不能前置,如，

Mr. White is a professor much more learned than his students． *Mr. White is a much more learned professor than his students． There are a lot of women more intelligent than John． *There are a lot of more intelligent women than John．

三、典型考题 I. 简答题

1. What are attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives?

定语形容词和补语形容词各指什么?

An attributive adjective refers to an adjective that modifies a noun and stands either before or after the noun in a noun phrase. An

predicative adjective refers to an adjective that can modify a noun by way of serving as a subject complement or an object complement．(修 饰语形容词指用来修饰名词,可放名词前或名词后的形容词。补语形容词指通 过用作主语补足语或宾语补足语来修饰名词的形容词。)

2. When adjectives are used in the dynamic sense, what are their syntactic and

semantic features? 当形容词表示动态意义时，其句法特征和语义特征是什么? When adjectives are used in the dynamic sense，their syntactic features are to denote subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state; and their semantic features are that the qualities denoted by the adjectives can be controlled or restricted.(当形容词用作动态意义时，其句法特征是表示主观评定或暂时情况，其语义特征是形容词表示的特征能被控制或限制。) 3.What are restrictive adjectives and non-restrictive adjectives? 限制性形容词和非限制形容词各指什么?

A restrictive adjective helps identify the referent of the noun by describing its distinctive qualities．Whereas a non—restrictive adjective merely provides some additional information which is usually not essential for the identification of the referent．(限制性形容词通过描述与众不同的特征来识别名词所指的对象.非限制性形容词仅仅提供一些额外信息，而这些信息不是识别名词所指对象的根本。)

Chapter 10

Preposition and Prepositional Phrase

(第十章 介词和介词词组)

一、 难点、重点 介词除了表

示空间和时间外，还可表示动作进行的方式，完成任务所使用的工具，以及瞄准的 目标等。 Examples:

In Beijing (space), on Monday (time), leave without a word (manner), listen to

the radio (instrument), pray for peace (purpose)

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2. between和among用法比较

a. between表示两者之间，among表示三者或三者以上之间： She sat between the two children． She sat among the three children．

b. between表示两者之间的关系，作“在?之间”解，可以表示位置、时间、

顺序、距离、数量等。而among表示“在?中间；被?所围绕”：

Our house stands between a school and a supermarket．

He lost his son when the film was over and found him among the people outside the cinema．

电影散场时，他找不到儿子了，在电影院外人群中找到了他。 c. between表示: “介于?之间”,among表示“在?之中”；其中之一(与最高级连

用)：

A good teacher must be neither too strict nor too weak；his manner

must be between these two．

好教师既不能太严厉又不能太软弱；其举止必须介于两者之间。

Among his many good qualities， punctuality is the most impressive one． 在他众多优秀品质中，守时给人留下了最深刻印象。

He made a comparison between the major English speaking countries. I like New Zealand best among all the English speaking countries. d. We always use ?between? when we speak of clear and exact locative

positions:

The village is between three mountains.

Ecuador lies between Colombia, Peru, and the Pacific Ocean.

二、 重要概念

Preposition: In some languages, a word placed before a substantive and indicating

the relation of that substantive to a verb, an adjective, or another substantive, as English at, by, in, to, from, and with.

介词在一些语言中放在一实词前，用于表示这一实词与动词、形容词或另一实词的关系，

如英语中的 at, by, in, to, from和 with 三、典型考题 I. 选择题

1. Some people show an indifference _____ changes in the weather.

a. to b. for c. with d. by

2. Doesn't Jack have any sympathy ______ the crippled boy?

a. at b. for c. in d. of

3. The president refused to accept other people's opinions ___ careful thought. a. for b. in c. of d. without

4. University graduates have an advantage ____ others in getting a job.

a. of b. over c. above d. for

5. Mr. Smith has the capability _____ doing first-rate work.

a. in b. from c. on d. of

6. Our factory is located _________ three mountains. a. among b. over c. between d. inside Key: 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. d 6.c II. 简答题

1. 解释表示空间关系的介词静态及动态使用方法?

