（超详细答案）综合学术英语教程2 答案 上海交通大学出版 蔡基刚

综合学术英语教程2 答案 Unit 1 Multidisciplinary Education

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to become experts in their field of interest.

2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with people from a diverse set of disciplines.

3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach. 4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers.

2. 1) f 2) d 3) a 4) e 5) g 6) m 7) j 8) k 9) l 10) i 11) b 12) h 13) c 4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach

(6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment 6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies.

2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinary

studies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers. 3) Open. 4) Open. 5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy, ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc. 2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT. 3) Names of intellectual giants.

4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner and architect.

4. Set 1: 1) c 2) e 3) d 4) h 5) a 6) g 7) f 8) b Set 2: 1) e 2) a 3) h 4) b 5) c 6) f 7) d 8) g 5. (b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D (f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A

6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard in design.

2) First was da Vinci’s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ields of knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci’s character was his respect for and fascination

with nature. The third quality of da Vinci’s character was an enthusiastic demand for hands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real

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world.

3)“There is a good chance that you will never again live and work in a community with as many different cultures and backgrounds as MIT.”(Para. F)

4) Because by doing so, the students can engage themselves in new intellectual adventures so as to use their time at MIT to its fullest potential.

5) It means that “They took the initiative to search for the deepest answers, instead of sitting back and letting things happen to them.”

7. Set 1: 1) h 2) d 3) a 4) g 5) f 6) e 7) b 8) c Set 2: 1) c 2) g 3) d 4) a 5) h 6) f 7) e 8) b

8. 1) She wanted to describe for the new students three of his characteristics that particularly f it with the value of MIT.

2) Because by doing so, the students can encounter the most stimulating minds and inspiring

role models, experience a life in a community with diversif ied cultures and backgrounds and participate in various new intellectual adventures, so that they can get the most out of their MIT education.

3) The three of Da Vinci’s characteristics will be the heritage of MIT to be inherited by the

students. She hoped that the new students would follow Da Vinci as well as a great many extraordinary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest potential.

4) Multidisciplinary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries in order to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives.

9. 1) Human ingenuity will never devise any inventions more beautiful, nor more simple, nor more to the purpose than Nature does. (Para. A)

2) For Da Vinci, the simplicity he appreciated in Nature became his ultimate standard in design. (Para. B)

3) Be as determined in your curiosity as Leonardo da Vinci — and you will use your time at MIT to its fullest potential. (Para. F)

4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passionate engagement with the most important problems of the world. (Para. G)

5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things happen to them. (Para. H)

10. Many scientists and engineers at MIT pursue simplicity in their design and development of technologies.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to scientific education is of vital importance. 2) Second, a multidisciplinary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training individuals. 3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are participating in turning out the future thinkers. 4) How about examining our problems about science and technology from a liberal arts perspective.

5) Surprisingly, however, our universities and colleges fail to switch from the conventional divisions and departmental sections to daily extracurricular multidisciplinary work.

5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast —“College education has always had the responsibility to ... However, ... we also see the growing importance of producing ...”. The introduction of Reading 2 is informative as well as interesting, which arouses the readers’ interest to go on reading.

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Integrated Exercises

2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent

(7) discipline (8) aspiration (9) inspire (10) perspective (11) inherit (12) generate 3. The members of a word family inspire inspiration inspired inspiring generate generation generative generator aspiration aspire aspiring inherit inheritance inheritor inherited discipline disciplined disciplinary represent representation representative anatomist anatomy anatomical speculate speculation speculative speculator celebrate celebration celebrated celebrity intellect intellectual intelligence intelligent collaborate collaboration collaborative collabotator Integrate integrated integration Chinese equivalent v.激励 n.灵感 adj.有灵感的 adj.鼓舞人心的 v.产生 n.一代 adj.有生产力的 n.发电机 n.渴望 v.渴望 adj.有抱负的 v.继承 n.继承物 n.继承人 adj.遗传的 n.纪律 adj.纪律严明的 adj.有关纪律的 v.代表 n.表现 n.代表者 n.解剖学家 n.解剖学 adj.解剖的 v.推测 n.推测 adj.推测的 n.思索者 v.庆祝 n.庆祝活动 adj.著名的 n.名人 n.智力 adj.智力的 n.智慧 adj.有才智的 v.合作 n.合作 adj.合作的 n.合作者 v.合并 adj.完整统一的 n.整合 (1) inspiring (2) generation (3) collaborative (4) aspiring (5) Intelligent (6) inherit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) representative (10) anatomical

4. (1) D (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) D (6) A (7) B (8) C (9) A (10) C

5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborating to develop a new vaccine. (2) The scientists’ experiment generated an unexpected outcome.

