1995年考研英语真题与答案

（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

1995年考研英语真题

Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary

Section A

Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets, (5 points)

1. Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed . A. had produced B. have been produced C. would have produced D. had been produced

2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today.

A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed 3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds his argument in favor of the new theory. A. which to base on B. on which to base C. to base on which D. which to be based on

4. an help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. A. Everybody B. Anybody C. Somebody D. Nobody 5. How many of us , say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?

A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended 6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that 7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal one. A. rather than B. other than C. better than D. less than 8. is generally accepted,economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

A. What B. That C. It D. As

9. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force stimulating the thinking of its listeners.

A. by B. with C. at D. on

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.

A. as it is B. the same is C. so is D. and so is

Section B(11~20略：新大纲不再考查的部分) Section C

Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)

21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.

A. admired B. regarded C. expected D. worshipped 22. A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval. A. shorthand B. scheme C. schedule D. sketch

23. A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old. Ａ. supply B. assurance C. provision D. adjustment 24. The newly-built Science Building seems enough to last a hundred years. A. spacious B. sophisticated C. substantial D. steady 25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are free medical care. A. entitled to B. involved in C. associated with D. assigned to

26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at . A. danger B. stake C. loss D. threat 27. I felt to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech. Ａ. fatigued B. tired C. exhausted D. bored 28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at . A. wrong B. trouble C. fault D. difficulty 29. Your advice would be valuable to him, who is at present at his wits end. A. exceedingly B. excessively C. extensively D. exclusively 30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to the consequences.

A. answer for B. run into C. abide by D. step into 31. The river is already its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.

Ａ. Parallel to B. level in C. flat on D. flush with

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

32. People that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.

Ａ. convinced B. anticipated C. resolved D. assured

33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills. Ａ. adapted B. acknowledged Ｃ. assembled D. appointed 34. The mother said she would her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper.

Ａ. let down B. let alone C. let off D. let out 35. We should always keep in mind that decisions often lead to bitter regrets. Ａ. urgent B. hasty C. instant D. prompt 36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages in the dictionary. Ａ. missing B. losing C. dropping D. leaking 37. In the past,most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women this field is climbing.

Ａ. engaging B. devoting C. registering D. pursuing 38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it , but he gave us an idea about his plan.

Ａ. at hand B. in turn C. in conclusion D. at length 39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest of being met. A. prospect B. prediction C. prosperity D. permission 40. It’ s usually the case that people seldom behave in a way when in a furious state. A.stable B.rational C.legal C.credible

Part Ⅱ Cloze Test

Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)

Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep 41 kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain.The purpose of nonREM sleep is even more 43 . The new experiments, such as those 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

45 of non-REM sleep.

For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the animals die.The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune systems—the selfprotecting mechanism against disease—had crashed. 41.Ａ. Either B. Neither Ｃ. Each Ｄ. Any 42. A. intended B. required C. assumed D. inferred 43. A.subtle B. obvious C. mysterious D. doubtful 44. A.maintained B. described C. settled D. afforded 45. A.in the light B. by virtue C. with the exception D. for the purpose 46. A.reduction B. destruction C. deprivation D. restriction 47. A.upon B. by C. through D. with 48. A.paid attention to B. caught sight of C. laid emphasis on D. cast light on 49. A. develop B. produce C. stimulate D. induce 50. A.if B. as if C. only if D. if only

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the ques-tion.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40 points)

Passage 1

Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more.

And perhaps most important of all,advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twentyseven Acts of Parliament govern

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.

Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.

There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.

If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the wellknown television personality wants.

51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that . ［A］he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

［B］everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming ［C］advertising costs money like everything else ［D］it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising 52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? . ［A］Securing greater fame ［B］Providing more jobs ［C］Enhancing living standards ［D］Reducing newspaper cost

53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is . ［A］very precise in passing his judgement on advertising ［B］interested in nothing but the buyers’attention

［C］correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information ［D］obviously partial in his views on advertising 54. In the author’s opinion,. . ［A］advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information ［B］advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over ［C］there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer ［D］the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

Passage 2

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.

In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first.How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate,to move slowly,and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe.Do we think were slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.

These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making. 55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when . ［A］he has given up his smoking habit ［B］he has made great efforts in his work ［C］he is keen on learning anything new

［D］he has tried to determine where he is on his journey

56. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would . ［A］succeed in climbing up the social ladder

［B］judge his ability to grow from his own achievements ［C］face difficulties and take up challenges ［D］aim high and reach his goal each time

57. When the author says “a new way of being” (Lines 3 ,Para. 3), he is referring to .

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

［A］a new approach to experiencing the world ［B］a new way of taking risks

［C］a new method of perceiving ourselves ［D］a new system of adapting to change

58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except . ［A］curiosity about more chances ［B］promptness in self-adaptation ［C］open-mindedness to new experiences ［D］avoidance of internal fears and doubts

Passage 3

In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated.Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off.Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.

Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, timeconsuming and sometimes even overwhelming.

Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence.Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.

In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

59. The word “it” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to . ［A］the lack of stable communities

［B］the breakdown of informal information channels ［C］the increased mobility of families

［D］the growing number of people moving from place to place

60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that . . ［A］they have to learn new things consciously

［B］they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information ［C］they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily

［D］they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family 61. From the passage we can infer that . . ［A］electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages ［B］it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era ［C］people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences ［D］events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites 62. We can learn from the last paragraph that . . ［A］it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible ［B］people should make the best use of the information accessible ［C］we should realize the importance of accumulating information ［D］it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

Passage 4

Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer! ”

By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.

If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from Atype stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged. 63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually . ［A］impatient ［B］considerate ［C］aggressive ［D］agreeable

64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because . ［A］the pressure is too great on the students ［B］some students are bound to fail ［C］failure rates are too high

［D］the results of examinations are doubtful

65. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on . . ［A］candidates’ sensitivity ［B］academic achievements ［C］competitive spirit ［D］surer values 66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that . . ［A］the personality of a child is well established at birth

［B］family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics ［C］the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors ［D］B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive society

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

Passage 5

That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive.In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species.

Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output).Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an inputoutput balance. 67. From the evolutionary point of view, . ［A］forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive ［B］if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive ［C］the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s adaptability ［D］sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

68. According to the passage,if a person never forgot, . . ［A］he would survive best ［B］he would have a lot of trouble ［C］his ability to learn would be enhanced ［D］the evolution of memory would stop

69. From the last paragraph we know that . . ［A］forgetfulness is a response to learning

［B］the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system ［C］memory is a compensation for forgetting

［D］the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs 70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of . . ［A］remembering ［B］forgetting ［C］adapting ［D］experiencing

Part Ⅳ EnglishChinese Translation

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)

The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning,or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. (74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been, had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

Part Ⅴ Writing (15 points)

Directions:

A. Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE” B. Time limit: 40 minutes

C. Word limit: 120～150 words (not including the given opening sentence)

D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country” E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Outline:

1. Present situation; 2. Necessity of the project; 3. My suggestion.

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

1995年考研英语真题答案快速扫描

1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. A 10. C (11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分) 21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. A 30. A 31. D 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. D 39. A 40. B 41. B 42. C 43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B 51. D 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. A 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. C 61. A 62. D 63. C 64. B 65. B 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. B

1995年考研英语真题答案系统精析

Part Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary Section A

1. Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed . A. had produced Ｂ. have been produced C. would have produced D. had been produced

【句意】在1897年至1919年期间,至少拍摄了二十九部描写有关人造生物的影片。 【答案及考生答对率】D，答对率为86% 【考核知识点】过去完成时态的被动语态

【解析】根据句首的时间状语可知句子是一般过去时,谓语动词要用过去式，因此B不对，

影片是被拍摄的,应该是被动语态，所以A、Ｃ也不对。应选Ｄ。

2.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today.

A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed 【句意】当今；公众心目中认为患癌症的机率极大，应该说这种忧虑实为过分。 【答案及考生答对率】Ａ，答对率为10% 【考核知识点】省略句

【解析】“than”后面是一个比较状语的从句，省去了主语“anxiety”，此处应填谓语动词，所

以Ｃ不对；根据时间状语“today”可知该句子是一般现在时态，所以Ｄ也不对；

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

“anxiety”是不可数名词，动词应该变为单数形式+s，所以Ｂ也不对。答案为Ａ。

３. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds his argument in favor of the new theory.

Ａ. which to base on B. on which to base C. to base on which D. which to be based on 【句意】 教授几乎找不到足够的证据来支持新理论的论点。 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｂ，答对率为61% 【考核知识点】 引导词加不定式的结构

【解析】所填之词应该与后面的短语一起作定语，修饰前面主句的宾语“ground”，所以Ｃ

不对；“base on ”是词组，因此应将“on”置于引导词“which”之前，构成“介词＋引导词＋不定式”结构，所以Ａ、Ｄ也不对。应选Ｂ。

【举例】She is looking for something with which to clean the carpet. He is looking for a place in which to meet his friends. Yet now he had no pretext on which to prolong his stay.

4. can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. Ａ. Everybody Ｂ. Anybody C. Somebody D. Nobody 【句意】没有人不对科幻小说给我们带来的奇妙世界着迷。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｄ，答对率为66% 【考核知识点】cannot help but...结构 【解析】 “cannot help but” 是固定搭配，意为“不得不”、“只能”，而题中没有否定词 “not”，所以应该选一个具有否定意义的词来构成此意；Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ都表示肯定，只有选“Nobody”。故选Ｄ。

【举例】You can’t help but respect them.

I couldn’t help but remark about the poor food in the dinning hall.

5. How many of us， ,say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?

A.attended B.attending C.to attend D.have attended 【句意】假设我们参加了一个与我们毫无关系的会议，有多少人会对会上的讨论感兴趣呢？ 【答案及考生答对率】Ｂ，答对率为32% 【考核知识点】非谓语动词

【解析】根据句子可知，主语是 “How many of us”，谓语是“would be interested”,“say”为插

入语，意为“比方说”；因此，所填之词应该是非谓语动词，A为过去式形式，不对；D为完成时，也不正确；不定式作定语表示未来的行为，所以Ｃ也不对；现在分词作定语表示一般行为，应选Ｂ。

【举列】Do you know the man talking to our dean?

Most of the workers working in this factory are old or disabled.

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

6. Ｈydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

A. so that B. but that C. in that D. provided that 【句意】氢是宇宙中的基本元素，因为它为生成其他元素提供基础材料。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｃ，答对率为54% 【考核知识点】引导词测试

【解析】根据句子可知，前后两个句子应该是因果关系。“so that”意为以便，结果，引导

目的和结果状语从句；“but that”:除了，要不是，引导宾语从句和结果状语从句；“in that”：因为，在于，引导原因状语从句；“provided that”:如果……，以……为条件，引导条件状语从句。应选Ｃ。

７. Ｗe are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal

one.

