翻译课件1

Introduction

You will lose your chance if you don’t take action right now.

?如果不马上采取行动，你就会坐失良机。

Chilly gusts with a taste of rain in them had almost dispeopled the streets.

? 阵阵寒风，带着雨意，街上冷冷清清，几乎没有什么行人了

?During the 1920s, people in U.S cities increasingly moved to the suburbs because of the freedom

provided to the workers by automobile ownership.（2010）

?在20世纪20年代，由于拥有汽车给工人们所带来的自由，愈来愈多的美国城市居民搬往

郊区居住。

英语多被动，汉语多主动

He was asked by the local government to set up an injuries center at the hospital.

?当地政府要求他在医院创建一个创伤医疗中心 ?英语属静态语言，汉语属动态语言

That would be the confirmation that it was in general use.

?这证明它的使用是十分普遍的。

2. 句式和从句的翻译

?Blood is thicker than water. ?血浓于水。

?Strike he iron while it is hot. ?打铁趁热。 ?Trojan horse:

?特洛伊木马 (在从内部进行破坏的)颠覆分子；内奸；颠覆活动 ?Crocodile tears:

?鳄鱼的眼泪（假慈悲）

?to draw a cake to satisfy one’s hunger ?画饼充饥

?to shout in the east and strike in the west ?声东击西 直译

?To fish for praise ?沽名钓誉

?A bolt from the blue ?晴天霹雳

?to fish in troubled waters ?混水摸鱼

? A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit. ?吃一堑，长一智。

?A rolling stone gathers no moss.

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?滚石不生苔

?A litter body often harbors a great soul. ?浓缩的都是精华。 ?All rivers run into sea. ?海纳百川。

?All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。 ?An eye for an eye and a tooth for tooth. ?以眼还眼，以牙还牙。

? A year's plan starts with spring. ?一年之计在于春。

意译

?意译：是指忠实于原文内容还不拘泥于原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。 ?a land of honey and milk ? 鱼米之乡

?To talk shop all the time ?三句话不离本行

?The apple of one’s eyes ?掌上明珠

?Put the cart before the hourse ?本末倒置

? 两种翻译方法相辅相成，不能一味只用直译或者只用意译。

意译

?Let the cat out of the bag. ?泄漏天机 ? break the ice ?打破僵局

Every potter praises his pot.

?王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸。 ?The pot calls the kettle black. ?五十步笑百步。

Rome is not built in a day 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。

?Two is company but three is none.

?一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚没水喝。 ?to laugh off one’s head ?笑掉大牙

?What’s done is done, and can’t be undone. ?木已成舟

?There is a skeleton in the cupboard. ?家家有本难念的经。

真题

?Since he was born with a silver spoon in his mouth, he spent money like water.（2002）

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?他出生在富贵家庭，所以他挥金如土。

?Take care of the penny and the pound will take care of themselves.（2003） ?金钱积少便成多/小钱省一省，大钱自会来。 ?小事注意，大事自成/小事注意，大事顺利。

练习

?1. He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together. ? 他挣钱的钱几乎难以维持生计。

?2. He was practically on his knees but she still refused. ? 他几乎是苦苦哀求，但是她还是拒绝了。

?3. The matter was finally settled under the table. ? 事情终于私下解决了。

? 4. Since I only got the news indirectly, I took it with a grain of salt. ? 这个消息只是我间接听来的，所以我并不完全相信。（有保留的，持保留态度的）

?上班 go to work ?上菜 serve the dishes ?上课 attend class/ give a lesson

?run 《英汉大词典》一共提供了117条义项，包括不及物动词词性34个，及物动词38个，

名词性38个，形容性5个。

?London Transport run extra trains during the rush-hour. ?伦敦运输公司在交通高峰时间增开加班列车。 ?Election campaigns in Britain run for three weeks. ?英国选举活动持续三周。

?He has no idea of how to run a successful business. ?他不知道把企业办好的方法。

?The foreword of the book runs for six pages. ?这本书的前沿长达六页。

?She runs her finger nervously through her hair. ?她紧张地用手指摩挲头发。 A dry cow 不产奶的母牛

?A dry party 没有酒的聚会 ?A dry book 枯燥乏味的书 ?A dry answer 冷淡的回答 ?A dry business season 生意淡季