(3) If the systems are restructured, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into the global economy.

(4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head. (5) The murder trial attracted considerable public attention.

(6) The aspiration for college education inspires people in remote areas to work hard. (7) He inherited his parents’ fortune after their death. (8) He disregarded his father’s advice and left college.

(9) In this address, he asked the youngsters, who embody the spirits of the nation, to join the campaign.

(10) The special diet incorporates many different fruits and vegetables.

7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety.

(2) Success, as he explained, was nothing more than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck. (3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads between biological and medical studies.

(4) It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosopher’s belief, which he claimed not to have heard about before.

(5) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for possible emergencies.

(6) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by the

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environmentalist.

(7) This traveling experience will provide you with a rare opportunity to sample a different way of life.

(8) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adapting to the fast-paced modern life.

(9) More and more countries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems.

(10) These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless interests well beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning. 8.

A. (1) B (2) C (3) B (4) B (5) D

B. As multidisciplinary design has become a trend in the industry, there is a need for more emphasis on multidisciplinary perspectives. Educational institutions should take their role in training individuals who can function in a collaborative environment and be prepared to face multifaceted projects that they may not have been exposed to. However, our universities and colleges fail to shift from traditional divisions and departmental sections to multidisciplinary work being practiced on a daily basis outside the classroom. C. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) T

D. (1) what learning is about (2) be inquisitive (3) learn a new subject (4) analyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master-inspired (7) self-learner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no single simple answer

(10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolerant and supportive (13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadership

Unit 2 The Scientific Method

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring knowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gathering

observable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

2) Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experiments to test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication and the results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis. 3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible.

4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our senses can be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presence affects what is being studied.

5) ① Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. ② Science is exciting. ③ Science is useful. ④ Science is ongoing.

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⑤ Science is reliable.

⑥ Science is a community endeavor.

2. 1) c 2) g 3) e 4) f 5) a 6) d 7) h 8) k 9) b 10) i 11) j 4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies (5) puzzle

(6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional 6. 1) Science.

2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peering through a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on. 3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature.

4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves

towards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity within the scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas. 5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterized by confirmations and observations which “verified”the theories in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at the price of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status.

2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.

3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted and were always confirmed.

4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).

5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possible results of observation — in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would have expected.

4. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g Set 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) f 5) d 6) c 7) h 8) g 5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e) Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d)

6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions.

2) You will need to research everything that you can f ind about the problem.

3) You shouldn’t change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrong with your original hypothesis.

4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once you develop a hypothesis and a prediction, you shouldn’t change it, even if the results of your experiment show that you were wrong.

5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way. 7. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g Set 2: 1) e 2) g 3) a 4) f 5) c 6) b 7) d 8) h

8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of the scientific method, is a way of collecting information

from any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In this process, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through being refuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified,

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which ref lects its true scientific virtue.

2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while a theory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied to every situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory.

3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory from refutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.

4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.

9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn more about what makes plants grow. (Para. B)

2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D)

3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlight appear to grow bigger. (Para. H)

4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don’t match up with your hypothesis. (Para. K)

5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a single experiment, because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q)

10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a research project you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and is followed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defines what you think the outcome of your experiment will be.

Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence.

2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices,

misapprehensions, and bias.

3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world.

4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is most likely to be correct currently.

5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that a mistake was made somewhere in the process.