Ａ. rather than Ｂ. other than C. better than D. less than 【句意】 我们学过在书写商业信件时应用正式文体而不能用私人信件的写法。 【答案及考生答对率】 Ａ，答对率为66% 【考核知识点】固定结构

【解析】“rather than”意为不是；“other than”是除……之外之意；“better than”表示好于；“less

than”为少于。根据句子的意思可知，本句话是表示一种否定选择关系。故Ａ为正确选项。 【举例】I decided to eat apple rather than pear. He insisted that he should stay rather than go. Other than John, no one was there.

８. is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development

of production.

Ａ. What B. That C. It D. As 【句意】正如公众普遍所接受的，生产的稳定发展决定经济的增长。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｄ，答对率为50% 【考核知识点】非限定性定语从句

【解析】句中所填之词引导的应该是非限定性定语从句；“Ｗhat”和“That”一般引导名词性

从句；“It”不能引导从句；只有“Ａs”可引导非限定性状语从句。故选Ｄ。

【举例】He is an Irish,as I know from his accent.

Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.

9. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force stimulating the thinking of its listeners.

A. by B. with C. at D. on 【句意】人们相信现代流行音乐可以通过刺激听众思考力来激发其创造力。

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

【答案及考生答对率】Ａ，答对率为46% 【考核知识点】介词测试

【解析】“by”意为通过……方式；“with”意为随着；“at”意为在……方面；“on”意为在……

时候。根据句子可知，应该选用“by”表示通过……方式。故选Ａ。

【举例】He memorized the article by repeating.

10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere. A. as it is B. the same is C. so is D. and so is 【句意】正如土壤是地球的一部分一样，大气层也是。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｃ，答对率为55% 【考核知识点】倒装

【解析】后面句子同前面句子意思相近，表示大气层也是地球的一部分。，所以用Ａ、Ｂ不

对；Ｄ多了“and”，不合语法。应选Ｃ。

Section B (11~20略：新大纲不再考查的部分) Section C

21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. A. admired B. regarded C. expected D. worshipped 【句意】在那个国家，如果在宴会举行前三四天才收到邀请，客人会觉得没有受到尊重。 【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为24% 【考核知识点】近义词辩析

【解析】［Ａ］admired是“羡慕、钦佩” ［Ｂ］regarded 尊敬、重视 ［Ｃ］expected 盼望、期待

［Ｄ］worshipped 崇拜（神灵、偶像）

22. A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for

approval.

A. shorthand B. scheme C. schedule D. sketch 【句意】预算委员会的长篇报告的概要已交到市长处以待批示。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｄ，答对率为32% 【考核知识点】形近词辩析 【解析】［Ａ］shorthand速记 ［Ｂ］scheme计划、阴谋 ［Ｃ］schedule时刻表、进度表 ［Ｄ］sketch梗概、大意、概要

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

23. A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.

Ａ. supply B. assurance C. provision D. adjustment 【句意】 一个人必须积攒足够的钱以备养老。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｃ，答对率为18% 【考核知识点】近义词辨析 【解析】［Ａ］supply提供、供给 ［Ｂ］assurance保证

［Ｃ］provision准备、提供，防备，事先准备。作“准备”时用for,作“提供”时，接

of

［Ｄ］adjustment调整、调节make adjustment做调整

24. The newly-built Science Building seems enough to last a hundred years. A. spacious B. sophisticated C. substantial D. steady 【句意】新建的科技楼似乎结实得可以用上一百年。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｃ，答对率为26% 【考核知识点】形容词辩析

【解析】［Ａ］spacious宽敞的spacious room宽敞的屋子

［Ｂ］sophisticated复杂的、精密的（仪器）、老练的（人） ［Ｃ］substantial牢固的、结实的、（餐食）丰盛的

［Ｄ］steady稳定的、经常的He is not steady on his legs.他腿脚不稳。 25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are free medical care. A. entitled to B. involved in C. associated with D. assigned to 【句意】众所周知，在我们国家退休工人是有权享受免费医疗的。 【答案及考生答对率】Ａ，答对率为60% 【考核知识点】固定搭配

【解析】［Ａ］entitled to有权（资格），后接名词或不定式be entitled to a free meal有资格

免费吃饭

［Ｂ］involved in卷入、牵涉、参与be involved in a quarrel 卷入争吵 ［Ｃ］associated with与……有联系

［Ｄ］assigned to 被分配、被指派A group of young men were assigned to plant tree

一队小伙子被指派去植树。

26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more

at . A. danger B. stake C. loss D. threat 【句意】农民比城市里的人更渴望下雨，因为他们的得失更多地取决于雨水。 【答案及考生答对率］Ｂ，答对率为46% 【考核知识点】固定搭配

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

【解析】［Ａ］danger危险be in danger ［Ｂ］stake火刑柱

［Ｃ］loss损失at a loss不知所措(后常接不定式) ［Ｄ］threat威胁under the threat of 在……威胁下

27. I felt to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech. Ａ. fatigued B. tired C. exhausted D. bored 【句意】因为我一点也听不懂主席的发言所以觉得烦得要死。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｄ，答对率为52% 【考核知识点】形容词词义辨析

【解析】［Ａ］fatigued劳累的。［例］Ｈe was fatigued by working.他工作很劳累。 ［Ｂ］tired劳累的、厌烦的 ［C］exhausted疲惫不堪的 ［Ｄ］bored厌烦的

28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was

at . .

A. wrong B. trouble C. fault D. difficulty 【句意】当发动机发动不起来时，机修工检查了所有的部件以便发现是出了什么故障。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｃ，答对率为38% 【考核知识点】固定搭配

【解析】［Ａ］wrong邪恶、不正是形容词，不与at搭配in the wrong错了、不对 ［Ｂ］trouble麻烦、困难in trouble处于困境

［Ｃ］fault错误、故障at fault出错，出故障(固定搭配) ［Ｄ］difficulty困难与in搭配with difficulty困难地

29. Your advice would be valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’s end. A. exceedingly B. excessively C. extensively D. exclusively 【句意】你的建议对他会很有价值，他目前已经是一筹莫展了。 【答案及考生答对率】Ａ，答对率为20% 【考核知识点】副词词义辨析

【解析】［Ａ］exceedingly 非常，修饰valuable，意思恰当。 ［Ｂ］excessively 过度地、过分地 ［Ｃ］extensively 广泛地 ［Ｄ］exclusively 独占地

30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to the consequences.

A. answer for B. run into C. abide by D. step into 【句意】 他没能履行合同中的一些条款，现在他必须对其后果负责。 【答案及考生答对率】Ａ，答对率为65%

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

【考核知识点】固定搭配

【解析】［Ａ］answer for 对……负责；保证

［Ｂ］run into偶然撞上；陷入run into a friend/ trouble/ difficulties撞上树/遇到朋

友/麻烦/困难

［Ｃ］abide by遵守。［例］abide by one promise遵守/诺言 ［Ｄ］step into 迈入、迈进

31. The river is already its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is

threatened with a likely flood.

Ａ. parallel to B. level in C. flat on D. flush with 【句意】由于降雨量过多，河水水面已经与河岸平行，城市可能会受到洪水的威胁。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｄ，答对率为29% 【考核知识点】固定搭配

【解析】［Ａ］parallel to 与……平行（多指线）The highway runs parallel to the railroad.公

路与铁路平行。

［Ｂ］level in 在……相等The two teams were level in the competition.两支队在比

赛中不相上下。

［Ｃ］flat on 平坦的、平卧的The dead dog way lying on the floor.那只死狗躺在地

上。

［Ｄ］flush with与……齐平、不突出The shelves were flush with the wall.书架和墙齐平。

32. People that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.

Ａ. convinced B. anticipated C. resolved D. assured 【句意】人们期待着用直升机运输能像如今的航班一样运载数以百万计的乘客。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｂ，答对率为56% 【考核知识点】动词词义辨析

【解析】［Ａ］convinced相信(convince sb.of sth./be convineed) ［B ］anticipated期待、预测、期望 ［Ｃ］resolved决心

［Ｄ］assured使……相信(assure sb.of sth. /assure (sb. ) that)

33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or for language

learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills. Ａ. adapted B. acknowledged Ｃ. assembled D. appointed 【句意】尽管有专为学习语言而编写或改编的各式各样的阅读材料，却仍没有培养阅读技

巧的综合性系统教程。

【答案及考生答对率】Ａ，答对率为45% 【考核知识点】词义辨析

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

【解析】［Ａ］adapted使适应、改编可与介词for搭配 ［Ｂ］acknowledged承认（后接动名词） ［Ｃ］assembled集合、装配 ［Ｄ］appointed任命、派

34. The mother said she would her son washing the dishes if he could finish his

assignment before supper.

Ａ.let down B.let alone C.let off D.let out 【句意】母亲说，如果儿子能在饭前完成家庭作业的话就不让他洗碗了。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｃ，答对率为43% 【考核知识点】固定搭配

【解析】［Ａ］let down使……失望study hard, don’t let me down.好好学习，可别让我失

［Ｂ］let alone更不用说The baby cant even walk, let alone run.这婴儿走都不能

更不用说跑。

［Ｃ］let off宽舒、放过、允许不干

［Ｄ］let out泄密、释放Three years later the crime was let out.三年之后那个罪犯

刑满释放了。

35. We should always keep in mind that decisions often lead to bitter regrets. Ａ. urgent B. hasty C. instant D. prompt 【句意】我们应永远铭记草率的决定常常使人在事后感到痛心疾首。 【答案及考生答对率】Ｂ，答对率为58% 【考核知识点】形容词辨析

【解析】［Ａ］urgent紧急的urgent call/letter紧急电话/急信

［Ｂ］hasty草率的、仓促的。［搭配］hasty decision草率的决定 ［Ｃ］instant即时的、迅速的instant reply/death即时答复/迅速死亡 ［Ｄ］prompt(动作)迅速的、（人）敏捷的prompt action迅速行动

36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages in the dictionary. Ａ. missing B. losing C. dropping D. leaking 【句意】约翰向书商抱怨说字典缺好了几页。 【答案及考生答对率】Ａ，答对率为55% 【考核知识点】形容词辨析

【解析】在四个选项中，只有［Ａ］为形容词，并可作后置定语。其余为现在分词。 ［Ａ］missing失落的，不见的

［Ｂ］losing正在失去(是及物动词，不是放在被修饰词之后作定语) ［Ｃ］dropping正在落下，往下掉的 ［Ｄ］leaking正在渗漏，正在泄漏的

37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women this field is climbing.