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?Dry wines 没有甜味的酒

Heavy

?a heavy box ?重箱子

?A heavy rain ?大雨

?Heavy clouds ?厚云

?Heavy news ?令人忧愁的消息 ?A heavy line ?粗线条 ?Heavy wine ? 烈酒

?A heavy sea

?波涛汹涌的海面 ?A heavy smoker ?烟瘾极大的人 ?A heavy demand ?苛求

?A heavy sleep ?沉睡

?Heavy bread ?发的不好的面包 ?Heavy traffic ? 拥挤的交通 ?1.2 词义的轻重

?英语中有很多同义词，但是表达程度不同。 ?Anger, rage, fury, indignation

?Anger 意义较广，强烈程度不定，有时候也不一定流露出来，rage指大怒，着重猛烈发怒，几乎难以自制；fury多指暴怒，比rage更强烈，有气得发疯的意思；indignation只要是道义上的愤怒，即“义愤、愤慨”，多指在遇到不公、欺辱是表现出来的愤激之情。 ?Though he felt his anger mounting, he kept perfect control of himself. ?尽管他越来越生气，但是还是很好的控制住了自己。

?He flew into a rage when he learned that his son had again failed in the examination. ?他得知儿子考试不及格时，大发雷霆。

?Mad with fury, he punched his fists on the wall and beat his beast. ?他气得发疯，用拳头有砸墙又捶胸。

?Reports of child abuse aroused public indignation. ?一些关于虐待儿童的报道引起了公愤。

?1.3 词义的褒贬

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?A. An aggressive young man can go far in this firm. ?在这个公司里，积极进取的年轻人大有前途。 ?B. Aggressive nations threaten world peace. ?侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平。

?A. She has fulfilled her ambition to become a world Champion. ?她实现了当世界冠军的抱负。

?B. He no longer had ambitions to occupy the throne. ?他不再有占据王位的野心。

翻译技巧二：词类转换

?英语是一种静态的语言，多用名词，形容词和介词；而汉语是一种动态语言，多用动词和副词。因此我们在翻译过程中就需要注意变换原文的词性，以有效传达原文的准确信息。因此在英译汉的时候多把名词、介词、形容词和副词转化为动词。 ?The very sight of him makes me nervous. ?一看见他，我就感到紧张。

?The engine has given a constantly good performance. ?这台发动机一直运转的很好。

?Some of my classmates are good singers. ?我的同学中有些人唱歌唱的很好。 ?The dictionary will be out pretty soon. ?这本词典很快就会出版了。

?As he ran out, he forgot to have his cap on. ?他跑出时忘记戴帽子了。 在英汉翻译中其他词类转换。

?This article aims at discussing new development in the financial market. ?本文的目的在于讨论金融市场出现的新成就。(v--n) ?The nuclear test was quite a success. ?核试验非常成功。(n--a)

真题

?A few years ago it was popular to speak of a generation gap, a disagreement between young

people and their elder.（2008）

?在几年前，谈论代沟是普遍的事情，它是指年轻人和其长辈之间的分歧。

?His ignorance of the company’s financial situation resulted in his failure to take

effective measures.（2006）

?对公司财务形势的无知致使他没有采取有效措施。

练习

?1. The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.

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?政府号召建立更多的技术学校。

?2. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. ?独立思考对学习绝对是必要的。

?3. A successful scientist must be a good observer. ?一个成功的科学家一定善于观察。

?4. The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. ?操作机器需要懂得一些机器的性能。

?5. Workers are all for the cutting down the cost of production. ?工人们都赞成降低成产成本。 ?6. Quick decision characterized him. ?当机立断是他的特点。

?7.He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise. ?他的动机是达成某种协议。

?8. Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. ?机器人已经被用于探索外太空。

?9. We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this theory. ? 我们深信这一政策是正确的。

?在英译汉中词汇的翻译除了这些有技巧的外还有很多是考察固定词组和表达法也是考察

的重点和难点，考核频率最高，几乎达100%。 ?真题：

?1. As far as an Advertising and Sales Manager concerned, excellent oral English is also a

necessary requirement.(2007)