Integrated Exercises

2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve (7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research (12) support 3. The members of a word family acquire acquired acquisition project projected projecting projection method methodical methodology methodological identify identifiable identification identity unidentifiable

Chinese equivalent v.获得 adj.获得的 n.获得物 n.计划 adj.规划的 adj.突出的 n.规划 n.方法 adj.有方法的 n.方法论 adj.方法论的 v.识别 adj.可辨认的 n.鉴定、身份 adj.无法识别的 6 / 25

empirical empirically empiricism confirm confirmation confirmed approach approachable approaching unapproachable theory theoretical theoretically theorist emphasis emphasize emphatic emphatically achieve achievable achieved achievement commit commitment constitute constituency constituent constitution constitutional constitutive assume assumed assuming assumption expose exposed exposure logical illogical illogically logician adj.凭经验的 adv.凭经验地 n.经验论 v.确认 n.证实 adj.确认的 v.接近 adj.可接近的 adj.逼近的 adj.不易亲近的 n.理论 adj.理论上的 adv.理论上地 n.理论家 n.强调 v.强调 adj.强调的 adv.强调地 v.取得 adj.可以实现的 adj.高度完美的 n.成就 v.把??托付给 n.承诺 v.组成 n.选区 n.组成部分 n.宪法 adj.宪法的 adj.构成的 v.假定 adj.假装的 conj.如果 n.假定 v.揭露 adj.裸露的 n.暴露 adj.逻辑上的 adj.不合逻辑的 adv.不合逻辑地 n.逻辑学家 (1) methodical (2) commitment (3) achievable (4) assume (5) illogical (6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity

4. (1) A (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B 5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity.

(2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an economical perspective.

(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives of sociology.

(4) Scientists insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange phenomenon.

(5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge. (6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking a much broader view in the matter. (7) The new car’s design successfully integrates art and technology.

(8) China actually encountered the identical stages of its development in the early 1990s to the West.

(9) The virus can spread to a document or application between computers and render the computer useless.

(10) If the sustainable development of small economies is facilitated, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into the global economy.

7. 1) We could not attend a conference without hearing some talks about change and challenge. 2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially from country districts.

3) I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly. 4) Something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did.

5) My computer does not work because it was rendered paralyzed by some viruses. 6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’ll come to an answer.

7) A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning. 8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life. 9) Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university. 10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.

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8. A. (1) B (2) A (3) C (4) A (5) B

B. Understanding scientific method is critical to your scientific endeavor. The scientific

method is a series of steps that serve as guidelines for scientific efforts, and a tool that helps scientists solve problems and determine answers to questions in a logical format. There are two forms of scientific method: the experimental method and the descriptive method. The former employs numerical data and graphs, used in physical sciences, while the latter gathers Information through visual observation and interviewing, employed in zoology and anthropology. The scientific method involves five steps, namely, identifying a problem, researching the problem, formulating a hypothesis, conducting an experiment and reaching a conclusion.

C. (1) The process of science, in contrast to the linear steps of the simplified scientific method, is iterative.

(2) Science circles back on itself so that useful ideas are built upon and used to learn even more about the natural world.

(3) Gregor Mendel showed that inheritance is particulate that information is passed along in discrete packets that cannot be diluted.

(4) Any point in the process leads to many possible next steps, and where that next step leads could be a surprise.

(5) Science may involve many different people engaged in all sorts of different activities in different orders and at different points in time. D. (1) natural world (2) investigations (3) basic question

(4) information (5) Experiments (6) detailed understanding (7) built upon (8) deepen and extend (9) in the process (10) testing (11) observation (12) new direction

(13) in different orders (14) represent (15) less important

Unit 3 Ancient China’s Contribution to Science

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) Needham is the world’s famous Sinologist and author of Science and Civilization in China.

2) The European people just take these inventions for granted. All originated in China but have long since been adopted by the West.

3) They helped to inspire the European agricultural and industrial revolutions.

4) It has won five literary awards in America and been translated into 43 languages. 5) His book, The Spirit of Chinese Invention, was approved by the Chinese Ministry of Education for use in connection with the national secondary curriculum in China. 2. 1) f 2) k 3) c 4) a 5) o 6) n 7) g 8) e 9) d 10) m 11) i 12) h 13) j 14) l 15) b

4. (1) credit (2) considerable (3) befriended (4) breakthroughs (5) thoroughly (6) flown (7) academic (8) embark (9) suggested (10) staff

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6. 1) The overlooked great breakthroughs in ancient China.

