1995-2002学位英语真题

Non-English Major Graduate Student English Qualifying Test (GET)

December, 1995

PAPER ONE

PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 MINUTES, 15 points) Section A ( 1 point each )

Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The questions and the conversation will be spoken just once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answer and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Then on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and mark the letter that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

1. A. He was on vacation. B. He was moving furniture.

C. He was sick. D. He was working for a new company. 2. A. He does not understand it. B. He does not like it.

C. He is used to it. D. He does not have to take it.

3. A. He is interested only in her ideas. B. He will not accept a late paper from her. C. He wants her to hand in her paper immediately. D. He will accept a late paper from her. 4. A. In a kitchen. B. In a garden. C. At the pictures. D. In an office. 5. A. Five B. Four. C. Seven. D. Six.

6. A. She was experienced in riding a bicycle. B. She was riding very slowly at that moment. C. She was riding a new bike. D. Some passes-by help her.

7. A. She can't see. B. Her ears was hurt. C. She can’t hear. D. Her eyes hurt.

8. A. She feels that he won't accept anything. B. She thinks he has almost everything he wants. C. She's sure he already has a pocket calculator. D. She's afraid he wants more than she can afford.

9. A. At the jewelry store. B. Down the hall. C. From other customers. D. From a machine Section B ( 1 point each )

Directions: In this section: you will hear a longer conversation and short passage. At the end of each them, there will be some questions. All of them will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a short pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter on your answer sheet.

Question 10 through 12 are base on the following conversation.

10. A. Peter's research paper. B. Peter's composition. C.A library book. D. Peter's take-home exam. 11. A. By studying in the library. B. He was absent that day. C. He did very well. D. He did very poorly.

12. A. Talk to the professor. B. Quit working C. Get a better-paying job. D. Try to get a job on the campus. Question 13 through 15 are base on the following passage.

13. A. The development of animals. B. The development of land animal. C. The origin of sea creatures. D. The origin of human beings

14. A. Stand on their heads. B. Swim backward. C. Move on their fins. D. Swim upside down. 15. A. The appearance of tile fish. B. The size and the color of fish. C. The way the fish swims. D. The way the Fish uses its fins. PART II VOCABULARY ( 10 MINUTES, 10 POINTS ) Section A ( 0.5 point each )

Direction: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.

16. Frank and Jauntier asked their science teacher to settle the dispute once and for all. A. temporarily B. permanently C. cautiously D. decisively

17.The police found it difficult to apprehend the criminal because of the incomplete details supplied by the witness. A. sketchy B. complicated C. stern D. artistic

18.In order to maintain physical well-being, a person should eat wholesome food and get sufficient exercise. A. fresh B. stale C. well-cooked D. healthful 19. Not afraid of being fired, John Smith continued to defy the boss. A. avoid B. admire C. oppose D. guide

20. Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. A. properties B. behavior C. disadvantages D. performances 21. After a number of disagreements with the committee, the chairman decided to quit. A. resign B. dismiss C. retire D. desert 22. The experiment shows this cathode emits electrons in a controlled environment. A. submits B. gives off C. rejects D. passes by . 23. To what place are you going to haul the furniture that you no longer need. A. sell B. put C. transport D. paint 24. The zealous demonstrators were ignored by all the media of this country. A. passionate B. colorful C. rude D. clever 25. In prehistoric times, eclipses of the moon and Sun were probably terrifying to people. A. meaningful B. fascinating C. frightening D. helpful Section B (0.5 point each)

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence.

26. Lisa objected to wearing her championship pin; she didn't want to be considered ______.

A. obscure B. vain C. dishonest D. humble 27. The meeting ended when a police officer told club members that the building was on fire. A. affectedly B. fatally C. exhaustingly D. abruptly Z8.Marie fainted in the store and found herself in the hospital when she ______.

A. came along B. came back C. came to D. came out

29.The boys knew they broken the rules and regulations, and they were______happy when they were called to the headmaster's office.

A. nothing but B. all but C. anything but D. all too

30. His parents gave him many expensive toys as some form of for his lameness and inability to lay active games. A. compensation B. remedy C. treatment D. gratitude 3l. The teacher was of his duty, and he was criticized for this. A. illegible B. negligent C. illegal D. negligible 32. What I am telling you is strictly______. Don't let anyone know of it.

A. secretive B. special C. individual D. confidential 33. The beautiful flowers in the vase through lack of water.

A. decreased B. sweated C. withered D. ripened 34. She's always the way I do things, so I can hardly get along welt with her.

A. making the best of B. finding fault with C. coming up with D. having the advantage over 35. The young lady speaks so softly that her voice is not really______. A. fragile B. audible C. brittle D. decent PART III CLOZE TEST (I0 MINUTES, 15 POINTS)

Directions : Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of the most suitable word (s) marked A,B,C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the square rackets on your Answer Sheet.

Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to do, and home has become much less of a workshop. Clothes can be bought ready 36, washing can go to the laundry, food can be bought cooked, canned or 37 ,bread is baked and delivered by the baker, milk 38 on the doorstep, meals can be had at the restaurant ,the works' canteen and the school dining-room.

It is unusual now for father to 39 his trade or other employment at home, and his children rarely, 40, see him at his place of work. Boys are therefore seldom trained to 41 their father's occupation and in many towns they have a fair wide 42 of employment and so do girls. The young wage-earner often earns good money, and soon acquires a feeling of 43 independence. In textile areas it has 44 for mothers to go out to work, 45 this practice has become so widespread that the working mother is now a not unusual 46 in a child's home life the number of married women in employment having more than doubled in the last twenty-five years. With mother earning and his old children-draw 47 wages, father is seldom the 48 figure that he still was at the beginning of the Century. 49 mother work, economic advantages increase, but children lose something of 50 value if mother's employment prevent her from being home to greet them when they return from school.

36. A. made B. shaped C. set D. fixed 37. A. deserved B. preserved C. reserved D. conserved 38. A. arrives B. reaches C. transports D. transfers 39. A. persuade B. pursue C. purchase D. persecute 40. A. if ever B. if not C. if any D. if only 41. A. catch B. make C. get D. follow 42. A. distribution B. opportunity C. fate D. choice 43. A. economic B. economical C. personal D. living

44. A. customary B. essential C. fundamental D. unnecessary 45. A. or B. but C. so D. then 46. A. focus B. favor C. factor D. fear 47. A. inaccurate B. substantial C. inadequate D. standard 48. A. negative B. modest C. superior D. dominant 49. A. Even if B. Though C. Before D. When 50. A. little B. small C. large D. great PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 MINUTES, 30 POINTS)

Directions: In this part of the test, there are five passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D, and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Passage One

We use emotive language to express our own attitudes and feelings. We also direct emotive language at other people to persuade them to believe as we do or to do as we want them to do; and of course, other people direct emotive language at us to get us to believe or to do what they want.

We are subjected to a constant stream of persuasion day in, day out, at home and in school, on the radio and on

television. It comes from parents and teachers, from preachers and politicians, from editors and commentators, but, most of all, of course, from advertisers. Most of this persuasion is expressed in emotive language and is intended to appeal to our feelings rather than to be weighted up by our powers of reasoning.

We should look at the motives behind all this persuasion. Why do they want to persuade us ? What do they want us to do ? We are not thinking very clearly unless we try to see through the veil of words and realize something of the speaker's purpose.

An appeal to emotion is in itself neither good or bad. Our emotions on the highest levels and from the best of motives. A case in point is Churchill's wartime speeches: whatever people thought of Churchill as a politician, they were united behind him when he spoke as a national leader in those dark days their feelings responded to his call for resolution and unity.

It is a characteristic of social groups that the members have a feeling of personal attachment to the group -- to the family in earliest childhood and extending later to the school, the team, the church, the nation, in patterns that vary from time to time. Hence a speaker from our group will find in us feelings to which he can readily and genuinely appeal, whether our reaction is favorable or not. We are at least open to the appeal and we appreciate the context in which it is made.

