研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)

READING COMPREHENSION TEST I (45 minutes, 25 questions, 4 points each)

Directions: In this test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and choose the best choice to answer the questions.

Passage One

A study released last week indicates that American students not only have no problem with cheating, but that often, teachers close their eyes to it.

The survey was conducted by Professor Donald L. McCabe of Rutgers University, New Jersey, founder and president of the Center for Academic Integrity. This national association (society) of more than 250 colleges is dedicated to (intended to) fostering (develop/ cultivate) scholastic (academic) honesty. According to the survey of 4, 500 students, cheating was found to be in full sway (common) , with 97 percent admitting to at least one instance of cheating, from copying homework to duplicating (copying) answers on tests.

Erika Karres, an assistant education professor (associate professor) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who studied student cheating patterns (rules) for more than 30 years said: \but it's not like he's taking drugs' or ` she's pregnant.'

As for teachers, Karres claims some do not want to go through the annoyance of having to \(report) the point\Who has time to have a meeting after school with all the records, materials, and statements? And even if that meeting occurs, parents may blame the teacher because he or she did not take the time to change the order of test questions for their various classes. Still (Furthermore), she adds, many teachers are wide-awake (on alert). For example, English teachers may check word clusters (字符串) on the Internet for signs of fraud (cheating) or file away samples of student writing to compare with vocabulary and grammar used in later papers. No matter what the cheaters' motives are, educators agree the computer has greatly contributed to (lead) their wrongdoing (offense). With an Internet hook up, cheating is just a click away.

Many U. S. colleges have recently rewritten the policy on cheating to emphasize academic integrity and \to fundamental values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility\

1. The study conducted by Professor McCabe reveals that _____. A. college authorities don't take cheating very seriously B. college teachers encourage their students to cheat

C. cheating has become a serious problem with almost all the students D. scholastic honesty is no longer valued in American colleges

2. According to Erika Karres, parents _____.

A. don't think of cheating as their children's behavioral mistake B. think that cheating is as bad as drug abuse C. make little of their girls' being pregnant

D. think many other problems should draw more attention than cheating

3. Teachers close their eyes to cheating because _____.

A. they think it doesn't help to have a meeting discussing cheating problems

B. they don't want to take the trouble to reveal cheatings with reliable evidence C. they have already changed the order of questions in the exam papers D. they can easily identify cheating problems while grading exam papers

4. Wide-awake teachers can find cheating by _____.

A. comparing the word groups in students' writing with the ones on the Internet

B. comparing the examples used by their students with those used by their classmates C. learning the methods and signs of cheating provided on the Internet

D. checking the vocabulary and grammar used in the latest published papers

5. Which of the following can be regarded as a primary cause of the increase of cheating in American colleges?

A. College policies. B. Teachers' encouragement. C. Parents' negligence. D. The wide-spread use of computer.

Passage Two

The traditional final resting place for a discarded (deserted) computer is anywhere it will not be in the way -- in a closet (cupboard), under a lamp, in the attic (loft), anywhere. But there are a growing number of computer-recycling options that do not take up space. More important, the new recycling programs (projects) do not involve pitching old computer parts into the trash bin (dustbin).

Computer makers Dell, Gateway and Hewlett-Packard have recently launched or improved programs to collect old personal computers and printers from any manufacturer. The message is that whatever you do with your old computer, \spokeswoman. \not an appropriate (proper) way to get rid of any piece of any electronic equipment.\

They can donate old models to a nonprofit organization, recycle them for proper disposal, trade them in for a discount on a new Dell or sell them to the highest bidder.

HP offers to do the recycling work for the consumer as well. The company charges for shipping and handling -- U. S. $ 13~34 per item. Returned equipment is either donated to nonprofit organizations or, if too old to be useful, broken down to its key (basic) commodities -- steel, aluminum, copper and plastic -- at shredders the company has in Tennessee.