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We use prepositions to indicate the place where someone or

something is，or the place where an action occurs．This distinction may also be regarded as one between the static use and the dynamic use of

prepositions，the former related with static location and the latter with movement with respect to an intended direction．(我们用介词表示某人或某

物所在的位置，或者某个动作发生的位置。其区别在于介词的静态使用和动态使用。

介词静态使用指与静态位置有关，动态使用指与所指方向有关的运动。)

2．指出表示持续时间和非持续时间介词的例子。

(1)He was ill for a week，and during that week he ate little．

他病了一周，这一周，他吃得很少。(for，during表持续时间) (2)The airplane left Japan at seven in the morning。 飞机早晨7点离开日本。(at表非持续时间)

3. The syntactic functions of a prepositional phrase: a post-modifier in the noun phrase, an adverbial and a complement.介词词组，在句子中作后置修饰语、状语、补语等。E.g. a girl in white, handle it in a proper way, be interested in cooking. III. 其他题型

Correct the following sentences:

1. The culture in Iraq is very different than that in the U.S. 2. Come in the room, please.

3. A man of words and not of deeds is as a garden full of weeds. Key: 1. than ---- from 2. in-----into 3. as----like

Chapter 11

Coordination and Subordination

(第十一章 并列与从属)

一、 难点、重点

并列和从属是连接句子的两个手段。并列是靠并列连词(coordinating conjunctions)实现的，它把同一层次的几个单位连接起来。从属是靠从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)实现的，它把不同层次的几个单位连接起来，从而形成了一个等级(主从关系)。 2. And具有多种功能,如：

a. The professor went into the classroom，opened his notebook，and started the

lecture．教授走进教室，打开笔记本，然后开始讲课。 (and表示先后顺序，然后，其后)

b. He heard his dog bark at door，and he looked out of the window only to find that

his house was surrounded by a large crowd of angry people．他听到狗冲门叫，于是朝窗外看，发现他的房子被愤怒的群众包围了。(and = therefore表因果) c. Work harder and you?ll pass the test．如果努力学习，考试就会及格。 (= If you work harder，you?11 pass the test．and表条件)

d. Liz is talkative and her husband is reserved． (and = but表对照) e. English is difficult to learn，and so is French． (and表相似性)

f. He is a chain smoker，and he stinks all over．他是一支接一支抽烟的人，浑身是烟

味。(and表另外)

g. She ran and ran until she was out of breath．她跑啊跑直到跑得上气不接下气。(and

表示重复或连续)

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3. 0r也可用在一些固定表达法中，or仍然引出一个选择：

a. Clean up the mess，or else! 你好好弄干净了，否则给你好看!(or else用作威胁) b. You may stay here for a day or two． (or two大约，至少，或多一些)

c. The tribe was called Milwaukee or something． (or something或什么的，表说话

者不肯定) 三、典型考题 简答题

1. What is the difference between coordination and subordination?

Coordination is typically realized by coordinators which join units at

the same, level, whereas subordination realized by subordinators, involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. The difference between coordination and subordination also lies in the amount of importance the speaker wishes to attach to the joined constituents. (并列是靠并列连接词实现的,它把同一层次的各个成分连

接起来。而从属是由从属连接词实现的，它把不同层次的各个成分连接起来从而形 成一个等级。并列和从属的区别还在于说话人对构成成分的重视程度不同)

2. What are the major types of finite and non-finite subordinate clauses?

限定从属分句和非限定从属分句的主要形式是什么?

