英语的一些常见语法sinjin

Ⅰ．句子的5类成分

1301 句子成分可以分为基本成分、附属成分、独立成分、省略成分和连接成分5类。

1．基本成分

1302 根据其结构，句子可以分为5类： a．主语 ＋ 不及物动词

John came． （S） （IV） b．主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋ 宾语

John likes oranges．

（S） （TV） （O） c．主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语 John gave Mary books． （S） （DV） （IO） （DO）

d．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 主语补语

John is happy．

（S） （LV） （SC） e．主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语

John makes Mary angry．

（S） （FV） （O） （OC）

主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。在上面的句子中，如把任何一个成分删除，都会成为病句。从上面例句也可看出，完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。

2．附属成分

1303 基本成分可以加修饰语：1）定语（即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句）或2）状语（即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）。下面例句中，修饰语为斜体字，被修饰的词为黑体字：

1）Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby． John likes oranges imported from the U．S．．

John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations． 2）John often came to chat with me． John likes oranges very much．

Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry．

这类句子，即使把修饰语去掉，结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语，可能在意思上很重要，但在结构上不影响句子的完整性，因此称作附属成分。

3．独立成分

1304 句中还有一类成分，可以去掉，不影响句子的完整性，并和句子的其他词没有语法的关系，可以称作独立成分。

Oh！What is that！（惊叹词） He has，alas，failed again． Come here，John．（呼语）

Roll on，Ocean，roll on．

4．省略成分

1305 此外还有一类被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：

（You） Come here． （I wish you）Good luck！

Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggs．

5．连接成分

1306 最后还有连接成分，它实际上是一个并列连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。

1307 ，一个完整的句子（从句或分句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。

Ⅰ．名词（或代词）

1314 Books are good companions． London is populous．

如果由名词表示的主语受到强调或有较长的修饰语，它可以由一个代词代替，本身则移到句子末尾：

He is a nice fellow，your uncle．

It is truly long，that bridge across the Yellow River． They have gone away，those rascals． There it stood a monument of all ages．

It is funny the way（that）he teaches his children． （主语可以跟一定语从句）

It astonishes me the number of the wives he has． It is inscrutable the rumour that is spreading． {ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6014T1.bmp}

[＝]表示它上面的整个词组和它前面的词指的是同一东西。

Ⅱ．名词成语

1315 “Crocodile tears”means pretended sorrow．The dog star is the largest fixed star．A“field piece”means a cannon．

The river bed is muddy．I wore a sun hat．He is a paper tiger and who is afraid of him？（名词+名词）

His maiden speech is wonderful．A leap year comes every fourth year．His untimely end is beyond belief．A wet blanket and a queer fish are coming toward us．Is a heavy hand enough to suppress the revolt？（形容词+名词）

Today is All Fools'Day．A cat's paw may be a scapegoat．This printer's ink is poor．“Man's estate”means the age of manhood．（名词所有格+名词）

An apple of discord was thrown among them．A Jack of all trades may be a good-for－nothing．A fish out of water will die soon．Here is a case in point．A friend at court will help me．（名词+介词+名词）

The ins and outs of this scandal interested us．The long and short of the story is this．The ups and downs of life are familiar to my uncle．（名词+and +名词）

Guangdong Province is in the south of China．Stratford-on- Avon is the birth－place of Shakespeare．The Ministry of Education has issued an important ordinance．（专有名词短语）

其他例子：

A curtain lecture，elbow room，an insect bite，fairy tales The Almighty Dollar，the Dark Continent，the black market，a dark room，a golden wedding，an aching void，a low diet

The bull's eye，a sheep's eye，a fool's cap，a sailors home，Achilles' heel，Adam's apple，the lion's share，the king's evil

The age of machinery，the art of God，the man in the street，a bed of roses，a woman of the world，a man of family，a letter of credit，a word of honour，castles in the air，a friend in need，a man about town All beer and skittle，the alpha and beta，the why and where－fore the sum and substance，Darby and Joan，David and Jonathan

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Ⅲ．代词

1316 We shall start tomorrow．She likes it．

Mine（= My family）is an unhappy family．His（=His fate） has been the fate of an unusual artist．Hers is a car made in Germany．（名词性物主代词+系动词+名词）

We（= Our class）are full up．We（= Our office）close on Saturday afternoon．He（= His watch）is too fast．We（＝Our things）have been packed．（人称代词有时可用来表示属于某人的东西）

My uncle he（名词+多余的代词）wants it done．People in town they have never seen cows．（文化低的人的语言或歌谣中的说法）

She is a nice girl，Mary．They are very selfish，those people．（代词在前，指同一人或东西的名词在后，参阅1314节）

