新编英语教程6 - 练习

TEXT I

Unit One

VESUVIUS ERUPTS

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. We were followed by a panic-stricken mob of people wanting to act on someone else?s decision in preference to their own, who hurried us on our way by pressing hard behind in a dense crowd.

Panic-stricken, the mob of people close behind us ___________ _ 2. We replied that we would not think of considering our own safety as long as we were uncertain of his.

Unless we were ___________________________________ 3. There were people, too, who added to the real perils by inventing fictitious dangers: some reported that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, and though their tales were false they found others to believe them.

By reporting that part of Misenum had collapsed or another part was on fire, _______ 4. I could boast that not a groan or cry of fear escaped me in these perils, had I not derived some poor consolation in my mortal lot from the belief that the whole world was dying with me and I with it.

Because I derived some poor consolation_____________________ 5. Several hysterical individuals made their own and other people?s calamities seem ludicrous in comparison with their frightful predictions.

Compared with several individuals? frightful predictions, the calamities____________

III. Translate the following into English 1. 还未等我们坐下来喘息，夜幕已经降临，这黑暗使你觉得不是在无月色或多云的夜晚，而像是在灯火熄灭的紧闭的房间里。你到处都可以听到女人惊慌的尖叫，幼童的嚎啕，以及男人不安的叫喊。人们有的呼喊它们的父母，有的呼喊他们的妻儿，试图通过声音来辨认出自己的亲人；有的人悲叹自己和亲人的厄运，有的则在面临死亡的恐惧中祈求死神给他以解脱。许多人企盼神灵的帮助，但更多的人则认为这世界根本不存在神灵——宇宙再次陷入了永恒的黑暗之中。

2. 一远离了建筑物，我们就停了下来。在那里，我们遇到了一些不寻常的事情，令我们恐慌不已。我们叫来的几辆马车还未被带出来就开始四处乱窜，尽管地面平坦，又用石块楔，马车还是停不下来。我们还看到地震使海水猛然退下去，然后又明显地涌回来，总之海水从岸上退下去导致了大量的海洋生物搁浅在干沙上，白白等死。在朝着陆地的方向，一片黑压压的乌云被颤动着的烈焰撕开，露出几条巨大的火舌，看上去就像几道放大了的闪电。

3. 到处笼罩着一片恐惧的气氛，因为余震尚未停止，而且有些情绪失控的人在散布一些可怕的预言，与他们的预言相比，她们自己的灾难和其他人的灾难显得非常荒唐可笑。但即使是在那时，尽管我们已经经历过那些危险的遭遇，尚且还有可能再次经历这些危险，母亲和我在知道舅舅的下落之前仍不打算离开。

4. 最后，黑暗消散成为烟云，接着迎来了真正的阳光，太阳真的出来的，但它周围的圆晕使它显得像是在发生日食。看到所有的东西都变了样，被深深地埋在废墟和火山灰里，我们吓了一跳。我们返回迈斯林，尽力去满足自己的生理需求，然后怀着希望和恐慌的心情度过了一个焦虑的夜晚。5. 现在已是破晓时分（公元78年8月25日），天色依然昏暗。我们周围的建筑物已经摇摇欲坠，我们所在的空地太小了，所以万一房子倒塌的话，我们就会遭受没顶之灾。这促使我们终于决定离开这个小镇。我们后面跟着一大群惊慌失措的难民，他们完全没了自己的主意，只好随波逐流。（在这种情况下恐惧貌似谨慎）这一大群密密麻麻的人拼命往前挤，我们只好加快步伐逃生。

IV. Cloze

Complete each of the words with initial letters given in the following:

By now it was dawn [25 August in the year 79], but the light was still dim and faint. The buildings (1)r us were already tottering, and the open (2)s we were in was too small

for us (3)n to be in real and imminent (4)d if the house collapsed. This (5)f decided us to leave the town. We were (6)f by a panic- stricken mob of people wanting to (7)a on someone else?s decision in (8)p to their own (a point in (9)w fear looks like prudence), who hurried us on our way by (10)p hard behind in a dense crowd.

Once beyond the buildings we stopped, and there we had some extraordinary experiences (11)w thoroughly alarmed us. The carriages we had ordered to be brought out began to run in (12)d directions though the (13)g was quite level, and would not remain stationary even when wedged (14)w stones. We also saw the sea sucked (15)a and apparently forced back by the earthquake: at any rate it receded (16)f the shore so that

quantities of sea (17)c were left stranded on dry sand. On the landward side a (18)f black cloud was rent by forked and quivering (19)b of flame, and parted to reveal (20)g tongues of fire, like flashes of lightning magnified in size.

V. Proofreading

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We had scarcely sat down to rest when darkness fell, not the dark of a moonless or cloudy night, but as if the lamp had 1.been put out in a close room. You could hear the shrieks of 1. 2.women, the wailing of infants, the shouting of men; some 2. 3.were calling for their parents, others their children or their 3. 4.wives, tried to recognize them by their voices. People 4. 5.bewailed for their own fate or that of their relatives, and 5. 6.there were some who prayed for death in their terror of 6. 7.dying. Many besought the aid of the gods, but still more 7. 8.imagined that there were no gods left, and that the universe 8. 9.was plunged into an eternal darkness forevermore. There 9. 10.were people, too, who added the real perils by inventing 10. fictitious dangers. At last the darkness thinned and dispersed into 1.smoke or cloud; then there was a genuine daylight, and 1. 2.the sun actually shone out, but yellowish as it was during 2. 3.an eclipse. We were terrified to see everything change, 3. 4.buried deep in ashes like snowdrifts. We returned to 4. 5.Misenum where we attended our physical needs as best 5. 6.we could, and then spent an eager night alternating 6. 7.between hope and fear. Fear predominated, for the 7. 8.earthquakes yet went on, and several hysterical 8. 9.individuals made their own and other people?s calamities 9. seem ludicrous in comparison with their frightful 10.predictions. But even then, in spite the dangers we had 10. been through and were still expecting, my mother and I had still no intention of leaving until we had news of my uncle. Text II

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. The major land masses and the ocean basins are today much as they have been throughout the greater part of geologic time.

The major land masses and the ocean basins have not______________________ _ 2. With few exceptions, islands are the results of the violent, explosive, earth-shaking eruptions of submarine volcanoes, working perhaps for millions of years to achieve their end.

Almost all islands result_____________________________________________ __ 2

3. It is one of the paradoxes in the ways of earth and sea that a process seemingly so destructive, so catastrophic in nature, can result in an act of creation.

An act of creation can result from such____________________________________ 4. Whether the destruction of an island comes quickly or only after long ages of geological time may also depend on external forces.

An island may be destroyed quickly or only after long ages of geological time, _______ 5. The birth of a volcanic island is an event marked by prolonged and violent travail.

It takes prolonged and violent travail______________________________________

TEXT I

Unit Two

THE FINE ART OF PUTTING THINGS OFF

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. That the elegant earl never got around to marrying his son?s mother and had a bad habit of keeping worthies like Dr. Johnson cooling their heels for hours in an anteroom attests to the fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever.

The fact that even the most well-intentioned men have been postponers ever can be testified _____________________________ 2. Moses pleaded a speech defect to rationalize his reluctance to deliver Jehovah?s edict to Pharaoh.

By saying that he had a speech defect, _____________________ 3. Yet for all the trouble procrastination may incur, delay can often inspire and revive a creative soul.

Although procrastination may____________________________ 4. Bureaucratization, which flourished amid the growing burdens of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother the policy-makers in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal.

The design of bureaucratization, which_____________________ 5. There is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if postponed.

Procrastination has been honored________________________

III. Translate the following into English

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1.事实上，拖延这种现象的漫长而骄人的历史本身就已经表明，许多构想和决定如果加以推迟可能会更为圆满。推迟做出决定其本身就是一个决定，这是一个自明之理。议会的办事程序，就其本质而言，就是包含了拖延与深思的一种办事制度。就此而言，这种现象同样可见于一幅油画杰作的创作，一碟菜肴的烹饪，或是一本书的编写，也可见于象布伦海姆宫这样的大楼的建造。这项工程花费了莫尔巴勒公爵手下众多建筑师和劳工整整15年的时间。

2. 他的见解很有道理。在政府机构日益臃肿，社会结构日益复杂的情况下，繁琐拖拉的办事程序不断复杂，使决策者们忙于应付各种条条框框，左右全行，再三考虑，被繁琐的事务压得喘不过气来，也就无法仓促地做出决定。导致水门事件的政府集权化管理已经波及经济和其他部门，使拖延成为全世界的生活方式。许多语言中，都充满表示拖延的词语——从西班牙语中的Ma?ena到阿拉伯语中的bukrafilmishmish（文字上是“明日之杏”的意思，指的是“留待和暖的春季杏花盛开时才去做”）

3. 在拖延的过程中，设计可以达到尽善尽美。事实上，欲速则不达。正如《石中剑》的作者T·H怀特所说：“时间并非是要在一小时或一天内被匆匆吞没，而是要在不急不忙的细细品味中，一点一滴地被逐步消化。”

换句话说，尊敬的切斯得菲尔得伯爵，您今天不一定要做的事，尽管拖到明天吧。 4. “今天要做事决不要拖到明天，”切斯得菲尔得勋爵在1949年曾经如此劝诫人们。但是，这位举止优雅的伯爵却从来没有安排好时间娶他儿子的母亲。此外，他还有个坏习惯：老是让像约翰逊博士这样的贵客在他的接待室里等上几小时。这证明，即使是最有善意的人也曾经是个拖延者。

5. 尽管拖延会带来很多麻烦，但是推迟往往能使人获得灵感并重新焕发想象力。珍·凯尔是一位曾经创作了许多优秀小说和戏剧的女作家。她说，她总是习惯于把厨房里的所有糖罐头和奖品上的商品标签细读一遍才坐到打字机前开始写作。 IV. Cloze

“Never (1)p off till tomorrow,” exhorted (2)L Chesterfield in 1749, “(3)w____ you can do today.” (4)T the elegant earl never got (5)a to marrying his son?s mother and had a bad (6)h of keeping worthies (7)l Dr. Johnson cooling their (8)h for hours in an anteroom attests to the (9)f that even the most well-intentioned men (10)h been postponers ever.

His point is well taken. Bureaucratization, (11)w flourished amid the growing (12)b of government and the greater complexity of society, was designed to smother (13)p in blankets of legalism, compromise and reappraisal --- and thereby (14)p_____ hasty decisions from being made. The centralization of government (15)t led to Watergate has spread to economic institutions and beyond, (16)m procrastination a worldwide (17)w of life. Many languages are studded with phrases that refer to (18)p_____ things off ---(19)f the Spanish maiana to the Arabic bukrafil mishmish (literally “tomorrow in apricots, “ more loosely “leave it for the soft spring weather (20)w____ the apricots are blooming”).