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?就广告与营销经理而言，一流的口语也是必需的技能。

?2. It is reported that so far, foreign insurance companies have made their way into 19 cities

in China.（2007）

?据报道，到目前为止，外国保险公司已经进驻中国19个城市。

?3. In no case are you to break your word to us.(2003) ?无论在什么情况下，您对我们都不能食言。

?4. To find out the weather ten years ago, count the ring far from the outside to the

inside.(2004)

?要想了解十年前天气的状况，从外向里数一数树干的年轮。

?5. In the end, they found that people with major depression were three times as likely to die

of heart disease as were patients who were not depressed. (2005)

?最后，他们发现患有抑郁症的人死于心脏病的可能性比不抑郁的病人高三倍。

?6. For one reason or another, all countries impose trade barriers on certain goods crossing their

borders.(2006)

?为了某种考虑，所有国家都会对过境的外国商品增加贸易壁垒。

Exercises

?1. Compared with the place where I grew up, this town is more prosperous and exciting. ?与我成长的地方相比，这个城镇更加繁荣，更加令人兴奋。

?2. By contrast, American mothers were more likely to attribute their children’s success to

natural talent.

?相反，美国妈妈更可能把孩子的成功归因于自然禀赋/天赋。

?3. The finding of this study failed to take people’s sleep quality into account ?本研究的发现没有将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内.

?4. Because of the leg injury, the athlete decided to quit the match. ?因为腿部受伤，这个运动员决定退出比赛。

?5. I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because the former is

more convenient and timesaving.

?比起在百货商店购物我更喜欢网上购物，因为它更加方便和省时. （网上购物和百货商店

购物我更喜欢前者，因为前者更加方便省时。）

?6. Our effort will pay off if the results of this research can be applied to the research and

development of new technology

?如果这次研究的结果能够应用于新技术的研发，我们的努力就会有回报。

?7. In the future you will be exposed to more and more choices, not less.

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?将来你会面对越来越多的选择，而不会（比现在）少。

?8. Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if they had just happened. ?童年的每一件事都浮现在我的脑海中，就像刚刚发生的一样。（蜂拥而至）

Sentence translation

?一、增词法

?增词法亦称增补法或者增译法，指的是在英汉翻译中适当增加原文中虽无形式却又其意的

成分，以使译文更加自然通顺，完整贴切的表达原文的思想内容。

?Success is often just an idea away. ?原译：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 ?改译：成功与否往往只是一念之差。

?1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time. (if it last too long). ?我希望这次会议不要开的太久了，因为太久了只会浪费时间。 ?2. It’s more expensive than it was last time but not as good. ?价格比上次的高，但是质量比上次差。

?3. He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation. ?他满怀希望的谈到谈判会取得成功。（增加动词）

?4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under

certain conditions.

?根据水的蒸发现象，人们认识到液体在一定条件下可以变成气体。（抽象名词）

?5.Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a metal spoon, a coin, a pencil, and a rubber

eraser. （量词）

?再用一把木尺，一把金属匙，一枚硬币，一支铅笔，一个铁盒盖和一块橡皮，重做这个实

验。

?6. The agreement will come into force next spring. ?协定将于明年春天生效。（时态）

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?7. Having never handled a computer, he met with some difficulties at first. ?由于他从来没有用过计算机，一开头他碰到了很多困难。（连接词）

? 8. They say her father was a worker in the small company. Maybe he was as poor as us. ?听人说，以前她的父亲在一个小工厂里当工人。他那时也许和我们一样穷。（时态）

真题

?1. With the increasing awareness of the environment, people have realized that the way coal

is used is critical and new approaches have to be sought.(2001)

?随着环境意识的增强，人们认识到煤炭使用的方法至关重要，因此必须寻找新的方法。 ?2. Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively.(2002) ?只有以这种方式，才有可能解释他没能采取决定性行动的原因。

?3. We are sure this was just due to carelessness in quality control, and that you will send

another shipment of shirts promptly to replace this faulty one.(2004)

?我们相信这批衬衫只是由于质量控制不慎导致的问题，并相信你们会尽快给我们再次发货

代替这次的残次品。

?4. Experts have long thought that depression could be bad for your heart.(2005) ?长期以来，专家们相信抑郁对人们的心脏有害。