The form of recycling most folks will probably think of, however, is donating old computers to schools. Several Washington area organizations will gladly take the old computers, monitors, printers and so on, re-case them, and send them to schools. Old hardware, however, may not make it to school in one piece, especially if the computer is too old to run a current operating system.

When people ask Lorin Evans, who runs Washington Apple Pi's computer-recycling program, where their computers will go, he usually does not know because he often strips old computers down to their composite parts.

\operated on first,\

6. The new computer-recycling programs are recommended most probably because _____. A. the old computers have blocked our way at home or in office B. the new programs will save our space at home or in office C. the useful computer components will not be thrown away

D. the old computer parts have caused serious environmental pollution

7. Computer companies collect old computers made by _____. A. their own companies B. other computer companies C. computer makers in the U. S. D. any computer makers

8. One reason that HP charges for the disposal of old computers is probably that _____. A. nonprofit organizations charge them for the returned equipment B. the company has to pay for the storage space for the old parts C. the company has to transport the returned equipment to Tennessee D. it is very difficult to separate steel, aluminum, copper and plastic

9. Which of the following donation will reach the schools? A. Donations of all the second-hand computers. B. Used computers which can run current systems. C. Donations of old operating systems. D. New computer cases.

10. By saying \be operated on first\“_____.”.

A. it is easy to decide what kind of computers should be taken apart B. it is easy to decide which part of the computers should be repaired C. it is easy to know where to put the very old computers D. old computers are easy to collect but hard to dispose of

Passage Three

Crowd control could soon become a crucial skill for climbers on Mount Everest, as important as physical strength or watching the weather. In a single day last week, nearly 40 people reached the top of the world __ record. Reports sent by satellite telephone from base camp spoke of queues at dangerous ridges and crowded as people passed each other in the final dash for the 8, 848 meters (29, 028 ft) summit.

More traditional mountaineers sneer (嘲笑) at the circus atmosphere surrounding Everest in recent years, and there are warnings that the crowds are making the mountain more dangerous. Overcrowding has already taken its toll. In 1996, 14 died on the mountain when the members of several expeditions were trapped at high altitudes by sudden snowstorms. Bad weather in early May led to this year's jam on the summit ridge, but the toll, luckily, was light. Just four climbers died, including a Nepali Sherpa who had made 11 previous successful climbing.

Traditionalists are also worried about the growing tendency of expeditions to set records and achieve \oldest man, 64-year-old Sherman Bull from Connecticut, and the youngest: 16year-old Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal. An American with only one arm was on the mountain this year; an Indian with no legs also tried but to no avail. In the most spectacular feat, Erik Weihenmeyer, an American, became the first blind person to reach the top of the world. His fellow climbers stayed in front of him on the way up, describing the terrain and ringing bells.

Nepal views Mount Everest as something of a cash cow; the government charges expeditions a minimum of $ 70, 000. That is probably why officials in Katmandu are ignoring concerns about overcrowding and talking about even more climbers coming next year. But a celebration of the 48th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest, by Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, was cancelled after violent strikes, called by the Communist opposition. Returning climbers who

thought their challenge was over had to walk from hotel to airport so they could fly home to the usual triumphal welcome. Tumultuous Nepali politics, it seems, could be just the crowd-control measure that Everest needs.

11. What is important to climbers on Mount Everest? A. Watching the weather. B. Making a final dash. C. Psychological adjustment. D. Group management.

12. More accidents have happened in recent years due to _____. A. bad geographical conditions B. carelessness of the climbers C. overcrowding D. snowstorms

13. Several summiteers are mentioned in the third paragraph to show A. their courage B. their diversity C. their great achievements D. their common motivation

14. The attitude of the Nepali government toward the circus atmosphere is _____. A. indifferent B. welcoming C. worried D. concerned

15. An anniversary celebration of the first conquest of Everest was cancelled due to _____. A. overcrowding B. political reasons

C. the returning of the climbers D. the lack of crowd-control measure

Passage Four

Americans and Japanese are different in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factors -- and will only work within a given culture.