V. Proofreading: In fact, there is a long and honorable history of procrastination to suggest that many ideas and decisions may well improve if they are postponed. It is something of 1.truism that to put off making a decision is itself a 1. 4

2.decision. The parliament process is essentially a system 3.of delay and deliberation. So, for this matter, is the 4.creation of a great painting, or an entree, or a book, or a 5.building like Blenheim Palace, for which took the Duke 6.of Marlborough?s architects and labors 15 years to 7.construct up. In the process, the design can mellow and 8.marinate. Indeed, hurry can be the assassin of an 9.elegance. As T. H. White, author of Sword in the Stone, once wrote, time “is not meant to be devoured in an hour or 10.a day, but be consumed delicately and gradually and without haste.” 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. The truth of what she said seemed less important than the glee with which she said it, her pride in the snake pit she?d come from.

Gleefully she said it with her pride in the snake pit she?d come from, _____________ 2. Paring away its less flattering modern connotations, we discover a kind of synonym for connection, for community, and this, it seems to me, is the primary function of gossip. With its less flattering modern connotations pared away, gossip, in my view, _______ 3. Except in the case of those rare toddler-fabulists, enchanting parents and siblings with fairy tales made up on the spot, gossip may be the way that most of us learn to tell stories.

Gossip may not be like learning to tell stories by most of us, _____________________ 4. Pacing, tone, clarity and authenticity are as essential for the reportage of neighborhood news as they are for well-made fiction.

Pacing, tone, clarity and authenticity may apply to _____________________________ 5. And while there are those who believe that the sole aim of gossip is to criticize, to condemn, I prefer to see gossip as a tool of understanding.

And yet for some people?s belief ___________________________________________ TEXT I

Unit Three

WALLS AND BARRIERS

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

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1. My father?s negative response was not so much to the architecture as to a violation of his concept of the nature of money.

The architecture itself didn?t cause so much of _______________ 2. It is not our advanced technology, but our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine how we shall build our walls,

We are changing our conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world, which, instead of our advanced technology, ____________ 3. If a building?s design made it appear impregnable, the institution was necessarily sound, and the meaning of the heavy wall as an architectural symbol dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory.

A building?s apparently impregnable design made ____________ 4. It is in the understanding of architecture as a medium for the human attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals that the architectural criticism departs from classical aesthetics.

Understanding architecture as a medium ____________________ 5. It might be argued that the undeveloped technology of the period precluded the construction of more delicate walls.

It was possibly because of the undeveloped technology of the period _______________

III. Translate the following into English

1. 我们并不寻求与世隔绝；事实上，只要我们觉得自己孤单，就会轻轻敲一下开关，通过电视屏幕将整个世界带到眼前。所以难怪，厚实的围墙现已过时，而我们建起了用金属箔和玻璃做材料的薄膜幕墙。

2. 在原始社会，人类把世界描绘成巨大而可怕，充满仇恨而且不为人类所驾驭的地方。因此他们用巨石建起坚厚的墙，生活在墙后局限的空间里，他们会觉得自如与安全。这些厚墙表达人们对外界的恐惧和对于寻求保护的迫切感，尽管这些墙起不了实际的保护作用。也许有人会争辩道，那是因为当时的技术不发达，所以人们无法建造更为精巧的墙。这话当然没错，但是促使人们建造围墙的首先并非技术问题，而是人类对于世界的恐惧心理，恐惧心理越强烈，墙就建得越厚实，直到古代君王的墓里我们发现基本是由墙式的结构所组成，因为对于死亡的恐惧是人们最强烈的恐惧。

3. 新的建筑批评理论把建筑学视作表达人的态度、偏见、禁忌和理想的媒介。正是在这一点上，他与古典美学分道扬镳。后者纯粹以比例、结构等作为审美的依据，在社会学与心理学交织的时代，围墙不仅仅是围墙，而且还是人们心中隔阂的具体象征。 4. 如今墙的主要功能在于把外界令人不舒服的空气尽可能的隔绝出去，使我们能尽享自己创造的受控的温度与湿度环境。玻璃可以圆满地担负此任，不过还有许多人们似乎仍然对于在众目睽睽之下就餐、就寝和更衣有所顾虑，它们需要至少能为他们提供足够安全和隐私感的墙。

5. 总而言之，决定我们如何建造围墙的因素并非是我们的先进技术，而是我们对于世界不断改变的看法。玻璃墙表达了人类能够并且确实驾驭自然和社会的坚定信念。开放式的设计和一览无遗的景色恰切的表达了人类通过不断的科学努力最终解决一切难

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题的信心。

6. 今天，我们对于隐私的看法已经截然不同了。其中一个原因是，我们不再依赖物质的屏障来控制人与人之间的敌对局面，我们除了依靠摩托化的警力之外，主要还是依靠法律和社会惯例来使人们达成共识，化解分歧。我们并不像我们的祖先那样看重隐私。我们很乐意看到自己的女人抛头露面，被人仰慕。

IV. Cloze

It is in the understanding of architecture as a (1)m for the expression of (2)h____ attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals (3)t the new architectural criticism (4)d______ from classical aesthetics. The latter relied (5)u pure proportion, composition, etc., as bases (6)f artistic judgment. (7)I the age of sociology (8)a psychology, (9)w______ are not simply walls but physical (10)s of the barriers in men?s minds.

We feel different today. For one thing, we (11)p_____ greater reliance upon the control of human hostility, not so (12)m_____ by physical barriers, as by the conventions of law and social (13)p_____ --- as well as the availability of motorized police. We do not cherish privacy as (14)m_____ as did our ancestors. We are (15)p_____ to have our women seen and (16)a_____, and the same goes for our homes. We do not seek solitude; in (17)f_____, if we find ourselves alone for once, we (18)f_____ a switch and invite the whole world in (19)t_____ the television screen. Small wonder, then, that the (20)h_____ surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of this sheet metal or glass.

The principal function of today?s wall is to (21)s possibly undesirable outside air from the controlled (22)c of temperature and humidity (23)w we have created (24)i . Glass may accomplish this (25)f , though there are apparently a good many (26)p who still have qualms (27)a eating, sleeping, and dressing (28)u_______ conditions of high visibility; they (29)d walls that will at (30)l give them a sense of adequate screening.

To repeat, it is not our advanced technology, (31)b our changing conceptions of ourselves in (32)r to the world (33)t determine how we shall build our (34)w . The glass wall expresses man?s conviction that he can and does (35)m_______ nature and society. The “open plan” and the unobstructed view are consistent (36)w his faith in the eventual solution of all (37)p through the expanding efforts of science. This is perhaps (38)w it is the most “advanced” and “forward-looking” among us (39)w live and work in glass houses. (40)E the fear of the cast stone has been analyzed out of us.

V. Proofreading: In a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control. (1)Therefore they built heavy walls of huge boulder, behind 1. (2)which they could feel themselves to be in a delimited room 2. (3)that was controllable and safe, these heavy walls 3. (4)expressed man?s fear of the outer space and his need to find 4. (5)protection, wherever illusory. It might be argued that the 5. (6)undeveloped technology of the period precluded the 6. 7

(7)construction of the more delicate walls. This is of course 7. (8)true. Yet, it was not technology, but a fearful attitude 8. (9)toward the world, which made people want to build walls in 9. the first place. The greater the fear, the heavier the wall, until in the tombs of ancient kings we find structures that are (10)practically all wall; the fear of dissolution being the 10. ultimate fear. Text II

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Regardless of status, it is nearly always the new arrival who makes the body-cross

movement, because it is he who is invading the home territory of the greeters.

As the invader of the home territory the greeters, the new arrival, ___________ 2. Only if they are extremely subordinate to the new arrival, and perhaps in serious trouble

with him, will there be a likelihood of them taking the “body-cross role”.

Except in the case of an extremely subordinating relation to the new arrival, or perhaps of a serious trouble with him,___________________________ 3. If a social situation is in any way threatening, then there is an immediate urge to set up

such a barricade.

Being in any threatening social situation, people will___________________ 4. If the insensitive intruder continues to approach despite these obvious signals of fear, then

there is nothing for the tiny child but to scream or flee.

Faced with the insensitive intruder who continues to approach despite these obvious signals of fear, the tiny child__________________ 5. In teenage girls this pattern may still be detected in the giggling cover-up of the face, with

hands or papers, when acutely or jokingly embarrassed.

When teenage girls, in acute or joking embarrassment, cover up their faces with hands or papers,___________________________

TEXT I

Unit Four

THE LADY, OR THE TIGER?

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

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1. The king?s ideas, though somewhat polished and sharpened by the progressiveness of

distant Latin neighbors, were still large, florid, and untrammeled, as became the half of him which was barbaric.

The half of the king was barbaric, as his ideas, though _________ 2. He was a man of exuberant fancy, and, withal, of an authority so irresistible that, at his

will, he turned his varied fancies into facts.

He was such a man not only of exuberant fancy, but also of an authority, ___________ 3. Among the borrowed notions by which his barbarism had become semified was that of the

public arena, in which, by exhibition of manly and beastly valor, the minds of his subjects were refined and cultured.

Thinking of such a thing like the public arena as one of his borrowed notions by which his barbarism had become semified, the king intended to______________________ 4. The man was subject to no guidance or influence but that of the aforementioned impartial

and incorruptible chance.

The man was not guided or influenced by ________________ 5. This element of uncertainty lent an interest to the occasion which it could not otherwise

have attained.

The occasion was made more interesting just ________________

III. Translate the following into English

1. 国王这种主持正义的方式很受欢迎。当人们在大审判的日子聚集在一起的时候，他们从来无法知道将要目睹的会是一场血腥大屠杀，还是一个欢乐的婚礼。这种莫测的因素使人们对审判颇有兴致。这种兴致是在其他场合无处可觅的。因此，广大老百姓得以娱乐，得以满足，而那些有独到见解的人也无法指责这个裁决方式不公平，因为被告不是把其命运掌握在自己的手上吗？

2．当某个臣民被控之罪足以引起国王的兴趣时，就会发出公告，写明该被告将于某个指定的日子在国王的竞技场内被决定其命运——这个“国王的竞技场”的确名不虚传，因为，尽管其形式和设计均出自远方，其用途则完全出自他这个人的头脑，因为他，一个至高无上的国王，从来无视传统，只顾满足于实现自己那古怪离奇的思想，并且把他那不断膨胀的野性的理想主义移植到其所采用的所有的思维和行动方式上。 3．很久很久以前，有一位半开化的国王。他的怪异思想虽然因为受到遥远的拉丁民族的进步文明的影响而多少有所改进，但依然是根深蒂固，野性十足，不受约束，于是成为他身上那一半野蛮性格的不可分割的组成部分。他这个人满脑子古怪念头，而且非常专横，他随心所欲地把自己各种古怪念头变为现实。

4．但是，即使在这里，国王的那丰富的野性的想象力依然生机勃勃地得到体现。 他建造这个竞技场的意图，并非是让人们有机会听到垂死的格斗士们那悲哀的惨叫声，也并非是让他们目睹宗教观念与饿兽之间冲突的必然结局，而是要实现远为崇高的理想：即增强与发展人民的精神力量。这个巨大的圆形竞技场，四周有环绕的看台，其中还有神秘的暗室与暗道，是主持正义的完美场所，在这里罪恶受到惩罚，美德受到褒扬，国王为此而颁布的法令给人以公正而严明的机会。

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5．他一向独断专行，当他自己决定了某件事时，这件事就要执行。在他的臣民都循规蹈矩的按照他的意志来行事时，他性情和蔼可亲；但是每当出现一些小小的麻烦，他的臣民行为越轨时，他会变得更为和蔼可亲，因为没有什么事情能比打抱不平，维护公正更令他高兴的了。

IV. Cloze

But even here the exuberant and barbaric fancy asserted itself. The arena of the king was built, not to give the people an (1)o of hearing the rhapsodies of dying gladiators, nor to (2)e them to view the inevitable conclusion of a conflict (3)b religious opinions and hungry jaws, but (4)f purposes far better adapted (5)t widen and develop the mental energies of the (6)p . The vast amphitheater, (7)w its encircling galleries, its mysterious vaults, and its unseen passages, was an agent of poetic (8)j , in which crime was (9)p , or virtue rewarded, by the decrees of an impartial and incorruptible (10)c . When a subject was accused of a crime of sufficient importance to interest the king, public notice was given (11)t on an appointed day the fate of the (12)a person would be decided in the king?s arena --- a structure which well (13)d its name; although its form and plan were (14)b from afar, its purpose emanated solely (15)f___ the brain of this man, who, every barleycorn a king, knew no tradition to (16)w he owed more allegiance (17)t pleased his fancy, and (18)w ingrafted on every adopted (19)f of human thought and action (20)t rich growth of his barbaric idealism.