?5. All lawyers have had expensive and highly specialized training, and they worked long,

difficult hours for the money they earn.(2005)

?所有的律师都接受过价格昂贵且高度专业化的培训，他们的收入需要长时间而又艰辛的工

作才能换取。

?6. Since some colleges or university courses are “applied” rather than theoretically, they

stress “doing” and “involvement”.(2011)

?由于一些学院或者大学里的课程是应用型的而不是理论型的，因此更强调动手和参与。

二、省略法

?减词不减意

?冠词、代词、物主代词、反身代词、it、介词、连词等。 ?Gas leakage will cause a fire, hence you have to take care. ?煤气泄漏会引起火灾，因此必须注意。

?This machine has worked in succession for seven or eight hours. ?这台机器已经连续运转七八个小时了。

?He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. ? 他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。

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?三、重复法

?在译文中适当重复原文中出现过的词语，是意思表达的更加清楚，或者加强语气，突出强

调某些内容，收到更好的修辞效果。

?People use natural science to understand and change nature. ?人们利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。

?Scientists are still not very clear about the chemical and physical characteristics of this

substance.

?科学家仍然不清楚这种物质的化学特性和物理特性。

?He only knows that it is Mary who nursed him day and night. ?他只知道，是玛丽日日夜夜的护理他。

真题

?1. Any academic breakthrough, brilliant it may be, does not automatically ensure that it can

be applied to practice. (2001)

?任何学术上的突破，即使本身很卓越，但是也并非自然而然地就可以运用于实践。 ?2. Pessimistic forecasts say that there is only enough coal for 450 years, enough natural gas

for 50 years and that oil might run out in 30 years.（2006）

?不乐观的说法是，煤的储量只能供450年之用，天然气只能满足50年之用，而石油只能

用30年

英汉翻译中适当使用重复可以使译文更加言简意赅、生动活泼、通顺流畅。 A mixed accent 南腔北调 ?Gratitude ?感恩戴德

?By hook and brook ?千方百计 ?Ignorant ?愚昧无知 ?Calm ?泰然自若 ?Careless ?马虎大意 ?Deep hatred ? 深仇大恨

?Talk innocence ?胡言乱语 ?Prosperity ?繁荣昌盛 ?earth-shaking ?惊天动地

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?Ever-changing ?日新月异 ?In chaos ?乌烟瘴气 ?Rumors ?流言蜚语

?四、合分法 ?1.句子的拆分

?There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. ?我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事情可多着呢。 ?With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best. ?尽管这个设计有种种缺点，仍被认为是最佳设计之一。 ?2.句子的组合(使用频率低)

?They sat down in the waiting room to so some reading. People came to and from there. ?他们在人来人往的候车室里坐下来看点书。

练习

?1. Would you rather be well brought up and badly educated, or the opposite?

? 你是愿意收到良好的家庭教育而受到不好的学校教育，还是希望受到不好的家庭教育而

受到良好的学校教育？

?2. The television set is really cheap in price and fine in quality. ? 这台电视机真是物美价廉。

?3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area. ? 政府正在尽全力来缓和那个地区的紧张局势。 ?

句子的翻译

?一、主语的翻译

?英语经常以抽象名词或者无生命的事物作主语，用本来表示人的动作或者行为的动词作谓语。

?An idea suddenly struck me. ?我突然想到一个主意。

?Excitement deprived me of an power to speak. ?我兴奋的说不出话来。

?His diligence, earnestness, carefulness and brilliance make him praised by all. ?他勤勉、真诚、细心、才华过人，凡此种种都是他受到众人的夸奖。

?二、谓语的翻译

?（一）时态的翻译（要有时态意识） ?1. I used to know Russian pretty well.