The major types of finite subordinate clause are relative clause，

adverbial clause and nominal clause．The major types of non—finite

subordinate clause are infinitive clause，—ing participle clause and—ed

participle clause and verbless clause．(限定从属分句的主要形式有关系分句，状语分句和名词性分句。非限定从属分句的形式有不定式分句，以—ing结尾的分词分句，以—ed结尾的分词分句和无动词分句)

Chapter 12 Relative Clause (第十二章 关系分句)

难点、重点

(限制性关系分句与非限制性关系分句在形式上有很大区别。首先，非限制性关系分句在

书写上用逗号隔开，在讲话中，语调上轻微停顿和前后程度明显变化。而限制性关系分句却没有这样的特征，关系词的选择也是两种关系分句的区别。如果分句是用关系词that或者根本不用关系词引导，那么此句肯定是限制性关系分句。然而，如果用which或以wh—开头的词引导，那么此句或者是限制性的或者是非限制性的。注意：that不能用于非限制性关系分句。

两种关系分句在功能上也有很大不同。限制性关系分句是名词词组不可分割的一部

分并且为确认先行项的所指对象提供了必不可少的信息。相反，非限制性关系分句 仅仅提供额外信息，这不是识别我们正在谈论的这个人或物的必要信息。因此，这 种信息可以省略，但并不严重地影响对整个句子的理解)

2. Illustrate a nominal antecedent that only accepts the restrictive relative clause and one that only accepts the non-restrictive relative clause.

用例子解释只能接受限制性关系分句的名词性先行词和只能接受非限制性关系分句的名词性先行词。

Antecedents that only accept the restrictive relative clause typically

include nouns or pronouns with unspecified reference--indefinites such as all, any, some, every, no, etc, and compounds.

e. g 1. The lady who lives next door is now traveling in Thailand. (noun

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as the antecedent) .

2. All that glitters is not gold. (indefinites as an antecedent)

3. No one who has ever visited the town will fail to be impressed by its local delicacies. (compound as antecedent

Proper nouns as antecedents co-occur almost exclusively with non-

restrictive relative clause.

e. g 4. St. Paul' s Cathedral, which the guide was referring to, was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. (St. Paul's Cathedral is a proper noun)

(只接受限制性关系分句，非常典型的先行词包括名词、不定代词以及复合词。例1是名词作先行词，例2是不定代词作先行词，例3是复合词作先行词。 专有名词作为先行项可接受非限制性关系分句。例4是专有名词作为先行词)

3. he double relative clause and the embedded relative clause 嵌入式关系分句 (1) He met a lady who he was sure was his new teacher.

(2) Mr. Wang is the only businessman who I know offers fair prices (3) Mr. Wang is the only businessman I know who offers fair prices

句(3)中有两个关系分句,一个套着一个;句(1)、(2)各只有一个关系分句,其本身嵌在一个分句中.所以（1）、（2）为嵌入式关系分句 一、 重要概念

The relative clause: it is defined as a clausal modifier, restrictive or non-restrictive, used to

modify a preceding construction, most often a preceding noun or noun phrase.

关系分句，无论是限制性关系分句还是非限制性关系分句，都是用来修饰一个先行结构,

而名词或名词词组是最常见的先行结构从句型修饰语。 三、典型考题 简答题

1. What kind of relative clause do we normally use to modify a non-nominal

antecedent?

我们通常使用哪种关系分句去修饰非名词性先行词?

We normally use non-restrictive relative clause to modify a non-nominal

antecedent．(我们通常用非限制性关系分句修饰非名词先行项)

2. List the conditions we need to take into consideration when we choose a relative pronoun? 当我们选关系词时，需要考虑的条件是什么?

We need to take three conditions into consideration．

(1)the relation of the relative clause to its antecedent：restrictive or non-restrictive; (2)the gender type of the antecedent：personal or non- personal;(3)the function of the relative pronoun as subject，object，or

complement.(当我们选择关系词时,需要考虑以下三个条件条件(1)关系分句与先行词的

关系,即限制性的或非限制性的;(2)先行项的所指意义,即指人还是指物;(3)关系词在分句中的成分，即主语,宾语,补语等)

3. Explain the difference between a double relative clause and an embedded relative clause? 解释双重关系分句与嵌入式关系分句的不同点。

Double relative clause can be easily confused with embedded relative

clause because of their seemingly identical structure．However，there is a difference between them．In double relative clause，there are two

relative clauses，one enclosing the other，whereas in embedded relative clause there is only one relative clause which itself is embedded in a clause．(双重关系分句与嵌入式关系分句在结构上颇为相似，很容易混淆。但它们之间

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