The institution was a very popular one. When the (21)p gathered together on one of the great trial (22)d they never knew whether they were to (23)w a bloody a slaughter or a hilarious wedding. This element of uncertainty (24)l an interest to the occasion (25)w it could not (26)o have attained. Thus the (27)m were entertained and pleased, and the thinking part of the community (28)c bring no charge of unfairness (29)a this plan; for did not the accused person have the whole (30)m ___ in his own hands?

V. Proofreading: In the very olden time there lived a semi-barbaric king, whose ideas, though somewhat polished and sharpened by the progressiveness of distant Latin neighbors, were still large, 1.florid, and untrammeled, became the half of him which was 1. 2.barbaric. He was a man of exuberant fancy, and, withal, of 2. 3.authority so irresistible that, at his will, he turned his varied 3. 4.fancies into facts. He was greatly given to be 4. 5.self-communing; and, while he and himself agreed upon 5. 6.anything, the thing was done. When every member of his 6. 7.domestic and political systems moving smoothly in its 7. 8.appointed course, his nature was so bland and genial; but 8. 9.whenever there was little hitch, and some of his orbs got out 9. 10.of their orbits, he was blander and even genial still, for 10. nothing pleased him so much as to make the crooked straight, and crush down uneven places. 10

Text II

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. She was not permitted to have wooden blocks or china dolls or rubber dogs or linen books,

because such materials were considered cheap for the daughter of a king.

Such materials as 2. The king sent a royal ambassador to the courts of five neighboring kingdoms to announce

that he would give his daughter?s hand in marriage to the prince who brought her the gift she liked the most.

The king would 3. The princess examined the gift and squealed with delight, for she had never seen tin

before or mica or feldspar or hornblende.

The princess was so delighted 4. The other princes roared with disdainful laughter when they saw the tawdry gift the fifth

prince had brought to the princess.

At the 5. He was a poor king whose realm bad been overrun by mice and locusts and wizards and

mining engineers so that there was nothing much of value left in it.

There was nothing TEXT I

Unit Five

THE LADY, OR THE TIGER?

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Among his courtiers was a young man of that fineness of blood and lowness of station

common to the conventional heroes of romance who love royal maidens.

Like the conventional heroes of romance who love royal maidens, a young man among______________________________ 2. She loved him with an ardor that had enough of barbarism in it to make it exceedingly

warm and strong.

Her love for him appeared exceedingly warm and strong_______ 3. The king did not hesitate nor waver in regard to his duty in the premises.

The king was always impatient _______________________ 11

4. The king would not think of allowing any fact of this kind to interfere with the workings

of the tribunal, in which he took such great delight and satisfaction.

According to the king, any fact of this kind would never________ 5. It involves a study of the human heart which leads us through devious mazes of passion,

out of which it is difficult to find our way.

To study the human heart, we find it just ____________________

III. Translate the following into English

1. 然而，更多地浮现在她脑海的是，他站在另一扇门前！在难熬的幻觉中，当她看到

他打开少女的门时，脸上洋溢着狂喜的模样时，她气愤得咬牙切齿，撕扯头发。她看到他大步向前，迎接那面颊通红，喜气洋洋的女孩；她看到他拉着那个女孩儿，为自己命不该绝而狂喜；她听到在场的观众的欢呼声，和刺耳的庆贺钟声；她看到那牧师，捧着欢乐的花朵，向那对新人走去，当着她的面宣布他们结成合法夫妻，她还看到他和新娘手牵手，愉快的走在撒满鲜花的通道上，背后还跟着一大群欢呼雀跃的观众，她那绝望的尖叫声也被欢呼声所淹没。此时此刻，她的精神上所受的情感煎熬是何等的痛苦啊！

2. 这个爱情幸福地持续了好几个月，终于有一天被国王偶然察觉。国王当机立断，毫

不犹豫地行使其管辖权，年轻人马上被投入监狱，同时，在国王的竞技场受审的日子也定了下来。这个当然是一个空前重要的日子，举国上下和国王陛下对这次审判的进展都甚感兴趣。这是一个前所未有的案例，从来没有哪个平民斗胆爱上国王的千金。虽然在若干年后这类事情已变得很平常，但是在当时仍然是新奇而令人吃惊的。

3． 这个问题我们越是思考就越是难以解答。它涉及到对于人的心理研究，这种研究有

助于我们通过复杂诱惑的感情迷宫。因为这些感情迷宫使人难以辨明方向，找到出口。公正的读者，请设想一下，假如这个问题不是由你，而是由那位性格冲动而半野蛮的并受到绝望和妒嫉的烈火双重煎熬的公主来做出决定，结果会怎么样呢？她已经失去了他，而又是谁会拥有他呢？

4． 这个半开化的国王有个正处在豆蔻年华的女儿，其绝伦的美貌和他那异想天开的古

怪念头 一样令人难以形容，其狂野与蛮横与他如出一辙。自然，她是父亲的掌上明珠，国王爱她胜于一切。在他的朝臣中，有一个年轻人，他也像那些浪漫爱情故事里爱上公主的主人公一样，血统高贵，但地位卑微。这位公主对她的情人甚感满意，因为他英俊勇敢，在这个王国里无人能及。她狂热地爱着他，那充满野性的爱使她的热情超乎寻常的炽热。

IV. Cloze

This semi-barbaric king had a daughter as blooming as his most florid (1)f , and with a soul as fervent and imperious as his (2)o . As is usual in such cases, she was the (3)a of his eye, and was loved by him above all humanity. (4)A his courtiers was a (5)y man of that fineness of (6)b and lowness of station common to the conventional (7)h of romance who love royal maidens. This royal maiden was well satisfied with her lover, for he was (8)h and brave to a degree unsurpassed in all this kingdom; and she loved him (9)w an ardor that had enough of barbarism in it to

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(10)m_____ it exceedingly warm and strong.

This love affair moved on happily for many months, (11)u one day the king happened to (12)d its existence. He did not hesitate nor waver in (13)r to his duty in the premises. The youth (14)w immediately cast into prison, and a day was appointed (15)f his trial in the king?s arena. This, of course, was an especially important (16)o ; and his majesty as well as all the people, was greatly (17)i in the workings and development of this trial. (18)N before had such a case occurred; never before had a subject dared to love the (19)d of a king. In after-years such things (20)b___ commonplace enough; but then they were, in no slight degree, novel and startling.

The more we reflect upon this question, the harder it is to (21)a . It (22)i a study of the human heart which leads us (23)t devious mazes of passion, out of which it is (24)d to find our way. Think of it, fair reader, not as if the decision of the (25)q____ depended (26)u yourself, (27)b upon that hot-blooded, semi-barbaric princess, her soul at a white (28)h beneath the (29)c fires of despair and jealousy. She had lost him, but who (30)s have him?

V. Proofreading: But how much oftener had she seen him at the other door! How in her grievous reveries had she gnashed her teeth, and torn her hair, when she saw his start of rapturous 1.delight as he opened the door of the lady! How her soul 1. 2.had burned agony when she had seen him rush to meet 2. 3.that woman, upon her flushing cheek and sparkling eye of 3. 4.triumph; when she had seen him led her forth, his whole 4. 5.frame kindled with the joy of recovered life; when she had 5. 6.heard of the glad shouts from the multitude, and the wild 6. 7.ringings of the happy bells; when she had seen the priest, 7. 8.with his joyous followers, advance the couple, and make 8. 9.them man and wife before her very eyes; and when she had 9. 10.seen them walk off away together on their path of 10. flowers, followed by the tremendous shouts of the hilarious multitude, in which her one despairing shriek was lost and drowned! Text II

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Not that the desire to kill had suddenly come to her, or that she felt she would leave India

safer than she had found it, with one wild beast less.

It was not out of her sudden desire for_________________________ 13

2. In a world that is supposed by some people to be moved by hunger and by love, Mrs.

Packletide was an exception; her movement and motives were largely governed by dislike of Loona Bimberton.

As an exception in a world that _______________________________ 3. The one great anxiety was lest he should die of old age before the day of Mrs. Packletide?s

shoot.

People were greatly anxious__________________________________ 4. A goat, with a loud bleat, such as even a partially deaf tiger might be expected to hear on a

still night, was tied down at a correct distance.

A goat, with so ____________________________________________ 5. Mothers carrying their babies through the jungle after the day?s work in the fields hushed

their singing lest they might disturb the restful sleep of the old tiger.

For fear of disturbing the restful sleep of the old tiger,______________ TEXT I

Unit Six

DULL WORK

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. The outstanding characteristic of man?s creativeness is the ability to transmute trivial

impulses into momentous consequences.

Man?s creativeness is especially shown in the fact that_________ 2. The greatness of man is in what he can do with petty grievances and joys, and with

common physiological pressures and hungers.

Man?s ability to ____________________________________ 3. An eventful life exhausts rather than stimulates.

In an eventful life, man?s creativity is _________________ 4. Chances are that had my work been of absorbing interest I could not have done any

thinking and composing on the company?s time or even on my own time after returning from work.

It would have been impossible for me to _________________ 5. People who find dull jobs unendurable are often dull people who do not know what to do

themselves when at leisure.