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? 过去我的俄语相当好。

?2. The girl who had promised to baby-sit for them was too ill to do so. ?先前答应要来看管小孩的女孩子，后来病重无法前来。

?3. I shall have been writing for six hours without stopping by the time you come back. ?到你回来的时候，我已经连续不停的写了六个钟头了

?（二）语态的翻译

?在实际翻译中，对于被动句的处理不外乎两种，第一是翻译成主动句，第二是翻译成汉语

的被动句

?1. 翻译成主动句或者无主句

?(1). He had been stricken with a heart attack earlier in the afternoon. ? 午后不久，他的心脏病发作了。

?(2). The trade gap for the year is expected to reach an unprecedented $130billion. ?今年的贸易差额有望达到前所未有的1300亿美元。

?On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. ?相反，他们的知识和经验更丰富了。

(4). By the end of the war more than 2000 people had been saved by the organization. 到战争结束时，这个组织拯救了2000多人的生命。

(5). To explore the moon’s surface, rockets were launched into the space again and again. 为了探测月球表面，人们不断向太空发射火箭。

?2. 翻译成被动句（包含“被”、“由”、“让”、“予以”、“加以”、“给”、“挨”、“为……所”、

“使”、“遭到” 、“受到” 等词的句子）

?(1).The novel I had thrown away was chosen by the Book Society. ?我一度扔掉的那部小说后来被书社选中了。

?(2). The credit system in American was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. ? 美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。

真题

?1. In the United States, elementary and middle school are advised to give students two and a half

hours of physical activities a week.(2009)

?在美国，小学和中学都被要求每周给学生两个半小时的体育活动时间。

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?2. With increasing awareness of the environment, people have realized that the way coal is

used is critical and new approaches have to be sought.（2001）

?随着环境意识的增强，人们认识到煤炭的使用方法至关重要，因此得寻求新的方法。

?3. The author suggests that human recourses management should be taught as a required subject

in this school, along with science courses.

?作者建议，除了理科课程外，这所学校应将人力资源管理作为必修课开设。 （2001）

?三、定语的翻译

?英语中能够充当定语的成分比较多：名词、形容词、数词等，还可以是非谓语形式或者从

句。

?英汉语定语的区别：英语的定语可以放在被修饰名词的前边或者后边，而汉语的定语只能

放在被修饰的词的前边。

?Eg

?He makes occasional appearance for the local football team. ?为了当地的足球队他做出了偶尔的露面。 ?他偶尔露面，以便支持当地的足球队

?In the 1880s, the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy

and the very poor.(后置定语)

?十九世纪八十年代美国是一个贫富分化及其明显的国家。

?They have already fulfilled the target of industrial production set by the new five- year

plan.

?他们已经完成了新五年计划所规定的工业生产的目标。

比较结构的翻译

?英语有三种基本比较结构：统计比较（as…as）、差级比较（more…than）和终极比较（the

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most）

?一、同级比较

?A +be (not) + as + adj / adv + as + B ?John is as bright as Bob. ?约翰和鲍勃一样聪明。

?A +be (not) + as + adj + A + be + adj

?The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful. ?那位姑娘既聪明又漂亮。

?The young man is not so wise as he is handsome. ?这个年轻人虽然英俊但不怎么聪明。

?A + be+ as+ adj+ as+ B + be + adj (而) ?One is as light as the other is heavy. ?一个轻，而另一个重。

?He was as experienced as his brother was green. ?他经验丰富，而他弟弟却涉世未深。

?His uncle was as base and unworthy as his father has been upright and honorable. ?他的叔叔卑鄙龌龊，不如他爸爸那样为人正直诚实。 ?not so much as 与其说……不如说…… ?He is not so much a scholar as a writer.

?与其说他是一个学者不如说他是一个作家。

?It was not so much his appearance I like as his personality. ?与其说我喜欢的是他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的人品。

?二、差级比较 more…than…

?George is more intelligent than aggressive. ?与其说乔治言行放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。

?The present crisis is much more a political than an economic crisis. ?当前的危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治危机。

?Experience shows that success is due less to ability than to zeal(热情). ?经验表明，成功的取得与其说由于能力不如说依靠热情。 ?no more…than (not any more than) 和not more…than ?I can no more drive than you. ?我和你一样不会开车。

?There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can

limit how much water you drink.