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

Ａ. engaging B. devoting C. registering D. pursuing

【句意】过去，林业工人多数都是男性，但是，今天从事这一领域事业的女性人数正在增

多。

【答案及考生答对率】Ｄ，答对率为28% 【考核知识点】固定搭配

【解析】［Ａ］engaging。［搭配］be engaged in 意为“参加，从事”

［Ｂ］devoting要与介词to搭配，多用be devoted to这一结构：devote oneself/one’stime/one’s life to献身于、把……用于

［Ｃ］registering注册、登记

［Ｄ］pursuing从事、追求，是及物动词，以field为宾语

38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it , but he gave us an idea about his plan.

Ａ. at hand B. in turn C. in conclusion D. at length 【句意】到目前为止，主管人员还没有时间对该问题进行详细考察，但是他首先让我们对

他的计划有了一定的了解。

【答案及考生答对率】 Ｄ，答对率为51% 【考核知识点】 固定搭配

【解析】［Ａ］at hand在手边、（时间）临近Some books are at hand.手头有几本书。 ［Ｂ］in turn轮流The three sons take care of their father in turn.三个儿子轮流照顾父亲。

［C］in conclusion最后In conclusion,thank you for your attention.最后，感谢各位

的关注。

［D］at length详细地、最后The English teacher explained the key of this test at

length.英语老师详细解释了这次考试的答案。

39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest of being met. A. prospect B. prediction C. prosperity D. permission 【句意】 他们要求增加工资是无望实现的。 【答案及考生答对率】 A，答对率为36% 【考核知识点】形近词词义辨析

【解析】［A］prospect希望、（复数）前景 ［B］prediction预测、预言 ［C］prosperity繁荣、兴旺、茂盛 ［D］permission允许、许可、同意

40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a way when in a furious state. A. stable B. rational C. legal C. credible 【句意】 在愤怒的状态中，往往很少有人能按理智的方式行事。 【答案及考生答对率】B，答对率为47%

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

【考核知识点】形容词词义辨析

【解析】［A］stable稳定的stable job稳定的工作 ［B］rational理智的、理性的

［C］legal合法的、法律的legal business合法经营 ［D］credible可信的credible friends可以信赖的朋友

Part Ⅱ Close Test

文章大意

人们通常把睡眠分为浅睡和深睡两个阶段。眼球快速转动并做梦为浅睡阶段的特征。现代医学对两个阶段的睡眠还不能做出很完整的阐释，但是人们对浅睡的作用一直抱以较为系统的猜想，而且最新的实验也精彩的解释了深睡的作用。

全文精译、答案出处及英汉对照

Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of nonREM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain.The purpose of non-EM sleep is even more 43 .The new experiments, such as those 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in 45 of non-EM sleep.

For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats,yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune

systems—the

self

protecting

mechanism against disease—had crashed. 答案详解

老鼠的睡眠对其具有１００％的致命性，然而，(47)在检查老鼠死尸时，这些动物看上去完全正常。一研究人员已(48)阐明这些动物死亡原因的奥秘。老鼠(49)患血液细菌感染，(50)似乎他们的免疫系统——抵御疾病．．的自我保护机制——已崩溃。

明尼阿波利斯举行的会议上，专家们首次(44)

Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 描述的一些新实验，对眼球非快速移动睡眠(45)的作用的阐释令人着迷。

比如，人们早已了解到，完全(46)剥夺球快速转动并做梦。我们对两种形式的睡眠了解(41)都不多，但是人们(42)假设ＲＥＭ睡眠对大脑起着某种康复功能。非快动眼睡眠起的作用更(43)神秘。最近睡眠研究协会在

睡眠通常被分为所谓的 “快动眼” 睡眠阶段和较长的非快动眼睡眠。前者特点为眼

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

41.【答案及考生答对率】Ｂ，答对率为62% 【考核知识点】不定代词的用法 【解析】［Ａ］Either两者中任何一个 ［Ｂ］Neither两者都不 ［Ｃ］Each每个 ［Ｄ］Any任何一个

本题可从空格所在的分句里出现的关键词at all入手，词组一般与否定词连用（即not...at all，意为“一点也不，根本不”），因而这里填的肯定是带否定含义的词。

本题四个备选项：其中只有neither本身就带有否定含义。如：Neither of us could finish this experiment alone.我们两个谁也不能独自完成这个实验。either表示肯定，如：You can park on either side of the street.在街道的哪边停车都可以；each用于肯定句中，例如：Each of the boys in this class have had hair cut down.这个班级的每个男生都剪了头发；any指三者或三者以上，多用于否定，疑问句中，如：Is there any question? 有问题吗?

42.【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为46% 【考核知识点】 动词词义辨析 【解析】［Ａ］intended打算（让）

［Ｂ］required要求、需要 ［Ｃ］assumed认为、假定 ［Ｄ］inferred推论

本句译为：人们对两个阶段的睡眠都不太了解，不过人们推测，ＲＥＭ睡眠有一些对大脑修复的功能。intend to do sth.(=mean to do sth.)意为“打算做某事”，主语一般是有生命的事物。如：They intend to go to the theatre.他们打算去剧院。assume后接不定式做主语补足语，be assumed to do sth.被假定／认为做某事。infer的对象应是推出的结果。

如：I infer (from his eyes) that he is telling lies.我（从他的眼神）推断出他在撒谎。

43.【答案及考生答对率】C，答对率为68%

【考核知识点】 形容词词义辨析 【解析】［Ａ］subtle微妙的

［Ｂ］obvious明显的 ［Ｃ］mysterious神秘的 ［Ｄ］doubtful令人怀疑的

subtle,如：He felt people were subtle when they were in love.他觉得人们在恋爱时都难以捉摸。doubtful，如：It is a doubtful event.那是个可疑的事件。

前文提到人们对两种睡眠阶段不是很了解时用了wellunderstood一词，从

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

逻辑语意上可以推断出non-REM sleep对人们来说是尚未被了解的、神秘的事物，因此，几个选项中mysterious最合适。

44.【答案及考生答对率】 Ｂ，答对率为50%

【考核知识点】 动词词义辨析 【解析］［Ａ］maintained保持、坚持

［Ｂ］described描写、描述 ［Ｃ］settled解决、定居

［Ｄ］afforded付得起钱、承担得起

本句主干部分是The new experiments suggest fascinating explanations.such as引导的短语是对experiments的举例。四个选项中，maintain与句中的for the first time相矛盾；settle，与文中的suggest相矛盾；these指的是前面所讲的有关睡眠的话题,所选项用来修饰these，afford不符合文意。由此，只有Ｂ符合题意。

45.【答案及考生答对率】 D，答对率为46%

【考核知识点】 短语语意辨析

【解析】［Ａ］in the light(of)根据、考虑到

［Ｂ］by virtue (of)凭借、由于 ［Ｃ］with the exception (of)除……之外 ［Ｄ］for the purpose of 为……目的

四个短语都可与介词of连用。据句子知，此处用“in the light(of)”和“by virtue(of)”显然不对，explanations解释的就是上文中的the purpose of non-REM sleep,而且explanation后常与for搭配，表示“……的原因”，所以答案选Ｄ。

46.【答案及考生答对率】 C，答对率为49%

【考核知识点】 名词词义辨析 【解析】［Ａ］reduction减少

［Ｂ］destruction破坏、毁坏 ［Ｃ］deprivation剥夺、丧失 ［Ｄ］restriction限制

本句是说“完全……老鼠的睡眠必定会使其丧命”。是一个由转折连词yet引导的并列句。reduction意为“减少”；deprivation意为“剥夺”；restriction意为“限制”。destruction意为“破坏、毁灭”，通常指具体事物，如：The earthquake caused the destruction of Miss Jane’s hometown.地震使珍小姐的故乡遭到毁坏。而sleep是抽象名词，所以只有Ｃ符合题意。

47.【答案及考生答对率】 A，答对率为20%

【考核知识点】 介词的用法

【解析】［Ａ］upon（接名词、动名词）一……就……

［Ｂ］by用、根据、按 ［Ｃ］through通过

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

［Ｄ］with用（具体工具）

upon或on后面接动名词时，意为“当……时”，在这里相当于when/directly after,upon＋名词／动名词＝when引导的时间状语从句。如：Upon =When entering the room, I found him lying on the floor.其余选项没有此用法。本句意为：在检查了死亡鼠类的尸体之后。through,常与表示动作、行为的名词搭配做状语。在这里with examinations的逻辑主语与句子的主语the animals不相符合。by,主要表示方法、手段。

48.【答案及考生答对率】 D，答对率为46%

【考核知识点】 短语语意辨析 【解析】［Ａ］paid attention to注意

［Ｂ］caught sight of看到 ［Ｃ］laid emphasis on强调

［Ｄ］cast light on阐明、说明、使人了解

pay attention to，如：pay attention to air pollution关注空气污染；catch sight of (=see)，如：She caught sight of her ex-husband in the street.她在街上一眼瞥见了自己的前夫；lay emphasis on (=emphasize),如：He laid a strong emphasis on the study of physical exercising.他把重点放在体能练习；cast/throw/shed light on (=explain)，如：Recent research has shed new light on the causes of the disease.最近的研究结果表明对该病的病因已有新的认识。本句大意为：现在，一位研究人员已揭开了这些动物死亡的奥秘。只有Ｂ符合题意。

49.【答案及考生答对率】 A，答对率为19% 【考核知识点】 动词词义辨析 【解析】［Ａ］develop得、患（疾病）

［Ｂ］produce生产、制造 ［Ｃ］stimulate刺激、激发 ［Ｄ］induce引诱、诱使

develop，如：The old man developed enteritis.那个老人得了肠炎。produce，如：Being kind may produce a man a great sum of spiritual wealth.为人友善会给一个人带来巨大的精神财富。stimulate，如：Exercise stimulates the flow of blood.体操促进血液流动。induce，如：Too much pressure induces sleeplessness.太多压力会产生失眠。本题的关键词bacterial infections of blood(血液细菌感染)是一种病，属于根据习惯搭配，应该用develop。

50.【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为24%

【考核知识点】 逻辑关系 【解析】［Ａ］if如果

［B］as if好像 ［Ｃ］only if只要

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

［Ｄ］if only但愿

这个复合句的主句The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood用的是一般现在时，根据时态一致的原则，从句也应该用现在时。但在本题中，从句用的是过去完成时，很显然，主从句的时态不一致。时态不一致一般是由两个原因引起的：时间状语，例如：I’m doing my homework, while I was playing football this time yesterday.我现在做家庭作业，昨天这个时候我在踢足球。虚拟语气的使用，例如：If I were you,I wouldn’t do this.如果我是你，我就不会做这个。此题导致时态不一致的原因是虚拟语气的使用。