Finding dull jobs unendurable, those people, _____________

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III. Translate the following into English

1. 轰轰烈烈的生活只会使人不堪重负，而并不能刺激人的创造性思维。通常只有那些平庸的诗人、作家才去搜寻一些激发灵感的事件来释放其创作能量。

2. 那些觉得乏味的工作难以忍受的人往往是那些不懂得充分利用闲暇的人。儿童和成人都能够从枯燥的日常生活中得到灵感，但是青少年却需要依靠刺激和新鲜来驱赶烦闷与无聊，因为他不但失去了童年的天生好奇心，而且还未具备成年人内在的应变能力。 3. 也许，装配线上的单调工作会使人能力丧失，心灵空虚，而唯一能够弥补损失的办法就是缩短工时和提高工资。但是在我50年的工人生涯中，我却发现枯燥无味的日常工作与活跃的思维毫不冲突。我从中依然能够享受到乐趣。而这种乐趣正是我以前在平淡的生活中所得到过的。那时我在水边一边重复地干着乏味的工作，一边与工作的伙伴交谈，脑海里同时酝酿着词句。那时的生活显得精彩无比。然而如果我当时的工作是非常迷人有趣的话，可能我就无法在上班时间，甚至在下班后的业余时间里继续思考和创造了。

4. 人类的创造能力突出地表现在将琐碎的突发奇想转变为轰轰烈烈的大事。人类伟大之处在于其处理不足为道的打击和欣喜的能力，在于其忍受常见的躯体折磨和情感困扰的能力。对于富有创造力的人而言，所有的经历都具有启发性——所有的事件都能够激发新的思想，加深对生活的理解——他那非凡人性的体现，就在于他能够把平凡的琐事变成令人瞩目的非凡成果。 5. 人们似乎普遍认为，杰出的人不能忍受单调刻板的生活，因为他们需要一种变化多样，新奇刺激的生活来使其聪明才智得到充分的发挥。人们还认为愚笨的人特别适合于枯燥的工作。据说，现代年轻人强烈反对从事工厂里乏味的工作的理由是，他们比以前的年轻人更聪明，受教育的程度更高。

IV. Cloze

There seems to be a general (1)a that brilliant people cannot stand (2)r ; that they need a varied, exciting life in (3)o to do their best. It is also (4)a that dull people are particularly suited (5)f dull work. We are (6)t that the reason the present-day (7)y protest so loudly (8)a the dullness of factory jobs is that they are (9)b educated and brighter than the young of the (10)p .

The outstanding characteristic of man?s creativeness is the (11)a to transmute trivial impulses (12)i momentous consequences. The greatness of (13)m is in what he can do with (14)p grievances and joys, and (15)w common physiological pressures and hungers. To a creative (16)i all experience is seminal --- all events are equidistant (17)f new ideas and insights --- and his inordinate humanness (18)s itself in the ability to (19)m the trivial and common reach an enormous (20)w .

V. Proofreading: It may be true that work on the assembly line dulls the faculties and empties the mind, the cure only being fewer hours of work at higher pay. But during fifty years as a 1.workingman, I have found dull routine compatible to an 1. 2.active mind. I can still savor the joy I am used to derive from 2. 3.the fact that while doing dull, repetitive work on the 3. 15

4.waterfront, I could talk with my partners and composing 5.sentences: in the back of my mind, all at the same time. Life 6.seemed glorious. Chances are that had my works been of 7.absorbing interest I could not have done thinking and 8.composing on the company?s time or even on my time after 9.returning from work. People who find out dull jobs unendurable are often dull people who do not know what to 10.do themselves when at leisure. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Fortunate the man or woman who achieves a just balance between these three types of

activity.

If the man or woman achieves___________________________ 2. To season chores with work, and to intersperse them with a few happenings, is the secret

of a contented existence.

We will live happy if we________________________________ 3. I must confess that with their repetition, and perhaps because of their very insignificance,

chores can in the end evoke a mild sort of satisfaction.

Just because chores have to be done repeatedly, and perhaps are insignificant, they___ 4. The nature of a chore is that it is neither pleasant nor unpleasant in itself; it is entirely

neutral—but it is obligatory.

A chore in nature is_______________________________ 5. A happening came about in ways no one could predict, taking form from vaporous

imaginings or sudden impulse.

In no ways_____________________________________ TEXT I

Unit Seven

BEAUTY

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person?s “inside” and “outside”, they still expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind.

In spite of the Greeks? ____________________________ 16

2. It was principally the influence of Christianity that deprived beauty of the central place it had in classical ideals of human excellence.

Under the influence of Christianity, beauty _________________ 3. By limiting excellence to moral virtue only, Christianity set beauty adrift—as an alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment.

The notion of beauty was deviated—as an alienated, arbitrary, superficial enchantment, when Christianity_____________________ 4. Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive, morally. It is more reliable for beauty to be _________________ 5. Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation.

A. Assuming that _____________________________ B. With these stereotypes in mind, one has, no wonder, attributed_

III. Translate the following into English

1. 在评价一个人的时候，把其外表与内涵割裂开来的做法是弊病多端的。对于这一点，受到传统偏见歧视的女性们所经历的漫长的即可笑又可悲的历史是最重要的见证。人们往往先把女人描绘成容貌的细心保养者，然后又把她们贬低为浅薄无知。这可是个赤裸裸的陷阱，一个历史悠久的陷阱。要走出这个陷阱，女人们可得与那被其视为完美与特权的美貌保持一定必要的距离，要远得足以看清，在多大程度上，美被抽掉了内涵，来支撑 “女性美”的神话。我们应该采取措施，使美貌不会成为女性独一无二的特征。这样，女性才能获得真正的美，实现自身的解放。

2. 精心打扮对于女性来说，绝不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且还是一种义务，是她的工作。如果一位女性从事真正的社会工作，即使她已经在政治、法律、医药、商业或其他方面通过努力奋斗登上了领导岗位，她仍然不得不承认自己依然为了保持女性的魅力而努力。然而，只要她为了保持女性的魅力而努力，她就使自己办事客观，职业能力强，权威性高，深谋远虑的能力大打折扣。无论是打扮还是不打扮自己，女人都要受到咒骂，真是左右为难。

3. 对于古希腊人来说，美是一种美德：一种完美的品质。那时候的人被认为是我们现在又羡慕又妒忌地称为 “完人”的人。如果古希腊人真要区分人的内在美和外在美的话，他们仍然认为内在美将会为另一方面的美所匹配。追随苏格拉底的那些出身高贵的雅典青年却发现这样一个矛盾的事实：他们所崇拜英雄是如此充满智慧，如此勇敢，如此可敬可亲而又富有魅力——但却又是如此其貌不扬。其实，苏格拉底丑陋的外貌本身就是他的一个主要教育方式——以此来启发那些天真单纯，但无疑是仪表非凡的追随者：生活本身是充满矛盾的。

4. 他们也许没有接受苏格拉底的教诲，但是我们却愿意遵从。几千年后的今天，我们对美的各方面的定义更加严谨的了。我们不但轻而易举地把内在美（也就是性格智力）和外在美｛也就是外貌｝截然分开，而且当我们发现一个可人儿竟然也会如此聪慧、有才而又善良时，我们会惊讶不已。

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IV. Cloze

0ne could hardly ask for more important evidence of the dangers of (1)c persons as split between (2)w is “inside” and what is “outside” (3)t that interminable half-comic half-tragic tale, the oppression of women. How easy it is to start off by (4)d____ women as caretakers of their surfaces, and (5)t to disparage them (or find them adorable) (6)f being “superficial.” It is a crude trap, and it has worked for too long. But to get out of the (7)t requires that women get some critical distance (8)f that excellence and privilege which is beauty, enough (9)d to see how much beauty itself has been abridged in order to prop up the mythology of the ?feminine.” There should be a way of saving beauty from (10)w --- and for them.

They may have resisted Socrates? lesson. We (11)d not. Several thousand years (12)l , we are (13)m wary of the enchantments of beauty. We not (14)o split off --- with the greatest (15)f --- the “inside” (character, intellect) (16)f the “(17)o ” (looks); but we are actually (18)s when someone who is (19)b is (20)a_______ intelligent, talented, good.

V. Proofreading: For the Greeks, beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. 1.Persons were assumed to be what we now have to call --- 1. 2.lamely, enviously ---the whole persons. If it did occur to 2. 3.the Greeks to distinguish a person?s “inside” from 3. 4.“outside,” they still expected that inner beauty would be 4. 5.matched by the beauty of the other kind. The well-born 5. 6.young Athenians who gathered around Socrates found 6. 7.quite paradoxical that as their hero was so intelligent, so 7. 8.brave, so honorable, so seductive --- and so ugly. One of 8. 9.Socrates? main pedagogical act was to be ugly — and 9. 10.teach those innocent, no doubt splendid-looking disciple of 10. his how full of paradoxes life really was. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. A well-accepted linguistic principle is that as culture changes so will the language.

The language will change with culture,________________ 2. A person working constantly with language is likely to be aware of how really deep-seated sexism is in our communication system.

Sexism is really deep-seated in our communication system, which__________ 3. Every night that I didn?t have anything more interesting to do, I read myself to sleep making a card for each entry that seemed to tell something about male and female.

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Having nothing _____________________________________ 4. Perhaps the feeling was that the women had to trade in part of their femininity in exchange for their active or masculine role.

The women perhaps felt _______________________________ 5.This is in the way it is with dozens of words which have male and female counterparts.

It is also in case ____________________________________ TEXT I

Unit Eight

APPETITE

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. The whole toffeeness of toffees was imperceptibly diminished by the gross act of having

eaten it.

The whole toffeeness of toffees was imperceptibly diminished once ___________ 2. Which is why I carry the preservation of appetite to the extent of deliberate fasting, simply

because I think that appetite is too good to lose, too precious to be bludgeoned into insensibility by satiation and over-doing it.

The reason for my intentional self-denial of food is ___________ 3. Fasting is an act of homage to the majesty of appetite.

Appetite can be improved greatly in value_________________ 4. A day of fasting is not for me just a puritanical device for denying oneself a pleasure, but

rather a way of anticipating anticipating a rare moment of supreme indulgence.

When I have a day of fasting, I am not _________________ 5. Part of the weariness of modern life may be that we live too much on top of each other,

and are entertained and fed too regularly.