2) Dr. Needham argued that a proper book on the history of Chinese science and technology would have a wide bearing on the general history of thought and ideas.

3) He helped to bring due credit to China’s overlooked contribution to scientific innovation. 4) Yes, he does. Because he believed that a proper popular book would have a wide bearing on the general history of thoughts and ideas, which could not be possible if the book was too academic.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) Both Westerners and Chinese people are ignorant of the fact that the West imported a lot of inventions from ancient China.

2) Because more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the“modern world”rests come from China.

3) Because they take many great achievements for granted, and even the Chinese themselves lost sight of the truth, so their western inheritors wouldn’t trouble themselves to know the truth.

4) Because it is always more satisfying to the ego to think that they have reached their

present position alone and unaided, and that they are the proud masters of all abilities and all crafts.

4. Set 1: 1) d 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) g 7) f 8) h Set 2: 1) d 2) g 3) e 4) h 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) f

5. Para. A (e) Para. B (b) Para. C (f) Para. D (a) Para. E (a)

Para. F (a) Para. G (c) Para. H (g) Para. I (h) Para. J (d)

6. 1) The three inventions transform-ed completely the modern world and mark-ed it off from the ancient and the Middle Ages.

2) The European agricultural revolution, which laid the basis for the Industrial Revolution, came about only because of the importation of Chinese ideas and inventions.

3) The truth that half of the basic inventions and discoveries originated from China needs to be imparted to schoolchildren. The purpose is to let them know the truth and then to bridge the chasm between the East and the West.

4) The bureaucratic organization of China in its earlier stages strongly helped science to

grow; only in its later ones did it inhibit further growth, and in particular prevented a breakthrough which has occurred in Europe.

5) The author points out the reasons why China was developed in the past but backward at present and why the West was underdeveloped in the past but advanced at present. 7. Set 1: 1) c 2) g 3) h 4) b 5) f 6) d 7) a 8) e Set 2: 1) c 2) d 3) g 4) e 5) a 6) b 7) f 8) h

8. 1) The two readings both list a series of great inventions and discoveries that originated in

ancient China. Reading 1 tends to be factual, while Reading 2 is more critical of the fact that the Chinese are ignorant of their ancient achievements and the Westerners simply take them for granted.

2) The argument in Reading 2 is more reasonable and acceptable since the author uses a lot of

examples and examines the question from both the Chinese and Western perspectives to

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illustrate his point.

3) Reading 2 holds more obvious negative attitudes towards Westerners.

4) It would be better if the nations and the peoples of the world had a clearer understanding of each other, allowing the mental gap between East and West to be bridged. (Reading 2) The discoveries and inventions made in Europe in the seventeenth century and thereafter depended so much in so many cases on centuries of previous Chinese progress in science, technology and medicine. (Reading 3)

9. 1) He regarded the origins of these inventions as “obscure”and he died without ever knowing that all of them were Chinese. (Para. B)

2) Chauvinistic Westerners, of course, always try to minimize the indebtedness of Europe to China in the ancient and the Middle Ages, but often the circumstantial evidence is compelling. (Para. C)

3) In many cases we simply cannot identify the channels through which knowledge was conveyed from East to West. (Para. C)

4) Modern science which developed in the seventeenth century was a mathematization of hypotheses about nature, combined with experimentation. (Para. D)

5) One factor which must have great relevance here is the circumstance that the feudalism of Europe and China were fundamentally different. (Para. E)

10. The feudalism of China differed greatly from that of Europe in that its bureaucratic

organization promoted the growth of science in ancient China but inhibited its further development later on. Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Increasingly being bewitched by the advanced European technology, the Chinese have forgotten their own achievements.

2) A book like that would be absolutely non-academic; it would nevertheless have a far-reaching influence on the general history of thought and ideas.

3) The lesson to be drawn from the history of agriculture can best illustrate the ignorance of the egoistic westerners.

4) The Chinese and Westerners are equally surprised when they realize that modern agriculture, modern shipping and even the essential design of the steam engine all originated from China.

5) A clear understanding among the nations and the peoples of the world would be welcomed to bridge the gap between East and West.

5. 2) The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves.

Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicate lungs. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to the eyesight.

