语言学Exercises to Chapther Two(1)

Exercises to Chapter Two

I. Define the following terms. 1. Vowels (中山大学2003)

2. Phoneme (中国人民大学, 2006, 3 points; 首师, 2009, 2 points; 北外, 2010, 5 points) 3. Narrow transcription (复旦大学1996，浙江大学2001) 4. Diphthong (上海交通大学2003)

5. Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example. (南开大学2003) 6. Suprasegmental (南开大学2003; 2009, 2 points)

7. Allophone (北京师范大学2004, 4 points; 川大, 2008, 2 points; 北航, 2010, 2 points; 武大, 2010, 4 points; 首师, 2011, 2 points)

8. Distinctive features of speech sounds (北京师范大学,2003, 4 points; 中山, 2008, 5 points) 9. Minimal pair (北二外,2006, 3 point; 北航, 2008,2 points; 武大, 2009, 4 points; 川大, 2009, 2 points)

10. Place of articulation (南开大学, 2 points, 2008)

11. manner of articulation (南开, 2009, 2 points; 武大, 2010, 4 points) 12. Tone (同上)

13. Coarticulation (4 points, 武大, 2008; 南开, 2010, 2 points) 14. Cardinal Vowels (大外, 5 points, 2008; 中山, 2010, 5 points)

15. complementary distribution (北航, 2 points, 2009; 南开, 2010, 2 points) 16. assimilation (中山, 2009, 5 points; 武大, 2011, 2.5 points) 17. fricative consonant (川大, 2010, 2 points) 18. acoustic phonetics (南开, 2011, 2 points) 19. allophonic variation (同上)

20. free variation (天外, 2011, 3 points): II. Multiple Choice

1. Of the three cavities, ____ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds. (北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题)

A. nasal cavity B. pharynx cavity C. oral cavity

2. All syllables contain a ____. (北京第二外国语学院2004年考研试题) A. nucleus B. coda C. Onset

3. A sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a ____. (北京第二外国语学院2003年考研试题) A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme

4. ____ is one of the suprasegmental features. (东南大学2002年考研试题) A. Stop B. Voicing C. Deletion D. Tone

5. Narrow transcripion is the phonetic transcription with ____. (东南大学2001年考研试题) A. diacritics B. distinctive features C. voicing D. Articulation 6. Velar refers to ____. (东南大学2001年考研试题)

A. larynx B. soft palate C. alveolar D. Pharynx

7. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English? (东南大学2000年考研试题) A. dental stop B. bilabial stop C. alveolar stop D. velar stop

8. ____ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology. (东南大学2000年考研试题) A. Nasality B. Voicing C. Aspiration D. Rounding

9. ____ is not an English consonant. (东南大学2000年考研试题)

A. Labio-dental plosive B. Alveolar nasal C. Velar stop D. Dental fricative

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10. The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is ____. (东南大学2000年考研试题)

A. random B. predictable C. variable D. Independent

11. Voicing of explosives is a distinctive feature in ____. (东南大学1999年考研试题) A. Chinese B. English C. both Chinese and English D. neither Chinese nor English 12. Which of the following is not a minimal ____? (对外经济贸易大学, 2006, 1 point) A. [li:f] [fi:l] B. [sip] [zip] C. [sai] [sei] D. [keit] [feit]

13. Which of the following is true of an allophone ____? (对外经济贸易大学, 2005, 1 point) A. A phone can be the allophone of all English vowel phonemes. B. There are no restrictions on the distribution of an allophone. C. There is no possibility of an allophone becoming a phoneme. D. An allophone changes the meaning of the word.

14. Choose the different one and explain the reason in ONE sentence. (南京大学, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2 points for each)

1) A. /f/ B. /z/ C. /k/ d. / / [focus on manner of articulation] 2) A. / / B. /a:/ C. / / D. /u/ [focus on place of articulation] 3) A. /p/ B. /b/ C. /d/ D. /m/ [focus on state of voicing]

4) A. Aware B. Ignore C. Relay D. Pertain [focus on the structure of the underlined syllables]

5) A. expensive B. repeat C. spring D. conspiracy [focus on the pronunciatin of “p”] 6) A. considerate B. tonicity C. pointless D. inconsistency [focus on the pronunciation of “n”] 7) A. numbers B. classrooms C. islands D. laptops [focus on the pronunciation of “s”] 8) A. competent B. principal C. individual D. animate[focus on the location of the stress] 9) A. /f/ B. /p/ C. /d/ D. /g/ [focus on the classification of consonants]

15. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with ______.(大外, 2008, 1 point)

A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics

16. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of ______.(同上) A. manners of articulation B. place of articulation C. narrow transcription

17. Which of the following CANNOT be considered as a minimal pair______? (同上) A. /ai/--/ci/ B. /p/--/b/ C. /s/--/ /

18. Which of the following is NOT the instance of ASSIMILATION____?(同上) A. Nasalization B. Onset C. Coda

19. A voiceless post alveolar fricative is ______. (天外, 2009) A. [?] B. [tr] C. [t?] D. [w]

20. Which of the following is the most sonorous____? (同上) A. Fricatives B. Nasals C. Approximants D. Vowels 21. Which of the following is a sonorant______? (同上) A. b B. d C. g D. m

22. Which of the following phonological processes is NOT the demonstration of the assimilation between neighboring sounds______? (同上)

A. devoicing B. dentalization C. epenthesis D. verlarization

23. English vowels can be classified into front, central and back vowels according to _____. (同上)

A. places of articlation B. manners of articulation C. The position of the lowerst part of the tongue D. The position of the highest part of the tongue

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24. Pair _____ doesn’t form a minimal pari. (大外, 2009)