51. The major functions of emotive language discussed in the passage are to______ A. extend our powers of reasoning and carry out a purpose B. advertise and produce the wanted social effects C. show one's Feelings and appeal to those of others D. make others believe in us and respond to our feeling

52. It is suggested in the third paragraph of this passage that we______

A. should keep a cool head when subjected to persuasions of various kinds B. need to judge whether a persuasion is made for good or bad C. have to carefully use our emotive language

D. should avoid being easily seen through by an appeal from others

53. The source from which emotive language flows upon us in its greatest amount is______

A. the mass media B. the educational institutions C. the religious circles D. the advertising business 54. Churchill is mentioned in the passage as______

A. an example of how people weighted up persuasion with reasoning B. a national leader who brought out people's best feelings C. a positive example of appealing to people's emotion D. a politician who has been known as a good speaker

55. What is NOT mentioned as relevant to our emotions in this passage ?

A. Social B. Personal experience C. The personality of national leaders D. Religious belief 56. It can be inferred from the passage that a persuasive speaker must______. A. find out what group his audience is attached to B. vary his speech patterns from time to time

C. know how to adapt his way of speaking to the needs of the audience D. be aware whether the listeners are favorable to his opinion or not Passage Two

As goods and services improved, people were persuaded to spend their money on changing from old to new, and found the change worth the expense. When an airline equipped itself with jets, for example, its costs (and therefore air fare) would go up, but the new planes meant such an improvement that the higher cost was justified. A new car (or wireless, washing machine, electric kettle) made life so much more comfortable than the old one that the high cost of replacement was fully repaid. Manufacturers still cry their wares as persuasively as ever, but are the improvements really worth paying for? In many field things have now reached such a high standard of performance that further

progress is very limited and very, very expensive. Airlines, for example, go to enormous expense in buying the latest prestige jets, in which vast research costs we might lose the chance of cutting minutes away from flying times: but wouldn't it be better to see air fares drop dramatically, as capital costs become relatively insignificant? Again, in the context of a 70 m.p.h. limit, with platoons of cars traveling so densely as to control each other's speeds, improvements in performance are virtually irrelevant; improvements in handling are unnecessary, as most production cars grip the road perfectly; and comfort has now reached a very high level indeed. Small improvements here are unlikely to be worth the thousands that anybody replacing an ordinary family car every two years may ultimately have spent on them. Let us instead have cars --- or wireless, electric kettles, washing machines, television sets-- which are made to last, and not to be replaced. Significant, progress is obviously a good thing; but the insignificant progression from model-change to model-change is not.

57. The author obviously is challenging the social norm that______

A. it is important to improve goods and services B. development of technology makes our life more comfortable C. it is reasonable that prices are going up all the time D. slightly modified new products are worth buying

58. According to this passage, air fares may rise because______.

A. people tend to travel by new airplanes B. the airplane has been improved

C. the change is found to be reasonable D. the service on the airplane is better than before 59. According to the author, passengers would be happier if they ______.

A. could fly in the latest model of reputable planes B. could get tickets at much lower prices C. see the airlines make vital changes in their services D. could spend less time flying in the air

60. When manufacturers have improved the performance of their products to a certain level, then it would be _____. A. justified for them to cut the price B. unnecessary for them to make any new changes

C. difficult and costly to further better them D. insignificant for them to cut down the research costs 61. In the case of cars, the author urges that we______

A. cancel the speed limit B. further improve their performance C. improve their durability D. change models every two years 62 The author's criticism is probably based on the fact that______ A. we have been persuaded to live an extravagant life today B. many products we buy turn out to be substandard or inferior

C. inflation is becoming a big problem in the world today

D. people are wasting their money on trivial technological progress Passage Three

Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women's market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated in occupation- service and clerical- that pay less than traditional male jobs .It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.

Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman's income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband's.

63. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap _____.

A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near future

B. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near future C. women's pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near future

D. salaries for males and females in the same , occupation will be equal in the near future 64. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they______ A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twenties B. are inclined to rank family second to work

C. tend to have more quarrels with ,their employers D. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves

65.Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women's concentration in certain occupations? A. Social division of labor B. Social prejudice against them C. Employment laws D. Physiological weakness

66. The word \

A. give up B. drop out C. throw away D. cut out 67. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______

A. men's jobs are subject to change B. women tend to be employed off and on at the same job C. men's chances of promotion are minimal D. women used to be employed ail the year round 68. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Women's market skills have improved greatly. B. child care is still chiefly women's work .

C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs. D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women's jobs. Passage Four

It seems that the life of a television reporter is fantastically admired by many people. But this is only one side of the coin. First, he never goes deeply into any one subject-he may be expert at mastering a brief in a short time and %up\seldom grasps with a full-scale investigation any one thing. He has to be able to forget what he was working on a few weeks before, otherwise his mind would become messed up.

Second, a reporter does not have anything lasting to show for what he does-there is no shelf of books, no studio full of paintings. He pours his life into something which flickers in shadows across a screen and is gone forever. I have seen people in many television jobs turn at the end of watching one of their own programs and say something like: \

that's all those days / weeks / months of work. Travel and worry sunk without trace.\like blowing bubbles- entertaining to do, and the bubbles numerous and pretty to look at, and all different, but all disappearing into thin air.

Third, the pace of the life is too fast. Not only is it destructive of one's private life; one does not even have time to give proper consideration to the things one is professionally concerned with not enough time to think, not enough time to read, not enough time to write one's commentary, prepare one's interviews and so on. When one disengages from it and allows one's perceptions, thinking, reading and the rest to proceed at their natural pace one gets an altogether unfamiliar sense of solidity and well--being.

Fourth, the reporter is at the mercy of events. A revolution breaks out in Cuba so he is off here on the next plane. Somebody shoots President Reagan so he drops everything he is doing and flies to Washington. He is like a puppet pulled by strings -- the strings of the world's affairs. He is not motivated from within. He does not decide for himself what he would like to do , where he would like to go, what he would like to work on . He is activated from without, and his whole life becomes a kind of reflex action, a series of high-pressure responses to external stimuli. He has ceased to exist as an independent personality.

69. A TV reporter never makes an in-depth study of a subject because______

A. he usually gets one side of the picture B. the subjects that he has to attend to often switch from one to another C. he does not know how to develop it to its full-scale D. that is the life that suits him 70. It is implied but not stated that many people______

A. know nothing about the work of a TV reporter B. think the life of a TV reporter dull and boring

C. have a biased opinion against the job of a TV reporter D. tend to underestimate the hard part of being a TV reporter 71. TV reporting, according to this passage , is something______

A. profitable for a person to take up B. interesting to do but quick to fade out C. causing a person to forget his previous work D. producing a lasting effect 72. A TV reporter is in most need of______

A. being a master of his time B. proper consideration of his profession C. a comfortable life of his own D. disengaging himself from work 73. The activities of a TV reporter are largely geared to______

A. his motivation B. his working style C. current affairs D. reflex to pressure 74. The title of this passage would best be given as______

A. What a TV Reporter Can and Cannot Accomplish B. The Sorrows of TV Professionals

C. The Confession of a TV Reporter D. The Drawbacks in the Life of a TV Reporter Passage Five

The urge to explore is innate in Man. Wherever his imagination wanders, Man seeks also to go. A large part of history is concerned with the exploration of the world in which we live. Time and again men have set out with amazing courage and resolution to probe into unknown regions and lands. They crossed the seas in flimsy boats, traversed

continents, scaled mountains, fought their way through jungles and swamps, endure untold hardships -- all to explore, to see what had not yet been seen, to make known the unknown. Nor did Man confine his movements to the surface of land and sea. With kites balloons and aircraft he left the ground to range through the lower atmosphere. Now outer space receives his attention.

The hard way to answer the question, why should Man bother about conquering space, is to attempt to list the specific practical benefits that will result. One knows, from past experience in other areas, that Man will surely see and discover new things in space, that will increase our store of scientific knowledge, and this new knowledge will find its way into valuable practical uses. What we learn about Man himself, from his experience in space, and from the effects of space and the space flight environment on him, will be invaluable. The new techniques developed to carry out the exploration of space, and to keep men alive in space, will inevitably find their way into valuable practical uses in everyday living. The areas that will benefit are manifold. They include communications, generation of power,

transportation and travel, food production, conservation of resources, navigation, human comfort and welfare, biology and medicine, materials, fuels and many others. But to state specifically just what the practical outcomes will be is virtually impossible.

75. Exploration of the unknown______

A. often results in Man's power of imagination B. is not common throughout human history C. is generally sought after by men with courage and strength D. is deeply rooted in the instinct of Man 76. Which of the following best sketches the process of Man's probe into the unknown world? A. Surface of the earth, the air and space B. Waters, mountains and forests C. Waters, mountains and forests D. Urge, imagination and courage 77. The benefits of space exploration are basically something______

A. well-specified B. hypothetical C. practical D. inevitable 78. According to this passage, the value of exploring the outer space will ultimately lie in______

A. its testimony Man's courage and resolution B. the knowledge it may help us to gain about our earth

C. the results it may bring about in the interests of Man D. Man's mastery of techniques to fly and stay alive in space 79. From this passage we can conclude that Man should have confidence in exploring space because______ A. we have directed our attention to the right object of study

B. we have accumulated experience from previous success to other fields.

Passage Three

Under pressure from animal welfare groups, two national science teachers associations have adopted guidelines that ban or prohibit classroom experiments harming animals. The National Association of Biology Teachers and the National Science Teachers Association hope to end animal abuse in elementary and secondary schools and, in turn, discourage students from mishandling animals in home experiments and science fair projects.

Animal welfare groups are apparently most concerned with high school students experimenting with animals in extracurricular projects. Barbara Orlans, president of the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, said students have been casually performing surgery, testing known toxic substances, and running other experiments on animals without even knowing normal physiology.

At one science fair, a student cut off the leg and tail of a lizard (蜥蜴) to demonstrate that only the tail can regenerate, she said. In another case, a student bound a few birds, starved the, and observed their behavior. \

Administrators of major science fairs are short-tempered over the teachers policy change and the impression it has created. The teachers \the International Science and]Engineering Fair.\cold water on students inquisitiveness, he said.