We feel weary in modern life partly_____________________

III. Translate the following into English

1． 胃口不仅仅是指对食物的渴望，而且是欲望未能得到满足一种状况，是血液中燃烧的火焰；它证明了你想得到更多的东西，你还没有耗尽你的生命。怀尔德曾经说过，对于那些从未得到满足的人，他感到遗憾，但对于那些已经得到了满足的人，他更倍感遗憾。我一生只得到过一次满足，而那一次几乎将我置于死地。因此，从那以后，我一直所钟情的，是那种渴望的、而并非是满足的心态。

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2． 我不希望真的一天享受三顿丰盛的饭菜——我希望的是，比如每隔四天有一顿丰盛美味、令人兴奋不已，垂涎三尺，多得足以压垮餐桌的豪宴，然后对于下一顿的着落又无甚把握的感觉。一日斋戒对我来说，并不是一种清教徒用来节制自己的方法，而是一种期待最高级的放纵享受的机遇到来的方式。

3． 人生最主要的乐趣之一就是胃口，所以我们的一项主要任务就是要保护好胃口。胃口是继续生存的强烈欲望；那是一种感觉。它告诉你，你仍然很想继续生存；你仍旧怀有强烈的愿望，去品尝人间的酸甜苦辣。

4． 斋戒是对胃口的威严表示高度尊重的行为。所以我觉得，我们应该计划定期地放弃自己的乐趣——食物、朋友和情人——从而保持其强度，并且保证了重新回到这些乐趣身边的那一刻的再次降临。因为这是一个使你和你所心爱的东西一起更新，重新振作的美妙时刻。水手们和旅行者曾有这样的经验，我想狩猎者也一样。现代生活令人厌烦的部分原因也许是我们的人际关系过于密切，我们的娱乐和进食过于有规律了。 5． 对于任何东西，享受太多——太多的音乐、娱乐、开胃的零食，或者太多的时间与友人相聚——都会产生一种对于继续生存感到的无能为力的感觉，并因此而丧失了听觉、味觉、视觉、爱恋或者记忆的能力。人生是短暂而又宝贵的，而胃口则是它的保护神，失去了胃口则意味着死亡。因此，如果我们诚心要享受这短暂的人生，就应该尊重胃口的神圣价值，保持它的渴求的状态，而不能使它过于麻木迟钝。

IV. Cloze

Fasting is an act of homage to the majesty of appetite. So I think we should arrange to

(1)g up our pleasures (2)r — our food, our friends, our lovers — in order to (3)p their intensity, and the moment of (4)c back to them. (5)F this is the moment that

renews and (6)r both oneself and the thing (7)o loves. Sailors and travelers (8)e this once, and so did hunters, I suppose; (9)P of the weariness of modern life may be that we live too much on top of each other, and (10)a____ entertained and fed too regularly.

Too much of anything — too (11)m music, entertainment, happy snacks or time (12)s with one?s friends — creates a (13)k of impotence of living by (14)w___ one can no (15)l hear, or taste, or see, or love, or remember. Life is (16)s____ and precious, and appetite is (17)o of its guardians, and loss of appetite is a sort of (18)d . So if we are to enjoy this short life we should (19)r the divinity of appetite, and (20)k it eager and not too much blunted.

For that matter, I don?t really want three square (31)m a day --- I want (32)o____ huge, delicious, orgiastic, table-groaning blow-out, say every four (33)d , and then not be too (34)s where the next one is coming (35)f . A day of (36)f is not for me

just a puritanical device (37)f denying oneself a (38)p , but rather a (39)w of anticipating a rare (40)m of supreme indulgence.

V. Proofreading: One of the major pleasures in life is appetite, and one of our major duties should be to preserve it. Appetite is the 1.keenness of life; it is one of the senses that tells you that 1. 2.you are still curious to exist, that you still have an edge in 2. 3.your longings and want to bite the world and taste its 3. 20

4.multitudinous flavors and juices. 4. 5. For appetite, of course, I don?t mean just the lust for 5. 6.food, but any condition of unsatisfied desire, any burning 6. 7.in the blood that proves that you want more than you?ve 7. 8.got, and that you have not yet used your life. Wilde said 8. 9.he felt it sorry for those who never got their heart?s 9. 10.desire, but more sorrier still for those who did. I got mine 10. once only, and it nearly killed me, and I?ve always preferred wanting to having since. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Their appearance was enough to set my brother and me to thinking that it might be about

time to develop an illness, which was the surest way of receiving a steady supply of them. As soon as we saw them, we, my brother and me, began to think ________________ 2. There was no depth of degradation that we wouldn?t descend to in order to get one.

We are ready to descend__________________________________________ 3. Each orange, stripped of its protective wrapping, as vivid in your vision as a pebbled sun,

encouraged you to picture a whole pyramid of them in a bowl on your dining room table. Looking at each orange, stripped of its protective wrapping, as vivid in your vision as a pebbled sun, you______________________________________ 4. All of them came stamped with a blue-purple name as foreign as the otherworld that you

might imagine as their place of origin.

The blue-purple name of all of the oranges appeared so_____________________ TEXT I

Unit Nine A RED LIGHT FOR SCOFFLAWS

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Indeed, there are moments today---amid outlaw litter, tax cheating, illicit noise and

motorized anarchy---when it seems as though the scofflaw represents the wave of the future.

It indeed happens today that scofflaw, by outlaw litter, tax cheating, illicit noise and motorized anarchy, seems________ 2. Scofflaws abound in amazing variety.

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Scofflaws exist________________________________ 3. The person who illegally splits on the sidewalk remains disgusting, but clearly poses less

risk to others than the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical wastes in an unauthorized location.

Compared with the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location, _____________ 4. Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong, and so it may be in

individual instances.

In individual instances, red-light running may be_____________ 5. When the foundations of U.S. law have actually been shaken, however, it has always been

because ordinary law-abiding citizens took to skirting the law.

What may cause the foundation of U.S. law actually shaken ___

III. Translate the following into English

1． 现今的无视法律的人，虽然他们表现形式不尽相同，但他们的本质却是相同的，都是社会道德沦丧的苗头的一种症状表现，即人们丧失了为了他人的利益而对自身行为的控制能力。

2． 美国人习惯认为治安的主要威胁来自常见的暴力犯罪。然而，真正动摇美国法律基础的原因，却一直是的普通的守法公民长期养成的避免卷入法律纠纷的习惯。

3． 闯红灯一向被视作小过失。在个别场合也许的确如此。但是，一旦这种行为成为人们的习惯，如脱缰之马迅速蔓延，无法收拾，其所涉及的问题就远远不仅仅是交通管理部门那么简单了。这种藐视道路基本规则的行径对整个社会风气造成了很大影响。循规蹈矩的无辜司机和行人因此而付出痛苦的代价，他们终日感到彷徨，不便和义愤，更不用说对于致命危险并非多余的担心。

4． 治安在美国是历史最悠久，而且可能也是最受关注的政治问题。然而，令人痛心的现实却是，有数百万美国人从未想到过他们自己是违法者，更不用说是罪犯了。他们越来越变本加厉地违反旨在保护并促进社会繁荣的各项法规。的确，随地乱扔垃圾，偷税漏税，制造超标噪音，违规驾驶等现象的泛滥有时使人觉得，这些违法行为似乎代表未来的潮流。哈佛大学的一位社会学家认为，多数美国人对于他们的那些所谓的小疏忽已经习以为常，不以为耻了。他还说，美国的社会道德标准已经陷入了这样一种危机：“只有傻瓜才会守法！”

5． 无视法律的现象造成的危害不尽相同。在人行道上违规吐痰固然令人反胃，但相对于那些把危险的化学废料非法掩埋在未经政府许可的地方的公司而言，其危害明显要小得多。相对于忽视防火安全法规的房东而言，地铁上逃票者对生命的威胁要小得多。然而危害最直接、最显著的无视法律的现象恰恰也是最常见的。其中罪魁祸首是那些美国司机，他们的无法无天的行为已构成了一大社会公害。

IV. Cloze

Red-light running has always been ranked as a (1)m wrong, and so it (2)m __ be in individual instances. When the violation (3)b habitual, widespread and incessant, (4)h , a great deal more (5)t a traffic management problem is (6)i . The

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flouting of basic rules of the road leaves (7)d dent in the social mood. Innocent drivers and pedestrians (8)p a repetitious price in frustration, inconvenience and outrage, not to (9)m a justified (10)s of mortal peri1.

The dangers of scofflawry vary wildly. The person who (11)i spits on the sidewalk (12)r disgusting, but clearly poses less (13)r to others than the (14)c_____ that illegally buries hazardous chemical (15)w in an unauthorized location. The fare (16)b on the subway presents less threat to life (17)t the landlord who ignores fire safety statutes. The most immediately and measurably (18)d____ scofflawry, however, also happens to be the most visible. The culprit is the American driver, (19)w lawless activities today add up to a colossal public (20)n .

V. Proofreading: Law-and-order is the longest-running and probably the best-loved political issue in U.S. history. Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans who would never think 1.of themselves as law-breakers, to let alone criminals, are 1. 2.taking increasingly liberties with the legal codes that are 2. 3.designed to protect and nourish their society. Indeed, there 3. 4.are the moments today --- amid outlaw litter, tax cheating, 4. 5.illicit noise and motorized anarchy --- when it seems as 5. 6.though scofflaw represents the wave of the future. Harvard 6. 7.Sociologist David Riesman suspects that majority of 7. 8.Americans have blithely taken to commit supposedly minor 8. 9.derelictions as a matter of course. Already, Riesman says, 9. 10.the ethic of U. S. society is in the danger of becoming this: 10. “You?re a fool if you obey the rules.” Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Like most of us, I?m more apt to be restrained from doing something bad by the social

convention that disapproves of it than by any law against it.

It is more likely for me,____________________________________ 2. This whole thing we have going for us would fall apart if we didn?t trust each other most

of the time.

The lack of faith in each other most of the time would ______________ 3. I don?t go in banks and demand that they show me my money all the time just to make

sure they still have it.

Going in banks to ask them to show me my money all the time just to make sure they still have it is_______________________ 23

4. The people who always assume everyone else is as honest as they are, make out better in

the long run than the people who distrust everyone—and they?re a lot happier even if they get taken once in a while.

Whoever always believes in everyone else?s _______________________ 5. Inasmuch as no one would ever have known what a good person I was on the road from

Harrisburg to Lewisburg, I had to tell someone.

Since______________________________________ TEXT I

Unit Ten

Straight-A Illiteracy

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Despite all the current fuss and bother about the extraordinary number of ordinary

illiterates who overpopulate our schools, small attention has been given to another kind of illiterate.

Another kind of illiterate has been _____________________ 2. The person to whom I refer is the straight-A illiterate, and the following is written in an

attempt to give him equal time with his widely publicized counterpart.

By writing the following, I attempt ___________________ 3. Finally, with both of us combining our linguistic and imaginative resources, finally, after

what seems another hour, we decode it.

Finally, both of our ______________________________ 4. Bright?s disease attacks the best minds, and gradually destroys the critical faculties,

making it impossible for the sufferer to detect gibberish in his own writing or in that of others.

Because Bright?s disease attacks the best minds the sufferer is made_____________ 5. Taking his cue from years of higher education, years of reading the textbooks and

professional journals that are the major sources of his affliction, he writes in this way.