If引导条件从句，跟虚拟语气时，主句应相应地使用虚拟语气，如：The sports meeting would been successful,if we had made adequate preparations.如果我们做好很充分的准备，运动会会开得很成功的。

if only，接虚拟语气，一般用来引导感叹句，如：If only we had known where to find the lost child.。

as if一般接虚拟语气，如：It looks as if the snow would fall.天好像要下雪了。本句大意为“似乎它们的免疫系统——抵御疾病的自我保护机制——已崩溃。”本句使用了虚拟语气，四选项中Ａ、Ｂ、Ｄ虽然可以接虚拟语气，但只有选项Ｂ与题意相符。

Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension

Passage 1

文章大意

广告带来的物质利益比其它任何形式所带来的都要多。它可以使货物加速流通，使国内市场稳定发展以参与到国际竞争中。能够提高生活水平，提供人民的就业机会，降低服务费用，最主要的还能为所购产品对其本身的和服务提供价值保证。然而最近有一个知名的电视人宣称反对广告，认为广告的内在劝说作用超过了其应有的提供信息作用，但作者提出观点认为：如果今后所指出的广告仅限于提供信息的话，那么广告将会完全失去其独有的吸引力。 全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现

在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别处的钱一样值得。做广告直接有助于商品以合理的价格迅速销售（distribution），由此建立起一个稳定的国内市场（home market），并使商品能以富有竞争力的价格出口，通过吸引人们注重新观念，广告极大地促进了生活水平（standard of living）的提高。广告有助于增加市场需求，从而确保了对劳动力需求的增长，因此，它成为解决失业的一个有效方法（effective way）。它降低了许多服务的成本：如果没有广告，日报的成本将增加四倍，电视的收视费（license）将会翻倍，乘公共汽车或地铁的费用也将上涨

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

百分之二十。

也许最重要的是，广告为你所购的商品和服务提供了一个合理的价值方面的保障（guarantee）。除了国会制定了二十七条法案约束（govern）广告以外，任何正规广告商都不敢推销（promote）与广告承诺不符的产品。广告商可能通过误导性(mislead)广告暂时愚弄一些人。但他不可能长期这样，因为公众有良好的判断力，他们不会一而再地购买劣质的商品（article）。据我所知，如果你看到某种商品在不断地打广告，那就表明该商品的确名副其实，的确物有所值。

广告比我所能想象的任何其他方法更能给人们带来物质利益（material benefit）。 我觉得还有一点应该谈一谈。最近，我听说一位著名的电视人士声称他反对做广告，因为广告意在劝诱而不是在提供信息。他指出的区别过于细微。广告当然是力求说服消费者。 如果广告词仅限于提供信息——就其本身而言，即使有可能，也很难做到这一点，因为，即使像衬衫颜色的选择这类的细节也都带有一点说服性——那么广告将变得枯燥无味，没有人会注意它。但这也许正是那位电视名人所希望看到的。 分段导读

本文是一篇论述广告对现代社会做出很大贡献的文章。

第一段至第三段：指出做广告是值得投资的，然后列举广告的优点，最后得出结论：广告给社会带来的物质利益比其他任何形式都大。

第四段和第五段：对电视界某知名人士的话进行批评，为广告辩护，提出广告既要提供信息，又不可避免地要劝说大众。 答案详解

51.作者通过本文第一句话想表达的意思是 ［Ａ］他对广告成本十分熟悉

［Ｂ］每个人都很清楚做广告是很费钱的 ［Ｃ］广告同其它任何东西一样都要花钱 ［Ｄ］做广告投资是值得的

【答案及考生答对率】 Ｄ，答对率为36% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】对文章首句的理解。该题有两种方法解。

(1)直接从文章首句入手。句中As well as有两种意思：1) 表示：in addition (to),除……外，同，和，也。如：Father gave me help as well as advice.2) A as well as B as...as比较连词，well为副词“好”的意思，二者连接为“和……一样好”。1) 意显然在句中讲不通，句中as well as any相当于as well as any money spent elsewhere, any后省略了money spent。因此该句应该理解为“花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别处的钱一样值得”。这样一来，Ｄ恰是对此句的改写。

(2)从下文推断出首句句意。从文章第二句可以推出作者对广告持肯定态度，并且先谈的是商品的价格问题。这样可以排除Ｂ和Ｃ。二者都对广告持否定态度。而选择Ａ选项是对首句中从句“any I know of”的错误理解，如果它对，就不会是谈

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

论广告在商品价格方面的作用而是写钱在广告上如何分配和如何定价等等，因此可以排除Ａ，选择Ｄ项。

命题意图是要求考生正确理解句中为避免重复而省略的部分。

52.在文中，广告的优点，不包括下列哪项

［Ａ］确保更大声誉 ［Ｂ］提供更多工作 ［Ｃ］提高生活水平 ［Ｄ］降低报纸成本 【答案及考生答对率】 Ａ，答对率为27% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】题干要求考生回答选项中哪个不是广告的优点。第一段作者对广告给予肯定并且

列举带来的诸多好处：(1)它很直接的有益于以合理的产品价格迅速销售；（２）在稳定国内市场的同时，使产品能够以有竞争力的价格出口；（３）它给人以新的消费观，从而大大提高人们的生活标准；（４）它有助于增加市场需求，扩大劳动力市场，有效地扩大就业；（５）它使许多公共事业的服务价格低廉。由此可见，Ｂ选项、Ｃ选项和Ｄ选项都在文中直接涉及，可以排除。因而A为正确答案。 注意：这种“which is not included”题型相当于except题型，一般要在大范围内搜索，排除原文中已经提到的选项或直接找出与原文不符的选项。

53.作者认为：那位著名的电视人士 ［Ａ］非常准确的评价广告 ［Ｂ］只对消费者的注意力感兴趣

［Ｃ］正确的阐明了劝说与提供信息之间的区别 ［Ｄ］对广告的评价有明显的偏见

【答案及考生答对率】 Ｄ，答对率为57% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】题干要求考生回答作者对文中提到的知名人士对广告的看法。文章第四段谈到该

知名人士对批评广告更多的是在劝说别人，而不是提供信息。这与作者前面第三段用大篇幅对广告赞扬的态度相反，所以作者对这种观点进行驳斥，以维护自己的观点。根据文章最后一段可以推论作者对知名人士看法持否定态度。因此Ｄ为正确选项。

Ａ和Ｃ两项都持肯定态度，可以排除。而Ｂ选项，在文中并未论及也可以排除。nothing but意为：只有，除了……之外都不。命题意图要求考生正确理解文章局部细节来体现作者的态度。

54.根据作者的观点 。

［Ａ］广告很少能通过提供信息为人带来物质利益。 ［Ｂ］广告是为人们提供新观念，不是想说服人。 ［Ｃ］广告劝说消费者购买东西没有错。 ［Ｄ］消费者对从广告中获取信息不感兴趣。 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｃ，答对率为40% 【考核题型】 细节题

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

【解析】题干要求考生回答作者对广告所持观点。

通读全文后我们就很清楚作者对广告的态度和观点。文章先是肯定广告给社会带来的诸多好处，然后又指出广告劝说消费者不仅是不可避免的也是必要的，否则便失去了吸引力而导致没人看，这不能作为批评广告的论据。Ｃ选项恰恰是作者在文章后面部分的观点，为正确答案。

Ａ选项与第三段“广告给社会带来的物质利益比其他的形式都大”的内容相悖。Ｂ选项与第四段作者提出的“广告不可避免地要劝说消费者，其内容不仅仅限于提供信息”的看法不一致。Ｄ选项未被提及。

win sb.over(to sth.)=win sb.to do sth.意思是“说服某人做某事”。

注意：做此类作者态度题，可以先看选项中是否有选项直接可排除。如果有，进行排除，不能排除的再定位，对照进行排除。

文章难句精析

1.【文章难句】 It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby

establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.

【结构分析】 本句的主干是“It serves to assist...,thereby establishing...and so making...”，

thereby后是两个并列分词短语做补语。serve directly to do sth.意思是：直接用于……。如：The oil serves directly to the technical production.原油直接用于工业生产。make it +a.to do sth.意思是：使做某事……。 【参考译文】 它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立稳定的国内市场，并使商品能以富有竞争力的价格出口。

2.【文章难句】 Apart from the fact that twentyseven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of

advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.

【结构分析】 句子中的主干是“no regular advertiser dare promote a product”,前面是apart from

引导的介词结构，其中fact后是that引导的同位语从句，主句宾语product后跟随一个由that引导的定语从句。

【参考译文】除了国会制定的对广告加以约束27项法案之外，任何正规广告商都不敢推销

与广告承诺不符的产品。

核心词汇或短语回顾 ①tube [ 'tju:b ] n.管、软管、显像管，地铁 ②live up to 做到，不辜负 ③mercifully [ 'm?:sif?li ] adv.幸运地 ④merciful [ 'm?:siful ] adj.仁慈的 ⑤touch on 涉及 ⑥deem [ di:m ] v.认为、相信

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

Passage 2

文章大意

衡量一个人的成长有两个基本标准：一是“结果”，另一个是“过程”。人们通常用可见的结果来衡量个人成长，如被提升了，分数高了，学了一门外语。与之相反，个人成长的“过程”却难以衡量。

为了成长，人们必须具有冒险、探求未知和接受失败的精神。缺乏安全感和自信是我们变化和成长过程中不可避免的，同时也是必要的。如果我们不能正视恐惧和迷惘而去过分地保护自己，我们就会停止进步。

全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现

人们对成长有两种基本的看法：一种是把它看作结果，另一种是把它看作过程。人们通常把个人的成长看成是一种可以被轻易识别（identify）和衡量的外在结果（external result）或成果。受到提拔的工人，成绩提高的学生，学会一门外语的外国人——这些都可表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可衡量的成绩。 相比之下，个人的成长过程却难确定得多，因为它实际上是一次旅程，而不是沿途的某个路标（signpost）或里程碑（landmark)。成长过程不是路途本身，而是在遇到（encounter）新情况和意外阻碍（obstacle）时人们所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。在这个过程中，旅程永远不会真正结束；总有体验世界的新方式，总有需要尝试的新思想，总有需要接受的新挑战。 为了成长，为了探寻新旅途，人们必须乐于冒险，必须乐于面对未知世界，必须愿意接受他们起初可能会“失败”的可能性。在尝试一种新的生存方式（way of being）时我们如何看待自己，这对我们能力的培养很重要。我们认为自己行动敏捷、充满好奇吗？如果是这样的话，那么我们应易于抓住更多的机会，易于更坦率（open）地面对陌生的体验。我们认为自己害羞、优柔寡断（indecisive）吗？那么我们的怯懦感（sense of timidity）会使我们犹豫不决,使我们行动迟缓，使我们在未得知确实安全之前不敢采取行动。我们认为自己适应（adapt to）变化的能力不够，或是认为自己不够机敏，不足以应付（cope with）新的挑战吗？那么我们很可能扮演一个更被动的角色，或者根本不做任何尝试。