?他们没有理由限制你服用多少维他命，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。

?三、终极结构（the most）

?(1) 否定词+比较级(没有……比……更；最……)

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?Few are better qualified for the job than he is. ?没有人比他更合适做这个工作。

?(2) the last（最不喜欢；最不愿意做的事情）

?I would be the last to say that science has explained everything. ?科学可以解决一切？我是绝不会说这样的话的。 ?He would be the last person who would do such a thing. ?他会是最不愿意做这件事的人。

真题

?The people there will pay two or three time as much as they used to pay for a house.(2007) ?对于同一所房子，人们要支付的是往常支付的两三倍之多。

?This year they have made by far greater progress in business than they did last year.(2003) ?他们今年的业务进展比去年大得多。

从句的翻译

?一、主语从句的翻译 ?1. 主语从句放于句首(主语从句放在句首，有关联词直接引入主语，翻译时可以按照原文

顺序翻译。关联词可以翻译为“……所”）

?Whatever she saw and heard on her trip gave her a deep impression. ?她此行的所见所闻给她留下了深刻的印象。

?2. 主语和从句断开(在主句前加“这”，在主句上给主句更多强调) ?That she is still alive is a consolation. ?她还活着，这使人感到宽慰。

?3. it 形式主语的翻译

?It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. ?他参不参加会议无所谓。

?It was strange that the listeners were more interested in the speaker than the actual topic of

his talk.

?奇怪的是，听众更感兴趣的是演讲人而不是他演讲的题目。 ?It is/ was reported/ said/ known/ believed…that

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?人们相信……据报道……

宾语从句的翻译

?顺译

?A simple experiment will show whether or not air does have weight. ?做个简单的实验就可以证明空气是否的确有重量 。

?I made it clear that they must hand in their papers before ten o'clock in the morning. ?我向他们讲清楚了，他们必须上午十点前交卷

表语从句的翻译

?一、顺译

?What he cares is how much he can get from the project. ?他关心的是他从该项目中能获得多少利润。

?My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it

is inevitable.

?我的观点是一代人经常抱怨下一代人是不可避免的。

?What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they

should never retreat even for an inch.

?他再三强调的是，不管多么苦难，他们绝不应后退寸步。

?二、逆译

?Water and food is what the people in that area are badly needed. ?该地区的人们最需要的是水和食物。 ?三、几种常见句型

?That’s why… 这就是为什么……；这就是为什么……的原因；这就是……的缘故 ?That’s why the machine parts wear away during use. ?那就是机器零件的在使用中磨损的原因。

?This is because…是因为……；这是因为/由于……的缘故

?This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction. ?这是由于直流电在导线中总是沿着一个方向流动的缘故。

?This is what…这就是……的内容；这就是……的含义。如果先译从句后译主句，通常译为

“……就是这个道理；就是这个意思”

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?This is what is meant by “failure is the mother of success” and “a fall into the pit, a gain in your

wit”.

?所谓“失败乃成功之母”和“吃一堑长一智”就是这个意思。

定语从句的翻译

?定语从句的翻译考虑两点：复杂程度和定语从句的性质 ?主要有三种翻译方法： ?前置法 ?后置法 ?融合法 ?分译法 ?译成状语法

一、前置法

?That is a beautiful place which many people long for. ?那是一个许多人向往的美丽的地方。

?Now it is proving itself not as a country which is threatened but as a country which is

threatening others.

?现在证明它自己不是一个受到威胁的国家，而是一个威胁他国的国家。

前置法

?He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. ?没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。

?His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. ?他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。

? Harmonious interpersonal relationship is the primary reason why I enjoy working here. ?同事之间关系融洽是我喜欢在这工作的主要原因。

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二、后置法

?如果定语从句结构复杂，译成前置定语显得太长又不符合汉语表达习惯，就可以译成后置的并列分句，有时候可以重复先行词，在非限制性定语从句中经常用到这个方法。 ?（一）重复先行词

?China and Japan reached agreement on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for their bilateral relation since 1996. 中日两国最终就农业问题达成了协议，而农业问题自一九九六年起就是两国关系发展的主要障碍。

?Although he is a green hand, he has enterprise and creativity which are decisive in winning success in the field.