Grafton said he wouldn't deny there hasn't been animal abuse among projects at the international fair, but he added that judges reject contestants who have unnecessarily injured animals. The judges have a hard time monitoring local and regional fairs that may or may not choose to comply with the international fair's rules that stress proper care of animals, Grafton said.

He said that several years ago, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search banned harmful experiments to animals when sponsors threatened to cancel their support after animal welfare groups pressed for change.

Officials of the two teachers' organizations say that they don't know how much animals have been abused in the classroom. On the one hand, many biology teachers are not trained in the proper care of animals. On the other, use of animals in experiments has dropped in recent years because of school budget cuts. The association may set up seminars to teach better animal care to its members.

61. According to the passage, animal welfare groups have succeeded in____ A. stopping all animal abuse in schools.

B. urging two national science teachers associations to adopt an animal protection policy. C. banning animals from being experimented with in extracurricular projects. D. establishing laws that ban school experiments harming animals. 62. From the passage we can infer that____

A. some experiments with animals performed by students are unnecessarily cruel. B. it is dangerous for students to perform surgery because they are too young. C. animals should not be killed because many of them are becoming extinct. D. younger students are crueler than elder ones in treating animals. 63. Why are administrators of science fairs angry?

A. Because teachers do not seem to support science fairs. B. Because they have been cheated by Barbara Orlans.

C. Because they have been held responsible for butchering animals. D. Because they think home animal experiments shouldn't be banned.

64. Which of the following is NOT an inference from Grafion's account of Westinghouse Science Talent Search? A. Grafton and his colleagues have always been resisting harmful experiments on animals. B. Banning harmful animal experiments may mean running the risk of losing financial support. C. Animal welfare groups have been closely watching any possible harm done to animals. D. There had been no animal abuse found in the Westinghouse projects.

65. Compared with home experiments or science fair projects, the situation in classroom animal abuse seems____ A. worse due to lack of funding. B. more difficult to define. C. better because of teachers' training. D. tough to be controlled. 66. Thurman Grafton suggests that____

A. animal abuse is horrible and should be terminated in any circumstances.

B. the teachers are making a wrong change in policy to ban all animal experiments.

C. the International Science and Engineering Fair will cease to operate because of the new policies. D. experiments on animals will help develop students' curiosity.

67. It can be seen from the passage that the teachers ban harmful experiments to animals in order to____ A. maintain ecological balance. B. please animal welfare groups.

C. get financial support from their sponsors. D. protect necessary harmless experiments on animals. Passage Four

Music is the result of thought in the form of attitude, or stance. There is no one way of thinking, since men's values are as scattered and dissimilar as individual men themselves. If black music can be seen as the result of certain attitudes, certain specific ways of thinking about the world, then my basic hypothesis about music is understood. The black man's music changed as the changed, reflecting shifting attitudes or consistent attitudes within change contexts. It is why the music changed that seems most important to me.

When jazz first began to appear on the American scene during the twenties, in one form or another, it was

introduced in many instances by white Americans.Yet its original conception and its most vital development were the result of certain attitudes, or empirical ideas, attributable to the Afro-American culture. Jazz as played by white

musicians was not the same as that played by black musicians nor was there any reason for it to be. The music of the white jazz musician was, at its most profound, a learned art.

The blues, for example, which I take to be an autonomous black music, was practically ignored in pre-jazz white American culture. Blues is an extremely important part of jazz. However, the way in which jazz utilizes the blues \music. The white musician understood the blues first as music, but seldom as an attitude, since the attitude of the white musician was necessarily quite a different one. And in many cases, it was not consistent with the making of jazz.

Thus, the trumpets of Bix Beiderbecke and Louis Armstrong were very dissimilar. The white middle-class boy from Iowa was an inborn intellectual and had an emotional life that was based on his conscious or unconscious disapproval of most of the ritual of his culture. On the other hand, Armstrong was, in terms of an emotional archetype, an honored priest of his culture. He was not rebelling against anything with his music. The incredible irony of the situation was that both stood in similar places in the superstructure of American society: Beiderbecke, because of his isolation and deviation from mass culture; and Armstrong, because of the socio-historical separation of the black man from the rest of American.

68. Which of the following best states the underlying idea of the passage?

A. Because of environmental influences, the music of black and white artists must be very different. B. Because it is the result of thought, the music of black artists can be learned by white musicians.

C. Because jazz is primarily a musical form created on inspiration, it is difficult for one musician to copy the style of another.

D. Because music has social significance, its influence on black white relations should not be underestimated.

69. With which of the following statements about the relationship between blues and jazz in American culture would the author be most likely to agree?

A. Jazz placed more emphasis on Afro-American culture than did the blues. B. Jazz changed the attitudes of white musicians toward Afro-American culture.

C. Jazz was based on the blues attitude, but expressed it in a manner that was comprehensible to white musicians. D. Jazz was a form of music that had to be understood in order to be played, whereas the blues had to be learned. 70. Why does the author the blues an important part of jazz? A. It expresses the attitude from which jazz developed. B. It formed the musical foundation for jazz.

C. It provided a way to merge black's and white's attitudes to music. D. It provided a transitional style from older to more modern jazz form. 71. The tone of the author's discussion of the blues is primarily one of____

A. indifference. B. appreciation. C. curiosity D. uncertainty. 72. The author states that he is primarily concerned with discussing____

A. the stability of attitudes and contexts. B. the ways in which changing social contexts affect attitudes. C. changes in jazz forms since the twenties. D. human factors influencing musical change. 73. According to the author, Beiderbecke and Armstrong were similar in which of the following?

A. The attitudes they brought to their music. B. Their ability to reflect other cultures in their music. C. Their relationships to the cultures of their ancestors. D. The positions they came to hold in American society. 74. The author implies that the kinds of music produced by Beiderbecked and Armstrong differ greatly because____ A. the attitudes of blacks and whites as reflected in their music are necessarily different. B. Beiderbecke's intellectualism hampered his development as a musician. C. rebellion acted as a destructive force on Beiderbecke's performance.

D. Armstrong was well established as a performer and Beiderbecke was not. Passage Five

Different types of premodern societies can be identified not only on the bases of their family and kinship structures and their methods of production, but also on the basis of their political systems--that is, the procedures they adopt to regulate social relations among their members. Broadly, two types of political systems can be distinguished among premodern peoples: states and stateless societies.

States possess centralized authority, administrative bodies, and judicial organs--in short, a government. Stated may contain only one ethnic (种族的)group, or they may include several distinct peoples. In either case, a central ruler, usually a king or supreme chief, has authority over all the people in a given territory, whether they belong to one ethnic group or to many. The ruler's power may be abused, but such power is recognized as legitimate. Disputes between

individuals, authority usually possesses an organized armed force that can carry out its will. In such societies, differences of wealth, privilege, and status are common and usually correspond closely to differences in power and authority. Stateless societies lack centralized authority. This does not mean, however, that they have no political system. It means that their system is hard for many people to understand. In such societies lineage (descent), not territory, is the basis of social organization. In one common pattern, everyone in a village belongs to one of two lineage groups that are believed to share a common ancestor. Most social activities (such as planting or marketing) are carried out within these

groups. The whole village population, however, forms one lineage unit in relation to the population of a nearby village, with whom they are believed to share a more distant ancestor. The same is true at higher levels.

In these societies there are no permanent governing bodies; there are only relations between groups. When members of two lineage groups in a village have a dispute, elders of the two groups mediate. Disputes involving persons in two villages are settled by the elders of the villages. If force is used, it must be met with opposing force: there is no central armed force to which an individual or a group can appeal.

In stateless societies, extremes of wealth and status are rare because they threaten the consensus on which such societies depend. Yet stateless societies need not be small. Populations as high as on million have been organized on this basis. Nor are stateless societies necessarily different from states in actual kinship structures, religious practices, or methods of production.

75. According to the passage, states and stateless societies differ primarily in____ A. the methods of production they use. B. the size of their populations. C. their religious beliefs and kinship rules. D. their authority structures. 76. Which is true of premodern states referred to in the passage?

A. They may have significantly greater social tensions than stateless societies. B. There are no sharp differences of status among the members. C. They are always composed of several distinct ethnic groups. D. They have higher populations than stateless societies.

77. According to the passage, which statement best describes the relationship between wealth and political power? A. Extremes of wealth are most likely when there is no central authority.

B. Political power and wealth are most likely to be concentrated in different hands. C. Centralized authority is only possible if no grou0p has extreme wealth.

D. The distribution of wealth and that of political power are likely to be similar.

78. Premodern states possess specialized administrative bodies, while stateless societies do not, most probably because premodern states____

A. are more economically developed. B. experience a larger number of disputes among their citizens. C. have permanently existing governments. D. experience more challenges to the territorial unity of the society. 79. The author probably thinks that the political system in stateless societies is \(paragraph 3) because____

A. such societies have been insufficiently studied.

B. little is known about how such societies actually function.

C. the political system in such societies is very different from that in most modem societies.

D. although such societies do manage their affairs, they cannot accurately be said to have a political system. 80. According to the passage, an agricultural society could be____

A. a state. B. a stateless society. C. either A or B D. neither A nor B.

PAPER TWO

PART V TRANSLATION (40 minutes, 20 points) Section A (20 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II. The way that people spend their money, and the objects on which they spend it, are the last areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed. The choice reflects personal taste, the way people see themselves and the fantasies they have about their lives, the restrictions on money available to them, the presence of others in the family with a claim on that money, and the influence of current convention, upbring, surroundings and locality. Shopping is an important human activity.