如果我们要改变，要成长，那么这些不安全（insecurity）和自我怀疑（selfdoubt）的情感则是不可避免（unavoidable），而且也是必要的。如果我们不能面对并克服这些内在的恐惧和怀疑，过于保护自己，那么我们就会停止（cease）成长。我们就会作茧自缚。 分段导读

本文是一篇从心理学的角度看待个人成长的文章。

第一段，首句列出两种对待成长的不同观点，接着简述第一种观点。

第二段，详细描述第二种观点，将“成长”类比成“旅行”，指出其不是具体的路标或标志物。并进一步指出成长就是人们遭遇新经历和面对意思想不到的坎坷时持有的态度和情感。

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答案详解

55.人们一般认为，当一个人 时，他已获得了个人成长。

［Ａ］他已戒除了吸烟的陋习 ［Ｂ］他在工作中已经付出了巨大努力 ［Ｃ］他迫切希望学习任何新生事物 ［Ｄ］他尽力定位自己处于人生旅程中何处 【答案及考生答对率】 Ａ，答对率为72% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】题干要求考生回答通常在何种情况下人们认为一个人实现了个人成长。

文章第一段谈到，人们对待成长有两种基本看法：结果和过程。该段第二句明确指出前者是人们通常持有的看法，即认为个人成长是一种外在的结果或成果，易于衡量。作者可以在该段最后给出的一系列例子去理解什么是外在结果。此外，最后一句中的“all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts”表明这种观点认为个人成长也是通过努力取得的结果。这样答案就显而易见了。只有Ａ选项“戒掉烟”既是经过努力又是可以衡量的外在结果，故为正确答案。

选项Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ都属于过程中付出的努力，结果却不可测量，故都不对。 命题意图是要求考生熟悉类比题的一种变相出题法，即不直接对文中内容提问，而是要求考生在正确理解文中的例子后，从选项中选出与之类似的一个。解题关键在于能够把握原来例子的实质。

56.作者认为，把个人成长看作是过程的人将 。 ［Ａ］成功地攀登社会阶梯 ［Ｂ］根据自己的成就判断自己的成长能力 ［Ｃ］面对困难，接受挑战 ［Ｄ］确立远大目标，并且每次都能实现其目标 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｃ，答对率为60% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】题干要求考生回答作者认为那些视成长为过程的人会有什么样的行为。

作者在第二段表明了自己(同样也是视成长为过程的人)对成长的看法。他们认为成长是一个旅程，而不是标记。人们应该看重的是成长过程中的态度和经历而非点滴所谓的成功标记。Ｃ选项“直面困难，接受挑战”就是过程中的态度和经历，也与第二段最后一句的“new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept”观点一致，为正确答案。

Ａ、Ｂ、D三项都是结果，因此都可以排除，只有C项是过程，故应选C。

57.作者在说“a new way of being”(第三段)时，指的是 。 ［Ａ］一种体验世界的新方式 ［Ｂ］一种冒风险的新方法 ［Ｃ］一种认识自我的新方法 ［Ｄ］一种适应变化的新方式 【答案及考生答对率】 Ａ，答对率为6% 【考核题型］词义题

【解析】题干要求考生回答“a new way of being”(新的生存方式)在文中的含义。

它出自第三段第二句how we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

essential to our ability to grow, being相当于existing，意为：处世生存方式。在写出该句之后，作者一连提出三个并列的问题，并对此进行解释。因此a new way of being这个关键词应该涵盖三个问句的内容，而三个问句及其回答分别是人由于对自身看法的不同而产生的不同处世方法。

Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ三个选项中任何一个都不能包含其他两个，不具有概括性，应该排除。四个选项中只有Ａ项是简练、全面的概括，为正确答案。

58.对于个人成长，下面所有各项中作者不倡导 。 ［Ａ］对更多机会表示好奇 ［Ｂ］自我适应迅速 ［Ｃ］对新经历持开放态度 ［Ｄ］避免内在的恐惧和怀疑 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｄ，答对率为62% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】题干要求考生回答四个选项哪个不是作者的倡议。

Ａ选项即总希望尝试新的事情、Ｂ选项即适应新事物快和Ｃ选项文中第三段作者谈到的要乐于冒险、勇于面对未知事物、尝试新的生存方式等，D选项即避免内心的恐惧感和怀疑心理。而第四段首句“这些不安全感和自我怀疑是不可避免的也是必要的”充分表明作者对这些态度的肯定。由此可知，Ｄ选项在本文中作者没有提到，而且从第四段第二句作者用的两个假设也可以看出他对躲避态度的否定，综上所述便可以推出Ｄ选项为正确答案。

文章难句精析

1.【文章难句】 The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

【结构分析】 该句破折号前是三个含定语从句的名词短语，破折号后是系表结构，也含有

一个定语从句。其中的代词these指代前面的三个定语从句中的核心名词The worker、the student和the foreigner。

【参考译文】 工人得到一次升迁、学生成绩提高和学会了一门新的语言——这些都可以表

明人们付出努力之后，取得了可衡量的成绩。

2.【文章难句】 The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people

have,their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.

【结构分析】 此句主干是：...not...,but rather...,意思是“……不是……而是……”。如：The old

man is not thin, but rather a man of high energy.这位老人不瘦，但充满活力。but rather后是两个并列的宾语成分：the attitudes and feelings people have 和their caution or courage。as引导的从句是对这两个宾语进行限制的状语从句。

【参考译文】 成长过程并不是成长的道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未料及的坎坷时所

持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

核心词汇或短语回顾 ①obstacle [ '?bst?kl ] n.障碍，障碍物，妨碍，干扰 ②indecisive [ . indi'saisiv ] adj.优柔寡断的 ③timidity [ ti'miditi ] n.胆怯、怯懦 ④timid [ 'timid ] adj.胆怯的，怯懦的 ⑤sporting achievements 炫耀成绩 ⑥top management 最佳管理方案、模式

Passage 3

文章大意

对信息的渴求在如今这个复杂变化着的世界里变得尤为重要。二战后社会流动加快，以前通过家人、朋友、同事获取信息的途径被截断，而且人们对信息的信任度也随之降低。随着电脑技术、电信设施和卫星通讯等科技的发展，分享、存储和传递信息更加便利，也使更多的人能得到更多的有效信息。

全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现

在这样一个不断变化的复杂社会中，人们以前解决信息需求（informational need）的简单方法现在变得复杂（complicated）了。生活中的许多问题以前可以通过询问家人、朋友或同事得到解决，但现在的大家庭（extended family）却对此无能为力了。如今，到何处寻求专家的意见以及如何决定接受哪名专家的建议，成了许多人要面对的问题。

除此之外，自二战以来，人口的流动（mobility）日益增大。随着家庭离开稳定的（stable）社区（community）,离开他们多年的朋友，离开他们的大家庭，非正式的信息流通渠道（flow of information）被切断了，他们也没有了“在需要时就能获得（available）信息，而且所获信息值得相信（trustworthy）、可以依赖（reliable）”，这样的信心。生活中最简单方面的、近似于无意识的（unconscious）信息流通渠道可能被切断。因此，曾经在大家庭内部通过日常交流就可下意识学到的东西，现在都要有意识地学习才可学得。

当今社会的另一个变化是信息的大量积累（stockpile）。如今，一个人可获得的信息比以前任何时代的人都多，而要找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又耗时，有时甚至相当困难。 伴随着信息量（quantity of information）持续增长的是技术的发展，它使得人们能够以比以前更快的速度把更多的信息储存并发送（delivery）到更多的地方。计算机技术使人们能够将大量数据储存在机读文件（file）中，还能通过计算机编程找到某一信息。远程通讯（telecommunication）技术的发展使得人们可以通过电视、广播以及不久将面世的电子邮件（electronic mail）将大量的(multitude)信息源源不断地传给他人。卫星的通讯威力得到加强，可以即时报导时事。全世界可以通过远程电话共享（share）专门技术（expertise），有争议的问题也能被解决，而同时人们也不必放下工作，别离家人，大老远去开会了。技术的发展促

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

进了信息共享、信息存储和信息传递，从而使得更多的人可以获得更多的信息。

在这个多变而又复杂的世界里，信息的需求最为重要。那些能够用准确、可靠的最新（up-to-date）信息解决日常（day-to-day）问题、解决生意上、社会和家庭中的关键问题（critical problem）的人将会生存下来，将会取得成功。“知识就是力量”可能是最正确的格言（saying）,获取信息可能是所有人最迫切的需求。 分段导读

本文是一篇介绍现代社会人们获取信息所遇的困难和利用信息技术去解决困难的科普文章。

第一段至第三段，指出社会进步、人口流动、信息爆炸等原因给人们带来的信息获取上的困难。

第四段，信息技术的发展帮助人们获得更多信息。 第五段，在当今社会获取信息的重要性。 答案详解

59.单词 ” it ”（第二段）最有可能是指 。

［Ａ］缺乏稳定的社区 ［Ｂ］非正式信息流通渠道的中断 ［Ｃ］家庭流动日益增多 ［Ｄ］到处流动的人们日益增多 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｂ，答对率为64% 【考核题型】 词义题

【解析】本题测试it在句中的指代关系。参看第二句“随着家庭离开稳定的社区，离开了他们多年的朋友，脱离了大家庭的关系，非正式的信息流通渠道被切断了，需要时就可以获得可靠信息的信心也随之而去了”很显然，it不指代任何名词，而是指前面的“the informal flow of information is cut off”这个句子。这和［Ｂ］一致。breakdown等于cut off。

60.如今，人们可能遇到的主要问题起源于这样一个事实： 。 ［Ａ］他们必须下意识去学习新生事物 ［Ｂ］他们对所获信息的可信性缺乏信心 ［Ｃ］他们难以轻易获得所需的信息 ［Ｄ］他们几乎不能与其大家庭随意交流 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｃ，答对率为36% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】本题问当今人们可能遇到的主要问题源于什么事实。参看第三段第二句“现在的

人比以往任何时代的人能获得更多的信息，然而，找到一条与自己问题相关的信息既复杂又费时，有时甚至相当熬人。”由此可知，［Ｃ］“他们不容易马上找到所需信息”为正确答案。［Ａ］、［Ｂ］和［Ｄ］均在第二段提到，但均属次要问题。