It is hot（or cloudy，snowing，raining．）（It指天气）

It is spring（or morning，Sunday，my birthday）；struck three，is growing towards evening．（It指时间）

It is ten miles（or a long way）．（It指距离） It is I（or me）．（It指一个身份尚不清楚的人）

It is all over with him．How is it with him？How goes it？（It 泛指一般情况）

It is my sister（主语受到强调）that（or who） studied English at A．A．A．School when she was seventeen．（用It is?that?这种结构可以对主语、宾语、状语短语或状语从句加以强调。My sister studied at

A．A．A．School when she was seventeen．是原来的句子，对主语加以强调时可改为上面形式。）

It is English（宾语受到强调）that（or which） my sister studied，etc．

It is at A．A．A．School（状语短语受到强调）that（or where）my sister studied English，etc．

It is when she was seventeen（状语从句受到强调）that my sister studied English at A．A．A．School．

It is I that said so．

It is waiting for a chance that will not do．

It is here（or then，for this reason，with a lightning speed）that he married her．

It was after seeing her that he became crazy．

Who is it that you want？What is it that he is looking for？ It is only arithmetic that he is afraid of．It is only her idols that she pays attention to．It is not his children that he cares about，but his business．

It is a good horse that never stumbles．（= No horse is so good as to never stumble．）（这类常在谚语中出现的句子，结构虽和上面句子相同，意思却不一样。）

It is a silly fish that is caught twice．（= no fish is so silly as to be caught twice．）

It is an ill bird that fouls his own nest．（= No bird is so ill as to foul his own nest．）

注：It可以代表一个动名词、不定式或从句。可参阅1318—1322。 {ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6017T1.bmp} {ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6018T1.bmp}

It表示 the thing，that引起的从句可以看做定语，修饰主语It。that起从属连词和代词的作用，图解记号异于并列连词。

Ⅳ．the+形容词（或分词）

1317 The brave deserve the fair．The young are to be educated．There are the dying and the dead，the slain and the van－guished．（复数主语） The beautiful and the good is our ideal．The middle or the thick of the forest has many animals in it．The accused（or The deceased）is a rich man．The French is different in character from the English．（单数主语）

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Ⅴ．不定式

1318 作主语的不定式常常由it代替，本身放到句末作为it的同位语：

To live in Tokyo would be too expensive．It would be too expensive to live in Tokyo．

To go out of town every weekend became our custom．It became our custom to go out of town every weekend．

To have broken his leg is his bad luck．It is his bad luck to have broken his leg．

To be happy requires（or needs，wants）no great fortune． It requires no great fortune to be happy．

To be rich or to be poor makes a lot of difference．It makes a lot of difference to be rich or to be poor．

To raise the fund，to set up the building，to employ workers，all these take time．

The story makes me sick to repeat．To repeat the story makes me sick．It makes me sick to repeat the story．（这三句意思相同，却有不同的主语。） This theory takes much time to understand．To understand this theory takes much time．It takes much time to understand this theory．

To answer the question you asked in your letter is easy． It is easy to answer the question you asked in your letter． The question you asked in your letter，it is easy to answer． （这三句意思相同，可比较其主语。）

To handle a wife who comes of a rich family seems difficult．It seems difficult to handle a wife who comes of a rich family．A wife who comes of a rich family，it seems difficult to handle．

不定式可以有一个意义上的主语：

For John to live in Tokyo would be too expensive．It would be too expensive for John to live in Tokyo．

For a commoner to marry a nobleman's daughter does not astonish me．It does not astonish me for a commoner to marry a nobleman's daughter．

For politicians to talk about peace is as funny as for drinkers to talk about temperance．It is as funny as for drinkers to talk about temperance，for politicians to talk about peace．

下面句子中的不定式没有意义上的主语。 for you，of you等和 it is有关，起补语作用：

It is for（or up to）you to say yes or no．（＝To say yes or no is for[or up to] you．）

It is easier for you to speak to the boss than for me．（=To speak to the boss is easier for you than for me．）

It is very kind of you to do so．（=To do so is very kind of you．） It is natural in Mary to love John． It is inconvenient to her to wait so long． It is up to you to apologize． {ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6020T1.bmp}

{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6021T1.bmp} 注意意义上的主语 for John是如何图解的。

Ⅵ．动名词

1319 和不定式一样，作主语的动名词也可以用it代替：

Living in Tokyo would be too expensive．It would be too expensive living in Tokyo．

Crying over spilt milk is no use．It is no use crying over spilt milk． There is no climbing up the cliff．（= Climbing up the cliff is impossible．）