Yet shoppers are faced with a confusing situation and a rapidly changing one. The confusion arises from the claims made by advertising, from inadequate information about products, new products, new materials, new places to shop--a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a wider choice of goods than ever before. Section B (20 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: Put the following paragraph into English.Write your English Version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II. 地球上生物物种估计在500万到800万之间，其中科学家已经记叙的才140种。专家认为，在今后的20-30年，25%的世界生物物种有面临灭绝的危险，这对世界范围的农业、医学和工业将造成严重的影响。 PART VI WRITING (30 minutes, 10 points)

A Letter to the Chairman of Your Department

Directions: Write a letter to the chairman of your department, giving him or her your comments on the school work during the past semester. You can make complaints, offer constructive suggestions or affirmative evaluation on the courses available to you, or on classroom teaching, lab work, research sources or any other aspects of the education you are receiving. Don't try to touch on all the problems at one time, because this is going to be a short letter of no less than 120 words.

Key For your Reference

Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. D ll. A 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. A Part Ⅱ Vocabulary

16. C 17. D 18. A 19. C 20. B 21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. B

26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. D 31. A 32. C 33. C 34. B 35. B Part Ⅲ Cloze Test

36. D 37. C 38. D 39. B 40. A 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. A 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. C Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension

51. D 52. B 53. A 54. C 55. C 56. A 57. C 58. B 59. B 60. A 61. B 62. A 63. C 64. D 65. B 66. D 67. B 68. A 69. C 70. B 71. B 72. D 73. D 74. A 75. D 76. A 77. D 78. C 79. C 80. C Part Ⅴ Translation Section A: English to Chinese

人们花钱的方式及花钱买什么样的东西，是仅存的可以表现个人爱好(选择)及个性的生活领域了。这种爱好反映个人品位，对自己的看法，对生活的憧憬，经济条件的局限，共同消费的家庭成员，以及社会当前的习俗、教养、环境、地段对个人的影响。购物是一项重要的人类活动。

然而，购物者们正面对一种急速变化、令人困惑的局面，这种困惑来自广告的宣传，来自对产品、新产品、新材料、新购物地点等情况的缺乏了解——这种困惑因物价不断上涨，物品选择范围比以前任何时候更大而加剧。 Section B: Chinese to English

Estimates of the number of living species on Earth vary from 5 million to 8 million, of which only 1.4 million have been described. Experts believe that 25 percent of the Earth's total biological diversity is at the risk of extinction during the next 20 to 30 years, with serious world-wide implications for agriculture, medicine and industry.

June, 1997

PAPER ONE

PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 minutes, 15 points) Section A ( 1 point each )

Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each

conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The questions and the conversations will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A. B, C or D on your Answer sheet.

1. A. Traveling a lot. B. Working too hard.

C. Waiting for the train. D. Getting a lot of exercise. 2. A. About their friend Vicks. B. About their children.

C. About Vicky's new home. D. About a new way of cooking.

3. A. Students. B. Passengers C. Businesspersons. D. Reporters.

4. A. At ten o'clock. B. At ten thirty C. At eleven o'clock. D At eleven thirty. 5. A. They have the same amount of memory, but one is faster.

B. They are the same speed and have the same amount of memory. C. One has more memory and is faster.

D. The slower one has a greater capacity for memory.

6. A. He was released from the hospital. B. He is angry because he is in the hospital. C. He writes his article as usual. D. He has stopped writing because he is ill. 7. A. The winter has just begun. B. Once it starts, it'll snow a lot.

C. They're ready for the snow. D. It has been snowing for some time.

8. A. He wants to stay in school longer after graduation. B. He needs more credits before he can graduate. C. He is going to drop out of school. D. He has taken all his classes in his major. 9. A. \ B. \ C. \ D. \Section B (1 point each)

Directions: In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, there will be some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read to you only once. After' each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet.

10. A. In San Francisco. B. Near the island of Nimi. C. In the Pacific Ocean. D. Along the U.S. Coast.

11. A. The earthquake was serious. B. New earthquakes are not expected. C. An island was destroyed. D. It was a mild earthquake.

12. A. They will be of high intensity. B. They will occur along the coast

C. More earthquakes of unknown intensity will occur. D. They are predicted to occur 100 miles away. 13. A. Literature. B. Geography. C. Statistics. D. Biology.

14. A. They will have to repeat the previous session. B. They will not be given any special consideration. C. They will be dropped from the class. D. They will have to stay outside the lab.

15. A. They can make up the classes if they pay. B. They may be allowed to remain if they have a good excuse. C. They will have to repeat the lecture and the lab class. D. They can complete the lecture first. PART II VOCABULARY ( 10 minutes, I0 points) Section A ( 0.5 point each )

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer sheet. 16. She was a short, sturdy woman in her late riffles. A. clever B. stubborn C. energetic D. strong 17. A wholesome diet is a must for energy and alertness. A. delicious B. healthy C. favorable D. luxurious 18. She asked each of us .in turn what we had been doing. A. in progress B. in succession C. in vain D. in consequence

19. The task won't feel so overwhelming if you break it down into small, easy-to-accomplish steps.

A. overpowering B. overpassing C. overtaking D. overthrowing

20. The managers are talking about the necessity of supporting such attributes as personal motivation and pride of their employees.

A. advantages B. shortcomings C. interests D. qualifies

21. In order to maximize profits, the manufacturer is looking for suitable ways of expanding production. A. measure B. assess C. increase D. reduce

22. It was reassuring to hear John's familiar voice; we haven't heard from him for a long time. A. comforting B. distressing C. offending D. defending

23. The president-elect made a speech in which he repeatedly affirmed a commitment to lower taxes. A. raised B. protested C. offered D. confirmed 24. He said that after the tournament he would probably leave the team for good. A. permanently B. temporarily C. simultaneously D. instantly

25. The most perceptive of the three, she was the first to realize the potential danger of their - situation. A. reflective B. responsible C. curious D. insightful Section B (0.5 point each)

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. 26. In order to solve a difficult problem, scientists often start with a_____.

A. prohibition B. hypothesis C. conformation D. modification 27. A dog ran in front of the ear and the driver____ to avoid knocking it down. A. swerved B. withheld C. swayed D. transferred

28. Many farm families were isolated from their neighbors. The____ was because of the large distances between farms.

A. dispersion. B. separation C. distribution D. exclusion 29. I think Tom has become more ___ of opinions different from his own. A. endurable B. tolerable C. tolerant D. bearing

30. The arguments for and against the scheme have been _____ in a booklet which will appear shortly. A. set up B. set out C. set back D. set about

31. The public security personnel have taken all the _____ they can against the precious painting being stolen on exhibition.

A. attentions B. considerations C. calculation D. precautions

32. The drivers who refuse to_____ with the traffic regulations in the rush hours receive a severe punishment. A. connect B. confine C. comply D. conform 33. He raised a problem which is hard enough to______ even the teacher.

A. fascinate B. perplex C. induce D. manipulate 34. The naughty boy was ____ severely for his rude behavior.

A. reproached B. esteemed C. expelled D. fascinated 35. In spite of the difficulties we were facing, we decided to _____ to the program. A. adhere B. subject C. prefer D. appeal PART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 15 points)

Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of the most suitable word(s) marked A,B,C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word(s) you have chosen on your Answer Sheet. Communication is further complicated when people do not share the same culture. Think of 36 you show

embarrassment, for example. 37 are that you blush or lower your head. By contrast when embarrassed, Japanese 38 laugh or giggle, while Arabs 39 their tongues slightly.

Understanding the meaning of a message requires special 40 and skills when business communicators are from different culture. Negotiators for an American company learned this lesson when they were in Japan looking for a

trading 41 in the Far East. The Americans were quite pleased after their first meeting with 42 of a major Japanese firm. The Japanese had nodded assent throughout the meeting and had not 43 to a single proposal. The next day, 44 , the Americans were stunned to learn that the Japanese had rejected the entire plan. In 45 the nonverbal behavioral messages, the Americans made a typical mistake. They assumed the Japanese were nodding __46 agreement, as fellow Americans would. In this case, however, the nods of assent indicated comprehension- not approval.

11. A. Philosophy. B. Education. C. Psychology. D. Mathematics. 12. A. A teacher. B. A shop assistant. C. A hotel boy. D. A mechanic. Passage 2 Questions 13 through 15 are based on the following passage.

I3. A. Come to school to pick up their lunch. B. read the handout the teacher prepared. C. Write a report in their laboratory notebooks. D. Bring some warm clothes with them.