His affliction mainly comes ______________________________

III. Translate the following into English

1． 尽管人们今天对于充斥校园的普遍文盲的惊人数量已经甚感不安，为之伤透脑筋，但却很少注意到另外一种文盲的存在。这种文盲所面临的困境，从很多方面来看，却是更为令人关注的，因为它更具有影响力。这种文盲往往可能是个大学校长，但更为

24

典型的是，他具有博士衔头，是一位颇有成就的教授和教科书的作者。我所指的这种文盲是“成绩全优的文盲”。本文试图对这类文盲的情况给以不亚于对其同僚——广为人知的普通文盲的关注。

2． 在过去的大约10年里，我认识了许多像他这样的学生，这些大学高年级的学生深受“聪明症”的困扰。这疾病专门侵害聪明的头脑，然后慢慢地损坏其关键重要的功能，使患者无法辨认自己或者他人文章里的废话。在接受高等教育的阶段，这病越发厉害，甚至达到巅峰状态，尤其是在其受害者拿到博士学位之际。显然，“聪明症”患者绝不是普通的文盲：他的文章绝不会存在的单词错拼和标点误用的现象；他决不会使用双重否定或者像“非不注意”这样的词语。然而，他却是最糟糕的文盲：因为他无法在文章里简单明白地表达自己的意思。

3． 正如我所提到过的，导致这种文章的主要祸根就是这堆东西——这些课本和专业期刊——这些成绩全优的文盲在接受高等教育期间不得不阅读的东西。通过阅读这些东西，并通过学会欣赏其中的奥妙，他学会了写废话连篇的文章。

4． 事情发生的背景是我的办公室。我在忙碌着，就像一个力图帮助治愈一种疾病的人那样，为其必须完成的工作而忙碌。许多年来，我已习惯于将这种疾病称为“成绩全优的文盲现象”。我不断地提出质疑，不断地悉心盘问，不断地旁敲侧击，不断地寻找一点蛛丝马迹，只为了弄懂一篇学生的论文。这名学生就读于大学高年级，各科成绩优秀，是一个十分聪明而且口齿伶俐的小伙子，刚刚荣获其渴望已久的一所国家重点研究生院的入学资格。我和他一起已经花了一个小时，逐字逐句地在反复研究他的论文。

IV. Cloze

Despite all the current fuss and bother about the extraordinary number of ordinary illiterates (1)w overpopulate our schools, (2)s attention has been (3)g to another kind of illiterate, an (4)i whose plight is, in (5)m ways, more important, (6)b he is more influential. This illiterate may, as often as not, be a university president, but he is (7)t a Ph.D., a successful professor and textbook (8)a . The person to whom I refer is the straight-A illiterate, and the following is (9)w in an attempt (10)t give him equal time with his widely publicized counterpart.

The scene is my office, and I am at work, (11)d what must be done if one is to (12)a in the cure of a (13)d that, over the years, I have come to (14)c_____ straight-A illiteracy. I am interrogating, I am cross-examining, I am prying and probing for the (15)m of a student?s paper. The student is a college senior (16)w a straight-A average, an extremely bright, highly articulate (17)s who has just been awarded a coveted fellowship to (18)o of the nation?s outstanding graduate schools. He and I have been at this, have been (19)g over his paper sentence by (20)s , word by word, for an hour.

V. Proofreading: Over the past decade or so, I have known many students like him, many college seniors suffering from Bright?s disease. It attacks the best minds, and gradually destroys 1.the critical faculties, making them impossible for the 1. 2.sufferer to detect gibberish in his own writing or in that of 2. 3.the others. During the years of higher education it grows 3. 25

4.worse, and reaching its terminal stage, typically, when its 4. 5.victim receives his Ph.D. Obviously, the victim of 5. 6.Bright?s disease is no ordinary illiterate. He would never 6. 7.turn a paper with misspellings or errors in punctuation; 7. 8.he would never use double negative or the word 8. 9.“irregardless.” Nevertheless, he is illiterate, in the worse 9. 10.way: he is uncapable of saying, in writing, simply and 10. clearly, what he means. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. While economical writing makes a minimum demand on the energy and patience of

readers, it returns to them a maximum of sharply compressed meaning.

It takes readers of economical writing _____________________ 2. Economical writing avoids strain and at the same time promotes pleasure by producing a

sense of form and right proportion.

Readers of economical writing feel _______________________ 3. Suffice it to say here that whatever the topic, whatever the occasion, expository writing

should be readable, informative, and, wherever possible, engaging.

It is ____________________________________ 4. Part of this humanity must stem from your sense of who your readers are.

Whether you are human or not in your statement partly ___________________ 5. Without such definite readers in mind, you cannot assume a suitable and appropriate

relationship to your material, your purpose, and your audience.

Only if you have visualized such definite readers, __________________ TEXT I

Unit Eleven

ON CONSIGNING MANUSCRIPTS TO FLOPPY DISCS

AND ARCHIVES TO OBLIVION

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Manuscripts, those vital records of an author?s creative process, are an endangered

species.

Like an endangered species, manuscripts as vital records of an author?s creative process

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are being threatened and_____________ 2. Edna St. Vincent Millay may have burned the candle at both ends and wondered at its

lovely light, but her first drafts are treasures for future generations.

It is probable that Edna St. Vincent Millay had worked _______ 3. Almost a century later his manuscripts in the National Library in Dublin still glow with

the power his passion.

By reading his manuscripts almost a century later, in the National Library in Dublin, people can still_____________________ 4. How appropriate, even ironic, it might have been had his various drafts gone the way of

the burning books that he deplores and disappeared into a memory bank.

Like the disappearance of the burning books that he deplores, his various drafts may _______________________________ 5. Manuscripts are our gift to our heritage, and we have no right to deprive future

generations of learning how we think and feel, simply because we find word processing more convenient.

The convenience of word processing should not be a reason ____

III. Translate the following into English

1． 手稿是我们奉献给历史遗产的一份礼物。我们无权仅仅因为觉得文字处理器使用起来比较方便就剥夺了子孙后代了解我们的思想和感受的机会。是精心修改过的手稿，而不是软盘，能够告诉那些学习写作的人们和未来的历史学家，写作是一件充满艰辛的工作，它需要付出反复修改的辛勤劳动——而这一切，应该在纸上，而不是依靠电子束在屏幕上来完成。

2． 一个艺术家所犯的错误其实是他艺术新发现的门槛。不幸的是，如果干净、整洁、毫无瑕疵、却是准确无误的软取代了陈旧破烂、潦草涂写、几经剪切、颜色发黄、再三修改和打印的手稿，我们将永远无法得知那些错误。图书管里珍藏着这些手稿，学生们从中获取知识，拍卖商们为之漫天叫价，收藏者们对之倍加珍惜。然而文字处理器却无情地把他们斩草除根。我们的损失将是无法形容的。

3． 我们应该为手稿的绝迹而扼腕痛惜。试问有哪位学生和学者能从一张软盘上了解到作者创作过程的艰辛？这张不结实的塑料软盘能够展示出辛勤创作所耗费的分分秒秒吗？在这漫长的日子里，他的完美之作源于曾令他悲观失望的艰苦思索，而他的聪明智慧则出自使他熬红双眼的通宵之夜。手稿，作为艰辛创作的真实写照，往往是汗渍斑斑，咖啡四溅或者是烟痕累累。手稿使我们了解到作家的创作思路与激情。

4． 一个城市的档案往往是一堆堆带有霉味儿的宗卷，其中有字迹潦草的纸片，有关于边界线的意味深长的草草勾勒，或者是有关结婚，离婚，业绩，出生和死亡的没完没了的笔头记录。我们国家的各种各样的文献是一份无价的遗产。国家档案管里堆满了破破烂烂的各种文件，完整地保留下来，让历史学家们仔细地研究。

5． 手稿，作为一个作者创作历程的重要写照，正濒临绝迹。文字处理器的问世，及其价格相对便宜，操作日趋简单的优点，促使那些即使是潦倒穷困，尚未成名的准作家们（好像那些名列最畅销书榜首的人们一样）转而使用Wang、 IBM和Apple等电脑

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制造公司的产品，安装WordStar、 Scriptsit或者Apple Writer等程序，紧张地开始记下，编辑并修改他们的创作成果。结果如何？一张软盘！

IV. Cloze

Manuscripts, those vital (1)r of an author?s creative process, are an endangered (2)s . The advent of word processors, and their relatively (3)l cost together (4)w____ increasing simplicity, (5)m that even impoverished, unpublished, would-be (6)w (as well as the Names who (7)t the best-seller list) have turned to their Wangs, IBMs and Apples, (8)i Wordstar, Scriptsit or Apple Writer programs and busily (9)b writing, editing and revising their creative efforts. The (10)r ? A floppy disc! Moreover, put a lot of manuscripts (11)t and you have an archive. Memoranda, diaries, journals, jottings, first, (12)s and third drafts --- these (13)a are important to all of us. The archives of a (14)c are often musty (15)c of scribbled scraps of (16)p , meaningful doodles (17)a boundary lines or endless handwritten records of marriages, divorces, deeds, births and deaths. Our country?s archives of (18)a___ kinds are a priceless heritage. The National Archives is jammed (19)w ragged papers, preserved (20)f the scrutiny of historians.

James Joyce once wrote that the (21)e of an artist are the portals of discovery. (22)U , we?ll never know (23)o those errors if clean, neat, immaculate (24)b____ errorless floppy discs (25)r tattered, pen-scratched, scissored, taped, yellowed, rewritten, retyped (26)m . Libraries preserve them, students (27)l from them, auctioneers cry them at fabulous (28)p , owners cherish them. And (29)w ____ processors totally eliminate them. Our (30)l would be incalculable.

V. Proofreading: We should deplore the disappearance of manuscripts. How can anyone, student or scholar, learn anything about the creative process from a floppy disc? Can this wobbly plastic reveal the hours, the endless hours, where beauty 1.was born of its own despair and blear-eyed wisdom out 1. 2.of midnight oil? Manuscripts are these records of creative 2. 3.agony, which often sweat-stained, coffee-splattered or 3. 4.cigarette-charred. Manuscripts tell us what went on in a 4. 5.writer?s soul, what he or she felt during the agony of 5. creation. Manuscripts are our gift to our heritage, and we have 6.no right to deprive future generations learning how we 6. 7.think and feel, simply because we find word processing 7. 8.even more convenient. Patiently corrected manuscripts, 8. 9.not floppy disc, can tell any novice writer or future 9. 10.historian that writing is a hard work, that it takes vision 10. and revision alike --- and that it should be done on paper, not with electrons on a screen. Text II 28

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Far from depersonalizing the individual and dehumanizing this society, the computer

promises a degree of personalized service never before available to mankind.

The computer does not depersonalize__________________________ 2. High-speed communications devices, linked to satellites in space, will transmit data to and

from virtually any point on earth with the ease of a dial system.

A dial system will make it possible ____________________________ 3. For all its potential to stretch the mind a thousandfold, it is perhaps necessary to point out that the computer is still a thing—that it cannot see, feel, or act unless first acted upon. Its potential to stretch the mind a thousandfold _____________________ 4. It is my conviction that society will adjust itself to the computer and work in harmony with it for the genuine betterment.

To better life genuinely, in my conviction,___________________________ 5. Quite evidently the threshold of the computer age has barely been crossed.

Quite evidently the computer age ______________________ TEXT I

Unit Twelve

GRANT AND LEE: A STUDY IN CONTRAST

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. These men were bringing the Civil War to its virtual finish.

Due to these men?s act, the Civil War ______________ 2. The little room where they wrote out the terms was the scene of one of the poignant, dramatic contrasts in American history.

One of the poignant, dramatic contrasts in American history _____ 3. In such a land Lee stood for the feeling that it was somehow of advantage to human society to have a pronounced inequality in the social structure.