?他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。 ?I told the story to John, who told it to his brother. ?我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他弟弟。

?（二）省略先行词

?如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在“通顺、完整”的前提下，有时候可以不用重复先行

词。

?It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. ?是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。

?They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. ?他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。

? After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. ?饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。

三、融合法

?融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句。

?A． 定语从句的主句里有“there be”、“to be”等动词时，可以把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起，译成简单句。例如：

?There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. ?楼下有人要见你。（原句中的主句部分there is a man翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。）

?There are some students in the class who dislike studying. ?在班上总有一些学生不爱学习。

?This is the very knife which he used to murder the victim. ?他就是用这把刀谋杀了受害人。

?B． 定语从句的动词在整个复合句中分量较重，可将其主句压缩成词组译作主语，而把定

语从句的动词译作其谓语。例如：

?He had great success in football which made him an idol in the eyes of every football player.

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?他在足球领域取得的成就使他成为每一个足球运动员的偶像。

?四、分译法：分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法，主要用于较长的非限制性定

语从句里。

三、译成状语从句

?No one in the company likes their boss, who is stingy and bad-tempered.（表原因） ?公司里没人喜欢他们的老板，因为他脾气暴躁、人又小气。

The two countries established formal diplomatic relation, which paved the way for the further communication. （表结果）

?两国正式建立了外交关系，从而为双方进一步的交流铺平了道路。

?They quarreled with each other everyday, which led to their divorce.（表结果） ?他们夫妻二人天天吵架，最终导致离婚。

He insisted on buying another car, which he actually didn’t need.（表让步） 他坚持要再买一辆车，尽管他并不需要。

?This company, which wants to get their new product sold well in the market, is trying hard

to perfect its packing and workmanship. （表目的）

?为了使新产品在市场热销，这个公司正在全力改进工艺和外包装。

?Any one who works hard and never gives up will succeed.（表条件或假设） ?任何人，只要努力工作永不放弃，就能够成功。 真题

?1. After all, language is a reflection of the culture from which it developed.(2010) ?毕竟，语言源自文化并且反映文化。

?2. By pooling their resources together, small groups of students generally gain advantages over

individuals who prefer to study alone.(2008)

?通过共享资源，小组学习的学生通常比愿意独自学习的学生获得更多的优势。

?3. Pessimists are such people who always expect bad things to happen in the world.(2008) ?悲观主义者就是那些总是认为会发生坏事的人。

?4. The words and phrases given in this dictionary are those that are likely to be needed by

every person.(2007)

?本词典所列的单词和词组是每个人都有可能用到的。

?5.Air moves from places where the pressure is high to places where the pressure is

low.(2007)

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?空气从气压较高的地方流向气压较低的地方。

?6. Every employer wants and needs employees who can suggest improvements in an honest

and constructive manner.(2006)

?每个雇主都想要那些能够以诚恳而且赋予建设性的方式提出改进意见的雇员。

?7. These are just a few of the main situations in which the men and women who are public

interest lawyers serve to extend justice throughout society.(2005)

?只有在为数不多的主要情况下，那些男的或女的公益律师才会在全社会范围内伸张正义。

?8. Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries, who will negotiate trade

agreement.(2002)

?中国派了代表团前往非洲各国，以便与各国政府商谈贸易协定。

定语从句中的but 翻译

?There was not one house but was burnt down. ?所有的房子都被烧了。

?There is nothing in the world but is influenced by the sun. ?世界上没有不受太阳影响的东西。

?There is no mother but loves her children.

?There is no rule in English but has an exception. ?There is no human being but errors.

同位语从句的翻译

?一、译成独立句

?把同位语从句译成一个独立的句子，并在其前加：即、冒号、破折号等。该方法适合于较

长的同位语从句。

In 1905 Einstein worked out a theory that matter and energy were not completely different things.

1905年，爱因斯坦提出了一项理论：物质和能并不是完全不同的东西。

?二、译成独立句

The fact that plastics do not rust at all is shown in this example。 这个例子说明了塑料完全不生锈的事实。 三、转换译法

被同位语所说明的本位语，若是包含着有动作意义的词，如：discovery, suggestion, hope, assurance, knowledge一般可把这类词转译为动词，而将同位语从句译为汉语的主谓词组，作该动词的宾语。

He expressed the hope that he could do the experiment again.

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