3) What was it that enabled them to become great or successful? Were they born with something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and,

perhaps, an uncompromising personality? The answer is a never surrender attitude. If great achievers share anything, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There is a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal.

Integrated Exercises

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Integrated Exercises

2. (1) critical (2) abandon (3) reject (4) justify (5) potential (6) foresee (7) lessen (8) eliminate (9) distinction (10) awareness (11) valid (12) assess 3. The members of a word family admire admirable admiring admiringly deceive deceivable deceptive deception foresee forseeable eliminate elimination eliminating potent potently potential verify verifiable verification presume presumable presumably prepare prepared preparedness precede precedent unprecedented critic criticize critical critically utilize utility utilitarian utilitarianism oblige obligate obligation obligatory virtue virtuous virtuousness evaluate evaluation evaluative fertile fertility fertilize fertilizer argue argument argumentative argumentation condemn condemnable condemnation moral morally morality judge judgement judgmental distinct distinctive distinction Chinese equivalent v.敬佩adj.令人敬佩的adj.可敬佩的adv.可敬佩地 v.欺骗adj.欺骗性的adj.导致误解的n.骗术 v.预见 adj.可预见的 v.消除 n.排除 adj.排除的 adj.强大的 adv.效力大地 n.潜在的；潜力 v.证实 adj.可证实的 n.证明 v.假定 adj.可推测的 adv.可能 v.准备 adj.事先准备好的 n.有准备 v.先于 n.范例 adj.前所未有的 n.批评家 v.评论 adj.批判的 adv.批判性地 v.利用 n.效用 adj.功利主义的 n.功利主义 v.迫使 v.使某人负有责任 n.义务 adj.必要的 n.美德 adj.善良的 n.高洁 v.评估 n.评价 adj.可估价的 adj.富饶的 n.丰富 v.施肥 n.化肥 v.争辩 n.论点 adj.好辩的 n.争论 v.谴责 adj.应受责备的 n.责备 adj.有道德的 adv.有道德地 n.道德 v.审判 n.判断 adj.审判的 adj.清晰的 adj.与众不同的 n.区别 (1) critic (2) unprecedented (3) condemnation (4) foreseeable (5) verif ied (6) judgmental (7) evaluative (8) admirable (9) virtuous (10) obligatory

4. (1) B (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B

5. (1) Elimination of poverty and injustice is a cardinal objective of the organization. (2) The new system is programmed to safeguard your computer against viruses. (3) The unprecedented earthquake devastated the local economy.

(4) He always tried to minimize his own faults, while rejecting any advice from others. (5) The traditional viewpoint on education still prevails today.

(6) We had no choice but to abandon the plan because we had discovered a fatal f law in the original design.

(7) The bus driver withstood the acute pain in his broken leg and pulled over after the collision. (8) A highly prestigious job may well indicate one’s prominent social status.

(9) Customers are often reminded to make a distinction between reliable information and misleading advertisements about the product.

(10) It is very thoughtful of you to have provisionally attended to the case which otherwise

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would have been left neglected.

7. (1) The classical theory, which was proposed in the early 17th century, still remains valid in modern chemical thought.

(2) The recent report on air quality is alarming, which has presented to us a severe problem of air pollution.

(3) His idea on the structure of the universe, as contained in his best-known book, has had great influence on various fields of study.

(4) There is no solution to the pollution problem except ensuring global attention on the issue. (5) Global warming is reported to have posed a great threat to many species.

(6) This chemical reaction, made possible by the catalyst and high temperature, is very violent. (7) A better design is to be expected as experts are working hard on the remaining problems. (8) The opportunity to start his own business is more attractive to him than entering a college, as seen from the practical viewpoint.

(9) Einstein’s discovery of the relationship between mass and energy gave the original insight into this theory.

(10) This conclusion makes us return to the questions that we started the essay with — how to

define scientific inventions, and how to give a valid evaluation as to the role they play in modern society.

8. A. (1) D (2) C (3) D (4) C (5) A

B. The speech proposes and expounds on the duties of a scientist in the modern age. Advancing science and technology have brought about drastic changes to our everyday life, but have

also given rise to serious worldwide problems. As a result, modern scientists are burdened with increasingly heavy responsibilities in addressing such big issues as population control, nuclear weapon checks and imbalance between plenty and poverty. In order to undertake research, scientists need a proper environment in which they are guaranteed the freedom to work for public welfare. Therefore, scientists can be of great service to mankind in achieving peace and freedom.