61.根据本文，我们可以推断出： 。 ［Ａ］电子邮件将很快在信息传播中起主导作用 ［Ｂ］在信息时代，人们将更难保守住秘密

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

［Ｃ］人们将在召开会议上花更少的时间 ［Ｄ］时事将主要通过卫星进行现场报导 【答案及考生答对率】 Ａ，答对率为67% 【考核题型】 推论题

【解析】 参看第四段第三句“计算机技术使人们能把大量的信息储存在机读文件中，人们通过计算机编程找到某一信息。电信技术的发展使人们可以通过电视、无线电发送信息，而且不用多久电子邮件会不断给人们送来大量信息”。其中提到电子信件，因此可推论，［Ａ］项的意思是“电子邮件在传递信息方面将起主导作用”，正确，［Ｂ］［Ｃ］文章未提及。［Ｄ］在文中第四段第五句“人造卫星开发了通信能力，可以对事件进行现场报道”已提到，不属于推论。

62.根据最后一段，我们能够得出 。 ［Ａ］必需尽可能获取多的知识

［Ｂ］人们应该最大限度地利用可得的信息 ［Ｃ］我们应该意识到信息积累的重要性 ［Ｄ］有效地获取所需的信息至关重要 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｄ，答对率为74% 【题型】 归纳题

【考核解析】本文问从文章最后一段中得知什么，也就是最后一段阐述了怎样一个主题。

末段第一句指出“在这个复杂多变的世界里，有效的掌握所需的信息最为重要”，第二句进行了具体说明“那些利用最新的准确可靠信息解决日常、企业及社会与家庭问题的人就能生存下去并获得成功”。第三句再次强调获取信息的重要性。因此从文章最后一句话可以推出［Ｄ］选项总结了最后一段的内容。

文章难句精析

1.【文章难句】As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years,

their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

【结构分析】这个长句由两个并列句组成，表达两层意思，之间用and连接。第一个句子

是As families move away... information is cut off,这一句中包含一个as引导时间状语从句，和一个主句the informal flow of information is cut off。第二个并列句子with it the confidence that...be trustworthy and reliable, 这里it指的是上面的informal flow of information,这句话里省略了the confidence is cut off too,而that 后面的定语从句修饰confidence。在这个定语从句中，主语information之后的谓语有两个:will be available和will be trustworthy and reliable,其中will be available之后还有一个时间状语when needed。

【参考译文】随着家庭搬离稳定的社区，离开他们多年的亲戚朋友，那种串门聊天式的信

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

息流动方式被切断了。对于需要时就可以获得可靠信息的信心也随之而去了。

2.【文章难句】Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of

technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.

【结构分析】这个长句的主体是一个主、系、表结构。主语是the development of technologies，

系动词是is,表语是coupled with the growing quantity of information,句意为“伴随着不断增长的信息量的是科学技术的发展”。Which引导的定语从句修饰“科学技术”。从句中which是主语，enable是谓语，the storage and delivery of more information是宾语。从句有一个较为复杂的比较结构，比较的一方（than之前的部分）是more information, greater speed, more locations,比较的另一方是（those）has ever been possible before。也就是说，现在不论从信息的数量，传输的速度和信息能够到达的地点都比以前要多，这都是因为科学技术的发展。

【参考译文】伴随不断增长的信息量的是科学技术的发展，它使得人们能够以比以前更快

速的储存更多的信息并发送到更多的地方。

核心词汇或短语回顾 ①extended family 大家庭(数代同堂的家庭) ②subconsciously [ 's?b'k?n??sli ] adv.潜意识地 ③stockpile [ 'st?kpail ] n. (应急用的)储备物资，逐步储备的东西 ④overwhelming [ .?uv?'welmi? ] adj.势不可挡的，压倒的 ⑤access to 获得

Passage 4

文章大意

一个个体的个性在很大程度上是源自于遗传，但是周围环境也对其具有重要的影响。在学校里Ａ型性格的孩子在竞争中似乎在一些方面要优于他们的Ｂ型同伴，但对考试过分地重视和对特定知识的竞争其实是有害的，学校的重要任务之一就在于使孩子的个性与他未来可能也从事的职业相适应。

全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现

个性（personality）在很大程度上是遗传的（inherent）——Ａ型（Atype）性格的父母通常培养出（bring about）的是Ａ型性格的子女。但是环境肯定也有很大(profound)影响，因为，如果竞争对父母重要的话，那么它很可能也成为其孩子生命中的一个重要因素。 学校是培养孩子A型性格的场所，学校本质上来说是一个极具竞争性的机构。很多的学校采用“不惜一切代价取胜”的道德标准（moral standard），通过炫耀（sport）所取得的成就来评估（measure）孩子们是否成功。目前，要孩子与同学竞争，或要孩子与时间赛跑的热情(passion)导致了双层体系(twolayer system)的形成，在这个体系中，具有竞争性的Ａ型孩子

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

在某些方面似乎比他们的Ｂ型伙伴表现得好。但是，太注重于取胜可能产生危险的后果（consequence）:不要忘了第一位马拉松运动员费帝派迪斯，在说完“欢呼吧，我们胜利了！”之后几秒钟，他便倒地而亡了。

到目前为止，学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是对考试的过分强调。允许学生注重（concentrate）那些他们做得好的事情的学校廖廖无几。通过考试竞争的好处（merit）还是有些可疑，但是，在确实知道有人会不及格的情况下进行竞争肯定有害。 很显然，把所有Ａ型个性的青少年都变成Ｂ型则既不现实（practical），也不可取。这个世界需要不同类型的人，学校有重大责任尽量使每个孩子的个性适合其将来可能的职业（employment）。这才是最好的管理理念。

如果学校专注于(preoccupation)学术工作（academic work）的职责被减弱(lessen)，那么学校可能会有更多的时间用于培养孩子更重要的价值观。也许选择护理专业（caring profession）,尤其是医疗护理专业，可以少考虑化学成绩的好坏，而多考虑诸如敏感性（sensitivity）和同情心（sympathy）这样的因素。只从Ａ型个性的人中挑选医生的确不对。Ｂ型性格的人非常重要，应该受到鼓励。 分段导读

本文是一篇关于学校教育环境对人的性格的影响的教育学文章。

第一段，作者明确指出，人的个性（A或B型）在很大程度上是先天决定的，但是后天环境也有影响。比如说竞争的环境对性格形成的作用。

第二段和第三段，指出学校过分强调考试并且让孩子们热衷于获胜的环境培养了具有竞争性的A型儿童。

第四段和第五段，指出学校的重要职责应该是使儿童的个性适合于他将来的职业，应该向儿童传授稳定的价值观，而不是光看重学业成绩。 答案详解

63.根据本文所述，Ａ型个性的人通常 。

［Ａ］没有耐心 ［Ｂ］体贴 ［Ｃ］积极进取 ［Ｄ］使人愉悦 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｃ，答对率为61% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】题干要求考生回答Ａ型性格的特征。此题的解题关键是找出出现描述Ａ型性格的

词的句子。在第二段首句，出现“one place where children soak up A characteristics is school...which is a highly competitive institution”。本段第三句出现“competitive A types”,上述两处这表明Ａ型儿童的特征是“competitive”。因此只要在选项中找到与“competitive”意义相近之词便可以了。competitive意为“好竞争的”，而Ｃ选项“aggressive”与之意思很接近，为正确答案。Ａ选项、Ｂ选项和Ｄ选项均与“好竞争的”毫无瓜葛，故排除。

命题意图是要求考生根据文中信息找出描述Ａ型特征的词，再进行解释。注意这道题其实是一个变相的词语释义题，是让考生找出关键词“competitive”之后再解释。

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

64.作者对学校里的考试制度表示强烈反对，因为 。 ［Ａ］学生所受的压力太大 ［Ｂ］有些学生肯定及格不了

［Ｃ］不及格率太高 ［Ｄ］考试结果令人置疑

【答案及考生答对率】 Ｂ，答对率为27% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】题干要求考生回答作者为什么强烈反对学校中的考试制度。在第三段首句“学校

最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视”中，作者就提出自己对考试的否定态度；接着在末句直接指出否定它的原因：“在明知有人考试会通不过的情况下（certain knowledge of failure）还要进行竞争，则肯定是有害的。”而Ａ和Ｃ在文中均未涉及，故排除。Ｄ选项与该段第三句的内容不一致。Ｂ选项恰合此意，为正确答案。Ｂe bound to意思是：一定，必定。

65.目前，选择医学专业者是建立于 的基础上的。 ［Ａ］报考者的敏感性 ［Ｂ］学术成就 ［Ｃ］竞争精神 ［Ｄ］更可靠的价值观

【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为78% 【考核题型】 推理题

【解析】题干要求考生回答当前选用医疗护理人员的标准。在文章末段第二句作者认为

“...selection for...medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy”挑选医务人员的标准应该多关注他们的灵敏性和同情心，而少参照他们的化学成绩。这里grades有“成绩，分数”的意思。言下之意是当前在挑选时过多的考虑了学业成绩，因此，Ｂ选项应该是正确答案。

而Ａ选项和D选项都正是作者希望受到重视的一个方面，不是现况。Ｃ选项是Ａ型学生的特点，但是文中并未说选择医疗工作者以此为标准。

注意：文章末段基本上是虚拟语气，即所给的细节和情况都与现在的事实相反。试题问的是现在的情况，因此需要将原句的意思反说方可找到正确答案。

66.根据本文，我们可以总结出: 。 ［Ａ］孩子的个性在出生时就已确定 ［Ｂ］家庭影响决定一个人性格的形成 ［Ｃ］一个人个性的发展受许多因素影响

［Ｄ］Ｂ型个性的人在竞争性社会中找不到立足之地 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｃ，答对率为27% 【考核题型】 归纳题

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

【解析】题干要求考生回答从文章中得出的结论。在文章第一段，作者指出：人的个性在

很大程度上是先天决定的；继而用but一词，引出后天环境的影响；在随后的段落中，作者着重分析学校教育环境对个性发展的影响，尤其是通过考试竞争，主张学校不要过分看重竞争，要鼓励孩子多种个性的发展。由此可以推论Ｃ选项概括了文章的要点，为正确答案。

Ａ选项与首段第二句谈到的观点矛盾。Ｂ选项中“dominate”一词过于绝对。文中的观点是儿童性格的形成既由先天决定，又有环境影响，未分轻重。Ｄ选项与作者的观点相反，作者在第三段“the world need types”和第四段末句“Bs are important, and should be encouraged”多次提到世界需要各种性格的人，特别是Ｂ型性格的人。

文章难句精析

1.【文章难句】But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is

important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

【结构分析】该句的主干是“environment must have a profound effect”,后面是since引导的原

因状语从句，其中又含有if引导的条件从句。分号后的“it”指的是competition。

【参考译文】但是环境也应该对其有深远的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要，那它

也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。

2.【文章难句】The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a twolayer system, in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their Btype fellows.

