英语句子中的就近原则

更新时间:2023-09-15 08:30:01 阅读量: 资格考试认证 文档下载

说明:文章内容仅供预览,部分内容可能不全。下载后的文档,内容与下面显示的完全一致。下载之前请确认下面内容是否您想要的,是否完整无缺。

英语句子中,主语的“人称”和“数”要限制,决定谓语动词的形式变化,这就叫“主谓一致”关系。

它通常依据三项原则:

1)语法一致; 2)意义一致; 3)就近一致。

【语法一致原则】

I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.

①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。

②Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗?

Is your mother a worker ?(正)(主语your mother 是单数第三人称)

II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。

1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)”或“

从句”等作主语,用单数谓语形式。e.g.

①The work is important . 这项工作重要。

②To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。

③How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。

2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.

①The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。

②They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。

II. 以“and ”或“both? and”连接的并列主语:

1.通常作复数用 。e.g.

①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。

②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。

③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。

2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽象概念),作单数用。e.g.

①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。

②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。

③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。

3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时,仍作单数用。e.g.

①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都

享有平等权益。

②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有

哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。

Ⅳ. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时:

1. a)“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语:“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g.

①Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。

②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。

b)\单名+ or two \大多接单数谓语: \复名\接复数谓语。

e.g.

①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。

②One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。

c)\单名+ and a half\常接单数谓语;“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g.

①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。

②One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。

d) \单名\大多接单数谓语。e.g.

①More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。

\复名+ than one \接复数谓语。e.g.

②More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。

\ \接复数谓语。e.g.

③More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听

了这场音乐会。

2 .主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre /? )of”等时,表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。e.g.

a)①There is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . 只剩下少量的纸(

书)了。

②Large quantities of water are needed . 需要大量的水。

b)①This kind of apple is sweet . 这种苹果甜。

②This kind of apples is (are) sweet . (大多依 kind ,作单数用 )

③These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . (总作复数用)

但:Apples of this kind are sweet . (总作复数用)

3. 主语后接“with?”等构成的短语修饰成分时:谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ”等。e.g.

①A woman with two children has come . 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。

②I as well as they am ready to help you . 不仅他们,我也愿帮助你。

4. \复数名词+ 定语从句\:

1)定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”,因此从句的谓语用复数形式。e.g.

①This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 这是今年出版

的最佳小说之一。(关系词“that”代“novels”)

②He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表扬的男孩之一。

2)若“one”前加“this, the ,the only ”等时,定语从句的关系词指代one,作从句主语时,接单数谓语。e.g.

He was the only one of the boys who was praaised .他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。(关系词who 代 the only one )

【意义一致原则(Notional Concord)】

I. 集合名词作主语时:(参见“名词”部分)

1. 有些通常作复数用(不变词形)。如:“people , police , cattle (牛,牲口),

folk , youth , militia (民兵)”,等。e.g.

The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕获凶手。

2. 有些指“整体”时作单数,指其中的“成员”时作复数(不变词形)。如 \听众),class ,club (俱乐部) ,company(公司), committee(委员会) ,crew ,crowd ,staff(员工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple ,population ,team .\等。e.g.

①Our family is a happy one . 我们有个幸福的家庭。

②The family are early risers . 这家人都起得早。

③The public are (is )requested not to litter . 请公众不要乱扔废弃物。

但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如:families , two classes .等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如:peoples多个民族。 youths男青年。 folks亲友。

II. 代词作主语时:(参见“代词”部分)

1. 不定代词\单名)\等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。e.g.

①Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。

②Neither plan suits me .③Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 两个计划都

不适合我。

2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用:“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,noone ,nothig ”等。e.g.

①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗?

②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。

3. 下列不定代词作复数用:“(a)few ,many ,several, both”等。e.g.

①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。

②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。

4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数:

1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.

①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁?

②Who are League Members .哪些是团员?

2)\等。e.g.

①All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的学生)都在用功。

②All (of the paint ) is fine .(这些油漆)都很好。

3)\余下

的)\,等。e.g.

①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。

②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。

Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时:

1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g.

Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。

2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语,作“整体”看时作单数用,侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g.

①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴,弹指一挥间。

②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。

3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g.

①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这

些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。

②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干

完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。

4. \许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) \复数名词,常作复数用。e.g.

①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学

来自四川。

②There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。

但是,“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数。e.g.

本文来源:https://www.bwwdw.com/article/fjvh.html

Top