C. (1) The goal for the twenty-f irst century is to create a world of informed and engaged citizens committed to creative public service. (2) Experimentation is the best test.

(3) The strength of science lies in its provisional nature, its open-mindedness, and its capacity for doubt and uncertainty.

(4) Science’s experience with doubt and uncertainty might be its great lesson for humanity. (5) Both are constructs of reason; both are engaged in a struggle against forces of unreason that have used scientists and their research for destructive purposes; both share the experimental method, and both strive to give expression to universal truths. D. (1) experiment (2) open mind (3) received truth (4) marketability (5) clinical researchers (6) research reports (7) puts at risk (8) public confidence (9) makes products (10) seek truths

(11) educated circles (12) purposeful ignorance (13) challenge the assumption (14) indifferent to (15) making common cause with

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Unit 5 Scientific Discoveries

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) He slipped into a public bath.

2) By measuring the volume of the water it displaces.

3) They would stop and ponder about the puzzles they stumble upon, recognize their significances, and make effort to pursue the leads to significant discoveries.

4) Most accidents that led to discoveries occurred in laboratories, which were themselves designed for explorations.

2. 1) c 2) a 3) h 4) d 5) b 6) e 7) g 8) f 9) j 10) i 4. (1) interview (2) chemistry (3) evidence (4) foster (5) somewhat

(6) squeezes (7) half-heartedly (8) absorbing (9) danger (10) fascinates 6. 1) The philosophy of scientific research.

2) Scientific discoveries should be motivated by curiosity and persistent efforts.

3) Be prepared to think hard and long about the problems, and look deeply into the way things work. 4) Open. 5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) The article mainly tells us that the discovery of penicillin needs a prepared and open mind, and also relevant knowledge is essential for scientific investigation. 2) Only when bacterial colonies are quite young. 3) At least four.

4) Among Chain, Fleming, and Florey.

5) Because he did not think it was worth while trying. 4. Set 1: 1) f 2) d 3) h 4) g 5) a 6) e 7) c 8) b Set 2: 1) h 2) a 3) b 4) e 5) d 6) g 7) f 8) c 5. (f) Para. A (g) Para. B (d) Para. C (a) Para. D (h) Para. E (e) Para. F (b) Para. G (c) Para. H

6. 1) It requires much more knowledge, insight, and effort than the initial description of event-s. 2) Because the recycled chickens were injected with a culture and had been vaccinated. 3) Cowpox vaccine and smallpox prevention.

4) His discovery turned vaccination from a peculiar procedure for a particular disease to a theory connecting germs, vaccines, and disease prevention in general.

5) Experiments are not passive observations; they are actively planned according to some conception to look for something.

7. Set 1: 1) d 2) c 3) a 4) e 5) h 6) b 7) f 8) g Set 2: 1) g 2) f 3) h 4) e 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) d

8. 1) Both the authors cite similar examples, and employ them for contrast so as to illustrate their points.

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2) Keeping an open mind ready to exploit new possibilities and connect the dots.

3) An open mind would enable one to see something in a new light, therefore connecting it to other phenomena to explain the causes and fully reveal significances.

4) Yes. They may share the same background as the themes of the two articles both revolve around medical research.

9. 1) Accidental connection of dots led to the discovery that vaccination is a general method for preventing infectious diseases. (Para. B)

2) However, the dispute changes neither the significance of the discovery nor its accidental nature. (Para. C)

3) Smallpox vaccination was accepted strictly based on empirical success and as such it did not point to the possibility of vaccines for other diseases. (Para. D)

4) One no longer needs to wait for a lucky observation to suggest a vaccine for a specif ic disease. (Para. E)

5) Experiments are not passive observations; they are actively planned according to some conception to look for something. (Para. F)

10. Connecting the dots or making connections between different phenomena, though entailing more knowledge and insight, will lead to a more significant discovery. Exploring the Topic

4. 1) However, discovering the room that hides more doors leading to even greater treasures involves an open mind ready for new possibilities and connecting the dots.