14. A. To learn about the members of the pine tree family. B. To participate a discussion of their family members. C. To study how a bank works. D. To pass a test of a required course. 15. A. Chemistry. B. Botany. C. Fine Arts. D. Geology. PART II VOCABULARY ( 10 minutes, 10 points) Section A ( 0.5 point each )

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.

16. The United States has not only a diversity of geography and climate but also of people; people from all over the world have settled in the United States.

A. distinction B. division C. variety D. variability

17. The driver who failed to yield the right-of-way and ignored the stop sign was charged with negligence. A. ignorance B. negation C. carelessness D. violation

18. Our neighborhood is just over there; my house sticks out and you can't miss it. A. stands up B. stands out C. stands for D. stands high 19. He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health. A. rejected B. inclined C. hospitalized D. isolated

20. Although we all know that honesty is the best policy, fraud is often used in many business deals. A. pretension B. kidnapping C. deceit D. forgery

21. The stock market has become the breeding ground for millionaires as well as fortune-losers. A. fostering B. drilling C. lodging D. meddling

22. Aided by a computer system, the Japanese manager was able to interview the English-speaking candidate without an interpreter.

A. representative B. agent C. applicant D. supervisor

23. Since the economy is booming house prices are sky-rocketing in this region now. A. dynamiting B. dominating C. prosecuting D. prospering

24. Many people in that country are now campaigning for the abolition of capital punishment. A. elimination B. establishment C. advertisement D. limitation

25. In my opinion the new policies will certainly accelerate the decline of the manufacturing industry. A. quicken B. check C. activate D. prescribe Section B (0.5 point each)

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something Omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. 26. Talk to the school guidance counselor and he will give you advice on what may be a/an ____ career for you. A. moderate B. integral C. valid D. optimal

27. Bill Gates needed ten years to get fifty million people to use his software; Netscape's Mark Andreessen accomplished the same____in only two years.

A. stake B. prediction C. sequence D. feat

28. The man who is delivering a report is very successful with technological ____. A. installations B. innovations C. revolutions D. renovations 29.After so many years in the military service, I'm glad to get back to _____clothes. A. civil B. civic C. civilian D. civilized 30. What we actually need is a table which can ____ ten diners,

A. coordinate B. accommodate C. credit D. compromise 31. The principal government has several plans to solve the problem. A. in a way B. by the way C. under way D. in the way 32. This is the latest____ of Chinese population by the year 2000.

A. provision B. prescription C. projection D. progression

33. I don't doubt that those are their ____ opinions about the affair, since they seem to understand our difficulty very well.

A. considerate B. selective C. voluntary D. radical 34. The ruthless conquerors ____ their victims' wealth and burnt their cities.

A. plunged B. revived C. plundered D. retreated 35. The men build banks of earth to the rising flood waters. A. hold back B. hold down C. hold for D. hold up Part III CLOSE TEST (10 minutes, 15 points)

Direction: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

The most convincing evidence for the importance of adult influence on a child's intelligence comes from a study of “at risk\ 36 children born into poverty-line households. The children 37 the study by four months of age. During the study, one group spent the day in a center 38 teachers used games and songs to 39 the infants. Another group had no such program, 40 they were given nutritional supplements for infancy.

During preschool years the children in the early-education group showed IQ. advantages of 10 to 20 points. The highest-risk children showed the 41 gains, and at age 15 they had higher reading and math scores. What 42 these gains? Ramey and other scientists say early childhood experiences 43 brain growth.

An infant is born with billions of brain cells called neurons (神经原). Some are wired or connected to other cells before birth to 44 the basics of life, such as heartbeat and breathing. Others are waiting to be wired to help the child interpret and 45 the outside world. Experience dictates the hookups. 46 the child matures, cells reach out and set up pathways to other cells needed to determine a behavior.47, the neurons in the eye send branches to the visual cortex (脑皮层), which interprets what the eye sees and, 48 other branches, signals to the person to react to what is seen. 49 time an experience is repeated, the pathways are strengthened.

The first two years of life are an explosion of brain growth and connections. By age two the brain has more than 300 trillion connections. At the same time, cells that aren't being connected or used are being _50_. 36. A. across B. on C. toward D. with

37. A. entered B. reached C. admitted D. enrolled 38. A. when B. which C. where D. how 39. A. exert B. stimulate C. arise D. perturb 40. A. and B. so C. but D. or

41. A. easiest B. brightest C. fewest D. greatest

42. A. breaks out B. appeals to C. accounts for D. makes for 43. A. delay B. prefer C. perfect D. foster

44. A. regulate B. interrupt C. accomplish D. confuse 45. A. hunt for B. lead to C. respond to D. look to 45. A. For B. Since C. As D. Because

47. A. On the other hand B. For instance C. On the contrary D. At any rate 48. A. via B. versus C. given D. except 49. A. One B. All C. More D. Each

50. A. compensated B. discarded C. purified D. smashed PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points)

Directions: In this part of the test, there are five passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D, and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (1)

The whole process of summarizing implies an ability to make decisions. You have to decide what the author's plan is, how the material has been organized, what the key ideas are, and what material is used merely as example. You will not find the technique of summarizing easy at first because it requires so many decisions. But your efficiency in making summaries, as well as your general reading efficiency, will increase in proportion to the time and effort you spend on perfecting your note-taking technique.

Your final summary should reflect dearly and accurately what the author has said. An inaccurate summary may be worse than no summary at all. An effective method of testing the quality of your summary is to set it aside for a month or two and then reread it. If it still recalls the essential information for you and seems to express the material in a clear and exact manner, you have done a good job. If it does not, make another attempt. This time you will do a better job. This method, incidentally, may well be applied to other types of writing. Many young writers have been advised to put their material aside for a while. If a piece of writing seems as good a year or two later as the day they finished it, they can begin to feel that it will stand the test of time. The same thing, of course, applies to what someone else has written and you have read. If you think a book you read several years ago was the best you have known, reread it. Don't be surprised if you find yourself sadly disappointed.

Good summaries serve many purposes. Everyone, from a professional to a house person, needs and uses them.

Doctors may have to summarize a report of their findings in a particular case for a medical board. They will have to read the summaries of other doctors and summaries of the latest medical research in their field. Lawyers need to prepare a summary, or brief of their case before they present it in court. Their summary usually takes the form of a sentence outline, and many an early career is hurt by an inability to present a clear and accurate brief. A junior executive may write a summary of a long report for the president of the company. Electrical engineers will summarize their findings to formulate their plans. A student prepares summaries for use in a term paper. 51. In the author's opinion,____

A. the better your note-taking skill is, the more efficient you are in making summaries. B. the more decisions you make, the better your summaries will be. C. the more you read, the more time you need in making summaries.

D. the higher your reading efficiency, the better your note-taking skill is. 52. According to the author, a good summary must be____

A. concise and accurate. B. expressive and intensive. C. illustrative and insightful. D. applicable and elaborate.

53. Many young writers are advised to put their writings away for a while so as to____

A. wait for comments to come in from their readers. B. see if their works are still as good as they were.

C. see if there is any more change to make. D. see if the method of summarizing applies to other types of writing. 54. “If it does not, make another attempt\ try to____ A. make another summary. B. test the quality of your summary once more. C. set aside your summary for a little longer and then reread it. D. recall the essential things once again. 55. The last sentence of the second paragraph implies that____ A. rereading is usually not as interesting as the first reading. B. summary is not as easy to write as other types of writing. C. young writers do not write good works. D. many books can't stand the test of time.

56. Which is the best conclusion we can draw from the last paragraph? A. Many kinds of careers require a good ability of briefing. B. Professional jobs mainly involve the skill of summarizing. C. A student good at summarizing will become a good lawyer. D. Only house persons do not need the technique of summarizing.

(2)

Even though you may be excited about relocating, you may still mourn the loss of a familiar home, way of life, family and friends left behind. “Underestimating the emotional impact of moving is the biggest mistake people make,\says Patricia Nida, psychologist and relocation consultant. “People think there is something wrong with them if they can't cope with the emotional upheaval of moving. They don't realize it's normal.\California, it took her nearly a year to feel rooted in her new community. Then two years later, the family moved back to Oregon, and she had to readjust all over again. “When we moved to California,\When we came back, I couldn't get used to them. Each time we moved, I felt like I lost a part of myself.\

Although everyone who moves feels this loss of identity to some extent, it's usually most disastrous for a nonworking wife, says Dr Seidenberg clinical professor of psychiatry. “Her identity,\the community. Relocating wipes it all out. Every time she moves, she has to re-establish her credentials.\

“You cope by reaching out and finding activities and people that interest you,\spouse-job-related moves. \

Don't avoid saying good-by. It may seem easier at the time, but in the long run, it can create a greater sense of loss. Resist the temptation to sever ties with your old neighborhood. Maintain relationships. Allow yourself to go through the emotions associated with moving, without criticism. When you acquire your new living quarters, introduce yourself to your new neighbors. Write ahead to your new house of worship and community organizations for information on activities and services. When you finally move in, you will feel more a part of the new community. Establish family traditions that move with you. Doing things together as a family makes you feel at home, no matter where you

live, Moving is a difficult experience, but it also has many advantages. Psychologists say it stimulates growth, makes us adaptable, broadens our scope and gives us the opportunity to make new friends and enjoy new experiences. As a nation and as individuals, we are strengthened by our pioneer spirit. And if we can save on wear and tear--all the better. 57. When people move, they____