There is no denying the fact．（=Denying the fact is impossible．） John's（or His）living in Tokyo would be too expensive． It would be too expensive John's（or his）living in Tokyo． （动名词这里有意义上的主语）

{ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6022T1.bmp} 注意动名词意义上主语John's如何图解的。

Ⅶ．that引起的从句

1320 由 that引起的主语从句常可用 it代替，而本身则移到句尾，作为it的同位语：

That he had succeeded pleased me very much．It pleased me very much that he had succeeded．

That he was killed is a serious matter．It is a serious matter that he was killed．

That he has done his best is clear．It is clear（that）he has done his best．（如果句子不长，that可以省略。）

The fact（or The circumstance）that he was killed was a serious matter．（that引起的从句前面常可放 the fact或the circumstance）

It is clear（or likely，certain）that he likes his job．

It would be better that he give up smoking（=He had better give up smoking）．

It is rumoured（or said，learned，denied）that the premier decides to resign．

It is a pity that he should die so young．

It happened（or chanced，came about，developed，turned out）that the detective himself was the thief．

It came about that we had not enough money to pay the bill． It seems（or appears，occurs） to me that she is a poet． It struck me that I could be a lawyer．

He is poor，but it does not follow that he will cheat anyone． It is not that A is an upright man，but that he has no chance to do evil．It may be that B is too hungry to do any good，but it cannot be that he is willing to do any evil．

It is（high） time that we started．

How is it that you know so much？How comes it（about） that you know so much？How come（=why） you know so much？

（It is）Some（Little，No）wonder（that） he failed． （在用 wonder作补语时，it is可以省略。）

（It was）A wonder（that） he did not fall．What wonder （was it） that he falled？（= It was natural that he failed．）

It is said（or denied，rumoured）that the Mayor fell in love with Mary．The Mayor，it is said（or denied，rumoured），fell in love with Mary．（这两句意思几乎相同，但在第二句中不能用 that。）

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由that引起的从句用作名词及主语。注意连词that的图解方式。 {ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6024T2.bmp}

Ⅷ．疑问词引起的从句

1321 由疑问词引起的从句，和that引起的从句一样，可以由it代替：

How he could do it seemed a mystery．It seemed a mystery how he could do it．

Where he had escaped puzzled me．It puzzled me where he had escaped． What is it to me who he is？

It does not matter when you get married，but? {ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T1.bmp}

连接词how和副词how都在这个图解中表示出来，但一个需加括号。 {ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T2.bmp}

Ⅸ．疑问词+不定式

1322 疑问词引起的不定式，和连接词引起的从句一样，也可以用it代替： How to escape seems to be a problem．It seems to be a problem，how to escape．

What to say puzzles me．It puzzles me what to say．

Whether or not to follow the policy depends upon circumstances．It depends upon circumstances．whether or not to follow the policy．

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1．5种类型的谓语

1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。

第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）： He came． My wife cried．

第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV＋O）： John likes me．

His uncle wrote letters．

第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）： They teach me English． I bought Mary sugar．

第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV＋C）： He is a teacher． She looks sad．

第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV＋O＋C）： We made him king．

She left the house dirty．

、

2．动词的短语形式

1327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：

He lost heart．（他灰心了。）

This habit has struck root．（这种习惯已根深蒂固） 下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：

I looked for my lost dictionary．（我在找我弄失的字典。） He paid attention to his lesson．（他很注意他的功课。） He gave up drinking．（他戒酒了。） He is afraid of blood．（他怕血。）

He can't get along with anyone．（他和谁都处不好。） 下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词： I waited for him to come．（我等他来。） 详见 1182—1206节。

3．宾语的9种形式

1328 此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（Noun－Equivalent），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：

I know John（名词）． She kept the floor dirty． I will teach John Chinese． I know him（代词）． She kept it clean． That depends upon them．

He threw out an apple of discord（名词短语）． I have just visited the Board of Trade．

I am not fond of wild goose chase．

This matter interests the rich and the poor（the +形容词或分词）． The general visited the dying and the wounded．I know the long and（the） short of this case．

He wants to go to college（不定式）． She refuses to marry me．

I asked to see a friend in prison．

He is fond of swimming in the morning（动名词）． He avoids meeting any of his friends． I postponed going to the doctor．

I know that she loves me（that引起的从句）． I am sure that you will succeed． Is he afraid that he will be defeated？ I wonder what he wants（疑问词引起的从句）． I asked where he had been．

I don't know which way I should go．

I don't know what to do（疑问词引起的不定式）． I am doubtful how to settle this problem． I do not care where to eat dinner．

4．补语的15种形式

1329 不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容词等同体（Adjective－Equiva－lent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。

名词及名词等同体作补语：

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