2) Fleming was totally capable of conducting many animal experiments which required little chemical background. 3) Normally one’s own resources can be supplemented with seeking collaborators or employing assistants.

4) Neither the significance of the discovery nor its accidental nature can be altered by the dispute.

5) Often it is not until someone examines a previous phenomenon from a new perspective and sees its significance that chance discoveries are made. Integrated Exercises

2. (1) pursue (2) ignore (3) consume (4) sensational (5) investigation (6) infectious (7) promote (8) injection (9) explore (10) encounter (11) exploit (12) foster 3. The members of a word family regular regularly irregular irregularly inspire inspiring inspiration inject injectable injection different differently differentiate difference effective ineffective effectiveness count countless countable sensational sensation sensationally lead leading mislead misleading glory glorious glorify gloriously identify identification identifiable

Chinese equivalent adj.有规律的 adv.有规律地 adj.无规律的 adv.无规律地 v.激励 adj.鼓舞人心的 n.灵感 v.注射 adj.可注射的 n.注射 adj.不同的 adv.不同地 v.区别 n.不同 adj.有效的 adj.不起作用的 n.有效 v.计算 adj.无数的 adj.可数的 adj.轰动的 n.感受 adv.轰动地 v.领导 adj.主要的 v.误导 adj.误导性的 n.光荣 adj.光荣的 v.赞美 adv.光荣地 v.辨认 n.鉴别 adj.可辨认的 19 / 25

ignore ignorant ignorance external internal externally cooperate cooperation cooperator repute reputable reputation disrepute justify justification justifiable beneficent beneficence beneficently evitable inevitable inevitably responsible irresponsible responsibility inform information misinform informer v.不理睬 adj.无知的 n.无知 adj.外面的 adj.内部的 adv.外面地 v.合作 n.合作 n.合作者 v.认为 adj.声誉好的 n.声望 n.坏名声 v.为??辩护 n.辩解 adj.有理由的 adj.仁慈的 n.仁慈 adv.仁慈地 adj.可避免的 adj.不可避免的 adv.不可避免地 adj.有责任的 adj.不负责任的 n.责任 v.通知 n.信息 v.误导 n.通知者

(1) inspiration (2) mislead (3) responsibility (4) injection (5) reputable (6) internal (7) countless (8) differentiate (9) adventurous (10) glorious

4. (1) C (2) A (3) C (4) D (5) D (6) C (7) D (8) A (9) B (10) B 5. (1) There is no evidence for the effectiveness of the new design. (2) Language teachers often extract examples from grammar books.

(3) It was revealed that the frequent contact led to our intimate relationship. (4) High school dropouts constitute a fundamental problem in large city slums. (5) Four years elapsed before he returned.

(6) You can purify the contaminated air with a filtration system.

(7) The lecturer enlightened us about the latest astronomical discoveries. (8) The attack was anticipated but its intensity came as a shock.

(9) It took a lot of hard work and dedication, but we persisted in finishing the project on time. (10) A child may not differentiate between his imagination and the real world.

7. (1) They really made significant progress if they are viewed from the scientific point of view. (2) As is so often pointed out, science is to explore various possibilities.

(3) In contrast, in space there is an absence of weather and therefore no such interference. (4) It is not unusual for an infected person to contact other members of their family under such situations.

(5) One reason for the increase in computer crimes is that the crime often goes unreported. (6) When it involves military technology, space programs go beyond simple aeronautics and computer simulation.

(7) He lacked competence for solving the problems which involve factors in widely different domains.

(8) We can recognize its significance only when it is seen in a new light. (9) His expertise in this field complements his insight into human character.

(10) It occurred to me that he lacked the necessary expertise to perform this experiment. 8. A. (1) D (2) D (3) C (4) B (5) A

B. David Ellyard believes that discoveries in science originated in Italy in the early 16th

century. From there and then, we can trace a steady and ever-growing stream of discoveries about the workings of the natural world. Certainly there were sources further back, but many remained unknown. Both in China and Arabia, the spirit of free inquiry, the essential nutrient of science, had been crushed by centralized governments. And he thinks the most important discovery of all, the one that supports all the rest, was how to do science.

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