A. make the biggest mistake. B. minimize their losses. C. have mixed feelings. D. are in trouble. 58. Researchers found that many people____

A. are ashamed of being sentimental about life. B. don't realize that it is normal to move. C. spend years deciding where to settle down. D. often fall to see the advantages of moving. 59. Housewives are the worst sufferers from relocating because they____

A. have to find their identity again. B. don't know how to make new friends.

C. feel it difficult to get used to different climate. D. have to move when their husbands get new jobs. 60. The author advises the reader to take thing easy by____

A. keeping the family tradition. B. cutting ties with the old living quarters. C. moving ahead of time to the new residence. D. resisting the temptation to show emotion. 61. In conclusion, the author proposes that people should____

A. learn to be more positive about moving. B. move more frequently if they can.

C. be economical when they move. D. carry on the pioneer spirit and move to the West.

(3)

Protection of the environment is based on a principle that is beginning to be used in the field of jurisprudence (法学). The principle has to do with property rights. The idea is that we all have a property right in the air and water around us. If a business firm pollutes that air or water, their act in so doing constitutes damage to something we own--- just as if the firm had dropped a smoke bomb down our chimney. Our legal case against such a firm is then based on the complaint that we deserve compensation for an infringement of our right to use our private property as we please

(provided we don't interfere with the same rights of a neighbor). Assuming we win the case, the offending firm then has to pay us for damaging our property--the air or water we “own\

And so protection of the environment, specifically the control of pollution, now rests on the idea that we, as members of the public, share a right to clean air and water and to the good health that clean air and water quality can give us. But, as always, costs and benefits are involved in any decision to improve the environment.

In an Adam Smithian, self-interested world, entrepreneurs or businessmen are expected to increase their profits as much as possible. The natural way to do this is to produce at the lowest possible cost. But at whose cost? it is obviously cheaper for entrepreneurs to dump waste into the nearest stream or into the atmosphere than to truck it to some waste disposal facility or to filter it as it comes out of smokestacks. Therefore, what may be sensible for entrepreneurs may not be desirable for the community.

Here is a classic trade-off: When the government intervenes to force entrepreneurs to stop polluting, entrepreneurs have to adopt more expensive means of production or waste disposal. Inevitably, they will charge higher prices, and, given no change in demand, the quantity demanded will drop and workers will be laid off. The trade-off is therefore cleaner air and water or more unemployment. This is how economists view this problem. 62. According to the passage, the unlawfulness of pollution is relevant to its____

A. increasing consumption of natural resources. B. mining effects on the world environment.

C. damage to the property owned by other citizens. D. straining of the relations between enterprises and communities. 63. The word “infringement\

A. violation of the law enforced. B. interference with freedom of action.

C. conservation of air and water. D. principles in upholding justice

64. It has been legally decided that the air and water people use can be considered the same as____ A. a piece of private land. B. a smoke bomb down the chimneys. C. a legal case against a firm. D. a dispute among the neighbors.. 65. From the third paragraph, we can conclude that____ A. entrepreneurs are more sensible than the community.

B. the community expects entrepreneurs to increase their profits as much as possible. C. in terms of waste disposal the interests of the enterprise and the community conflict D. the community desires the waste m be carried to any other places.

66. To clean up the pollution it creates, according to the passage, industry will invariably____ A. increase its profits. B. do so at the consumers' expense.

C. have to develop its production D. go into a lawsuit against the community. 67. Some economists maintain that____

A. we will either sacrifice employment for cleaner environment or vice versa.

B. there is no compromise between the government and entrepreneurs or between the latter and the community. C. the entrepreneurs will need more workers to clean up air and water under the pressure of the government. D. pollution control will inevitably result in change in demand on the market.

(4)

Scientists assume that the creation of the island of Itua occurred several thousands of years ago as a result of a huge volcanic eruption in the nearby Polynesian Island. They hypothesize that the volcanic ash blew several hundreds of miles and settled on a previously small reef, building it up to its current size of eight hundred square miles. Over the centuries that followed, plant spores were carried by the wind, landed on Itua, and grew, then animal life followed. The scientists are uncertain, however, how non-swimming, non-flying animal life made it to the island.

Itua is uninhabited. There are traces that lead sociologists and scientists to assume that at one time a very primitive culture survived on the island for a short while. It is assumed that warriors in boats stopped at the island and perhaps left captives there, who bred and began a small populace. Best estimates state that the society never had more than a hundred people and died out within two to three generations. Scientists are thoroughly confused as to the cause of the extinction of the community. Skeletons that have been unearthed have given no biological reason; the plant and animal life should have been sufficient to support many more people that were ever on the island.

Currently, military experts are considering putting a small missile site on Itua. Its strategic location would be excellent for a compact nuclear power site with several small missiles and bombs. However, the island is so far from other military bases and supply lines that the sociologists worry that the people manning the base would become

mentally distressed in the state of isolation they would necessarily be subjected to. It would be economically unfeasible to have all the comforts of society shipped to Itua to help support the morale of those forced to live on it.

The second possible use for Itua is as a nuclear waste dump site. A large company is willing to pay the cost of transporting its nuclear waste to the island (such a cost would be tax deductible under a new federal law) and would provide yearly monitoring of the site to make certain that no radiation was escaping. Opponents of the corporation's request point out that the area around Itua is subject to frequent volcanic eruptions, one of which might spew any buried waste into the atmosphere or into the ocean, causing untold harm.

68. Which of the following theories do scientists give as a possible reason for the creation of Itua? A. Gradual accumulation of soil and dust particles. B. Volcanic eruptions with blowing ask

C. Earthquake upheavals of the ocean bottom. D. Breaking apart from and drifting away from a large land mass. 69. According to the passage, the best estimate of the age of Itua is____

A. a million years. B. less than a hundred years. C. several thousands of years. D. less than a thousand years.

70. According to scientists, why did the human rife on Itua not survive?

A. Plant and animal foods were insufficient for the island inhabitants. B. No theory is given.

C. Disease exterminated the population. D. Attacks by warriors killed the males. 71. According to the passage, the major argument against putting a missile site on Itua is that____

A. the cost of keeping military personnel on the island to safeguard and operate the missiles is unfeasible. B. missiles are too dangerous to put in a volcanic, eruption-prone area. C. nuclear disarmament should be practiced immediately.

D. the US should not be given permission to place the missiles on Itua by the small country that claims the island. 72. Why is the corporation willing to use Itua as a dump site for its nuclear waste? A. Because it is far enough from humans not to endanger them. B. Because it is on a convenient freighter route.

C. Because the corporation already owns land on Itua.

D. Because the transportation of the waste would be tax deductible. 73. Which of the following is unknown by scientists?

A. Whether humans ever inhabited the island. B. How swimming mammals came to Itua. C. How non-flying non-swimming mammals came to Itua. D. How plant life came to the island. 74. The author's primary purpose in writing the passage is to____

A. discuss the history of Itua. B. criticize the suggestions of a nuclear waste dump site on Itua. C. explain the termination of population on Itua. D. give possible uses for Itua. 75. The passage would most probably be found in____

A. a children's book. B. a news magazine. C. a history book. D. an adventure story. (5)

In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial (司法的) system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants -- and the litigants, or parties, sometimes have to wait many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of alleviating the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.

One suggestion that has been made, in an attempt to maximize the efficiency of the system, is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents' evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that

pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements.

Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading __ the litigants need to make only a one- sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) gives up any right to a jury trial and the fight to appeal the decision.

In coming years, we can expect to see more and more innovations in the continuing effort to remedy a situation which must be remedied if the citizens who have yard claims are going to be able to have their day in court. 76. The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except____

A. narrow the issues. B. cause early settlements. C. save judicial time. D. collect more evidence. 77. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. All states should follow California's example in using small-claims courts in order to free judges for other work B. The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on its older cases.

C. Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial system more efficient. D. While there are many problems with the court system, there are viable suggestions for improvement, 78. The word litigants means most nearly____

A. jury members. B. commentators. C. parties in a lawsuit. D. taxpayers at large. 79. Which of the following is true about small-claims courts?

A. The accusing party can appeal to a higher court if he wants to. B. The litigants must plead accurately and according to a strict form. C. The court's decision may not be appealed to a higher court.

D. The parties may not present their cases without an attorney's help. 80. What can we assume from the passage?

A. Most people who feel they have been wronged have a ready remedy in courts of law. B. Many people are unable to bring a case to court because of the cost and time required. C. The judicial system in the United Stales is highly acclaimed for its efficiency. D. Pretrial conferences will some day, probably have replaced trials completely. PAPER TWO

PART V TRANSLATION (40 minutes, 20 points) Section A (20 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer. Sheet II. The process of internationalization of science has been going on already for a long time in a hidden form, and what we realize today is simply the necessity of a better and more systematic institutionalization of an old process.