A pronounced inequality in the social structure was ___________ 4. No part of either man?s life became him more than the part he played in this brief meeting in the McLean house at Appomattox.

Nothing in the life of either of the two men could show_________

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5. Their behavior there put all succeeding generations of Americans in their debt.

All succeeding generations of Americans owe ________________

III. Translate the following into English

1． 格兰特和李这两个截然不同的人物代表了美国社会中两股针锋相对的潮流。格兰特是新兴的现代人，在他身后即将登上舞台的是以钢铁和机器、热闹的都市和永不停息的勃勃生机为特征的伟大时代。李好象是从古老的骑士时代策马而来，手持长矛，头顶锦旗飘扬。他们都是自己事业的坚强卫士，深深地扎根于自己的民众之中。

2． 格兰特这位西部疆民会以同样的毅力为实现更为广阔的社会的概念而奋斗，因为他赖以生存的一切都与国家的成长，发展和日益扩大的疆土息息相关。他赖以生存的一切将与国家的命运共存亡。面对摧毁联邦的企图，他绝不能无动于衷。他将不惜一切代价与其抗争，因为他只会把这种企图看作是分裂国土的卑鄙行径。

3． 这些生活在西部边疆的人们是东部沿海地区贵族势力的死对头。对于过去的陈规陋习的深恶痛绝驱使他们卷入了跨越阿里干尼斯山脉，安身于开阔的西部原野的西迁浪潮。他们主张民主，但并非出于对于人类社会正常秩序的理智考虑，因为他们自己就成长于民主的气氛中，知道民主的真正含义。他们的社会也会有些特权，但那都是每个人依靠自己的努力奋斗的结果。现存的社会形式和结构对于他们毫无意义。人生在世并无特权可言，有的只是获得成功的平等机会。人生就是竞争。 4． 美国是一个一切从头越的国家，它致力于实现一种复杂而又相当模糊的信念：人 人都享有平等的权利，并应该享受平等的生存机会。在这样一个国度里，李代表着这样一种观点，即在社会结构中存在明显的不均对人类社会总是有益的。社会上必须有一个以土地所有权为依托的有闲阶级；反过来，社会本身应该依靠土地作为其富强的主要手段。根据这种理想，这样就能造就一批怀有强烈的社会责任感的有识之士。这些人的生活目的不是为了谋取私利，而是为了履行他们享有与众不同的特殊权利这样一个活生生现实赋予它们的神圣职责。有了他们，国家的领导就有了希望；在他们身上，国家能够寻找思想、操行和个人行为的更高价值，从而赋予国家力量与美德。

IV. Cloze

The Westerner, on the other (1)h , would fight (2)w an equal tenacity for the broader concept of society. He fought so (3)b everything he lived by was (4)t to growth, expansion, and a constantly widening horizon. (5)W he lived by would survive or (6)f with the nation itself. He could not possibly stand by unmoved in the (7)f of an attempt to destroy the Union. He would (8)c it with everything he had, (9)b he could only see it as an effort to cut the ground out from under his (10)f .

So Grant and Lee were in complete contrast, (11)r two diametrically (12)o____ elements in American life. Grant was the modern (13)m emerging; beyond him, ready to come (14)o the stage, was the great age of steel and machinery, of crowded (15)c_____ and a restless burgeoning vitality. Lee might have ridden (16)d from the old age of chivalry, lance in (17)h , silken banner fluttering (18)o his head. Each man was the perfect champion of his cause, drawing (19)b his strengths and his weaknesses from the (20)p he led.

V. Proofreading:

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These frontier men were the precise opposites of the tidewater aristocrats. Back of them, in the great surge that 1.had taken people over the Alleghenies into the opening 1. 2.Western country, there was deep, implicit dissatisfaction 2. 3.with a past that had been settled into grooves. They stood 3. 4.for democracy, not from reasoned conclusion about the 4. 5.proper orders of human society, but simply because they 5. 6.had grown up in the middle of democracy and knew how 6. 7.they worked. Their society might have privileges, but they 7. 8.would be some privileges each man had won for himself. 8. 9.Forms and patterns meant nothing. No man was born to 9. 10.anything, except perhaps to a chance to show how much he 10. could rise. Life was competition. America was a land that was beginning all over again, rather hazy belief that all men had equal rights and should have an equal chance in the world. In such a land Lee stood 1.for the feeling that it was somehow advantage to 1. 2.human society to have a clear pronounced inequality in 2. 3.the social structure. There should be a leisurely class, 3. 4.backed by ownership of a land; in turn, society itself 4. 5.should be keyed to the land as the chief source of wealth 5. 6.and influence. It would bring forth a class of men with 6. 7.strong sense of obligation to the community; men who 7. 8.lived not to gain advantage for themselves, but also to 8. 9.meet the solemn obligations which had been laid in them 9. 10.by the very fact that they were privileged. From them the 10. country would get its leadership; to them it could look for the higher values --- of thought, of conduct, of personal deportment --- to give it strength and virtue. Text II

Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. If there had been any way by which the eighteenth century could possibly have been

carried forward into the future, this class would have provided the perfect vehicle.

It would have been possible for this class to provide the perfect vehicle if_________ 2. Of all the things that went to make up the war, none had more poignance than the

desperate fight to preserve these disappearing values.

The desperate fight to preserve these disappearing values was the ______________ 31

3.

Everything that had been dreamed and tried and fought for was personified in the gray man who sat at the little table in the parlor at Appomattox.

Sitting at the little table in the parlor at Appomattox, the gray man ___________ 4. The new society had few standards beyond a basic unformulated belief in the

irrepressibility and ultimate value of the human spirit.

In the new society, there_____________________________ 5. Perhaps the oddest thing about this meeting at Appomattox was that it was Grant, the

nobody from nowhere, who played the part of gracious host.

By playing the part of gracious host, Grant,________________________ TEXT I

Unit Thirteen

EUPHEMISM

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. This sort of process—giving pretty names to essentially ugly realities—is what has given euphemizing such a bad name.

For this sort of process—giving pretty names to essentially ugly realities—, euphemizing has been ___________________ 2. Teacher who prefers us to use the term “culturally different children” instead of “slum children” is euphemizing, all right, but is doing it to encourage us to see aspects of a situation that might otherwise not be attended to.

To encourage us to see aspects of a situation that might otherwise not be attended to is what the teacher really means by ________

3. The point I am making is that there is nothing in the process of euphemizing itself that is contemptible.

By “contemptible”, I don?t mean __________________ 4. There must be some authentic tendency or drift in the culture to lend support to the change, or the name will remain incongruous and may even appear ridiculous.

The name will remain incongruous and may even appear ridiculous without_________ 5. To ask where the “shithouse” is, is no more to the point than to ask where the “restroom” is.

It is not clearer to ask where ______________________

III. Translate the following into English

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1． 表面上看起来，人类几乎很自然地习惯于把名称和事物等同起来，其实这是我们比较容易迷惑人的一种错觉。然而这种错觉的作用却是不可忽视的。因为如果您改变了事物的名称，你就改变了人们对它的看法，这无异于改变了事物本身的性质。

2． 现在，形形色色的唯利是图者们，深知人们的这种心理，他们极力使我们为其推销一文不值的东西封以美名，好让我们几乎全盘接受。但是，委婉表达法同时又是一种有助于生成认识事物的新而有用的方式的最聪明的办法。喜欢我们称之为“卫生工程师”而非“清扫垃圾的工人”的人是希望我们会比较现在更尊敬他。他希望我们明白他在我们社会中的重要作用。只有当我们认为他不值得重视和尊敬的时候，我们才会觉得他的委婉荒唐可笑。希望我们用“有文化差异的孩子”取代“贫民区的孩子”的老师使用的就是委婉表达法。但他真正的意图在于鼓励我们正视一个可能会被忽视的情况的方方面面。

3． 我想强调一点，委婉表达法使用本身并不可鄙，如果某个名称使我们看到的只是事物的假象，或者说转移我们对于事物真相的注意，那么这种委婉表达法就是可鄙的。氢弹除了杀人并无其他用途，当你用它做试验的时候，你的目的是尽力去发现它的杀伤范围和效果。所以，把这项试验称作“阳光行动”的实质就是为氢弹冠以根本不存在的用途。但是把“贫民窟的孩子”称为“有文化差异的孩子”则是另一回事。比如，它使人们能够理解为什么这些孩子会感到与学校的生活格格不入的原因。

4． 我们必须记住：事物是没有真正的名称的。尽管许多人否认这一点。一个清扫垃圾的工人并不是一个真正的“清扫垃圾的工人”，也不是一位真正的“卫生工程师”。一头猪并非是因为脏，才被叫做“猪”，而一只虾也并非是因为小，才被叫做“虾”。首先是事物的客观存在，然后才有事物的名称。所以在语义学里，那种把名称和事物视为一体，等同起来的观点、被认为是根本错误的。当然，不可否认，名称通常和其所表示的事物是紧密联系在一起的，所以要想把两者分开，极为困难。

IV. Cloze

We must keep in mind that things do not have “real” names, (1)a_____ many people believe that they (2)d______. A garbage man is not “really” a “garbage man,” more than he is a “(3)s_______ engineer.” And a pig is not called a “pig” (4)b_____ it is so dirty, (5)n_______ a shrimp a “shrimp” because it is so small. There are things, and then there are the (6)n_____ of things, and it is considered a fundamental (7)e_____ in all branches of semantics to (8)a_____ that a name and a thing are one and the same. It is true, of course, that a name is usually so firmly (9)a______ with the thing it denotes that it is extremely difficult to (10)s______ one from the other.

It would appear that human beings almost naturally come to identify (11)n with things, (12)w is one of our more (13)f illusions. But there is some substance to this (14)i . For if you (15)c the names of things, you change (16)h people will regard (17)t , and (18)t is as good as (19)c the nature of the thing (20)i .

V. Proofreading: The point I am making is that there is nothing in the process of euphemizing itself that is contemptible. 1.Euphemizing is contemptuous when a name makes us see 1. 2.something that is not true or diverts our attention of 2. 3.something that is. The hydrogen bomb kills. There is 3. 33

4.nothing that it does. And when you experiment with it, 4. 5.you are trying to find it out how widely and well it kills. 5. 6.Therefore, to call such experiment “Operation Sunshine” 6. 7.is to suggest a purpose to the bomb that simply does not 7. 8.exist. But to call “slum children” “culturally different” is 8. 9.something else. It calls for attention, for example, to 9. 10.legitimate reasons why such children might feel alienated 10. from what goes on in school. Now, all sorts of scoundrels know this perfectly well and can make us love almost anything by getting us the charm of a name to whatever worthless thing they are 1.promoting. However at the same time and in the same vein, 1. 2.euphemism is a perfectly intelligent method of generating 2. 3.new and useful ways of perceiving things. The man who 3. 4.wants us call him a “sanitation engineer” instead of a 4. 5.“garbage man” is hoping we will treat him with still more 5. 6.respect than we presently do today. He wants us to see that 6. 7.he is of some importance to our society. His euphemism 7. 8.is laughable if we think that he is not deserving of such 8. 9.notice or respect. The teacher who prefers for us to use the 9. 10.term “culturally different children” instead of “slum 10. children” is euphemizing, all right, but is doing it to encourage us to see aspects of a situation that might otherwise not be attended to. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Most people?s first drafts can be cut by 50 percent—they?re swollen with words and phrases that do no new work whatever.