Let me try to describe three characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making or direction-taking and problem-solving. These characteristics are interrelated.

First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the \approach, as distinguished from the Western \you\The difference is this: in \to you\wants and what he expects to get. Thus, a confrontation situation is set up and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this.

The %unconsciously -- trying to understand the other man's point of view, and for the purpose of discussion actually declaring this understanding. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt at minimizing confrontation and achieving harmony.

A second characteristic is based on \given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of corporate enterprises and Government agencies.

To understand this, it is important to realize that Japan is a very densely populated country. In Japan there is a drive for the group -- whether it is family, company, or Government -- to act as a unit.

Another characteristic is \direction\of management. When I use the term \finger on the pulse of the public, or the labor force, or other audiences.

The difference is that in Japan we record the pulse and it has real meaning, and it influences the direction finally taken at the top regarding a specific important issue. In other words, Western style

decision-making proceeds mainly from top management and often does not consult the middle management or the worker, while in Japan direction can be formulated at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision.

16. What does the author think of the differences between the Japanese and western style in decision-making?

A. Both of them are very complex. B. They are greatly affected by each other. C. Neither of them is superior to the other. D. They often go into confrontations.

17. In Japan, when people are trying to solve a problem they usually _____. A. present their ideas from their own point of view B. listen passively during the discussion C. come into conflict with one another D. consider other people's ideas

18. In the West, a decision in an organization can be made when _____. A. a consensus is reached B. there is a lot of discussion C. the workers are consulted D. the top have their ideas

19. The expression \has the closest meaning with _____. A. knowing the opinion of the public B. presenting the opinion of the public C. judging the opinion of the public D. imposing an opinion on the public

20. This passage was most probably written by a _____. A. historian B. politician C. sociologist D. businessman

Passage Five

Probably the single largest group of economists in the U. S. in one way or another can be classified as \the free operation of the market. These economists share with the free market economists a great respect for the market. However, the liberal economist does not believe that the explicit and implicit costs of a freely operating market should or can be ignored. Rather, the liberal maintains that the costs of an uncontrolled marketplace are often borne by those in society who are least capable of bearing them: the poor, the elderly and the weak. Additionally, liberal economists maintain that the freely operating market sometimes results in economic instability and inflation, unemployment and slow growth. Thus, although liberal economists believe that economic efficiency is highly desirable, they find the attainment of economic efficiency at any cost to be unacceptable and perhaps even \

Consider for a moment the differences between free market economists and liberal economists at the microeconomic level. Liberal economists take exception to the free market on two grounds. First, these economists find a basic problem with fairness in the marketplace. Since the market is driven by the forces of consumer spending, there are those who through no fault of their own (they may be aged, young, weak, physically or mentally handicapped) may not have the ability to participate in the economic system. Others, however, perhaps because they are extremely lucky or because they have inherited wealth, may have not only the ability to participate in the system, but they may have the ability to direct the course of that system. Second, the free market does not and cannot handle spill-over effects or what are known as \externalities\These are the third party effects which may occur as a result of an economic act. Will a firm willingly compensate its neighbors for the pollutants it pours into the nearby lake? Will a truck driver willingly drive at 55 miles per hour and in the process reduce the highway accident rate? Liberal economists think not.

These economists are therefore willing to have the government intervene in these and other similar cases.

21. Unlike free market economists, liberal economists think that free market economy should be _____. A. respected B. rejected C. encouraged D. intervened

22. In regard to a freely operating market, liberal economists are mainly concerned about its A. efficiency B. costs C. operation D. stability

23. Liberal economists think that the rich benefit more from a free market because they _____. A. can participate in the government system B. have a habit of spending money

C. can determine the direction of economy D. have the ability to influence the consumers

24. According to liberal economists, free market may result in _____. A. poverty B. unfairness C. government inefficiency D. social change

25. The third party effects refer to the instances of _____. A. caring less about external consequences B. the intervention of a third party C. extreme economic acts D. the failure of market control

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