I believe that the rising complexity of scientific research is now urgently demanding new steps, which can ensure that international involvement moves to more organized and better planned structures.

Only in this way could one make sure that all the free energy potentially present in the form of human resources is controlled effectively within cooperative organization amongst friendly nations.

This extended cooperation must be intended not to limit but to enhance mobility of ideas and freedom of the scientists within the system. One has to encourage science, not try to harness it with bureaucracy. Section B (20 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: Put the following paragraph into English. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II. 从心理上以及实际上说，地球己没有边远地方了。当朋友去了曾被认为是遥远的国家时，我们不可能再有父辈那种生离死别的感觉。由于全球通讯网络，要见到远在地球另一侧的朋友就同与本城那一头的朋友讲话般地容易。

PART VI WRITING (30 minutes, 10 points)

Directions: Write one or more paragraphs in no less than 120 words according to the topic given below. Write your passage in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.

Topic ： Is having a graduate education and a master degree all that important today?

Explain advantages and disadvantages of seeking a master degree as opposed to beginning work after 4 years' higher education and explain which of the courses of action you support.

Key For Your Reference

PartⅠ Listening Comprehension

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. A 11.D 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. B PartⅡ Vocabulary

16. C 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. C 21. A 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. A 26. D 27. D 28. B 29. C 30. B 31. C 32. C 33. A 34. C 35. A Part Ⅲ Cloze Test

36. D 37. A 38. C 39. B 40. C 41. D 42. C 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. C 47. B 48. A 49. D 50. B Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension

51. A 52. A 53. B 54. A 55. D 56. A 57. C 58. D 59. A 60. A 61. A 62. C 63. B 64. A 65. C 66. B 67. A 68. B 69. C 70. B 71. A 72. D 73. C 74. D 75. B 76. D 77. D 78. C 79. C 80. B PartⅤ Translation

Section A: English to Chinese

长期以来，科学国际化过程一直在以隐蔽的形式发展着，而我们今天所认讽到的仅仅是原有过程更加完善、更加系统制度化的必要性．

我相信，科学研究难度的日益增加正迫切要求采取新的步骤，以保证国际性参与的结构朝向更有组织．更有计划的方向进展．只有这样，人们才能确保潜存于人力资源中的全部自由资潭能量可以在友好国家的合作组织内得到有效的发挥．这种扩展了的合作，必须用于加强而不是限制该系统内科学家的思想交流和自由流动；必须促进科学而不是试图通过行政手段对其加以利用． Section B：Chinese to English

Psychologically as well as physically, there are no more remote places on earth. When a friend leaves for what was once a far country, we cannot feel the same feeling of irrevocable separation that saddened our forefathers. Thanks to global communication network, we will be able to see friends on the far side of earth as easily as we talk to them on the other side of the town.

June, 1998

PAPER ONE

Part I Listening Comprehension (15 minutes, 15 points)

Section A ( 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The questions and the conversations will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A,B,C, or D on your Answer Sheet.

1. A. The office wasn't busy today. B. The office is overstaffed. C. It's always extremely busy in this office. D. Today was unusually busy. 2. A. Larry asks too many questions. B. Larry is sick of smoking.

C. Larry is ruining his own health. D. Larry likes to argue with everybody. 3. A. He doesn't work hard enough. B. He has too much work to do. C. He travels too much to get any work done. D. He doesn't enjoy travelling.

4. A. He wants the class moved to anther place. B. He demands that the class be canceled.

C. He stressed that he is happy with the class. D. He told the class to take another look at him. 5. A. He caused a fire. B. He lost his job because he tried to cheat. C. He quit his job because his boss told a lie. D. He was unable to get a project.

6. A. A travel agency. B. An automobile store. C. A nursery school. D. An employment agency. 7. A. They are counting money. B. They are discussing about the environment. C. They are doing some washing. D. They are typing on the computer.

8. A. They are everybody's responsibility. B. Daily jobs can replace volunteer activities.

C. Health care workers don't need to take part in them. D. They are the most important job for health care workers. 9. A. Tooth brushes. B. Oven cleaners. C. German cameras. D. Can openers. Section B (1 point each )

Directions: In this section, you will hear a short passage and a longer conversation. At the end of each of them, there will be three questions. The passage, the conversation and questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet.

10. A. Because many people do not have enough knowledge about it. B. Because it has become a big threat to human lives worldwide. C. Because AIDS patients are reported to be dying every day. D. Because doctors have discovered new medical treatment.

11. A. Its virus kills people by itself. B. It causes disorders is eating habits.

C. It damages the body's ability to protect itself. D. It can lead to many other virus-related illnesses. 12. A. 0.35 million. B. 10 million. C. 50 million. D. 1.35 million. 13. A. He borrowed a book from her B. He got a low grade for his paper.

C. He had some questions about administration work. D. He had made an appointment with the doctor. 14. A. It was too lengthy. B. It wasn't well organized

C. The man's research wasn't accurate. D. The man didn't understand the assignment 15. A. The man was very angry about the woman's comments.

B. The woman believes the man did not use the right technique. C. The woman suggests that the man find a solution from the book. D. The man exchanged his learning experience with the woman. Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points) Section A ( 0.5 point each)

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.

16. To save forests on earth, much depends on the ability of governments to come up with plans for the sustainable management of forests.

A. prolonged B. prepared C. provided D. presented

17. Townspeople accused merchants of exploiting the oil shortage in order to force prices up. A. creating B. cultivating C. using D. exploring

18. After several nuclear disasters, a controversy has raged over the safety of nuclear energy. A. discussion B. dispute C. dialogue D distrust

19. Because it withstands the effects of high temperatures, rhenium is a valuable ingredient in certain alloys.

A. generates B. reduces C. discharges D. survives

20. The brisk business was recorded in Marco Polo's travelogue, but evidence was not detected until later survey. A. uncovered B. selected C. witnessed D. reserved

21. Despite an explosion in the use of computers, some claim they have had no measurably positive effect on productivity.

A. tolerably B. virtually C. remarkably D. sentimentally

22. Your child will eventually leave home to lead her own life as a fully independent adult. A. once for all B. step by step C. more or less D. sooner or later

23. Our difficulties seem petty when compared to those of people who never get enough to ear. A. serious B. enormous C. unimportant D. considerable 24. The police contended that the difficulties they faced were too severe. A. contacted B. claimed C. contented D. clarified

25. Studies found that nearly twice as many black children as white believe \ advantage of available opportunities\

A. make use of B. put up with C. stand up to D. go on with Section B (O.5 point each)

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted Choose the word or works from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. 26. All objects will gain or lose heat energy by one or more methods of heat _____. A. transit B. transfer C. transform D. transport

27. He was smoking; I could see: the tip of his cigarette in the darkness. A. shining B. sparkling C. glittering D. glowing

28. You pay a 10 percent deposit which you lose if you before completion. A. get on B. take over C. pull out D. hand in

29. She looked the house over and its rough market value.

A. asserted B. assessed C. assumed D. assembled

30. The research center is now with a German university to analyze the data collected. A. connecting B. correlating C. collaborating D. coordinating

31. By 2015 or so, doctors will be able to send X-rays stored in a hospital computer almost _____ to a specialist's video display terminal on the other side of the world

A. intentionally B. instantaneously C. spontaneously D. simultaneously

32. The are so good, in fact, that she is looking for investors to fund her plans for expansion across the country.

A. properties B. perspectives C. perceptions D. prospects

33. In spite of the diversity of subjects and backgrounds, the essays and poems can be classified under the title of local-flavor literature.

A. by and large B. by far C. by way of D. by turns

34. You can become a member of this club only by paying the fee, say, $250. A. request B. requisite C. respectful D. restraining 35. It was fascinating to see how the film ____ after World War II. A. modified B. evolved C. altered D. furthered Part III. Close Test (10minutes, 15 points)

Direction: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable words marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheer.

Cancer is so common these days that it seems as if everyone will eventually get thedisease. And with the recent 36 of genes for breast, colon and ovarian cancer, you may think there’s 37 you can do to prevent the inevitable. But that's far from true. 38 , Harvard University researchers recently reported that 39 seven out of every 10 cancers are not 40 by genes at all but rather by the way we live. Thirty percent can be 41 directly to smoking, 30 percent to an unhealthy 42 and about 10 percent to other habits such as sun exposure or lack of 43 . So if your lifestyle can

cause cancer, it 44 that how you live can help prevent the disease, 45. Here's the latest advice on the best ways to 46 your risk fight now. Recent research shows a(n) 47 between body weight and cancer. The strongest link is is with uterine cancer. 48 because extra body fat increases the amount of estrogen in the bloodstream. According to the 1996 Harvard Report, women who are more man 35 percent49 their healthy weight have a 55 percent 50 risk of getting cancers.. 36. A. discovery B. evidence C. invention D. solution

37. A. anything B. nothing C. something D. Much 38. A.. In fact B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. after all 39. A. scarcely B. basically C. completely D. nearly

40. A. influenced B. determined C. identified D. subdivided 41. A. trace B. translated C. transmitted D. trailed 42. A. food B. custom C. cure D. diet

43. A. distraction B nourishment C. training D. exercise 44. A. Proves B. follows C. maintain D. emphasize 45. A. either B. though C. then D. too 46. .A. descend B. subside C. lower D. deduce

47. A. connection B. dependence C exception D. framework 4S. A. probably B. approximately C. particularly D. readily 49. A. beneath B. around C. beyond D. above 50. A. less B. more C. slighter D. greater Pan IV Reading Comprehension ( 45 minutes, 30 points)

Directions: In this part of[he test, there are five passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, G or D, and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (1)

The three main types of secondary education in the United States have been provided by the Latin grammar school, the academy, and the public high school. The first of these was a colonial institution. It began in New England with the establishment in 1635 of the Boston Free Latin School. The curriculum consisted mainly of the classical languages, and the purpose of this kind of school was the preparation of boys for college, where most of them would be fitted for the ministry.