A. gap and cap B. pat and pad C. tip and dip D. map and tam 25. Pair ______ is not in complementary distribution. (同上)

A. spot and pot B. stop and top C. school and cool D. light and glad

26. The phenomenon that Americans and British people pronounce some words differently can be interpreted in terms of ______. (同上)

A. phonetic similatiry B. free variation C. complementary distribution D. allophones 27. In a syllable, a vowel often serves as ______. (同上; 大外, 2010) A. Peak or Nucleus B. Onset C. Coda D. stress

28. In terms of the place of articulation, the following words [t] [n] [z] share the feature of ____. (同上, 2010)

A. palatal B. alveolar C. bilabial D. velar

29. ______ is not the term used to classify the English consonants in terms of manner of articulation. (同上)

A. Approximant B. Lateral C. Plosive D. Bilabial 30. ______ is a central vowel. (天外, 2011) A. [e] B. [i] C. [u] D. [?]

31. Which of the following statements is true? ____ (同上) A. Larynx is what we sometimes call “Adam’s apple”. B. The IPA uses narrow transcription.

C. There are two nasal consonants in English.

D. It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.

32. Match the sounds under column A with one or more phonetic properties from column B as illustrated in the first one. (大连外国语学院2002年考研试题)

A B a. [k] 1,9,6 1. velar b. [θ] 2. nasal c. [s] 3. dental d. [b] 4. fricative e. [l] 5. voiced f. [t] 6. voiceless g. [m] 7. bilabial h. [h] 8. alveolar 9. plosive 10. glottal

III. Blank Filling

1. __________ studies how the speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, and __________ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. (2 points, 中国人民大学, 2006)

2. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and __________ of articulation. (1 point, 北二外 , 2008)

3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __________ (1 point, 北二外 , 2007) 4. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are __________, ___________, and

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__________. (大连外国语学院2001年考研试题 )

5. Name five of English front vowels: __________, __________, ___________, __________, __________. (大连外国语学院2000年考研试题)

6. The sound [p] can be described with “ __________, bilabial, stop”. (北京第二外国语学院2007年考研试题)

7. In the production of a __________ sound, the back of the tongue is raised so that it touches the soft palate to form a kind of obstruction. (武汉大学2000年考研试题)

8. By the position of the __________ part of the tongue, vowels are classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels. (武汉大学2000年考研试题)

9. In English, the sound [b] has the same phonetic features as the sound [p] except the feature of __________. (武汉大学2002年考研试题)

10. The oral stops in English are __________, __________, ___________, ___________, __________ and __________. (大连外国语学院2001年考研试题)

11. The difference between a __________ and a vowel lies in whether there is air obstruction in the production of them. (大连外院,2008)

12. The present system of the __________ derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), and his colleagues at University of London.(中山, 2008, 1 point)

13. The sound [p] can be described with “__________, bilabial, stop”. (北二外, 2009, 1 point) 14. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __________. (同上)

15. Because voicing can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature for English o__________. (大外, 2009)

16. When producing the English sound [h], the vocal cords are brought momentarily together to creat the g__________ obstruction. (同上)

17. In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different _________ and the two words are a _________ pair. (北二外, 2010)

18. _________ is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. (大外, 2010)

19. V________ is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. An example in English is [k] as in cat. (同上)

20. The IPA chart has been revised and corrected several times and is widely used in dictionaries and textbooks thoughout the world. The latest version was revised in 1993 and updated in 1996 and ______. (中山, 2010)

21. __________ refers to a sound produced with the obstruction of the air stream caused by two lips, such as in the production of [p]. (北二外, 2011)

22. Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word. When pitch is related to a sentence, it is called __________. (中山, 2011)

23. Name each of the following IPA symbols. (北京师范大学2002, 南开大学2003) [s]: [g]: [?]: [e ]: [f]: [z]: [j]: [? ]: [θ]

24. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets? (广东外语外贸大学2004年考研试题)

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pat, pen, more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, pit, heel, ten, men, put, main, hit, eat, man

25. Divide the syllable of each of the following English words. Example: discuss: dis+cuss (吉林大学2000年考研试题)

pushy; second; punish; people; logic; plantation. IV. T or F Questions.

1. A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect. (清华大学, 2001)

2. English consonants can be classified into two categories: voiced and voiceless consonants. (对外经济贸易大学, 2006, 1 point)

3. Bilabial consonant is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage. (同上)

4. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are all phonemes. (同上)

5. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of the same phoneme. (北二外, 2008, 2010, 1 point)

6. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are not always allophones of the same phoneme. (北二外, 2009, 1 point)

7. The last sound of “top” can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realization of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution. (北二外, 2007, 1 point)

8. The last sound of “sit” can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution. (北二外, 2009, 1) 9. The sound [z] is shared by “boys” and “moves” as a common morpheme. (同上) 10. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. (同上)

11. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced. (大外, 2008, 1 point)

12. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. (同上) 13. Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula. (同上)

14. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance. (同上) (中山, 2011, blank-filling)

15. A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and the CODA. (同上) 16. A phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonetics. (大外, 2009)

17. Narrow transcription is the transcription of sounds with letter-symbols. (同上)

18. The unexploded plosive [k]as in the word enact is a similar phoneme with the exploded plosive [k] as in the word backup. (同上)

19. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonological resemblance. (同上; 大外, 2010)

20. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound and cannot be further analyzed. (大外, 2010)

21. Manner of articulation is the only way by which we tell whether a sound is a consonant or not. (同上) V. Questions.

1. Give the phonetic term according to the following description: the sound made with the

tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth (北二外, 2008, 1 point)

2. What are the contrastive and complementary distributions in the isolation of Phonemes?

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