The words and phrases swollen in their first drafts do no new work whatever, _____ 2. Being told that something is interesting is the surest way of tempting the reader to find it dull.

It is surely a temptation of the reader ____________ 3. Just as insidious are the little growths of perfectly ordinary words with which we explain how we propose to go about our explaining.

The little growths of perfectly ordinary words_____________ 4. Clutter slows the reader and robs the writer of his personality, making him seem pretentious.

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Because of clutter, the reader_____________________ 5. It is typical of the words that can be eliminated nine times out of ten.

This word is the____________________________ TEXT I

Unit Fourteen

THAT ASTOUNDING CREATOR: --- NATURE

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Nature seems to have gone all out in creating preposterous gadgets for self-defense.

It seems to have taken all nature?s efforts to _________________ 2. Just as nature adds things on creatures that need them, so she occasionally takes things away from those that don?t.

Nature occasionally takes things away from_____________ 3. Later I walked home, pondering the bizarre methods for survival with which evolution has endowed earth?s creatures.

The fact that earth?s creatures have been endowed ____________ 4. Its success as a hunter had been based entirely on a capacity to outrun any animal in Africa, together with the superb coordination of its hunting pack.

It is successful as a hunter because ________________ 5. Nothing has so contributed to hunting-dog horror as the long-drawn manner of its prey?s death.

The most horrible thing about the hunting-dog_______________

III. Translate the following into English IV. Cloze

1.A bird that eats feathers, a mammal that never drinks, a fish that grows a fishing line and worm on its head to catch other fish. Creatures in a nightmare? No, they are very much (1) w____ us as co-inhabitants of this earth.

Nature has fashioned most (2) a____ to fit the many faces of the land —- moose to marshes, squirrels to trees, camels to deserts, frogs to lily pads. (3) G____ nature an environment or situation, she will evolve a creature, (4) a_______ a toe here, an eye there, (5) u____ the being fits the niche. As a result of this hammering and fitting, however, some really unbelievable (6) c____ circle the sun with us.

One summer in Maine I (7) s____ a sleek mother horned grebe herding her three bobbing young to supper among the green pickerelweed. Suddenly I noticed (8) t____ my binoculars

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that she was feeding her babies quantities of feathers from a deserted duck?s nest. As she (9) s____ the dry feathers into the gaping mouths, she made two or three pokes to get each one down. (10) F____ she worked a dozen or so down her own throat; then, sailing low on the water, she vanished contentedly among the plants

V. Proofreading: Australia has many strange beasts, one of the oddest 1.of which is the koala. Perfectly adapting to one specific 1. 2.tree, the eucalyptus, this living teddy bear does not need 2. 3.something else, not even a drink! The moisture in the 3. 4.leaves is just right for the koala, and making it the only 4. 5.land animal that doesn?t need water to supplement its 5. food. 6. The creature with the fishing line on its head was 6. 7.created for the dark canyon of the sea. For here food is 7. 8.so scarce that the deep-sea fish, which preys smaller 8. 9.fish, grew a line, and an appendage on the end so that 9. 10.wiggles like a worm. It catches the attention of the 10. occasional passerby. A fish approaches the bait, and the toothy ang1er swirls up and swallows him. 1.Probably the most dumbfounding nature?s extraordinary 1. 2.creations are the horned toad of our Southwest. A 2. 3.herpetologist once invited me to observe one of these 3. 4.lizards right after it molted. In a sand-filled glass cage I 4. 5.saw a 1arge male. Beside him laid his old skin. The 5. 6.herpetologist began to annoy the beast with mock attacks, 6. 7. the old man of the desert with his vulnerable new suit 7. 8.became frightened. Suddenly his eyeballs were reddened. 8. 9.A final fast lunge from my friend to the beast and I froze 9. 10.in astonishment --- a fine spray of blood shot from the 10. lizard?s eye, like fire from a dragon! The beast had struck back with a weapon so shocking that it terrifies even the fiercest enemy. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. The African hunting dog?s success as a hunter had been based entirely on a capacity to

outrun any animal in Africa, together with the superb coordination of its hunting pack.. Without

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2. At that time a study of one pack, over a period of a few months, was all that science had

yet collected in the way of reliable observation.

At that time science 3. Now, I wish simply to describe one hunt in terms of adult-young relations of almost

shocking amiability.

The almost shockingly 4. One of the most memorable sights in nature is that of a pack strung out in single file

almost a quarter of a mile long, headed into the late, gray light with white-tipped tails upraised like beacons to make following easier.

There was a pack 5. Since game flee an area in which a pack is running, a common tactic is to approach a rise

at high speed on the chance of surprising prey on the far side.

Hunters usually TEXT I

Unit Fifteen

TEACHING AS MOUNTAINEERING

II. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Hope was all we could offer from our vantage point in Ketvchum Hall, the impulse to rush out and catch him being checked by the realization of futility.

Hope was all we could offer from our vantage point in Ketvchum Hall because we realized that it is ______________________

2. The incident reinforced my sense that mountaineering serves as an apt analogy for the art of teaching.

A. Thanks to this incident, B. There is some likeness___________ 3. Colleagues of the connoisseur measure his success by the paucity of devotees allowed in to the society through this winnowing process.

The fewer the devotees allowed in to the society through this process, the more ______ 4. The very precariousness of the situation necessitates keen focus and apt attention; slackness, misjudgment, or laziness can bring doom.

In the precarious situation, instead of slackness, misjudgment, or laziness which can bring doom,______________________ 37

5.To encourage and further such mountain-top experiences the society must recognize teaching for the sublime art it is---a guided expedition into the most exciting and least understood terrain on earth—the mind itself.

Teaching is a sublime art of guided expedition into the most exciting and least understood terrain on earth—the mind itself, which must be____________________

III. Translate the following into English

1． 为了鼓励并进一步推动人们作这种攀登顶峰式的实践，社会必须承认教学是一门绝妙艺术，它不仅是研究领域的分支，不仅是面对消极被动的观众的表演，而是由向导引路的远征，其目的地就是世上最令人兴奋却又最令人感到陌生的领域——人的思维本身。

2． 如果把教学比作登山运动，就要摈弃那些年复一年长期使用的已经泛黄的讲稿。事实上，这样的比喻丝毫不鼓励长篇大论的说教。如果作为登山者的学生要接受挑战的话，他必须每堂课到场，随时准备参与攀登下一个高峰，准备让自己的能力接受其任课老师的能力的检验。只有经过不懈的努力奋斗，学生才能精通老师的技艺。只有这时，学生才能担当起向导的角色——具有训练有素的登山技术，能够承受一定的风险，乐于带领别人体验登上顶峰的乐趣。他既不是小贩，也不是演员，更不是恳求者，而是一个在探险的征途上乐于与别人分享责任，信心满怀，体力充沛的向导。

3． 作为登山探险者，教师需要学会联系。E.M.福斯特曾经强调过这一点。导游用绳索把登山者彼此联系起来，以便他们在上山的过程中能够互相帮助。一个好的老师也会利用学生的口头和书面作业作为教材。教师还采用其他的各种联系手段，比如把课文与其发生的历史背景联系起来，建立学科之间和学科内部符合逻辑的联系，尽可能地使教材与学生的现实生活联系起来，并且与课堂之外的更为广泛有关国民生活联系起来。

4． 登山运动是最贴切的比喻。瑞士的登山向导，就像一个真正的老师，对自己充满信心。他或她让别人对其产生信赖和信心，从而乐意与其同心合力。登山者承认自己的领导角色，但他更承认这段（由攀爬的高度所决定的）旅程的成功取决于登山队每个成员的紧密合作和积极参与。他曾经路过这个地带，非常熟悉那些路标，但是每一次旅程都是崭新的，有其独特的焦虑和兴奋感。若想旅程顺利，需要掌握必要的技能，缺少这些技能，灾难就可能赫然出现。正是由于情况变化无常使精神高度集中和全神贯注成为必要；马虎懒散，判断错误，或者不思进取都会导致失败的结局。

IV. Cloze

The teacher as mountaineer learns, as E. M. Forster urged, to connect. The guide rope links mountaineers (1)t so that they may assist each (2)o in the ascent. The effective teacher (3)d something similar (4)b using the oral and written contributions of the (5)s as instructional materials. The teacher also (6)m other connections, locating the text in (7)i historical setting, forging inter-and intra-disciplinary links (8)w plausible, joining the material of the course (9)w ____ the lives of the students, where possible, and with the wider national life (10)b the classroom where pertinent.

V. Proofreading:

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Teaching as mountaineering does not encourage the yellowed lecture note syndrome. Indeed, the analogy does (1)not really encourage lectures at all. If the student as 1. mountaineer is to be challenged, the student must come to (2)each class session ready and prepared to assist in 2. (3)scaling the next peak, ready to challenge his or her own 3. (4)abilities with those of the master teacher. Only by 4. (5)arduous and sustained effort the student approach 5. (6)the mastery of the teacher, and only then the student 6. (7)ready to assume the role of guide --- well trained with 7. the art of mountaineering, able to take controlled risks, (8)ready to lead the others to a mountain-top experience. 8. He is not a huckster, not a performer, not a pleader, but (9)also a confident, exuberant guide on expeditions of 9. (10)sharing responsibility. 10. Mountaineering furnishes the needed analogy. The 1.Swiss mountain guide, like the true teacher, has quiet 1. 2.authority about his very person. He or she engenders such 2. 3.trust and confidence so that one is readily willing to join the 3. 4.endeavor. The mountaineer accepts his leadership role, yet 4. 5.recognizes the success of the journey depends upon close 5. 6.cooperation and active participation by each number of the 6. 7.group. He has crossed the terrain before and is familiar to 7. 8.the landmarks, however each trip is new, and generates its 8. 9.own anxiety and excitement. Essential skills must be 9. 10.mastered as if the trip is to be successful; lacking them, 10. disaster looms as an ominous possibility. The very precariousness of the situation necessitates keen focus and rapt attention; slackness, misjudgment, or laziness can bring doom. Text II Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of Nature, under which name I include not merely things and their forces, but men and their ways.

By the name of “laws of Nature” which is what should be instructed in education by the intellect, I____________________ 2. If to this solitary man entered a second Adam, or better still, an Eve, a new and greater world, that of social and moral phenomena, would be revealed.

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The entering of a second Adam, or better still, an Eve, to this solitary man would ___ 3. Joys and woes, compared with which all others might seem but faint shadows, would spring from the new relations.

There would be no more faint shadows, but _______________ 4. Nor should I speak of this process of education as past for any one, be he as old as he may.

If he should be as old as he may, I ________________ 5. The object of what we commonly call education—that education in which man intervenes and which I shall distinguish as artificial education—is to make good these defects in Nature?s methods.

Artificial education in which man intervenes takes it as its aim _____________

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