The academy began in the early 1750's with Benjamin Franklin's school in Philadelphia, which later became the University of Pennsylvania. It extended generally to about the middle of the nineteenth century., except in the southern states where thc public high school was late in developing and where the academy continued as the principal means of secondary education even after 1900. The academy was open to girls as well as to boys, and it provided a wider

curriculum than the Latin grammar school had furnished. It was designed not only as a preparation for college but also for practical life in commercial and business activities.

Although its wide educational values were evident and are recognized as important contributions to secondary education in this country, the academy was never considered a public institution as the public high school has come to be.

The public high school had its origin in Massachusetts in 1821 when the English Classical School was established in Boston. In 1827, that state enacted the first state-wide public high-school law in the United States. By 1840, there were perhaps a dozen public high schools in Massachusetts and man in other eastern states; by l850, they were, also to be found in many other states.

Just as the curriculum of the academy grew out of that of tie Latin grammar school, so the curriculum of the public high school developed out of that of the academy. The public high school in the United States is a repudiation of the aristocratic and selective principle of the European educational tradition. Since 1890, enrollments in secondary high schools, mainly public high schools, have practically doubled in this country every ten years.

51.According to the author, the main types of secondary education in the United States have been provided by____ A New England establishments. B. the Latin grammar school and the academy. C. the public high school. D. both B and C.

52. The article states that the curriculum of the Latin grammar school was intended to prepare al1 students for____ A. the academy. B. high school. C. college. D. the academic life.

53. According to the passage, which of the following sequences indicates the order in which the schools developed? A. Latin grammar school, public high school, academy. B. Latin grammar school, academy, public high school. C. public high school, Latin grammar school, academy.

D. public high school, academy, Latin grammar school.

54. It is the opinion of the author that the academy, compared to the public high school, was____

A. obviously better academically. B. more discriminatory in student selection. C. coeducational. D. net generally considered a public institution. 55. Since 1890, secondary-school enrollments have____

A. almost doubled every ten years. B. practically doubled_ C. declined in enrollment. D. increased tenfold.

56. In the southern states, thc principal means of secondary education even after 1900 continued to be the____ A. Latin school. B. church school. C. classical language school. D. academy. (2)

Few words are more commonly used in our modern world than the word modern itself.

The innovations of manufactured articles, of institution, of attitudes of works of art are constantly brought to our attention. We ourselves may well be judged by whether we are modern or not. Indeed many people go to considerable lengths to make quite certain that they will be accepted as modern --- modern in their dress, their behavior, their beliefs. And yet, we may ask, must not earlier generations have felt precisely the same? Surely men throughout history must have recognized themselves as modern. Surely innovators like Julius Caeser, Peter the Great or Oliver Cromwell saw themselves as breaking with the past, as establishing a new order. Must they not also have shared our awareness of the significance of what is modern? What is modern is distinct from what belongs to the past and men in earlier times must have experienced this sense of distinctiveness. Men cannot escape and never have been able to escape, from an awareness of change. But reflection will tell us that our awareness of change, our sense of distinctiveness is very different from that of our distant ancestors.

Change for us is more, much more, than the change brought about by rice passing of time, by important events or by the actions of outstanding individuals or groups. We make use of change and are ourselves a part of a process of change. Change for us has become modernization and modernization implies, both direction and consciousness. What we boast of as modern or up-to-date today, will be old-fashioned or out of date tomorrow. The noisy insistence that something is modern often conceals fear of the knowledge that it will inevitably soon be superseded, again, the very fact that modernization has one attitude, acceptance or rejection. The desire to change or modify the world we live in implies acceptance, since the world is a world of change. Rejection of modernization may therefore, lead to a sense of the world as unreal and meaningless, and this, in turn to a breakdown, either individual or social. 57. According to the passage, our modern world today is marked with____

A. different lifestyles from our ancestors. B. frequent elimination of old things.

C. the emergence of industry education and culture. D. new interpretation of the word modern. 58. The author states that innovators in history must have____ A. had a strong sense of distinctiveness.

B. been successful in conquering other nations.

C. been able to escape from their awareness of change.

D. gone to considerable length to make themselves acceptable.

59. Our awareness of change is different from our predecessors' in that____

A. we are modernizing the world to a greater degree. B. we are more open to change.

C. we have established a totally new social order. D. we have made modernization our direction. 60. In the past changes could be caused by any or the following EXCEPT____ A. one person's actions. B, the passing of time. C. different levels of awareness. D. some significant event.

61. The fact that we try hard to stay modern reveals that we____

A. are afraid of changes. B. accept the changes of the world.

C.want to overtake others D.do not realize the inevitability of changes. 62. We may infer that \

A. don't tike old-fashioned dresses, behaviors or beliefs. B. boast of their innovations as being unique. C. are aware but afraid of modernization. D. suffer from personal breakdown. (3)

Bilingual competence has almost always been regarded as an essential requirement for translators, but this does not always mean that one must have an active competence in both the source mud target languages. Some unusually adept and successful translators have only had a passive (reader's) competence in a source language. This is obviously true for those who have translated the Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit classics, but it also applies to many translators of both technical and literary, texts in modern languages. Translators with very limited competence in the source language are, however, at a great disadvantage and must often compensate for this lack by obtaining the help of someone who may be weak in the target language but who is fully competent in the source language.

For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms-of the cultures in which they function.

Dictionaries and encyclopedias are an important source of strategic cultural information, but they can never take the place of personal involvement in a foreign society. This is one of the reasons why most programs for the training of translators and interpreters require that students spend at least six months to a year in each of the countries where the students' acquired languages are spoken. Only by being in the countries in which a foreign language is spoken can one acquire the necessary sensitivity to the many special meanings of words and phrases. For example, in some parts of Latin America the Spanish word huahua means \tropical fruit, but in another, it is a reference to the female genital organs.

Differences of culture may also be a reason for having marginal notes in a translated text .

In many parts of Africa, the closest equivalent to the English word for \number of persons, in fact, all the women in the same age-grade who were initiated at the same time. The use of the

English word mother to refer to all such persons almost always requires a marginal note. Similarly, a Thai text of the four Gospels of the New Testament without an introduction was seriously misunderstood as being a series of four reincarnations, not as four different accounts of the life of Jesus. 63. This passage is mainly concerned with____

A. culture and language study. B. intercultural communications. C. methods of English Study. D. translation competence.

64. From the passage we may learn that a source language means one that____

A. is being decoded by someone. B. was used by ancient people to write classics. C. is employed by technologists or writers. D. is being encoded by translators.

65. Translation of the Greek, Latin and Sanskrit classics is less demanding probably because they____ A. are easier to understand. B. are not spoken languages.

C.are mostly found literary texts. D. differ little from modem languages. 66. The author implies that the greatest difficulty in translating is____

A. grammatical structures of file source language. B. different definitions of words in dictionaries. C. the spoken form of a foreign language. D. special meanings of words and phrases. 67. The author suggests that the best way to become bilingually competent is to____

A. consult dictionaries and encyclopedias. B. get personal experience of the culture. C. obtain the help of someone else. D. attend some mining programs. 68. What is implied in the last paragraph is that____

A.them is no equivalent for English word \ B. sometimes translation is inadequate to bridge the gap between different cultures. C. marginal notes are useful to clarify some difficult words and phrases in books D. Asian countries like Thai have different religious ideas from the Western cultures. (4)

Coverage of accident, fires and disasters is a staple of news reporting, but not every individual is cut out to report this type of news. Inevitably, accident coverage equates with the coverage of human tragedy. It's tough enough to cover an apartment fire and watch as the charred remains of children am removed. It's even tougher to do it on a regular basis. That weighs heavily on even the toughest of individuals, and some otherwise terrific reporters discover that they just cannot handle continued exposure to tragedy.

In most cases of this sort, it is helpful to remember that there's nothing you can do to help. Police and fire officials are trained in rescue and disaster-relief efforts; almost certainly, you are not. On rare occasions, however, the reporter can become a part of the story. Does the newspaper photographer try to stop a woman ,from jumping off a bridge to her death or does he photograph the plunge? You are told by your editors, quite appropriately, not to become part of the story. On the other hand, isn't the saving of a life more important? Such incidents place the reporter or photographer in an ethical dilemma.

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