【结构分析】该句的主干是“The current passion...produces a twolayer system”。

【参考译文】目前热衷于让孩子们与同学竞争或与时间赛跑产生了一种双重体制，在这种体

制中，竞争型的A型孩子在某种程度上似乎比B型性格的学生要好。

核心词汇或短语回顾 ①inherent [ in'hi?r?nt ] adj.固有的，内在的，天生的 ②offspring [ '?fspri?; (US) '?:f- ] n.子孙，后代；结果，产物 ③sport achievements 夸耀成就 ④rejoice [ ri'd??is ] v. (使)欣喜，（使）高兴 ⑤merit [ 'merit ] n.优点，价值，功绩 v.值得，应得 ⑥lessen [ 'lesn ] v.减少，减轻 ⑦inherit [ in'herit ] v.继承

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

Passage 5

文章大意

人们的行为是否理智，记忆起了巨大的作用，它是人们推理的前提。人们掌握技能，解决问题的能力都离不开记忆。

虽然说练习对记忆有帮助，但长时间不练就会遗忘。遗忘是为了适用，为了生存。在考虑遗忘的进化时，难免会想到如果没有“遗忘”将发生什么。没有遗忘，人就失去时间概念，生活就会变得混乱不堪。因此，遗忘似乎更有助于生存。还有一种观点把记忆系统假设成一个容量有限的系统。而这系统是通过遗忘来生存。这样一来，遗忘的多少就和已经学习了多少直接有关，有一个输入和输出的平衡。 全文精译、答案出处及重点词汇再现

以前的经历会影响以后的行为，这表明存在一种显而易见但却非凡的脑力活动—记忆。没有通常所称的记忆的作用，人不可能学习。反复练习对记忆有很大影响，使得人们能够熟练地演奏（performance）钢琴，背诵诗歌，甚至能够朗读并理解这些诗词。所谓的智力行为需要记忆，记忆是推理所需的一个基本条件。解决任何问题，甚至意识到存在问题的能力都依赖记忆。很典型的是，决定横穿一条马路也取决于对许多以前经历的记忆。

练习(或称复习)就是建立并保持对某一任务或所学材料的记忆。如果一段时间不练习，那么所学的东西就容易被遗忘；其适应性结果也就显得不太明显。但是，突然忘记某事的戏剧性情况可以被看作具有适应性(adaptive)。从这个意义上来说，遗忘能力可以被解释为动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力。实际上，一个人对某次痛苦(painful)的情感经历的记忆会导致严重的焦虑，而忘却这些可能会减轻（relief）痛苦。然而，进化论的（evolutionary）解释可能会使人难以理解常见的逐渐遗忘过程是如何在自然选择中幸存下来的。 在考虑记忆的进化（evolution）以及记忆的所有可能方面时，考虑一下如果记忆不减退（fade）将会发生什么是有好处的。遗忘确实有助于（aid）定位（orientation）时间，因为以前的记忆会淡化（weaken），而新近的记忆就会突出，这就为推算持续的时间（duration）提供了线索。没有遗忘，适应能力就会受影响；比如，已学会的行为十年来可能一直正确，但是现在可能不再正确了。记载有这样的例子：有些人很少遗忘（按一般标准），因而他们的日常生活一团糟（full of confusion）。所以，遗忘似乎对个体和整个物种（species）的生存都有帮助。

另一种思路则假定（assume）记忆的储存体系（storage system）容量（capacity）有限，这种体系专门通过遗忘提供适应的灵活性（flexibility）。根据这种观点，应该不断调整（adjustment）学习或者记忆的存储——输入（input）和遗忘——输出（output）。实际上，有证据表明：人的遗忘速度与他们学了多少东西有直接关系。这类资料为当今(contemporary)假设输入与输出保持平衡的记忆模式（model）提供了有力的证据。 分段导读

本文是一篇关于记忆和遗忘方面的心理学的文章。文章从记忆的作用入手，谈及遗忘的重要性，并从心理学原理解释两者之间的关系。

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第一段，讲述记忆的作用。

第二段和第三段，开始谈及遗忘的重要性，认为遗忘是人类适应生存的表现；并指出若没有遗忘，人类将难以吸收新东西，其适应性会受影响，其至生活会出混乱。 最后一段，通过记忆储存系统储量有限的原理去解释遗忘这个适应的灵活性。 答案详解

67.根据进化论的观点， 。

［Ａ］由于缺乏练习，遗忘明显是非适应性的

［Ｂ］如果一个人突然很健忘，那么他的适应性肯定很强 ［Ｃ］逐渐遗忘的过程表明一个人有适应性 ［Ｄ］突然遗忘可能产生适应性的结果 【答案及考生答对率】 Ｄ，答对率为56% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】题干要求考生回答哪个符合进化论对遗忘的观点。第二段的内容是有关于从进化

论解释遗忘该段第二、三和第四句谈到“有一段时间缺乏实践，学到的东西往往就会忘记(逐渐遗忘），其适应性结果也就显得不太明显。然而戏剧性地突然遗忘的例子也可以被看作具有适应性，即动物在自然选择的过程中幸存下来的能力”，但是末句又谈到“进化论的解释可能很难解释渐进的遗忘过程是如何经过自然选择幸存下来的。”因此可以推知Ｄ选项“突然失去记忆会产生适应性结果”是正确的观点。 Ａ选项错在“obviously”，原文第二句只提到适应性结果不太明显。Ｂ选项中两个very夸大暗示原文没有遗忘与适应性之间的正比关系是对第三句的篡改。Ｃ选项与最后一句文意相反。

命题意图是要求考生理解第二段中作者如何论述渐进性的遗忘和突然性遗忘与适应性的关系。

68.根据本文，如果一个人从不遗忘，那么 。 ［Ａ］他将活得最好 ［Ｂ］他将遇到许多麻烦 ［Ｃ］他的学习能力将得到提高 ［Ｄ］记忆的进化就将停止

【答案及考生答对率】 B，答对率为30% 【考核题型】 细节题

【解析】题干要求考生回答如果一个人从不遗忘会有什么后果。第三段一开始就指出要思

考一下记忆不衰退会产生的结果，接着第四句论证说，忘事少的人，他们的日常生活充满了困惑。同时第二段第五句也提到，当一个人对一件很痛苦的感情经历难以忘怀而导致严重焦虑时，忘却可以带来解脱。也就是说，忘记不了就清除不了烦恼。因此Ｂ选项为上述思想的概括，其中，a lot of trouble对应full of confusion。

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

Ａ选项与第三段第三句“没有忘却，适应性能力会受损”意思不符。Ｃ选项与原文第四段：“人的记忆存储系统储量有限，学习与忘却之间不断地调节”内容矛盾。因此不忘，就无法再存储新的知识，故Ｃ不正确。Ｄ选项与第三段内容不符。过于绝对。

注意：考生可根据题干的if a person never forgot和第四段首句的if memories failed to fade，迅速定位到段落。

69.从最后一段，我们了解到： 。 ［Ａ］遗忘是对学习的反应

［Ｂ］记忆的存储系统是一个平衡输入与输出精确的系统 ［Ｃ］记忆是对遗忘的一种补偿

［Ｄ］因为遗忘，所以记忆的存储系统的容量有限 【答案及考生答对率】 Ａ，答对率为41% 【考核题型】 段落主旨题

【解析】题干要求考生回答从最后一段得出什么样的结论。最后一段认为，人的记忆存储

系统储量有限，它通过忘却一些东西去提供适应的灵活性。学习或记忆储存（输入）与忘却（输出）之间始终不断地调节，已经达到出入平衡。因此Ａ选项符合文章含义，为正确答案。

Ｂ选项过于绝对，不合文章内容。Ｃ选项把记忆与遗忘的关系搞错，二者并非补偿关系，只不过都是记忆系统的组成部分。而Ｄ选项不正确。原文只说遗忘使记忆系统更具适应力，不是说它使记忆存储系统具有有限性。

注意：干扰项中可能大量使用原文中提到的词语，其增加或减少都会促成错误答案，考生一定要仔细辨认。如：该题干扰选项出现的memory storage system, imited, capacity, input-output, balance等。

70.本文中，作者力图诠释 的作用。

［Ａ］记忆 ［Ｂ］遗忘 ［Ｃ］适应 ［Ｄ］体验 【答案及考生答对率］ Ｂ，答对率为78% 【考核题型】 主旨题

【解析】题干要求考生回答全文的主题。本文共四段，文章一开头提到了记忆，但接下来

谈的是与记忆相对的遗忘现象，见文章第二、三、四段，讲到了遗忘与记忆的关系，与遗忘的作用。由此可见Ｂ选项是文章内容重点讨论的对象，而且forgetting在文中出现的频率也非常高即主题。而Ａ选项、Ｃ选项和Ｄ选项都不是主题。 注意：解此类题，要特别注意综合各段中心大意，或找出文中出现频率偏高的词。

文章难句精析

1.【文章难句】That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but

nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.

【结构分析】这句话是对remembering(记忆)下的一个定义，意为“过去的经历能够影响随

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

后的行为，这种显而易见但却十分重要的活动就叫做记忆”。例如：第一次去上英语课是在１号楼，那么以后上英语课都去１号楼。这就是对做过的事情产生了记忆，从而影响以后的行为。该句子为主体为主系表结构，主语由一套有完整的主谓宾的句子充当。

【参考译文】以前的经历会影响以后的行为，这表明存在一种显而易见但却非凡的脑力活

动—记忆。

2.【文章难句】Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on

the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.

【结构分析】这句话的关键在于短语such...as to（这样的……以至于……），as to之后可以

接动词短语，表示导致的结果。这里as to后面接的lead to(导致，引起)，有三个宾语：skilful performance on the piano(熟练演奏钢琴)，recitation of a poem(背诵诗歌)和reading and understanding these words(正在读的和理解中的文字，这里的these words指的就是作者写的，也是读者正在读的这篇文章)。

【参考译文】不断的练习对记忆产生的影响是使我们能熟练地演奏钢琴，背诵诗歌，甚至能

够朗读并理解这些诗词。

核心词汇或短语回顾 ①duration [ dju?'rei??n ] n.持久；期间；持续时间 ②durable [ 'dju?r?bl ] adj.持久的，耐久的 ③flexibility [ .fleks?'biliti ] n.柔韧性，灵活性 ④flexible [ 'fleks?bl ] adj.柔韧的，易弯曲的，灵活的 ⑤gross [ gr?us ] adj.总的；（重）的；粗鲁的，粗俗的 n.总额 ⑥evolutionary interpretation 进化论的解释 ⑦orientation in time 时间定位 ⑧line of thought 思路

Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation

文章大意

由于人们使用的测验方式不当，就使得有人认为标准化心理测试并不能达到测量的真正目的，但这种认识是错误的。所使用信息的质量及对测试进行解释的能力影响着测试的有效性。另外，与所做的能力素质测量能否界定也很有关系。更何况它也有力所不能及之处。

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

全文精译、题目出处及英汉对照

The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress.(71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades, research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.(72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is.The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.(73)Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.Properly used,they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized,but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been,had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 标准化教育测试或心理测试目前广泛应用于协助选拔、分类、委派或提升学生、雇员和军事人员：这些测试一直是某些人近些年来在书籍、杂志、日报、乃至国会中抨击的目标。（71）把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为，在挟击这类测试时，批评者没有考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具，其各种特性是可以在规定的条件下用相当的精度来测定。测试的结果是有价值，还是无意义的，甚至是误导的，部分取决于这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试使用者。

所有对未来表现有见地的预测都是以在某种程度上了解有关过去的表现为基础的：学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或一切符合需要的信息。(72)这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用的信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不完全的，而且，这些预测总是会有错误的。

应该根据这种观点去考察标准化考试。标准化测试提供了快速、客观地得到某些信息的方法。这些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、他所获得的技能，或者是他属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息，从性质上讲，和其他种类的信息一样都具有优缺点。(73)因此，在某一特定环境下，究竟是采取测试还是其他种类的信息，或者两者同时并用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。 (74)一般说来，当需要测定的特征能十分精确地界定，测试的效果就最佳；反之，如果所要测定和预测的东西得不到明确的界定，那么测试的效果就最差。这些测试如能恰当使用，就能提供一种快速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被认识。但是也有许多事情，这些测试是不能胜任的：(75)例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们说明不了一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大的才干。 答案详解

71.The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-formed or incompetent users.

【考核知识点】名词译为动词和介词短语的译法。

【结构分析】本句话的主句为“The target is wrong，for...from the fault that...”；“for”引导的

是原因状语从句，连接两个并列的分句，其中第二个分句带有一个由“that”引导的定语从句，修饰“fault”；“in attacking the tests”介词短语作状语；本题得分点：“the target”的翻译；“for”引导短语作用的理解翻译；“divert...from...”的翻译；“the fault”的翻译；“that”引导句子作用的理解；“lie with”的翻译；“ill-informed or incompetene”的翻译。

【翻译要点】本题句子较简单，目的为主要测试对单词的翻译。target根据上下文应译为“把

标准化测试作为抨击目标”，不应译为“靶子，目标”意为divert attention from字面意思为“把注意力从……移开”，但此处不合汉语习惯，可转译为“没有注意到”或“没有考虑到”；lie with不可译为“躺；放”，应译为“在于”。

【词汇点滴】ill-informed意为“消息不灵通的，不甚了解的”；incompetent意为“不胜任的，

不称职的”。“不胜任的使用者”太欧化，可稍加改动，译为“使用不当”。

【参考译文】把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为，在抨击这类测试时，批评者没

有把其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当考虑进去。

72.How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

【考核知识点】 句子理解，代词指代

【结构分析】本句话是一个主从复合句，主要结构是How well the predictions...depends

on...and on the skill and wisdom with which...“how”引导的主语从句用的是被

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

动语态；谓语是“depend upon”；“the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used”等并列成分以及“the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted”为宾语；其中的“which it is interpreted”为定语从句，修饰“the skill and wisdom”，“it”指代“information”。本题得分点：“how”引导句子成分的理解；“validate”的翻译；“performance”的翻译；“reliability、appropriateness”的翻译；“used”修饰词的理解；“and on the skill...”与前面句子关系的理解；“with which”引导从句的理解。

【翻译要点】validate意为“被证实有根据或有效”。the skill and wisdom with which it is

interpreted译为“解释信息的技能和才智”。interpret在这里译为“解释”，how well应译为“在多大程度上”；Later performance译为“以后的表现”，“不可译成后来的表演”。

【词汇点滴】validated的意思可以从valid变来（有效的），推断出“证实”。

【参考译文】这些预测在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、

可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

73.Whether to use tests,other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

【考核知识点】 抽象名词的意译和代词指代。

【结构分析】本句话的主语为“whether to”...引导的主语从句“Whether to use tests, other kind of information, or both”,其中，谓语是“depend”，宾语为“the evidence”和“such factors”；介词短语“from experience concerning comparative validity”修饰“the evidence”；“as cost and availability”修饰“such factors”。本题得分点：“whether”引导句子成分的理解；“both”指代成分的理解；“from experience...”所作成分的理解；“concerning comparative validity”所作成分的理解；“comparative validity”的翻译；“and upon such...”与前面句子关系的理解；“such...as...”的翻译。

【翻译要点】此句有两个词语比较难；validity为一技术术语，译为“效度”。availability的

译法较活，指东西时可以译为“得到、买到”，指信息时可以译为“来源”。

【词汇点滴】availability是一个抽象名词，如果直译就不太符合中文习惯，可把这个词具

体化成“现有条件”。

【参考译文】因此，在某一特定环境下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或者两者

同时并用，须凭有关相对有效的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

74.In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.

【考核知识点】状语从句的翻译和句子间的对比。

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

【结构分析】这是个由连词“and ”连接的两个并列句，该连词后面的句子省去了主语“the

tests”；两个分句各有一个when引导的状语从句，第一个“when”引导的时间状语从句中，主语为“the qualities”，不定式短语“to be measured”后置修饰主语；第二个“when”引导的时间状语从句中又包括一个由“what”引导的主语从句“what is to be measured or predicted”。

【翻译要点】“in general”的翻译；“work”的翻译；“qualities”的翻译；“to be measured”所作

成分的理解及翻译；后面句中“when”引导的句子作用的理解；“what”引导句子作用的理解及翻译；“define”的翻译。

【词汇点滴】work在这里应译为“起作用”，不译为“工作”qualities是指被测人的素质；define

意为“下定义，界定”。

【参考译文】一般说来，当所要测定的特征能十分精确地界定时，测试的效果最佳；而当

所要测定和预测的东西不能明确的界定，那么测试的效果就最差。

75.For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been,had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

【考核知识点】虚拟语气，推测词义

【结构分析】这是个并列复合句，主句为“they do not compensate for gross social inequality”；

“and thus”引导的是状语从句，其后省了主语“they”；状语从句中带有一个宾语从句“how able an underprivileged youngster might have been”，还带有一个虚拟条件句“had he grown up under more favorable circumstances”。

【翻译要点】“they”指代所提到的成分的理解；“compensate for”的翻译；“gross social

inequality”的翻译；“how”引导从句作用及时态的理解；“underprivileged youngster”的翻译；“had he grown up...”的理解；“favorable”的翻译。

【词汇点滴】gross在此处意为“明了的，明显的”；inequality原意为“不平等”，此处和social

搭配，可意为“社会不公”；underprivileged原意为“没享受适当权益的”，此处属于委婉语，意为“物质条件差的”。

【参考译文】例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差

的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

Part Ⅴ Writing

作文类型 命题加提纲式作文 写作思路

首先要明确题目的含义。若考生不知道“希望工程”的英语表达，就会把题目与国家的“八

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

五计划”联系起来，结果造成跑题。

认真审题后，就按提纲的要求，从中国的现状入手，探讨“希望工程”的起源，“希望工程”的目的(旨在改变贫穷落后地区的失学儿童的教育状况)，这对改变整个中国的教育状况、提高国家全民素质是一件大事，其必要性显而易见。当然，“希望工程”是一项巨大的工程，搞好它并不容易你认为呢？这是文章考查的最后一个部分。 布局与谋篇

文章应以教育为背景，引出落后地区的失学儿童问题，探讨“希望工程”的来源，明确主题。接下来的一段探讨“希望工程”的必要性，既包括微观上的，如家庭贫困等，也包括宏观上的，如政府教育资金不足等。考生针对以上状况提出自己的建议和措施。 写作误区

（１）避免跑题。这点在审题时已分析过。

（２）避免空谈“希望工程”的必要性，致使文章减弱其社会意义。 背诵范文

It is well-known that education plays a vital role in the modernization of our country.We cannot reach our goal without a well-ducated population. Nevertheless, according to a survey revealed in China Youth, there are nearly 40 million children aged from 6 to fifteen are forced to drop out of school mainly because of poverty.

In order to resolve this serious problem, a program, which is named the “Project Hope”，is being carried out by millions of people in our country. The “Project Hope” is of great necessity. First and foremost of all, our country, being a developing country, can hardly invest a large amount of money in education. Secondly, the project is a good form in which the urban residents communicate with the rural ones. Last but not the least, the project is beneficial to the richness and stability of the whole society.

In my opinion, people should donate more money and the government should take sufficient and effective measures to receive great achievement. Only in this way, I believe, can we make the project successful.

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（红宝书版）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

1995年考研英语真题专家点评

1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语考试命题的主要依据是英语考试大纲规定的评价目标和考试内容。英语考试命题的基本要求是：较全面地考查考生的英语语言知识及读写能力，达到了规定的或预期的质量标准。不出偏题、怪题和超纲题，力争试卷的难度值控制在0.50～0.55之间。

1．试卷的词汇与语法部分沿袭了近几年的风格和难度。较全面地考查了考生的英语基本功，即：基础语法知识以及大纲“词汇表”规定的词汇和短语的用法。

2．语法改错仍是“难中之难”，考生的普遍得分不高。对今天的考生而言，试卷的词汇与语法部分仍有练习价值，可帮助考生加强基本功。

3．完型填空难度适中，多为词汇和词组辨析题，考生的普遍得分较高。

4．阅读理解有难度。它是广大考生英语能否过关的关键所在。其特点还是四个选项难于分辨。

5．英译汉其测试目的是考查考生根据上下文准确理解英语句子并用汉语正确予以表达的能力。翻译题有一些难度与文章内容过于专业有关，那些句法结构分析不通，不能利用上下文灵活推敲词义的考生只能得低分，乃至零分。考生要在翻译题上拿高分，必须做大量翻译练习。

6．本次作文为提纲性作文，比较容易，考生只需根据三个提纲展开三个段落就行。作文题在难度与效度上均较好地达到了科学检测考生的阐述性语言运用能力这一目标。题目涉及内容较宏观、普遍，与当前形式联系密切，能让不同专业学科的考生，从不同角度将题目内涵做出深浅不一的表述，同时也保证了绝大多数考生达到了规定的定量要求。但考生要有一定的知识背景才能写出有一定质量的文章。关键是考生能否用规范漂亮的语言表达出来，这需要长期的积累。

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